51
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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52
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Christensen IB, Mogensen EN, Damkier HH, Praetorius J. Choroid plexus epithelial cells express the adhesion protein P-cadherin at cell-cell contacts and syntaxin-4 in the luminal membrane domain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C519-C533. [PMID: 29351408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00305.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) belong to a small group of polarized cells, where the Na+-K+-ATPase is expressed in the luminal membrane. The basic polarity of the cells is, therefore, still debated. We investigated the subcellular distribution of an array of proteins known to play fundamental roles either in establishing and maintaining basic cell polarity or in the polarized delivery and recycling of plasma membrane proteins. Immunofluorescence histochemical analysis was applied to determine the subcellular localization of apical and basolateral membrane determinants. Mass spectrometry analysis of CPECs isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting was applied to determine the expression of specific forms of the proteins. CPECs mainly express the cell-adhesive P-cadherin, which is localized to the lateral membranes. Proteins belonging to the Crumbs and partitioning defective (Par) protein complexes were all localized to the luminal membrane domain. Par-1 and the Scribble complex were localized to the basolateral membrane domain. Lethal(2) giant larvae homolog 2 (Lgl2) labeling was preferentially observed in the luminal membrane domain. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) was immunolocalized to the basolateral membrane domain, while phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) staining was most prominent in the luminal membrane domain along with the PIP3 phosphatase, Pten. The apical target-SNARE syntaxin-3 and the basolateral target-SNARE syntaxin-4 were both localized to the apical membrane domain in CPECs, which lack cellular expression of the clathrin adaptor protein AP-1B for basolateral protein recycling. In conclusion, the CPECs are conventionally polarized, but express P-cadherin at cell-cell contacts, and Lgl2 and syntaxin-4 in the luminal plasma membrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
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53
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Tricaud N. Myelinating Schwann Cell Polarity and Mechanically-Driven Myelin Sheath Elongation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:414. [PMID: 29354031 PMCID: PMC5760505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath geometry, encompassing myelin sheath thickness relative to internodal length, is critical to optimize nerve conduction velocity and these parameters are carefully adjusted by the myelinating cells in mammals. In the central nervous system these adjustments could regulate neuronal activities while in the peripheral nervous system they lead to the optimization and the reliability of the nerve conduction velocity. However, the physiological and cellular mechanisms that underlie myelin sheath geometry regulation are not yet fully elucidated. In peripheral nerves the myelinating Schwann cell uses several molecular mechanisms to reach and maintain the correct myelin sheath geometry, such that myelin sheath thickness and internodal length are regulated independently. One of these mechanisms is the epithelial-like cell polarization process that occurs during the early phases of the myelin biogenesis. Epithelial cell polarization factors are known to control cell size and morphology in invertebrates and mammals making these processes critical in the organogenesis. Correlative data indicate that internodal length is regulated by postnatal body growth that elongates peripheral nerves in mammals. In addition, the mechanical stretching of peripheral nerves in adult animals shows that myelin sheath length can be increased by mechanical cues. Recent results describe the important role of YAP/TAZ co-transcription factors during Schwann cell myelination and their functions have linked to the mechanotransduction through the HIPPO pathway and the epithelial polarity factor Crb3. In this review the molecular mechanisms that govern mechanically-driven myelin sheath elongation and how a Schwann cell can modulate internodal myelin sheath length, independent of internodal thickness, will be discussed regarding these recent data. In addition, the potential relevance of these mechanosensitive mechanisms in peripheral pathologies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tricaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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54
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Lee S, Rivera OC, Kelleher SL. Zinc transporter 2 interacts with vacuolar ATPase and is required for polarization, vesicle acidification, and secretion in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21598-21613. [PMID: 29114036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important feature of the mammary gland is its ability to undergo profound morphological, physiological, and intracellular changes to establish and maintain secretory function. During this process, key polarity proteins and receptors are recruited to the surface of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and the vesicle transport system develops and matures. However, the intracellular mechanisms responsible for the development of secretory function in these cells are unclear. The vesicular zinc (Zn2+) transporter ZnT2 is critical for appropriate mammary gland architecture, and ZnT2 deletion is associated with cytoplasmic Zn2+ accumulation, loss of secretory function and lactation failure. The underlying mechanisms are important to understand as numerous mutations and non-synonymous genetic variation in ZnT2 have been detected in women that result in severe Zn2+ deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Here we found that ZnT2 deletion in lactating mice and cultured MECs resulted in Zn2+-mediated degradation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which impaired intercellular junction formation, prolactin receptor trafficking, and alveolar lumen development. Moreover, ZnT2 directly interacted with vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and ZnT2 deletion impaired vesicle biogenesis, acidification, trafficking, and secretion. In summary, our findings indicate that ZnT2 and V-ATPase interact and that this interaction critically mediates polarity establishment, alveolar development, and secretory function in the lactating mammary gland. Our observations implicate disruption in ZnT2 function as a modifier of secretory capacity and lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | | | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, .,Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and.,Pharmacology, and.,the Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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55
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EGFR signalling controls cellular fate and pancreatic organogenesis by regulating apicobasal polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1313-1325. [PMID: 29058721 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apicobasal polarity is known to affect epithelial morphogenesis and cell differentiation, but it remains unknown how these processes are mechanistically orchestrated. We find that ligand-specific EGFR signalling via PI(3)K and Rac1 autonomously modulates apicobasal polarity to enforce the sequential control of morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Initially, EGF controls pancreatic tubulogenesis by negatively regulating apical polarity induction. Subsequently, betacellulin, working via inhibition of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), causes apical domain constriction within neurogenin3+ endocrine progenitors, which results in reduced Notch signalling, increased neurogenin3 expression, and β-cell differentiation. Notably, the ligand-specific EGFR output is not driven at the ligand level, but seems to have evolved in response to stage-specific epithelial influences. The EGFR-mediated control of β-cell differentiation via apical polarity is also conserved in human neurogenin3+ cells. We provide insight into how ligand-specific EGFR signalling coordinates epithelial morphogenesis and cell differentiation via apical polarity dynamics.
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56
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Matlin KS, Myllymäki SM, Manninen A. Laminins in Epithelial Cell Polarization: Old Questions in Search of New Answers. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027920. [PMID: 28159878 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Laminin, a basement membrane protein discovered in 1979, was shortly thereafter implicated in the polarization of epithelial cells in both mammals and a variety of lower organisms. To transduce a spatial cue to the intrinsic polarization machinery, laminin must polymerize into a dense network that forms the foundation of the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that activation of the small GTPase Rac1 by β1-integrins mobilizes laminin-binding integrins and dystroglycan to consolidate formation of the laminin network and initiate rearrangements of both the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton to help establish the apicobasal axis. A key coordinator of spatial signals from laminin is the serine-threonine kinase Par-1, which is known to affect dystroglycan availability, microtubule and actin organization, and lumen formation. The signaling protein integrin-linked kinase (ILK) may also play a role. Despite significant advances, knowledge of the mechanism by which assembled laminin produces a spatial signal remains fragmentary, and much more research into the complex functions of laminin in polarization and other cellular processes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl S Matlin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470
| | - Satu-Marja Myllymäki
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Aki Manninen
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
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57
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Durgan J, Tseng YY, Hamann JC, Domart MC, Collinson L, Hall A, Overholtzer M, Florey O. Mitosis can drive cell cannibalism through entosis. eLife 2017; 6:e27134. [PMID: 28693721 PMCID: PMC5505699 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a form of epithelial cell cannibalism that is prevalent in human cancer, typically triggered by loss of matrix adhesion. Here, we report an alternative mechanism for entosis in human epithelial cells, driven by mitosis. Mitotic entosis is regulated by Cdc42, which controls mitotic morphology. Cdc42 depletion enhances mitotic deadhesion and rounding, and these biophysical changes, which depend on RhoA activation and are phenocopied by Rap1 inhibition, permit subsequent entosis. Mitotic entosis occurs constitutively in some human cancer cell lines and mitotic index correlates with cell cannibalism in primary human breast tumours. Adherent, wild-type cells can act efficiently as entotic hosts, suggesting that normal epithelia may engulf and kill aberrantly dividing neighbours. Finally, we report that Paclitaxel/taxol promotes mitotic rounding and subsequent entosis, revealing an unconventional activity of this drug. Together, our data uncover an intriguing link between cell division and cannibalism, of significance to both cancer and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Durgan
- The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Yun-Yu Tseng
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Jens C Hamann
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
- Louis V Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Alan Hall
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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58
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Mechanical Characterization of Microengineered Epithelial Cysts by Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Biophys J 2017; 112:398-409. [PMID: 28122225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organs contain interconnected tubular tissues that are one-cell-thick, polarized epithelial monolayers enclosing a fluid-filled lumen. Such tissue organization plays crucial roles in developmental and normal physiology, and the proper functioning of these tissues depends on their regulation by complex biochemical perturbations and equally important, but poorly understood, mechanical perturbations. In this study, by combining micropatterning techniques and atomic force microscopy, we developed a simple in vitro experimental platform for characterizing the mechanical properties of the MDCK II cyst, the simplest model of lumen-enclosing epithelial monolayers. By using this platform, we estimated the elasticity of the cyst monolayer and showed that the presence of a luminal space influences cyst mechanics substantially, which could be attributed to polarization and tissue-level coordination. More interestingly, the results from force-relaxation experiments showed that the cysts also displayed tissue-level poroelastic characteristics that differed slightly from those of single cells. Our study provides the first quantitative findings, to our knowledge, on the tissue-level mechanics of well-polarized epithelial cysts and offers new insights into the interplay between cyst mechanics and cyst physiology. Moreover, our simple platform is a potentially useful tool for enhancing the current understanding of cyst mechanics in health and disease.
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59
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Gao Q, Zhang J, Wang X, Liu Y, He R, Liu X, Wang F, Feng J, Yang D, Wang Z, Meng A, Yan X. The signalling receptor MCAM coordinates apical-basal polarity and planar cell polarity during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15279. [PMID: 28589943 PMCID: PMC5467231 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical-basal (AB) polarity and planar cell polarity (PCP) provide an animal cell population with different phenotypes during morphogenesis. However, how cells couple these two patterning systems remains unclear. Here we provide in vivo evidence that melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) coordinates AB polarity-driven lumenogenesis and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/PCP-dependent ciliogenesis. We identify that MCAM is an independent receptor of fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), a membrane anchor of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), an immediate upstream receptor of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and a constitutive activator of JNK. We find that MCAM-mediated vesicular trafficking towards FGF4, while generating a priority-grade transcriptional response of NFAT determines lumenogenesis. We demonstrate that MCAM plays indispensable roles in ciliogenesis through activating JNK independently of FGF signals. Furthermore, mcam-deficient zebrafish and Xenopus exhibit a global defect in left-right (LR) asymmetric establishment as a result of morphogenetic failure of their LR organizers. Therefore, MCAM coordination of AB polarity and PCP provides insight into the general mechanisms of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Anming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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60
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Hara Y. Contraction and elongation: Mechanics underlying cell boundary deformations in epithelial tissue. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:340-350. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore T‐Lab 5A Engineering Drive 1, Level 9 Singapore 117411
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore 1 Research Link Singapore 117604 Singapore
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61
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Peng J, Gassama-Diagne A. Apicobasal polarity and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling in cancer. Gut 2017; 66:986-987. [PMID: 27974551 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peng
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif, France.,INSERM Unité 1193, Villejuif, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif, France.,INSERM Unité 1193, Villejuif, France
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62
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Dor-On E, Raviv S, Cohen Y, Adir O, Padmanabhan K, Luxenburg C. T-plastin is essential for basement membrane assembly and epidermal morphogenesis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/481/eaal3154. [PMID: 28559444 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of epithelial architecture is a complex process involving cross-talk between cells and the basement membrane. Basement membrane assembly requires integrin activity but the role of the associated actomyosin cytoskeleton is poorly understood. Here, we identify the actin-bundling protein T-plastin (Pls3) as a regulator of basement membrane assembly and epidermal morphogenesis. In utero depletion of Pls3 transcripts in mouse embryos caused basement membrane and polarity defects in the epidermis but had little effect on cell adhesion and differentiation. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that the apicobasal polarity defects were secondary to the disruption of the basement membrane. However, the basement membrane itself was profoundly sensitive to subtle perturbations in the actin cytoskeleton. We further show that Pls3 localized to the cell cortex, where it was essential for the localization and activation of myosin II. Inhibition of myosin II motor activity disrupted basement membrane organization. Our results provide insights into the regulation of cortical actomyosin and its importance for basement membrane assembly and skin morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Dor-On
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shaul Raviv
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yonatan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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63
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Von Stetina SE, Liang J, Marnellos G, Mango SE. Temporal regulation of epithelium formation mediated by FoxA, MKLP1, MgcRacGAP, and PAR-6. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2042-2065. [PMID: 28539408 PMCID: PMC5509419 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryo morphogenesis, minor epithelia are generated after, and then form bridges between, major epithelia (e.g., epidermis and gut). In Caenorhabditis elegans, this delay is regulated by four proteins that control production and localization of polarity proteins: the pioneer factor PHA-4/FoxA, kinesin ZEN-4/MKLP1, its partner CYK-4/MgcRacGAP, and PAR-6. To establish the animal body plan, embryos link the external epidermis to the internal digestive tract. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this linkage is achieved by the arcade cells, which form an epithelial bridge between the foregut and epidermis, but little is known about how development of these three epithelia is coordinated temporally. The arcade cell epithelium is generated after the epidermis and digestive tract epithelia have matured, ensuring that both organs can withstand the mechanical stress of embryo elongation; mistiming of epithelium formation leads to defects in morphogenesis. Using a combination of genetic, bioinformatic, and imaging approaches, we find that temporal regulation of the arcade cell epithelium is mediated by the pioneer transcription factor and master regulator PHA-4/FoxA, followed by the cytoskeletal regulator and kinesin ZEN-4/MKLP1 and the polarity protein PAR-6. We show that PHA-4 directly activates mRNA expression of a broad cohort of epithelial genes, including junctional factor dlg-1. Accumulation of DLG-1 protein is delayed by ZEN-4, acting in concert with its binding partner CYK-4/MgcRacGAP. Our structure–function analysis suggests that nuclear and kinesin functions are dispensable, whereas binding to CYK-4 is essential, for ZEN-4 function in polarity. Finally, PAR-6 is necessary to localize polarity proteins such as DLG-1 within adherens junctions and at the apical surface, thereby generating arcade cell polarity. Our results reveal that the timing of a landmark event during embryonic morphogenesis is mediated by the concerted action of four proteins that delay the formation of an epithelial bridge until the appropriate time. In addition, we find that mammalian FoxA associates with many epithelial genes, suggesting that direct regulation of epithelial identity may be a conserved feature of FoxA factors and a contributor to FoxA function in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Von Stetina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| | - Jennifer Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| | - Georgios Marnellos
- Informatics and Scientific Applications, Science Division, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| | - Susan E Mango
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
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64
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Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Ginsberg M, Nolan DJ, Bareja R, Elemento O, Salfati Z, Alam NM, Prusky GT, Llanos P, Rabbany SY, Maminishkis A, Miller SS, Rafii S, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Concerted regulation of retinal pigment epithelium basement membrane and barrier function by angiocrine factors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15374. [PMID: 28524846 PMCID: PMC5454459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer blood-retina barrier is established through the coordinated terminal maturation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), fenestrated choroid endothelial cells (ECs) and Bruch's membrane, a highly organized basement membrane that lies between both cell types. Here we study the contribution of choroid ECs to this process by comparing their gene expression profile before (P5) and after (P30) the critical postnatal period when mice acquire mature visual function. Transcriptome analyses show that expression of extracellular matrix-related genes changes dramatically over this period. Co-culture experiments support the existence of a novel regulatory pathway: ECs secrete factors that remodel RPE basement membrane, and integrin receptors sense these changes triggering Rho GTPase signals that modulate RPE tight junctions and enhance RPE barrier function. We anticipate our results will spawn a search for additional roles of choroid ECs in RPE physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Benedicto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael Ginsberg
- Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 217, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Daniel J Nolan
- Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 217, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Zelda Salfati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nazia M Alam
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | - Glen T Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | - Pierre Llanos
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, 1000 Fulton Avenue, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, 1000 Fulton Avenue, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA.,Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Sheldon S Miller
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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65
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Mazel T. Crosstalk of cell polarity signaling pathways. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1241-1258. [PMID: 28293820 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, the asymmetric organization of cellular components along one or multiple axes, is present in most cells. From budding yeast cell polarization induced by pheromone signaling, oocyte polarization at fertilization to polarized epithelia and neuronal cells in multicellular organisms, similar mechanisms are used to determine cell polarity. Crucial role in this process is played by signaling lipid molecules, small Rho family GTPases and Par proteins. All these signaling circuits finally govern the cytoskeleton, which is responsible for oriented cell migration, cell shape changes, and polarized membrane and organelle trafficking. Thus, typically in the process of cell polarization, most cellular constituents become polarized, including plasma membrane lipid composition, ion concentrations, membrane receptors, and proteins in general, mRNA, vesicle trafficking, or intracellular organelles. This review gives a brief overview how these systems talk to each other both during initial symmetry breaking and within the signaling feedback loop mechanisms used to preserve the polarized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mazel
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- State Institute for Drug Control, Šrobárova 48, 100 41, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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66
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Melo MDO, Moraes Borges R, Yan CYI. Par3 in chick lens placode development. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28319357 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lens originates from a simple cuboidal epithelium, which, on its basal side, contacts the optic vesicle, whilst facing the extraembryonic environment on its apical side. As this epithelium changes into the pseudostratified lens placode, its cells elongate and become narrower at their apical ends. This is due to the formation of an apical actin network, whose appearance is restricted to cells of the placodal region, as a result of region-specific signaling mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the polarity protein PAR3 and the phosphorylation state of its Threonine 833 (T833) aPKC-binding site in the recruitment of aPKC and in the establishment of actin network in the chick lens placode. Overexpression of wild type PAR3 recruited aPKC and punctate actin clusters to the basolateral membranes of the placodal cells. Recruitment of aPKC depended on the charge of the residue that replaced the T833 residue. In contrast, induction of the ectopic actin spots was independent on the charge of this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraysa de Oliveira Melo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moraes Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Chao Yun Irene Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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67
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Caceres PS, Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Rodriguez-Boulan EJ. Directional Fluid Transport across Organ-Blood Barriers: Physiology and Cell Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027847. [PMID: 28003183 PMCID: PMC5334253 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Directional fluid flow is an essential process for embryo development as well as for organ and organism homeostasis. Here, we review the diverse structure of various organ-blood barriers, the driving forces, transporters, and polarity mechanisms that regulate fluid transport across them, focusing on kidney-, eye-, and brain-blood barriers. We end by discussing how cross talk between barrier epithelial and endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and basement membrane signaling contribute to generate and maintain organ-blood barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Caceres
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Enrique J Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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68
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Luxenburg C, Geiger B. Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and Tissue Polarity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 235:263-284. [PMID: 27807694 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to generate, maintain, and repair tissues with complex architecture, in which distinct cells function as coherent units, relies on polarity cues. Polarity can be described as an asymmetry along a defined axis, manifested at the molecular, structural, and functional levels. Several types of cell and tissue polarities were described in the literature, including front-back, apical-basal, anterior-posterior, and left-right polarity. Extensive research provided insights into the specific regulators of each polarization process, as well as into generic elements that affect all types of polarities. The actin cytoskeleton and the associated adhesion structures are major regulators of most, if not all, known forms of polarity. Actin filaments exhibit intrinsic polarity and their ability to bind many proteins including the mechanosensitive adhesion and motor proteins, such as myosins, play key roles in cell polarization. The actin cytoskeleton can generate mechanical forces and together with the associated adhesions, probe the mechanical, structural, and chemical properties of the environment, and transmit signals that impact numerous biological processes, including cell polarity. In this article we highlight novel mechanisms whereby the mechanical forces and actin-adhesion complexes regulate cell and tissue polarity in a variety of natural and experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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69
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Lu R, Wilson JM. Rab14 specifies the apical membrane through Arf6-mediated regulation of lipid domains and Cdc42. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38249. [PMID: 27901125 PMCID: PMC5128791 DOI: 10.1038/srep38249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cell polarity is essential for the development of multi-cellular organisms as well as for the function of epithelial organs in the mature animal. Small GTPases regulate the establishment and maintenance of polarity through effects on cytoskeleton, membrane trafficking, and signaling. Using short-term 3-dimensional culture of MDCK cells, we find that the small GTPase Rab14 is required for apical membrane specification. Rab14 knockdown results in disruption of polarized lipid domains and failure of the Par/aPKC/Cdc42 polarity complex to localize to the apical membrane. These effects are mediated through tight control of lipid localization, as overexpression of the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase α [PtdIns(4)P5K] activator Arf6 or PtdIns(4)P5K alone, or treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdInsI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, rescued the multiple-apical domain phenotype observed after Rab14 knockdown. Rab14 also co-immunoprecipitates and colocalizes with the small GTPase Cdc42, and Rab14 knockdown results in increased Cdc42 activity. Furthermore, Rab14 regulates trafficking of vesicles to the apical domain, mitotic spindle orientation, and midbody position, consistent with Rab14’s reported localization to the midbody as well as its effects upon Cdc42. These results position Rab14 at the top of a molecular cascade that regulates the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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70
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Aznar N, Patel A, Rohena CC, Dunkel Y, Joosen LP, Taupin V, Kufareva I, Farquhar MG, Ghosh P. AMP-activated protein kinase fortifies epithelial tight junctions during energetic stress via its effector GIV/Girdin. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27813479 PMCID: PMC5119889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of epithelial polarity impacts organ development and function; it is also oncogenic. AMPK, a key sensor of metabolic stress stabilizes cell-cell junctions and maintains epithelial polarity; its activation by Metformin protects the epithelial barrier against stress and suppresses tumorigenesis. How AMPK protects the epithelium remains unknown. Here, we identify GIV/Girdin as a novel effector of AMPK, whose phosphorylation at a single site is both necessary and sufficient for strengthening mammalian epithelial tight junctions and preserving cell polarity and barrier function in the face of energetic stress. Expression of an oncogenic mutant of GIV (cataloged in TCGA) that cannot be phosphorylated by AMPK increased anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells and helped these cells to evade the tumor-suppressive action of Metformin. This work defines a fundamental homeostatic mechanism by which the AMPK-GIV axis reinforces cell junctions against stress-induced collapse and also provides mechanistic insight into the tumor-suppressive action of Metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arjun Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Cristina C Rohena
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Linda P Joosen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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71
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Kamenev YO, Dolmatov IY. Anterior regeneration after fission in the holothurianCladolabes schmeltzii(Dendrochirotida: Holothuroidea). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 80:183-194. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav O. Kamenev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
| | - Igor Y. Dolmatov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok Russia
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72
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Liu H, Yan X, Pandya M, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Daughters of the Enamel Organ: Development, Fate, and Function of the Stratum Intermedium, Stellate Reticulum, and Outer Enamel Epithelium. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1580-1590. [PMID: 27611344 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth enamel organ (EO) is a complex epithelial cell assembly involved in multiple aspects of tooth development, including amelogenesis. The present study focuses on the role of the nonameloblast layers of the EO, the stratum intermedium, the stellate reticulum, and the outer enamel epithelium (OEE). The secretory stage stratum intermedium was distinguished by p63-positive epithelial stem cell marks, highly specific alkaline phosphatase labeling, as well as multiple desmosomes and gap junctions. At the location of the presecretory stage stellate reticulum, the pre-eruption EO prominently featured the papillary layer (PL) as a keratin immunopositive network of epithelial strands between tooth crowns and oral epithelium. PL cell strands contained numerous p63-positive epithelial stem cells, while BrdU proliferative cells were detected at the outer boundaries of the PL, suggesting that the stellate reticulum/PL epithelial cell sheath proliferated to facilitate an epithelial seal during tooth eruption. Comparative histology studies demonstrated continuity between the OEE and the general lamina of continuous tooth replacement in reptiles, and the outer layer of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath in humans, implicating the OEE as the formative layer for continuous tooth replacement and tooth root extension. Cell fate studies in organ culture verified that the cervical portion of the mouse molar EO gave rise to Malassez rest-like cell islands. Together, these studies indicate that the nonameloblast layers of the EO play multiple roles during odontogenesis, including the maintenance of several p63-positive stem cell reservoirs, a role during tooth root morphogenesis and tooth succession, a stabilizing function for the ameloblast layer, the facilitation of ion transport from the EO capillaries to the enamel layer, as well as safe and seamless tooth eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- 1 Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, UIC Departments of Oral Biology and Orthodontics, UIC College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Department of Anatomy, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Xiulin Yan
- 1 Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, UIC Departments of Oral Biology and Orthodontics, UIC College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,3 Department of Orthodontics, China Medical University , Shenyang, China
| | - Mirali Pandya
- 4 Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis , Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xianghong Luan
- 1 Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, UIC Departments of Oral Biology and Orthodontics, UIC College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- 4 Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis , Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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73
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Mangan AJ, Sietsema DV, Li D, Moore JK, Citi S, Prekeris R. Cingulin and actin mediate midbody-dependent apical lumen formation during polarization of epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12426. [PMID: 27484926 PMCID: PMC4976216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated polarization of epithelial cells is a key step during morphogenesis that leads to the formation of an apical lumen. Rab11 and its interacting protein FIP5 are necessary for the targeting of apical endosomes to the midbody and apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) during lumenogenesis. However, the machinery that mediates AMIS establishment and FIP5-endosome targeting remains unknown. Here we identify a FIP5-interacting protein, Cingulin, which localizes to the AMIS and functions as a tether mediating FIP5-endosome targeting. We analysed the machinery mediating AMIS recruitment to the midbody and determined that both branched actin and microtubules are required for establishing the site of the nascent lumen. We demonstrate that the Rac1-WAVE/Scar complex mediates Cingulin recruitment to the AMIS by inducing branched actin formation, and that Cingulin directly binds to microtubule C-terminal tails through electrostatic interactions. We propose a new mechanism for apical endosome targeting and AMIS formation around the midbody during epithelial lumenogenesis. Polarisation of epithelial cells causes lumen formation, which is mediated by apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) and FIP5, but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors identify cingulin as a FIP-5 interacting protein, recruiting the Rac1-WAVE/Scar complex to the AMIS and branched actin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mangan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Daniel V Sietsema
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Sandra Citi
- Cell Biology Department, University of Geneva, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, Switzerland
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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74
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Prkci is required for a non-autonomous signal that coordinates cell polarity during cavitation. Dev Biol 2016; 416:82-97. [PMID: 27312576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelia define boundaries, spaces, and cavities within organisms. Cavitation, a process by which multicellular hollow balls or tubes are produced, is typically associated with the formation of organized epithelia. In order for these epithelial layers to form, cells must ultimately establish a distinct apical-basal polarity. Atypical PKCs have been proposed to be required for apical-basal polarity in diverse species. Here we show that while cells null for the Prkci isozyme exhibit some polarity characteristics, they fail to properly segregate apical-basal proteins, form a coordinated ectodermal epithelium, or participate in normal cavitation. A failure to cavitate could be due to an overgrowth of interior cells or to an inability of interior cells to die. Null cells however, do not have a marked change in proliferation rate and are still capable of undergoing cell death, suggesting that alterations in these processes are not the predominant cause of the failed cavitation. Overexpression of BMP4 or EZRIN can partially rescue the phenotype possibly by promoting cell death, polarity, and differentiation. However, neither is sufficient to provide the required cues to generate a polarized epithelium and fully rescue cavitation. Interestingly, when wildtype and Prkci(-/-) ES cells are mixed together, a polarized ectodermal epithelium forms and cavitation is rescued, likely due to the ability of wildtype cells to produce non-autonomous polarity cues. We conclude that Prkci is not required for cells to respond to these cues, though it is required to produce them. Together these findings indicate that environmental cues can facilitate the formation of polarized epithelia and that cavitation requires the proper coordination of multiple basic cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and apical-basal polarization.
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75
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Betz C, Lenard A, Belting HG, Affolter M. Cell behaviors and dynamics during angiogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2249-60. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular networks are formed and maintained through a multitude of angiogenic processes, such as sprouting, anastomosis and pruning. Only recently has it become possible to study the behavior of the endothelial cells that contribute to these networks at a single-cell level in vivo. This Review summarizes what is known about endothelial cell behavior during developmental angiogenesis, focusing on the morphogenetic changes that these cells undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Betz
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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76
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Djuric I, Siebrasse JP, Schulze U, Granado D, Schlüter MA, Kubitscheck U, Pavenstädt H, Weide T. The C-terminal domain controls the mobility of Crumbs 3 isoforms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1208-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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77
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Belmonte JM, Clendenon SG, Oliveira GM, Swat MH, Greene EV, Jeyaraman S, Glazier JA, Bacallao RL. Virtual-tissue computer simulations define the roles of cell adhesion and proliferation in the onset of kidney cystic disease. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3673-3685. [PMID: 27193300 PMCID: PMC5221598 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual-tissue modeling is used to model emergent cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease. Model predictions, confirmed experimentally, show that decreased cell adhesion is necessary to produce stalk cysts, and loss of contact inhibition causes saccular cysts. Virtual-tissue modeling can be used to fully explore cell- and tissue-based behaviors. In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), cysts accumulate and progressively impair renal function. Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes are causally linked to ADPKD, but how these mutations drive cell behaviors that underlie ADPKD pathogenesis is unknown. Human ADPKD cysts frequently express cadherin-8 (cad8), and expression of cad8 ectopically in vitro suffices to initiate cystogenesis. To explore cell behavioral mechanisms of cad8-driven cyst initiation, we developed a virtual-tissue computer model. Our simulations predicted that either reduced cell–cell adhesion or reduced contact inhibition of proliferation triggers cyst induction. To reproduce the full range of cyst morphologies observed in vivo, changes in both cell adhesion and proliferation are required. However, only loss-of-adhesion simulations produced morphologies matching in vitro cad8-induced cysts. Conversely, the saccular cysts described by others arise predominantly by decreased contact inhibition, that is, increased proliferation. In vitro experiments confirmed that cell–cell adhesion was reduced and proliferation was increased by ectopic cad8 expression. We conclude that adhesion loss due to cadherin type switching in ADPKD suffices to drive cystogenesis. Thus, control of cadherin type switching provides a new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Belmonte
- Biocomplexity Institute, Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Sherry G Clendenon
- Biocomplexity Institute, Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Guilherme M Oliveira
- Biocomplexity Institute, Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Maciej H Swat
- Biocomplexity Institute, Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Evan V Greene
- Division of Nephrology, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Srividhya Jeyaraman
- Biocomplexity Institute, Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - James A Glazier
- Biocomplexity Institute, Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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78
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Urdy S, Goudemand N, Pantalacci S. Looking Beyond the Genes: The Interplay Between Signaling Pathways and Mechanics in the Shaping and Diversification of Epithelial Tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 119:227-90. [PMID: 27282028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The core of Evo-Devo lies in the intuition that the way tissues grow during embryonic development, the way they sustain their structure and function throughout lifetime, and the way they evolve are closely linked. Epithelial tissues are ubiquitous in metazoans, covering the gut and internal branched organs, as well as the skin and its derivatives (ie, teeth). Here, we discuss in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies on epithelial tissues to illustrate the conserved, dynamical, and complex aspects of their development. We then explore the implications of the dynamical and nonlinear nature of development on the evolution of their size and shape at the phenotypic and genetic levels. In rare cases, when the interplay between signaling and mechanics is well understood at the cell level, it is becoming clear that the structure of development leads to covariation of characters, an integration which in turn provides some predictable structure to evolutionary changes. We suggest that such nonlinear systems are prone to genetic drift, cryptic genetic variation, and context-dependent mutational effects. We argue that experimental and theoretical studies at the cell level are critical to our understanding of the phenotypic and genetic evolution of epithelial tissues, including carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urdy
- University of Zürich, Institute of Physics, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - N Goudemand
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - S Pantalacci
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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79
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Ahmed SM, Macara IG. Mechanisms of polarity protein expression control. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:38-45. [PMID: 27092866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a universal feature of cells during division and often at other stages of the cell cycle or after post-mitotic differentiation. A conserved machinery, present in all animals, initiates and maintains polarity. Multi-cellular animals organize themselves with respect to the axes of symmetry of the organism through the process of planar cell polarity, but many tissues also express a cell-intrinsic form of polarity, for instance to segregate the apical and basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. Although the genes and proteins involved in apical-basal polarity have been known for many years, the regulation of their expression remains ill-defined. Maintenance of the correct expression levels is essential for normal cell lineage allocation, tissue morphogenesis and cell survival. Here we summarize what is known about the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of polarity protein expression, and discuss areas that remain to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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80
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Rupik W, Kowalska M, Swadźba E, Maślak R. Ultrastructural features of the differentiating thyroid primordium in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) from the differentiation of the cellular cords to the formation of the follicular lumen. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:97-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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81
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Ismail AS, Valastyan JS, Bassler BL. A Host-Produced Autoinducer-2 Mimic Activates Bacterial Quorum Sensing. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:470-80. [PMID: 26996306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host-microbial symbioses are vital to health; nonetheless, little is known about the role crosskingdom signaling plays in these relationships. In a process called quorum sensing, bacteria communicate with one another using extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. One autoinducer, AI-2, is proposed to promote interspecies bacterial communication, including in the mammalian gut. We show that mammalian epithelia produce an AI-2 mimic activity in response to bacteria or tight-junction disruption. This AI-2 mimic is detected by the bacterial AI-2 receptor, LuxP/LsrB, and can activate quorum-sensing-controlled gene expression, including in the enteric pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. AI-2 mimic activity is induced when epithelia are directly or indirectly exposed to bacteria, suggesting that a secreted bacterial component(s) stimulates its production. Mutagenesis revealed genes required for bacteria to both detect and stimulate production of the AI-2 mimic. These findings uncover a potential role for the mammalian AI-2 mimic in fostering crosskingdom signaling and host-bacterial symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa S Ismail
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Julie S Valastyan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA
| | - Bonnie L Bassler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA.
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82
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Gan WJ, Zavortink M, Ludick C, Templin R, Webb R, Webb R, Ma W, Poronnik P, Parton RG, Gaisano HY, Shewan AM, Thorn P. Cell polarity defines three distinct domains in pancreatic β-cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:143-151. [PMID: 26919978 PMCID: PMC5394774 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural organisation of pancreatic β-cells in the islets of Langerhans is relatively unknown. Here, using three-dimensional (3D) two-photon, 3D confocal and 3D block-face serial electron microscopy, we demonstrate a consistent in situ polarisation of β-cells and define three distinct cell surface domains. An apical domain located at the vascular apogee of β-cells, defined by the location of PAR-3 (also known as PARD3) and ZO-1 (also known as TJP1), delineates an extracellular space into which adjacent β-cells project their primary cilia. A separate lateral domain, is enriched in scribble and Dlg, and colocalises with E-cadherin and GLUT2 (also known as SLC2A2). Finally, a distinct basal domain, where the β-cells contact the islet vasculature, is enriched in synaptic scaffold proteins such as liprin. This 3D analysis of β-cells within intact islets, and the definition of distinct domains, provides new insights into understanding β-cell structure and function. Summary: 3D imaging methods identify three structural and functional domains within β-cells in islets: apical, lateral and basal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan J Gan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, John Hopkins Drive, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Michael Zavortink
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christine Ludick
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel Templin
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robyn Webb
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard Webb
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wei Ma
- Charles Perkins Centre, John Hopkins Drive, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Philip Poronnik
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia .,Charles Perkins Centre, John Hopkins Drive, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
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83
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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84
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Marques E, Klefström J. Lentiviral shRNA Screen to Identify Epithelial Integrity Regulating Genes in MCF10A 3D Culture. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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85
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Enemchukwu NO, Cruz-Acuña R, Bongiorno T, Johnson CT, García JR, Sulchek T, García AJ. Synthetic matrices reveal contributions of ECM biophysical and biochemical properties to epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2015; 212:113-24. [PMID: 26711502 PMCID: PMC4700478 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells cultured within collagen and laminin gels proliferate to form hollow and polarized spherical structures, recapitulating the formation of a rudimentary epithelial organ. However, the contributions of extracellular matrix (ECM) biochemical and biophysical properties to morphogenesis are poorly understood because of uncontrolled presentation of multiple adhesive ligands, limited control over mechanical properties, and lot-to-lot compositional variability in these natural ECMs. We engineered synthetic ECM-mimetic hydrogels with independent control over adhesive ligand density, mechanical properties, and proteolytic degradation to study the impact of ECM properties on epithelial morphogenesis. Normal cyst growth, polarization, and lumen formation were restricted to a narrow range of ECM elasticity, whereas abnormal morphogenesis was observed at lower and higher elastic moduli. Adhesive ligand density dramatically regulated apicobasal polarity and lumenogenesis independently of cell proliferation. Finally, a threshold level of ECM protease degradability was required for apicobasal polarity and lumen formation. This synthetic ECM technology provides new insights into how cells transduce ECM properties into complex morphogenetic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nduka O Enemchukwu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Tom Bongiorno
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Christopher T Johnson
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - José R García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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86
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Basak P, Dillon R, Leslie H, Raouf A, Mowat MRA. The Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 (Dlc1) tumor suppressor is haploinsufficient for mammary gland development and epithelial cell polarity. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:630. [PMID: 26353792 PMCID: PMC4565020 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 (Dlc1) is a tumor suppressor gene, which maps to human chromosome 8p21-22 and is found frequently deleted in many cancers including breast cancer. The promoter of the remaining allele is often found methylated. The Dlc1 gene encodes a RhoGAP protein that regulates cell proliferation, migration and inhibits cell growth and invasion when restored in Dlc1 deficient tumor cell lines. This study focuses on determining the role of Dlc1 in normal mammary gland development and epithelial cell polarity in a Dlc1 gene trapped (gt) mouse. METHODS Mammary gland whole mount preparations from 10-week virgin heterozygous Dlc1(gt/+) gene-trapped mice were compared with age-matched wild type (WT) controls. Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and Masson's Trichrome staining of histological sections were carried out. Mammary glands from Dlc1(gt/+) mice and WT controls were enzymatically digested with collagenase and dispase and then cultured overnight to deplete hematopoietic and endothelial cells. The single cell suspensions were then cultured in Matrigel for 12 days. To knockdown Dlc1 expression, primary WT mammary epithelial cells were infected with short hairpin (sh) RNA expressing lentivirus or with a scrambled shRNA control. RESULTS Dlc1(gt/+) mice showed anomalies in the mammary gland that included increased ductal branching and deformities in terminal end buds and branch points. Compared to the WT controls, Masson's Trichrome staining showed a thickened stromal layer with increased collagen deposition in mammary glands from Dlc1(gt/+) mice. Dlc1(gt/+) primary mammary epithelial cells formed increased solid acinar spheres in contrast with WT and scrambled shRNA control cells, which mostly formed hollow acinar structures when plated in 3D Matrigel cultures. These solid acinar structures were similar to the acinar structures formed when Dlc1 gene expression was knocked down in WT mammary cells by shRNA lentiviral transduction. The solid acinar structures were not due to a defect in apoptosis as determined by a lack of detectible cleaved caspase 3 antibody staining. Primary mammary cells from Dlc1(gt/+) mice showed increased RhoA activity compared with WT cells. CONCLUSIONS The results illustrate that decreased Dlc1 expression can disrupt the normal cell polarization and mammary ductal branching. Altogether this study suggests that Dlc1 plays a role in maintaining normal mammary epithelial cell polarity and that Dlc1 is haploinsufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Basak
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Rachelle Dillon
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Heather Leslie
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Michael R A Mowat
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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87
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Chaki SP, Barhoumi R, Rivera GM. Actin remodeling by Nck regulates endothelial lumen formation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3047-60. [PMID: 26157164 PMCID: PMC4551318 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nck-dependent actin remodeling enables endothelial morphogenesis by promoting cell elongation and proper organization of VE-cadherin intercellular junctions. Nck determines spatiotemporal patterns of Cdc42/aPKC activation to regulate endothelial apical-basal polarity and lumen formation. Multiple angiogenic cues modulate phosphotyrosine signaling to promote vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Despite its functional and clinical importance, how vascular cells integrate phosphotyrosine-dependent signaling to elicit cytoskeletal changes required for endothelial morphogenesis remains poorly understood. The family of Nck adaptors couples phosphotyrosine signals with actin dynamics and therefore is well positioned to orchestrate cellular processes required in vascular formation and remodeling. Culture of endothelial cells in three-dimensional collagen matrices in the presence of VEGF stimulation was combined with molecular genetics, optical imaging, and biochemistry to show that Nck-dependent actin remodeling promotes endothelial cell elongation and proper organization of VE-cadherin intercellular junctions. Major morphogenetic defects caused by abrogation of Nck signaling included loss of endothelial apical-basal polarity and impaired lumenization. Time-lapse imaging using a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor, immunostaining with phospho-specific antibodies, and GST pull-down assays showed that Nck determines spatiotemporal patterns of Cdc42/aPKC activation during endothelial morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that Nck acts as an important hub integrating angiogenic cues with cytoskeletal changes that enable endothelial apical-basal polarization and lumen formation. These findings point to Nck as an emergent target for effective antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
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88
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McDonald JA. Canonical and noncanonical roles of Par-1/MARK kinases in cell migration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 312:169-99. [PMID: 25262242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The partitioning defective gene 1 (Par-1)/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) family of serine-threonine kinases have diverse cellular roles. Primary among these roles are the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity and the promotion of microtubule dynamics. Par-1/MARK kinases also regulate a growing number of cellular functions via noncanonical protein targets. Recent studies have demonstrated that Par-1/MARK proteins are required for the migration of multiple cell types. This review outlines the current evidence for regulation of cell migration by Par-1/MARK through both canonical and noncanonical roles. Par-1/MARK canonical control of microtubules during nonneuronal and neuronal migration is described. Next, regulation of cell polarity by Par-1/MARK and its dynamic effect on the movement of migrating cells are discussed. As examples of recent research that have expanded, the roles of the Par-1/MARK in cell migration, noncanonical functions of Par-1/MARK in Wnt signaling and actomyosin dynamics are described. This review also highlights questions and current challenges to further understanding how the versatile Par-1/MARK proteins function in cell migration during development, homeostatic processes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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89
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Shrestha R, Little KA, Tamayo JV, Li W, Perlman DH, Devenport D. Mitotic Control of Planar Cell Polarity by Polo-like Kinase 1. Dev Cell 2015; 33:522-34. [PMID: 26004507 PMCID: PMC4464975 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, polarized epithelial cells employ mechanisms to preserve cell polarity and tissue integrity. In dividing cells of the mammalian skin, planar cell polarity (PCP) is maintained through the bulk internalization, equal segregation, and polarized recycling of cortical PCP proteins. The dramatic redistribution of PCP proteins coincides precisely with cell-cycle progression, but the mechanisms coordinating PCP and mitosis are unknown. Here we identify Plk1 as a master regulator of PCP dynamics during mitosis. Plk1 interacts with core PCP component Celsr1 via a conserved polo-box domain (PBD)-binding motif, localizes to mitotic endosomes, and directly phosphorylates Celsr1. Plk1-dependent phosphorylation activates the endocytic motif specifically during mitosis, allowing bulk recruitment of Celsr1 into endosomes. Inhibiting Plk1 activity blocks PCP internalization and perturbs PCP asymmetry. Mimicking dileucine motif phosphorylation is sufficient to drive Celsr1 internalization during interphase. Thus, Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Celsr1 ensures that PCP redistribution is precisely coordinated with mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezma Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joel V Tamayo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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90
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Klompstra D, Anderson DC, Yeh JY, Zilberman Y, Nance J. An instructive role for C. elegans E-cadherin in translating cell contact cues into cortical polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:726-35. [PMID: 25938815 PMCID: PMC4449804 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell contacts provide spatial cues that polarize early embryos and epithelial cells. The homophilic adhesion protein E-cadherin is required for contact-induced polarity in many cells. However, it is debated whether E-cadherin functions instructively as a spatial cue, or permissively by ensuring adequate adhesion so that cells can sense other contact signals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, contacts polarize early embryonic cells by recruiting the RhoGAP PAC-1 to the adjacent cortex, inducing PAR protein asymmetry. Here we show that the E-cadherin HMR-1, which is dispensable for adhesion, functions together with the α-catenin HMP-1, the p120 catenin JAC-1, and the previously uncharacterized linker PICC-1 (human CCDC85A-C) to bind PAC-1 and recruit it to contacts. Mislocalizing the HMR-1 intracellular domain to contact-free surfaces draws PAC-1 to these sites and depolarizes cells, demonstrating an instructive role for HMR-1 in polarization. Our findings identify an E-cadherin-mediated pathway that translates cell contacts into cortical polarity by directly recruiting a symmetry-breaking factor to the adjacent cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klompstra
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dorian C. Anderson
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin Y. Yeh
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yuliya Zilberman
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy Nance
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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91
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Recent advances in elucidating the genetic mechanisms of nephrogenesis using zebrafish. Cells 2015; 4:218-33. [PMID: 26024215 PMCID: PMC4493457 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of working units known as nephrons, which are epithelial tubules that contain a series of specialized cell types organized into a precise pattern of functionally distinct segment domains. There is a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that establish these discrete nephron cell types during renal development. The zebrafish embryonic kidney serves as a simplified yet conserved vertebrate model to delineate how nephron segments are patterned from renal progenitors. Here, we provide a concise review of recent advances in this emerging field, and discuss how continued research using zebrafish genetics can be applied to gain insightsabout nephrogenesis.
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92
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Vergara D, Simeone P, Latorre D, Cascione F, Leporatti S, Trerotola M, Giudetti AM, Capobianco L, Lunetti P, Rizzello A, Rinaldi R, Alberti S, Maffia M. Proteomics analysis of E-cadherin knockdown in epithelial breast cancer cells. J Biotechnol 2015; 202:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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93
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Sen A, Sun R, Krahn MP. Localization and Function of Pals1-associated Tight Junction Protein in Drosophila Is Regulated by Two Distinct Apical Complexes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13224-33. [PMID: 25847234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb) and its intracellular adaptor protein Pals1 (Stardust, Sdt in Drosophila) play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells in various organisms. In contrast, the multiple PDZ domain-containing protein Pals1-associated tight junction protein (PATJ), which has been described to form a complex with Crb/Sdt, is not essential for apical basal polarity or for the stability of the Crb/Sdt complex in the Drosophila epidermis. Here we show that, in the embryonic epidermis, Sdt is essential for the correct subcellular localization of PATJ in differentiated epithelial cells but not during cellularization. Consistently, the L27 domain of PATJ is crucial for the correct localization and function of the protein. Our data further indicate that the four PDZ domains of PATJ function, to a large extent, in redundancy, regulating the function of the protein. Interestingly, the PATJ-Sdt heterodimer is not only recruited to the apical cell-cell contacts by binding to Crb but depends on functional Bazooka (Baz). However, biochemical experiments show that PATJ associates with both complexes, the Baz-Sdt and the Crb-Sdt complex, in the mature epithelium of the embryonic epidermis, suggesting a role of these two complexes for the function of PATJ during the development of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sen
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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94
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In vitro epithelial organoid generation induced by substrate nanotopography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9293. [PMID: 25787017 PMCID: PMC4365384 DOI: 10.1038/srep09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) exhibits tissue-specific topography and composition and plays a crucial role in initiating the biochemical and biomechanical signaling required for organizing cells into distinct tissues during development. How single cells assemble into structures featuring specific shapes in response to external cues is poorly understood. We examined the effect of substrate nanotopography on the morphogenesis of several types of epithelial cells and found that in response to the topography, Calu-3 and MDCK-II cells formed organoids that closely resemble their morphology in vivo. This finding represents the first demonstration that substrate nanotopography, one of the first physical cues detected by cells, can by itself induce epithelial tissue-like organization. Our results provide insights, in terms of a new aspect of ECM topography, into the design of future tissue-engineering systems and the study of mechanosignaling in the epithelium during normal development and tumor progression.
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95
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Grego-Bessa J, Hildebrand J, Anderson KV. Morphogenesis of the mouse neural plate depends on distinct roles of cofilin 1 in apical and basal epithelial domains. Development 2015; 142:1305-14. [PMID: 25742799 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetic control of mammalian epithelial polarity and dynamics can be studied in vivo at cellular resolution during morphogenesis of the mouse neural tube. The mouse neural plate is a simple epithelium that is transformed into a columnar pseudostratified tube over the course of ∼ 24 h. Apical F-actin is known to be important for neural tube closure, but the precise roles of actin dynamics in the neural epithelium are not known. To determine how the organization of the neural epithelium and neural tube closure are affected when actin dynamics are blocked, we examined the cellular basis of the neural tube closure defect in mouse mutants that lack the actin-severing protein cofilin 1 (CFL1). Although apical localization of the adherens junctions, the Par complex, the Crumbs complex and SHROOM3 is normal in the mutants, CFL1 has at least two distinct functions in the apical and basal domains of the neural plate. Apically, in the absence of CFL1 myosin light chain does not become phosphorylated, indicating that CFL1 is required for the activation of apical actomyosin required for neural tube closure. On the basal side of the neural plate, loss of CFL1 has the opposite effect on myosin: excess F-actin and myosin accumulate and the ectopic myosin light chain is phosphorylated. The basal accumulation of F-actin is associated with the assembly of ectopic basal tight junctions and focal disruptions of the basement membrane, which eventually lead to a breakdown of epithelial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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96
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Abstract
The mammalian kidney forms via cell-cell interactions between an epithelial outgrowth of the nephric duct and the surrounding nephrogenic mesenchyme. Initial morphogenetic events include ureteric bud branching to form the collecting duct (CD) tree and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions to form the nephrons, requiring reciprocal induction between adjacent mesenchyme and epithelial cells. Within the tips of the branching ureteric epithelium, cells respond to mesenchyme-derived trophic factors by proliferation, migration, and mitosis-associated cell dispersal. Self-inhibition signals from one tip to another play a role in branch patterning. The position, survival, and fate of the nephrogenic mesenchyme are regulated by ECM and secreted signals from adjacent tip and stroma. Signals from the ureteric tip promote mesenchyme self-renewal and trigger nephron formation. Subsequent fusion to the CDs, nephron segmentation and maturation, and formation of a patent glomerular basement membrane also require specialized cell-cell interactions. Differential cadherin, laminin, nectin, and integrin expression, as well as intracellular kinesin and actin-mediated regulation of cell shape and adhesion, underlies these cell-cell interactions. Indeed, the capacity for the kidney to form via self-organization has now been established both via the recapitulation of expected morphogenetic interactions after complete dissociation and reassociation of cellular components during development as well as the in vitro formation of 3D kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. As we understand more about how the many cell-cell interactions required for kidney formation operate, this enables the prospect of bioengineering replacement structures based on these self-organizing properties.
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97
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Tellkamp F, Vorhagen S, Niessen CM. Epidermal polarity genes in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015255. [PMID: 25452423 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of the skin is a highly polarized, metabolic tissue with important innate immune functions. The polarity of the epidermis is, for example, reflected in controlled changes in cell shape that accompany differentiation, oriented cell division, and the planar orientation of hair follicles and cilia. The establishment and maintenance of polarity is organized by a diverse set of polarity proteins that include transmembrane adhesion proteins, cytoskeletal scaffold proteins, and kinases. Although polarity proteins have been extensively studied in cell culture and in vivo in simple epithelia of lower organisms, their role in mammalian tissue biology is only slowly evolving. This article will address the importance of polarizing processes and their molecular regulators in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis and discuss how alterations in polarity may contribute to skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Tellkamp
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Vorhagen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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98
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Abstract
Polarization of early embryos along cell contact patterns—referred to in this paper as radial polarization—provides a foundation for the initial cell fate decisions and morphogenetic movements of embryogenesis. Although polarity can be established through distinct upstream mechanisms in Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus laevis, and mouse embryos, in each species, it results in the restriction of PAR polarity proteins to contact-free surfaces of blastomeres. In turn, PAR proteins influence cell fates by affecting signaling pathways, such as Hippo and Wnt, and regulate morphogenetic movements by directing cytoskeletal asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nance
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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99
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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100
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Parsons LM, Portela M, Grzeschik NA, Richardson HE. Lgl regulates Notch signaling via endocytosis, independently of the apical aPKC-Par6-Baz polarity complex. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2073-2084. [PMID: 25220057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drosophila melanogaster junctional neoplastic tumor suppressor, Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), is a regulator of apicobasal cell polarity and tissue growth. We have previously shown in the developing Drosophila eye epithelium that, without affecting cell polarity, depletion of Lgl results in ectopic cell proliferation and blockage of developmental cell death due to deregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway. RESULTS Here, we show that Notch signaling is increased in lgl-depleted eye tissue, independently of Lgl's function in apicobasal cell polarity. The upregulation of Notch signaling is ligand dependent and correlates with accumulation of cleaved Notch. Concomitant with higher cleaved Notch levels in lgl- tissue, early endosomes (Avalanche [Avl+]), recycling endosomes (Rab11+), early multivesicular bodies (Hrs+), and acidified vesicles, but not late endosomal markers (Car+ and Rab7+), accumulate. Colocalization studies revealed that Lgl associates with early to late endosomes and lysosomes. Upregulation of Notch signaling in lgl- tissue requires dynamin- and Rab5-mediated endocytosis and vesicle acidification but is independent of Hrs/Stam or Rab11 activity. Furthermore, Lgl regulates Notch signaling independently of the aPKC-Par6-Baz apical polarity complex. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data show that Lgl regulates endocytosis to restrict vesicle acidification and prevent ectopic ligand-dependent Notch signaling. This Lgl function is independent of the aPKC-Par6-Baz polarity complex and uncovers a novel attenuation mechanism of ligand-activated Notch signaling during Drosophila eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Parsons
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Nicola A Grzeschik
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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