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Lim AI, Menegatti S, Bustamante J, Le Bourhis L, Allez M, Rogge L, Casanova JL, Yssel H, Di Santo JP. IL-12 drives functional plasticity of human group 2 innate lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:569-83. [PMID: 26976630 PMCID: PMC4821648 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lim et al. show that IL-12 can drive IFN-γ production by human group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) include IL-5– and IL-13–producing CRTh2+CD127+ cells that are implicated in early protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Whereas functional plasticity has been demonstrated for both human and mouse ILC3 subsets that can reversibly give rise to IFN-γ–producing ILC1, plasticity of human or mouse ILC2 has not been shown. Here, we analyze the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human peripheral blood ILC2. Although subsets of human CRTh2+ ILC2 differentially express CD117 (c-kit receptor), some ILC2 surface phenotypes are unstable and can be modulated in vitro. Surprisingly, human IL-13+ ILC2 can acquire the capacity to produce IFN-γ, thereby generating plastic ILC2. ILC2 cultures demonstrated that IFN-γ+ ILC2 clones could be derived and were stably associated with increased T-BET expression. The inductive mechanism for ILC2 plasticity was mapped to the IL-12–IL-12R signaling pathway and was confirmed through analysis of patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease due to IL-12Rβ1 deficiencies that failed to generate plastic ILC2. We also detected IL-13+IFN-γ+ ILC2 ex vivo in intestinal samples from Crohn’s disease patients. These results demonstrate cytokine production plasticity for human ILC2 and further suggest that environmental cues can dictate ILC phenotype and function for these tissue-resident innate effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ing Lim
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lionel Le Bourhis
- INSERM U1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- INSERM U1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Lars Rogge
- Immunoregulation Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hans Yssel
- INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, 75013 Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, 75015 Paris, France
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Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease that results in a significant decrease in patient quality of life and a large economic burden. However, the lack of population-based epidemiologic studies and robust model systems has made it difficult to fully elucidate the key inflammatory pathways that drive the chronic inflammatory responses observed in CRS. This review will highlight the wide variety of factors that likely contribute to CRS disease pathogenesis. Defects in the innate immune function of the airway epithelium, including decreases in barrier function, mucociliary clearance, and production of antimicrobial peptides, all likely play a role in the initial inflammatory response. Subsequent recruitment and activation of eosinophils, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) further contributes to the chronic inflammatory response and directly activates adaptive immune cells, including T and B cells. However, development of new tools and model systems is still needed to further understand the chronicity of this inflammatory response and which specific factors are necessary or sufficient to drive CRS pathogenesis. Such studies will be critical for the development of improved therapeutic strategies aimed at treating this highly prevalent and costly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Hulse
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E. Huron St., McGaw Rm M-302, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Molofsky AB, Savage AK, Locksley RM. Interleukin-33 in Tissue Homeostasis, Injury, and Inflammation. Immunity 2015; 42:1005-19. [PMID: 26084021 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a nuclear-associated cytokine of the IL-1 family originally described as a potent inducer of allergic type 2 immunity. IL-33 signals via the receptor ST2, which is highly expressed on group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, thus underpinning its association with helminth infection and allergic pathology. Recent studies have revealed ST2 expression on subsets of regulatory T cells, and for a role for IL-33 in tissue homeostasis and repair that suggests previously unrecognized interactions within these cellular networks. IL-33 can participate in pathologic fibrotic reactions, or, in the setting of microbial invasion, can cooperate with inflammatory cytokines to promote responses by cytotoxic NK cells, Th1 cells, and CD8(+) T cells. Here, we highlight the regulation and function of IL-33 and ST2 and review their roles in homeostasis, damage, and inflammation, suggesting a conceptual framework for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA
| | - Adam K Savage
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA.
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Castoldi A, Naffah de Souza C, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. The Macrophage Switch in Obesity Development. Front Immunol 2015; 6:637. [PMID: 26779183 PMCID: PMC4700258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration in (white) adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance. In AT, the main population of leukocytes are macrophages. Macrophages can be classified into two major populations: M1, classically activated macrophages, and M2, alternatively activated macrophages, although recent studies have identified a broad range of macrophage subsets. During obesity, AT M1 macrophage numbers increase and correlate with AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Upon activation, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, in lean humans and mice, the number of M2 macrophages predominates. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and utilize oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis. Here, we review the immunologic and metabolic functions of AT macrophages and their different facets in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology (LIM 16), Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira,
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