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Alavattam KG, Kato Y, Sin HS, Maezawa S, Kowalski IJ, Zhang F, Pang Q, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH. Elucidation of the Fanconi Anemia Protein Network in Meiosis and Its Function in the Regulation of Histone Modifications. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1141-1157. [PMID: 27760317 PMCID: PMC5095620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise epigenetic regulation of the sex chromosomes is vital for the male germline. Here, we analyze meiosis in eight mouse models deficient for various DNA damage response (DDR) factors, including Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins. We reveal a network of FA and DDR proteins in which FA core factors FANCA, FANCB, and FANCC are essential for FANCD2 foci formation, whereas BRCA1 (FANCS), MDC1, and RNF8 are required for BRCA2 (FANCD1) and SLX4 (FANCP) accumulation on the sex chromosomes during meiosis. In addition, FA proteins modulate distinct histone marks on the sex chromosomes: FA core proteins and FANCD2 regulate H3K9 methylation, while FANCD2 and RNF8 function together to regulate H3K4 methylation independently of FA core proteins. Our data suggest that RNF8 integrates the FA-BRCA pathway. Taken together, our study reveals distinct functions for FA proteins and illuminates the male sex chromosomes as a model to dissect the function of the FA-BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris G Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Yasuko Kato
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Ho-Su Sin
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - So Maezawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Ian J Kowalski
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 49229, USA.
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Nath S, Somyajit K, Mishra A, Scully R, Nagaraju G. FANCJ helicase controls the balance between short- and long-tract gene conversions between sister chromatids. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8886-8900. [PMID: 28911102 PMCID: PMC5587752 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The FANCJ DNA helicase is linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers as well as bone marrow failure disorder Fanconi anemia (FA). Although FANCJ has been implicated in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR), the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor suppressor functions of FANCJ remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that FANCJ deficient human and hamster cells exhibit reduction in the overall gene conversions in response to a site-specific chromosomal DSB induced by I-SceI endonuclease. Strikingly, the gene conversion events were biased in favour of long-tract gene conversions in FANCJ depleted cells. The fine regulation of short- (STGC) and long-tract gene conversions (LTGC) by FANCJ was dependent on its interaction with BRCA1 tumor suppressor. Notably, helicase activity of FANCJ was essential for controlling the overall HR and in terminating the extended repair synthesis during sister chromatid recombination (SCR). Moreover, cells expressing FANCJ pathological mutants exhibited defective SCR with an increased frequency of LTGC. These data unravel the novel function of FANCJ helicase in regulating SCR and SCR associated gene amplification/duplications and imply that these functions of FANCJ are crucial for the genome maintenance and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmi Nath
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kumar Somyajit
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Anup Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ralph Scully
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Tian Y, Shen X, Wang R, Klages-Mundt NL, Lynn EJ, Martin SK, Ye Y, Gao M, Chen J, Schlacher K, Li L. Constitutive role of the Fanconi anemia D2 gene in the replication stress response. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20184-20195. [PMID: 29021208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA cross-linking damage, the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex activates the FA pathway by monoubiquitinating Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2) for the initiation of the nucleolytic processing of the DNA cross-links and stabilization of stalled replication forks. Given that all the classic FA proteins coordinately monoubiquitinate FANCD2, it is unclear why losses of individual classic FA genes yield varying cellular sensitivities to cross-linking damage. To address this question, we generated cellular knock-out models of FA core complex components and FANCD2 and found that FANCD2-null mutants display higher levels of spontaneous chromosomal damage and hypersensitivity to replication-blocking lesions than Fanconi anemia complementation group L (FANCL)-null mutants, suggesting that FANCD2 provides a basal level of DNA protection countering endogenous lesions in the absence of monoubiquitination. FANCD2's ubiquitination-independent function is likely involved in optimized recruitment of nucleolytic activities for the processing and protection of stressed replication forks. Our results reveal that FANCD2 has a ubiquitination-independent role in countering endogenous levels of replication stress, a function that is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tian
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xi Shen
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rui Wang
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Naeh L Klages-Mundt
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Erica J Lynn
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sara K Martin
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yin Ye
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Min Gao
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Junjie Chen
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Katharina Schlacher
- Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Cancer Biology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lei Li
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030.
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Bhattacharjee S, Nandi S. DNA damage response and cancer therapeutics through the lens of the Fanconi Anemia DNA repair pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:41. [PMID: 29017571 PMCID: PMC5635482 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited genomic instability disorder, caused by mutations in genes involved in the repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs). The FA signaling network contains a unique nuclear protein complex that mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI heterodimer, and coordinates activities of the downstream DNA repair pathway including nucleotide excision repair, translesion synthesis, and homologous recombination. FA proteins act at different steps of ICL repair in sensing, recognition and processing of DNA lesions. The multi-protein network is tightly regulated by complex mechanisms, such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation signals that are critical for the maintenance of genome integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how the FA proteins participate in ICL repair and regulation of the FA signaling network that assures the safeguard of the genome. We further discuss the potential application of designing small molecule inhibitors that inhibit the FA pathway and are synthetic lethal with DNA repair enzymes that can be used for cancer therapeutics.
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Shemesh K, Sebesta M, Pacesa M, Sau S, Bronstein A, Parnas O, Liefshitz B, Venclovas C, Krejci L, Kupiec M. A structure-function analysis of the yeast Elg1 protein reveals the importance of PCNA unloading in genome stability maintenance. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3189-3203. [PMID: 28108661 PMCID: PMC5389545 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sliding clamp, PCNA, plays a central role in DNA replication and repair. In the moving replication fork, PCNA is present at the leading strand and at each of the Okazaki fragments that are formed on the lagging strand. PCNA enhances the processivity of the replicative polymerases and provides a landing platform for other proteins and enzymes. The loading of the clamp onto DNA is performed by the Replication Factor C (RFC) complex, whereas its unloading can be carried out by an RFC-like complex containing Elg1. Mutations in ELG1 lead to DNA damage sensitivity and genome instability. To characterize the role of Elg1 in maintaining genomic integrity, we used homology modeling to generate a number of site-specific mutations in ELG1 that exhibit different PCNA unloading capabilities. We show that the sensitivity to DNA damaging agents and hyper-recombination of these alleles correlate with their ability to unload PCNA from the chromatin. Our results indicate that retention of modified and unmodified PCNA on the chromatin causes genomic instability. We also show, using purified proteins, that the Elg1 complex inhibits DNA synthesis by unloading SUMOylated PCNA from the DNA. Additionally, we find that mutations in ELG1 suppress the sensitivity of rad5Δ mutants to DNA damage by allowing trans-lesion synthesis to take place. Taken together, the data indicate that the Elg1–RLC complex plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic stability by unloading PCNA from the chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Shemesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marek Sebesta
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pacesa
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soumitra Sau
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alex Bronstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oren Parnas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Batia Liefshitz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ceslovas Venclovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, Vilnius LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Lumir Krejci
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, CZ- 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Spriggs CC, Laimins LA. Human Papillomavirus and the DNA Damage Response: Exploiting Host Repair Pathways for Viral Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:E232. [PMID: 28820495 PMCID: PMC5580489 DOI: 10.3390/v9080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of cervical and other genital cancers. In addition, HPV infections are associated with the development of many oropharyngeal cancers. HPVs activate and repress a number of host cellular pathways to promote their viral life cycles, including those of the DNA damage response. High-risk HPVs activate the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage repair pathways, which are essential for viral replication (particularly differentiation-dependent genome amplification). These DNA repair pathways are critical in maintaining host genomic integrity and stability and are often dysregulated or mutated in human cancers. Understanding how these pathways contribute to HPV replication and transformation may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of existing HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey C Spriggs
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Laimonis A Laimins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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58
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Su WP, Ho YC, Wu CK, Hsu SH, Shiu JL, Huang JC, Chang SB, Chiu WT, Hung JJ, Liu TL, Wu WS, Wu PY, Su WC, Chang JY, Liaw H. Chronic treatment with cisplatin induces chemoresistance through the TIP60-mediated Fanconi anemia and homologous recombination repair pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3879. [PMID: 28634400 PMCID: PMC5478611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia pathway in coordination with homologous recombination is essential to repair interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) caused by cisplatin. TIP60 belongs to the MYST family of acetyltransferases and is involved in DNA repair and regulation of gene transcription. Although the physical interaction between the TIP60 and FANCD2 proteins has been identified that is critical for ICL repair, it is still elusive whether TIP60 regulates the expression of FA and HR genes. In this study, we found that the chemoresistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, derived from chronic treatment of cisplatin, show elevated expression of TIP60. Furthermore, TIP60 binds to the promoters of FANCD2 and BRCA1 by using the chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments and promote the expression of FANCD2 and BRCA1. Importantly, the depletion of TIP60 significantly reduces sister chromatid exchange, a measurement of HR efficiency. The similar results were also shown in the FNACD2-, and BRCA1-deficient cells. Additionally, these TIP60-deficient cells encounter more frequent stalled forks, as well as more DNA double-strand breaks resulting from the collapse of stalled forks. Taken together, our results suggest that TIP60 promotes the expression of FA and HR genes that are important for ICL repair and the chemoresistant phenotype under chronic treatment with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.35, Xiaodong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Chih Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuei Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.35, Xiaodong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Huei Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Shiu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.35, Xiaodong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Hungjiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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A New Method, "Reverse Yeast Two-Hybrid Array" (RYTHA), Identifies Mutants that Dissociate the Physical Interaction Between Elg1 and Slx5. Genetics 2017; 206:1683-1697. [PMID: 28476868 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of processes within the cell are carried out by proteins working in conjunction. The Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) methodology allows the detection of physical interactions between any two interacting proteins. Here, we describe a novel systematic genetic methodology, "Reverse Yeast Two-Hybrid Array" (RYTHA), that allows the identification of proteins required for modulating the physical interaction between two given proteins. Our assay starts with a yeast strain in which the physical interaction of interest can be detected by growth on media lacking histidine, in the context of the Y2H methodology. By combining the synthetic genetic array technology, we can systematically screen mutant libraries of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify trans-acting mutations that disrupt the physical interaction of interest. We apply this novel method in a screen for mutants that disrupt the interaction between the N-terminus of Elg1 and the Slx5 protein. Elg1 is part of an alternative replication factor C-like complex that unloads PCNA during DNA replication and repair. Slx5 forms, together with Slx8, a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) believed to send proteins to degradation. Our results show that the interaction requires both the STUbL activity and the PCNA unloading by Elg1, and identify topoisomerase I DNA-protein cross-links as a major factor in separating the two activities. Thus, we demonstrate that RYTHA can be applied to gain insights about particular pathways in yeast, by uncovering the connection between the proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway, DNA replication, and repair machinery, which can be separated by the topoisomerase-mediated cross-links to DNA.
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Talens F, Jalving M, Gietema JA, Van Vugt MA. Therapeutic targeting and patient selection for cancers with homologous recombination defects. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:565-581. [PMID: 28425306 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1322061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic DNA lesions that can be repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Mutations in HR genes elicit a predisposition to cancer; yet, they also result in increased sensitivity to certain DNA damaging agents and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. To optimally implement PARP inhibitor treatment, it is important that patients with HR-deficient tumors are adequately selected. Areas covered: Herein, the authors describe the HR pathway mechanistically and review the treatment of HR-deficient cancers, with a specific focus on PARP inhibition for BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, mechanisms of acquired PARP inhibitor resistance are discussed. Furthermore, combination therapies with PARP inhibitors are reviewed, in the context of both HR-deficient and HR-proficient tumors and methods for proper patient selection are also discussed. Expert opinion: Currently, only patients with germline or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations are eligible for PARP inhibitor treatment and only a proportion of patients respond. Patients with HR-deficient tumors caused by other (epi)genetic events may also benefit from PARP inhibitor treatment. Ideally, selection of eligible patients for PARP inhibitor treatment include a functional HR read-out, in which cancer cells are interrogated for their ability to perform HR repair and maintain replication fork stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francien Talens
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Van Vugt
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Fancd2 in vivo interaction network reveals a non-canonical role in mitochondrial function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45626. [PMID: 28378742 PMCID: PMC5381226 DOI: 10.1038/srep45626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fancd2 is a component of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, which is frequently found defective in human cancers. The full repertoire of Fancd2 functions in normal development and tumorigenesis remains to be determined. Here we developed a Flag- and hemagglutinin-tagged Fancd2 knock-in mouse strain that allowed a high throughput mass spectrometry approach to search for Fancd2-binding proteins in different mouse organs. In addition to DNA repair partners, we observed that many Fancd2-interacting proteins are mitochondrion-specific. Fancd2 localizes in the mitochondrion and associates with the nucleoid complex components Atad3 and Tufm. The Atad3-Tufm complex is disrupted in Fancd2-/- mice and those deficient for the FA core component Fanca. Fancd2 mitochondrial localization requires Atad3. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for Fancd2 as a crucial regulator of mitochondrion biosynthesis, and of a molecular link between FA and mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Smith EA, Gole B, Willis NA, Soria R, Starnes LM, Krumpelbeck EF, Jegga AG, Ali AM, Guo H, Meetei AR, Andreassen PR, Kappes F, Vinnedge LMP, Daniel JA, Scully R, Wiesmüller L, Wells SI. DEK is required for homologous recombination repair of DNA breaks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44662. [PMID: 28317934 PMCID: PMC5357905 DOI: 10.1038/srep44662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DEK is a highly conserved chromatin-bound protein whose upregulation across cancer types correlates with genotoxic therapy resistance. Loss of DEK induces genome instability and sensitizes cells to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), suggesting defects in DNA repair. While these DEK-deficiency phenotypes were thought to arise from a moderate attenuation of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair, the role of DEK in DNA repair remains incompletely understood. We present new evidence demonstrating the observed decrease in NHEJ is insufficient to impact immunoglobulin class switching in DEK knockout mice. Furthermore, DEK knockout cells were sensitive to apoptosis with NHEJ inhibition. Thus, we hypothesized DEK plays additional roles in homologous recombination (HR). Using episomal and integrated reporters, we demonstrate that HR repair of conventional DSBs is severely compromised in DEK-deficient cells. To define responsible mechanisms, we tested the role of DEK in the HR repair cascade. DEK-deficient cells were impaired for γH2AX phosphorylation and attenuated for RAD51 filament formation. Additionally, DEK formed a complex with RAD51, but not BRCA1, suggesting a potential role regarding RAD51 filament formation, stability, or function. These findings define DEK as an important and multifunctional mediator of HR, and establish a synthetic lethal relationship between DEK loss and NHEJ inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Smith
- Division of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Boris Gole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ulm University, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Nicholas A. Willis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rebeca Soria
- Chromatin Structure and Function Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Linda M. Starnes
- Chromatin Structure and Function Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Eric F. Krumpelbeck
- Division of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Anil G. Jegga
- Division of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Abdullah M. Ali
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Haihong Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Amom R. Meetei
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Paul R. Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ferdinand Kappes
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | | | - Jeremy A. Daniel
- Chromatin Structure and Function Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ulm University, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Oncology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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FANCD2 Binds Human Papillomavirus Genomes and Associates with a Distinct Set of DNA Repair Proteins to Regulate Viral Replication. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02340-16. [PMID: 28196964 PMCID: PMC5312087 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02340-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of human papillomavirus (HPV) is dependent on the differentiation state of its host cell. HPV genomes are maintained as low-copy episomes in basal epithelial cells and amplified to thousands of copies per cell in differentiated layers. Replication of high-risk HPVs requires the activation of the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA repair pathways. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is a part of the DNA damage response and mediates cross talk between the ATM and ATR pathways. Our studies show that HPV activates the FA pathway, leading to the accumulation of a key regulatory protein, FANCD2, in large nuclear foci. These HPV-dependent foci colocalize with a distinct population of DNA repair proteins, including ATM components γH2AX and BRCA1, but infrequently with p-SMC1, which is required for viral genome amplification in differentiated cells. Furthermore, FANCD2 is found at viral replication foci, where it is preferentially recruited to viral genomes compared to cellular chromosomes and is required for maintenance of HPV episomes in undifferentiated cells. These findings identify FANCD2 as an important regulator of HPV replication and provide insight into the role of the DNA damage response in the differentiation-dependent life cycle of HPV.IMPORTANCE High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer and are linked to the development of many other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Identification of host cellular pathways involved in regulating the viral life cycle may be helpful in identifying treatments for HPV lesions. Mutations in genes of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway lead to genomic instability in patients and a predisposition to HPV-associated malignancies. Our studies demonstrate that FA pathway component FANCD2 is recruited to HPV DNA, associates with members of the ATM DNA repair pathway, and is essential for the maintenance of viral episomes in basal epithelial cells. Disruption of the FA pathway may result in increased integration events and a higher incidence of HPV-related cancer. Our study identifies new links between HPV and the FA pathway that may help to identify new therapeutic targets for the treatment of existing HPV infections and cancers.
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Inactivation of BRCA2 in human cancer cells identifies a subset of tumors with enhanced sensitivity towards death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9477-90. [PMID: 26843614 PMCID: PMC4891053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose DNA repair defects due to detrimental BRCA2-mutations confer increased susceptibility towards DNA interstrand-crosslinking (ICL) agents and define patient subpopulations for individualized genotype-based cancer therapy. However, due to the side effects of these drugs, there is a need to identify additional agents, which could be used alone or in combination with ICL-agents. Therefore, we investigated whether BRCA2-mutations might also increase the sensitivity towards TRAIL-receptors (TRAIL-R)-targeting compounds. Experimental design Two independent model systems were applied: a BRCA2 gene knockout and a BRCA2 gene complementation model. The effects of TRAIL-R-targeting compounds and ICL-agents on cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were compared in BRCA2-proficient versus-deficient cancer cells in vitro. In addition, the effects of the TRAIL-R2-targeting antibody LBY135 were assessed in vivo using a murine tumor xenograft model. Results BRCA2-deficient cancer cells displayed an increased sensitivity towards TRAIL-R-targeting agents. These effects exceeded and were mechanistically distinguishable from the well-established effects of ICL-agents. In vitro, ICL-agents expectedly induced an early cell cycle arrest followed by delayed apoptosis, whereas TRAIL-R-targeting compounds caused early apoptosis without prior cell cycle arrest. In vivo, treatment with LBY135 significantly reduced the tumor growth of BRCA2-deficient cancer cells in a xenograft model. Conclusions BRCA2 mutations strongly increase the in vitro- and in vivo-sensitivity of cancer cells towards TRAIL-R-mediated apoptosis. This effect is mechanistically distinguishable from the well-established ICL-hypersensitivity of BRCA2-deficient cells. Our study thus defines a new genetic subpopulation of cancers susceptible towards TRAIL-R-targeting compounds, which could facilitate novel therapeutic approaches for patients with BRCA2-deficient tumors.
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Zheng X, Chen X, Zhao L, Guo M, Zhong R. Assessment of DNA interstrand crosslinks in NIH/3T3 cells induced by Chloroethylnitrosoureas. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20170801019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hudson DF, Amor DJ, Boys A, Butler K, Williams L, Zhang T, Kalitsis P. Loss of RMI2 Increases Genome Instability and Causes a Bloom-Like Syndrome. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006483. [PMID: 27977684 PMCID: PMC5157948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloom syndrome is a recessive human genetic disorder with features of genome instability, growth deficiency and predisposition to cancer. The only known causative gene is the BLM helicase that is a member of a protein complex along with topoisomerase III alpha, RMI1 and 2, which maintains replication fork stability and dissolves double Holliday junctions to prevent genome instability. Here we report the identification of a second gene, RMI2, that is deleted in affected siblings with Bloom-like features. Cells from homozygous individuals exhibit elevated rates of sister chromatid exchange, anaphase DNA bridges and micronuclei. Similar genome and chromosome instability phenotypes are observed in independently derived RMI2 knockout cells. In both patient and knockout cell lines reduced localisation of BLM to ultra fine DNA bridges and FANCD2 at foci linking bridges are observed. Overall, loss of RMI2 produces a partially active BLM complex with mild features of Bloom syndrome. Cells contain specific protein complexes that are needed to correct errors during the replication and segregation of DNA. Impairment in the activity of these proteins can be detrimental to the viability of the cell and organism development. Bloom syndrome is an example of a genome instability disorder where cells cannot efficiently untangle DNA after replication. The only gene that is known to cause Bloom syndrome is the BLM helicase. In this article, we describe two affected individuals with Bloom-like features with a homozygous deletion of the RMI2 gene. The RMI2 protein has previously been shown to form a complex with BLM, topoisomerase III alpha and RMI1. Deletion of RMI2 in patient and unrelated cell lines show hyper-recombination and chromosome entanglements during cell division. Furthermore, we show that the BLM and FANCD2 proteins are diminished in the binding of DNA bridges that need to be dissolved during the late stages of cell division. Therefore, loss of RMI2 produces a milder Bloom phenotype and impairs the full activity of the BLM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien F. Hudson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (PK); (DFH)
| | - David J. Amor
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber Boys
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathy Butler
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorna Williams
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Kalitsis
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (PK); (DFH)
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Jung JK, Jang SW, Kim JM. A novel role for the deubiquitinase USP1 in the control of centrosome duplication. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:584-92. [PMID: 26822809 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1138185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the regulation of centrosome duplication lead to tumorigenesis through abnormal cell division and resulting chromosome missegregation. Therefore, maintenance of accurate centrosome number is critical for cell fate. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 plays important roles in DNA repair and cell differentiation. Importantly, increased levels of USP1 are detected in certain types of human cancer, but little is known about the significance of USP1 overexpression in cancer development. Here we show that Usp1 plays a novel role in regulating centrosome duplication. The ectopic expression of wild-type Usp1, but not C90S Usp1 (catalytically inactive mutant form), induced centrosome amplification. Conversely, ablation of Usp1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed a significant delay in centrosome duplication. Moreover, Usp1-induced centrosome amplification caused abnormal mitotic spindles, chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. Interestingly, loss of inhibitor of DNA binding protein 1 (ID1) suppressed Usp1-induced centrosome amplification. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Usp1 is involved in the regulation of centrosome duplication, at least in part via ID1, and Usp1 may exert its oncogenic activity, partially through inducing centrosome abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ki Jung
- a Department of Pharmacology , Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Seok-Won Jang
- a Department of Pharmacology , Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology , Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
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Pradhan A, Ustiyan V, Zhang Y, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. Forkhead transcription factor FoxF1 interacts with Fanconi anemia protein complexes to promote DNA damage response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1912-26. [PMID: 26625197 PMCID: PMC4811506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box F1 (Foxf1) transcription factor is an important regulator of embryonic development but its role in tumor cells remains incompletely understood. While 16 proteins were characterized in Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex, its interactions with cellular transcriptional machinery remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified FoxF1 protein as a novel interacting partner of the FA complex proteins. Using multiple human and mouse tumor cell lines and Foxf1+/− mice we demonstrated that FoxF1 physically binds to and increases stability of FA proteins. FoxF1 co-localizes with FANCD2 in DNA repair foci in cultured cells and tumor tissues obtained from cisplatin-treated mice. In response to DNA damage, FoxF1-deficient tumor cells showed significantly reduced FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCM phosphorylation, resulting in impaired formation of DNA repair foci. FoxF1 knockdown caused chromosomal instability, nuclear abnormalities, and increased tumor cell death in response to DNA-damaging agents. Overexpression of FoxF1 in DNA-damaged cells improved stability of FA proteins, decreased chromosomal and nuclear aberrations, restored formation of DNA repair foci and prevented cell death after DNA damage. These findings demonstrate that FoxF1 is a key component of FA complexes and a critical mediator of DNA damage response in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pradhan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Cho Endonuclease Functions during DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Repair in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:3099-3108. [PMID: 27573016 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00509-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links are complex lesions that covalently link both strands of the duplex DNA. Lesion removal is proposed to be initiated via the UvrABC nucleotide excision repair complex; however, less is known about the subsequent steps of this complex repair pathway. In this study, we characterized the contribution of nucleotide excision repair mutants to survival in the presence of psoralen-induced damage. Unexpectedly, we observed that the nucleotide excision repair mutants exhibit differential sensitivity to psoralen-induced damage, with uvrC mutants being less sensitive than either uvrA or uvrB We show that Cho, an alternative endonuclease, acts with UvrAB and is responsible for the reduced hypersensitivity of uvrC mutants. We find that Cho's contribution to survival correlates with the presence of DNA interstrand cross-links, rather than monoadducts, and operates at a step after, or independently from, the initial incision during the global repair of psoralen DNA adducts from the genome. IMPORTANCE DNA interstrand cross-links are complex lesions that covalently bind to both strands of the duplex DNA and whose mechanism of repair remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that Cho, an alternative endonuclease, acts with UvrAB and participates in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links formed in the presence of photoactivated psoralens. Cho's contribution to survival correlates with the presence of DNA interstrand cross-links and operates at a step after, or independently from, the initial incision during the repair process.
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Dai CH, Chen P, Li J, Lan T, Chen YC, Qian H, Chen K, Li MY. Co-inhibition of pol θ and HR genes efficiently synergize with cisplatin to suppress cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells survival. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65157-65170. [PMID: 27533083 PMCID: PMC5323145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin exert its anticancer effect by creating intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links which block DNA replication and is a major drug used to treat lung cancer. However, the main obstacle of the efficacy of treatment is drug resistance. Here, we show that expression of translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase Q (POLQ) was significantly elevated by exposure of lung cancer cells A549/DR (a cisplatin-resistant A549 cell line) to cisplatin. POLQ expression correlated inversely with homologous recombination (HR) activity. Co-depletion of BRCA2 and POLQ by siRNA markedly increased sensitivity of A549/DR cells to cisplatin, which was accompanied with impairment of double strand breaks (DSBs) repair reflected by prominent cell cycle checkpoint response, increased chromosomal aberrations and persistent colocalization of p-ATM and 53BP1 foci induced by cisplatin. Thus, co-knockdown of POLQ and HR can efficiently synergize with cisplatin to inhibit A549/DR cell survival by inhibiting DNA DSBs repair. Similar results were observed in A549/DR cells co-depleted of BRCA2 and POLQ following BMN673 (a PARP inhibitor) treatment. Importantly, the sensitization effects to cisplatin and BMN673 in A549/DR cells by co-depleting BRCA2 and POLQ was stronger than those by co-depleting BRCA2 and other TLS factors including POLH, REV3, or REV1. Our results indicate that there is a synthetic lethal relationship between pol θ-mediated DNA repair and HR pathways. Pol θ may be considered as a novel target for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tin Lan
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mei-Yu Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Filipović J, Joksić G, Vujić D, Joksić I, Mrasek K, Weise A, Liehr T. First molecular-cytogenetic characterization of Fanconi anemia fragile sites in primary lymphocytes of FA-D2 patients in different stages of the disease. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:70. [PMID: 27625703 PMCID: PMC5020439 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anemia (FA) is a chromosomal instability syndrome characterized by increased frequency of chromosomal breakages, chromosomal radial figures and accelerated telomere shortening. In this work we performed detailed molecular-cytogenetic characterization of breakpoints in primary lymphocytes of FA-D2 patients in different stages of the disease using fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS We found that chromosomal breakpoints co-localize on the molecular level with common fragile sites, whereas their distribution pattern depends on the severity of the disease. Telomere quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that telomere fusions and radial figures, especially radials which involve telomere sequences are the consequence of critically shortened telomeres that increase with the disease progression and could be considered as a predictive parameter during the course of the disease. Sex chromosomes in FA cells are also involved in radial formation indicating that specific X chromosome regions share homology with autosomes and also could serve as repair templates in resolving DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS FA-D2 chromosomal breakpoints co-localize with common fragile sites, but their distribution pattern depends on the disease stage. Telomere fusions and radials figures which involve telomere sequences are the consequence of shortened telomeres, increase with disease progression and could be of predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Filipović
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001 Serbia
| | - Gordana Joksić
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001 Serbia
| | - Dragana Vujić
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia, "Dr Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6, Belgrade, 11070 Serbia
| | - Ivana Joksić
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001 Serbia
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Kollegiengasse 10, Jena, D-07743 Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Kollegiengasse 10, Jena, D-07743 Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Kollegiengasse 10, Jena, D-07743 Germany
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Lachaud C, Rouse J. A route to new cancer therapies: the FA pathway is essential in BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:701-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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73
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The functional status of DNA repair pathways determines the sensitization effect to cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:511-522. [PMID: 27473273 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cisplatin can cause a variety of DNA crosslink lesions including intra-strand and inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs), which are associated with the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin. Here, we aimed to assess the contribution of the Fanconi anemia (FA), homologous recombination (HR) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways to cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-derived cells. METHODS The expression of FA, HR and NER pathway-associated genes was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. siRNAs were used to knock down the expression of these genes. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to assess the viability and apoptotic rate of NSCLC-derived cells, respectively. Immunofluorescence and alkaline comet assays were used to assess the repair of ICLs. RESULTS We found that acquired cisplatin-resistant NSCLC-derived A549/DR cells exhibited markedly enhanced FA and HR repair pathway capacities compared to its parental A549 cells and another independent NSCLC-derived cell line, Calu-1, which possesses a moderate innate resistance to cisplatin. siRNA-mediated silencing of the FA-associated genes FANCL and RAD18 and the HR-associated genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly potentiated the sensitivity of A549/DR cells to cisplatin compared to A549 and Calu-1 cells, suggesting that the acquired cisplatin resistance in A549/DR cells may be attributed to enhanced FA and HR pathway capacities responsible for ICL repair. Although we found that expression knockdown of the NER-associated genes XPA and ERCC1 sensitized the three NSCLC-derived cell lines to cisplatin, the sensitization effect was more significant in Calu-1 cells than in A549 and A549/DR cells, implying that the innate cisplatin resistance in Calu-1 cells may result from an increased NER activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the functional status of DNA repair pathways determine the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin. Direct targeting of the pathway that is involved in cisplatin resistance may be an effective strategy to surmount cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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Liang F, Longerich S, Miller AS, Tang C, Buzovetsky O, Xiong Y, Maranon DG, Wiese C, Kupfer GM, Sung P. Promotion of RAD51-Mediated Homologous DNA Pairing by the RAD51AP1-UAF1 Complex. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2118-2126. [PMID: 27239033 PMCID: PMC5381662 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The UAF1-USP1 complex deubiquitinates FANCD2 during execution of the Fanconi anemia DNA damage response pathway. As such, UAF1 depletion results in persistent FANCD2 ubiquitination and DNA damage hypersensitivity. UAF1-deficient cells are also impaired for DNA repair by homologous recombination. Herein, we show that UAF1 binds DNA and forms a dimeric complex with RAD51AP1, an accessory factor of the RAD51 recombinase, and a trimeric complex with RAD51 through RAD51AP1. Two small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-like domains in UAF1 and a SUMO-interacting motif in RAD51AP1 mediate complex formation. Importantly, UAF1 enhances RAD51-mediated homologous DNA pairing in a manner that is dependent on complex formation with RAD51AP1 but independent of USP1. Mechanistically, RAD51AP1-UAF1 co-operates with RAD51 to assemble the synaptic complex, a critical nucleoprotein intermediate in homologous recombination, and cellular studies reveal the biological significance of the RAD51AP1-UAF1 protein complex. Our findings provide insights into an apparently USP1-independent role of UAF1 in genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshan Liang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simonne Longerich
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam S Miller
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Caroline Tang
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Olga Buzovetsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David G Maranon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Claudia Wiese
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gary M Kupfer
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Singh N, Singh AB. Deubiquitinases and cancer: A snapshot. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 103:22-6. [PMID: 27211605 PMCID: PMC7128910 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is the vital system for controlling protein degradation and regulation of basic cellular processes. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are emerging as an important regulator of several pathways related to cancer and other diseases. Their ability to detach ubiquitin from the target substrate and regulation of signaling makes it potential target to treat cancer and other fatal diseases. In the current review, we are trying to summarize deubiquitination, and their role in cancer and potential small molecules DUBs inhibitors which can be used as drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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Michl J, Zimmer J, Tarsounas M. Interplay between Fanconi anemia and homologous recombination pathways in genome integrity. EMBO J 2016; 35:909-23. [PMID: 27037238 PMCID: PMC4865030 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201693860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway plays a central role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and regulates cellular responses to replication stress. Homologous recombination (HR), the error-free pathway for double-strand break (DSB) repair, is required during physiological cell cycle progression for the repair of replication-associated DNA damage and protection of stalled replication forks. Substantial crosstalk between the two pathways has recently been unravelled, in that key HR proteins such as the RAD51 recombinase and the tumour suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2 also play important roles in ICL repair. Consistent with this, rare patient mutations in these HR genes cause FA pathologies and have been assigned FA complementation groups. Here, we focus on the clinical and mechanistic implications of the connection between these two cancer susceptibility syndromes and on how these two molecular pathways of DNA replication and repair interact functionally to prevent genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jutta Zimmer
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zhu J, Su F, Mukherjee S, Mori E, Hu B, Asaithamby A. FANCD2 influences replication fork processes and genome stability in response to clustered DSBs. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1809-22. [PMID: 26083937 PMCID: PMC4613663 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1036210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a cancer predisposition syndrome and the factors defective in FA are involved in DNA replication, DNA damage repair and tumor suppression. Here, we show that FANCD2 is critical for genome stability maintenance in response to high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. We found that FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated and recruited to the sites of clustered DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) specifically in S/G2 cells after high-LET radiation. Further, FANCD2 facilitated the repair of clustered DSBs in S/G2 cells and proper progression of S-phase. Furthermore, lack of FANCD2 led to a reduced rate of replication fork progression and elevated levels of both replication fork stalling and new origin firing in response to high-LET radiation. Mechanistically, FANCD2 is required for correct recruitment of RPA2 and Rad51 to the sites of clustered DSBs and that is critical for proper processing of clustered DSBs. Significantly, FANCD2-decifient cells exhibited defective chromosome segregation, elevated levels of chromosomal aberrations, and anchorage-independent growth in response to high-LET radiation. These findings establish FANCD2 as a key factor in genome stability maintenance in response to high-LET radiation and as a promising target to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Zhu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology ; Dallas , TX , USA
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78
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Abstract
An underlying hallmark of cancers is their genomic instability, which is associated with a greater propensity to accumulate DNA damage. Historical treatment of cancer by radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy is based on this principle, yet it is accompanied by significant collateral damage to normal tissue and unwanted side effects. Targeted therapy based on inhibiting the DNA damage response (DDR) in cancers offers the potential for a greater therapeutic window by tailoring treatment to patients with tumors lacking specific DDR functions. The recent approval of olaparib (Lynparza), the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor for treating tumors harboring BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, represents the first medicine based on this principle, exploiting an underlying cause of tumor formation that also represents an Achilles' heel. This review highlights the different concepts behind targeting DDR in cancer and how this can provide significant opportunities for DDR-based therapies in the future.
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79
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Hyper-active non-homologous end joining selects for synthetic lethality resistant and pathological Fanconi anemia hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22167. [PMID: 26916217 PMCID: PMC4768158 DOI: 10.1038/srep22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prominent role of Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins involves homologous recombination (HR) repair. Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase1 (PARP1) functions in multiple cellular processes including DNA repair and PARP inhibition is an emerging targeted therapy for cancer patients deficient in HR. Here we show that PARP1 activation in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in response to genotoxic or oxidative stress attenuates HSPC exhaustion. Mechanistically, PARP1 controls the balance between HR and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in double strand break (DSB) repair by preventing excessive NHEJ. Disruption of the FA core complex skews PARP1 function in DSB repair and led to hyper-active NHEJ in Fanca−/− or Fancc−/− HSPCs. Re-expression of PARP1 rescues the hyper-active NHEJ phenotype in Brca1−/−Parp1−/− but less effective in Fanca−/−Parp1−/− cells. Inhibition of NHEJ prevents myeloid/erythroid pathologies associated with synthetic lethality. Our results suggest that hyper-active NHEJ may select for “synthetic lethality” resistant and pathological HSPCs.
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80
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MTE1 Functions with MPH1 in Double-Strand Break Repair. Genetics 2016; 203:147-57. [PMID: 26920759 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand DNA breaks occur upon exposure of cells to ionizing radiation and certain chemical agents or indirectly through replication fork collapse at DNA damage sites. If left unrepaired, double-strand breaks can cause genome instability and cell death, and their repair can result in loss of heterozygosity. In response to DNA damage, proteins involved in double-strand break repair by homologous recombination relocalize into discrete nuclear foci. We identified 29 proteins that colocalize with recombination repair protein Rad52 in response to DNA damage. Of particular interest, Ygr042w/Mte1, a protein of unknown function, showed robust colocalization with Rad52. Mte1 foci fail to form when the DNA helicase gene MPH1 is absent. Mte1 and Mph1 form a complex and are recruited to double-strand breaks in vivo in a mutually dependent manner. MTE1 is important for resolution of Rad52 foci during double-strand break repair and for suppressing break-induced replication. Together our data indicate that Mte1 functions with Mph1 in double-strand break repair.
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81
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Yang Y, Poe JC, Yang L, Fedoriw A, Desai S, Magnuson T, Li Z, Fedoriw Y, Araki K, Gao Y, Tateishi S, Sarantopoulos S, Vaziri C. Rad18 confers hematopoietic progenitor cell DNA damage tolerance independently of the Fanconi Anemia pathway in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4174-88. [PMID: 26883629 PMCID: PMC4872084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In cultured cancer cells the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 activates Trans-Lesion Synthesis (TLS) and the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway. However, physiological roles of Rad18 in DNA damage tolerance and carcinogenesis are unknown and were investigated here. Primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) co-expressed RAD18 and FANCD2 proteins, potentially consistent with a role for Rad18 in FA pathway function during hematopoiesis. However, hematopoietic defects typically associated with fanc-deficiency (decreased HSPC numbers, reduced engraftment potential of HSPC, and Mitomycin C (MMC) -sensitive hematopoiesis), were absent in Rad18−/− mice. Moreover, primary Rad18−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) retained robust Fancd2 mono-ubiquitination following MMC treatment. Therefore, Rad18 is dispensable for FA pathway activation in untransformed cells and the Rad18 and FA pathways are separable in hematopoietic cells. In contrast with responses to crosslinking agents, Rad18−/− HSPC were sensitive to in vivo treatment with the myelosuppressive agent 7,12 Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Rad18-deficient fibroblasts aberrantly accumulated DNA damage markers after DMBA treatment. Moreover, in vivo DMBA treatment led to increased incidence of B cell malignancy in Rad18−/− mice. These results identify novel hematopoietic functions for Rad18 and provide the first demonstration that Rad18 confers DNA damage tolerance and tumor-suppression in a physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan C Poe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lisong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Fedoriw
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Siddhi Desai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis (IRDA) Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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82
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Beagan K, McVey M. Linking DNA polymerase theta structure and function in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:603-15. [PMID: 26514729 PMCID: PMC4715478 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (Pol θ) is an error-prone A-family polymerase that is highly conserved among multicellular eukaryotes and plays multiple roles in DNA repair and the regulation of genome integrity. Studies conducted in several model organisms have shown that Pol θ can be utilized during DNA interstrand crosslink repair and during alternative end-joining repair of double-strand breaks. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have begun to elucidate the unique structural features of Pol θ that promote alternative end-joining repair. Importantly, Pol θ-dependent end joining appears to be important for overall genome stability, as it affects chromosome translocation formation in murine and human cell lines. Pol θ has also been suggested to act as a modifier of replication timing in human cells, though the mechanism of action remains unknown. Pol θ is highly upregulated in a number of human cancer types, which could indicate that mutagenic Pol θ-dependent end joining is used during cancer cell proliferation. Here, we review the various roles of Pol θ across species and discuss how these roles may be relevant to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Beagan
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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83
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Kim M, Kim JM. The role of USP1 autocleavage in DNA interstrand crosslink repair. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:340-8. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Korea
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84
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Rad51c- and Trp53-double-mutant mouse model reveals common features of homologous recombination-deficient breast cancers. Oncogene 2016; 35:4601-10. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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85
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Du W, Amarachintha S, Wilson AF, Pang Q. SCO2 Mediates Oxidative Stress-Induced Glycolysis to Oxidative Phosphorylation Switch in Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 34:960-71. [PMID: 26676373 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome, presumably resulting from defects in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Normal HSCs depend more on glycolysis than on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production. Here, we show that FA HSCs are more sensitive to the respiration inhibitor NaN3 treatment than to glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), indicating more dependence on OXPHOS. FA HSCs undergo glycolysis-to-OXPHOS switch in response to oxidative stress through a p53-dependent mechanism. Metabolic stresses induce upregulation of p53 metabolic targets in FA HSCs. Inactivation of p53 in FA HSCs prevents glycolysis-to-OXPHOS switch. Furthermore, p53-deficient FA HSCs are more sensitive to 2-DG-mediated metabolic stress. Finally, oxidative stress-induced glycolysis-to-OXPHOS switch is mediated by synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2). These findings demonstrate p53-mediated OXPHOS function as a compensatory alteration in FA HSCs to ensure a functional but mildly impaired energy metabolism and suggest a cautious approach to manipulating p53 signaling in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Divisions of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew F Wilson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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86
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FANCD2 re-expression is associated with glioma grade and chemical inhibition of the Fanconi Anaemia pathway sensitises gliomas to chemotherapeutic agents. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6414-24. [PMID: 25071006 PMCID: PMC4171640 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumours kill more children and adults under 40 than any other cancer. Around half of primary brain tumours are glioblastoma multiforme (GBMs) where treatment remains a significant challenge. GBM survival rates have improved little over the last 40 years, thus highlighting an unmet need for the identification/development of novel therapeutic targets and agents to improve GBM treatment. Using archived and fresh glioma tissue, we show that in contrast to normal brain or benign schwannomas GBMs exhibit re-expression of FANCD2, a key protein of the Fanconi Anaemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, and possess an active FA pathway. Importantly, FANCD2 expression levels are strongly associated with tumour grade, revealing a potential exploitable therapeutic window to allow inhibition of the FA pathway in tumour cells, whilst sparing normal brain tissue. Using several small molecule inhibitors of the FA pathway in combination with isogenic FA-proficient/deficient glioma cell lines as well as primary GBM cultures, we demonstrate that inhibition of the FA pathway sensitises gliomas to the chemotherapeutic agents Temozolomide and Carmustine. Our findings therefore provide a strong rationale for the development of novel and potent inhibitors of the FA pathway to improve the treatment of GBMs, which may ultimately impact on patient outcome.
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87
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Su WP, Hsu SH, Wu CK, Chang SB, Lin YJ, Yang WB, Hung JJ, Chiu WT, Tzeng SF, Tseng YL, Chang JY, Su WC, Liaw H. Chronic treatment with cisplatin induces replication-dependent sister chromatid recombination to confer cisplatin-resistant phenotype in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6323-37. [PMID: 25051366 PMCID: PMC4171633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin can cause intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks between purine bases and is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used to treat cancer. However, the major barrier to the efficacy of the treatment is drug resistance. Homologous recombination (HR) plays a central role in restoring stalled forks caused by DNA lesions. Here, we report that chronic treatment with cisplatin induces HR to confer cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. A high frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) occurs in the cisplatin-resistant NPC cells. In addition, several genes in the Fanconi anemia (FA) and template switching (TS) pathways show elevated expression. Significantly, depletion of HR gene BRCA1, TS gene UBC13, or FA gene FANCD2 suppresses SCE and causes cells to accumulate in the S phase, concomitantly with high γH2AX foci formation in the presence of low-dose cisplatin. Consistent with this result, depletion of several genes in the HR, TS, or FA pathway sensitizes the cisplatin-resistant NPC cells to cisplatin. Our results suggest that the enhanced HR, in coordination with the FA and TS pathways, underlies the cisplatin resistance. Targeting the HR, TS, or FA pathways could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cisplatin-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Su
- Departments of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University; Graduate Institutes of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Sen-Huei Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Cheng-Kuei Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Hungjiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
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88
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Somyajit K, Banik B, Saxena S, Babu S, Hande MP, Chakravarty AR, Nagaraju G. Trans-dichlorooxovandium (IV) complex as a novel photoinducible DNA interstrand crosslinker for cancer therapy. Carcinogenesis 2015; 37:145-156. [PMID: 26678223 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although DNA interstrand crosslinking (ICL) agents such as mitomycin C, cisplatin and psoralen serve as potent anticancer drugs, these agents are known to have dose-limiting toxic effects on normal cells. Moreover, tumor resistance to these agents has been reported. Here, we show that trans-dichlorooxovanadium (IV) complex of pyrenyl terpyridine (VDC) is a novel photoinducible DNA crosslinking agent. By a combination of in vitro and ex vivo experiments including plasmid-based assays, we find that VDC forms monoadducts on the DNA and can be activated by UV-A and visible light to generate DNA interstrand crosslinks. VDC efficiently activates Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway of DNA interstrand crosslink repair. Strikingly, photoinduction of VDC induces prolonged activation of cell cycle checkpoint and a high degree of cell death in homologous recombination (HR)/ICL repair defective cells. Moreover, VDC specifically targets cells that express pathological RAD51C mutants. These data imply that VDC can be potentially used for cancer therapy and suggest that tumors arising in patients with gene mutations in FA and HR repair pathway can be specifically targeted by a photoactivatable VDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Somyajit
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Present address: NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DK-2200, Copenhagen N
| | - Bhabatosh Banik
- Department of Inorganic and physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Gerogia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sneha Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Sharath Babu
- Department of Biochemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | | | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India and
| | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
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89
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Abstract
Both proteolytic and nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitination are essential regulatory mechanisms for promoting DNA repair and the DNA damage response in mammalian cells. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have emerged as key players in the maintenance of genome stability. In this minireview, we discuss the recent findings on human DUBs that participate in genome maintenance, with a focus on the role of DUBs in the modulation of DNA repair and DNA damage signaling.
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90
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Raghunandan M, Chaudhury I, Kelich SL, Hanenberg H, Sobeck A. FANCD2, FANCJ and BRCA2 cooperate to promote replication fork recovery independently of the Fanconi Anemia core complex. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:342-53. [PMID: 25659033 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.987614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited multi-gene cancer predisposition syndrome that is characterized on the cellular level by a hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). To repair these lesions, the FA pathway proteins are thought to act in a linear hierarchy: Following ICL detection, an upstream FA core complex monoubiquitinates the central FA pathway members FANCD2 and FANCI, followed by their recruitment to chromatin. Chromatin-bound monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and FANCI subsequently coordinate DNA repair factors including the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and FANCD1/BRCA2 to repair the DNA ICL. Importantly, we recently showed that FANCD2 has additional independent roles: it binds chromatin and acts in concert with the BLM helicase complex to promote the restart of aphidicolin (APH)-stalled replication forks, while suppressing the firing of new replication origins. Here, we show that FANCD2 fulfills these roles independently of the FA core complex-mediated monoubiquitination step. Following APH treatment, nonubiquitinated FANCD2 accumulates on chromatin, recruits the BLM complex, and promotes robust replication fork recovery regardless of the absence or presence of a functional FA core complex. In contrast, the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and BRCA2 share FANCD2's role in replication fork restart and the suppression of new origin firing. Our results support a non-linear FA pathway model at stalled replication forks, where the nonubiquitinated FANCD2 isoform - in concert with FANCJ and BRCA2 - fulfills a specific function in promoting efficient replication fork recovery independently of the FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raghunandan
- a Department of Biochemistry; Molecular Biology and Biophysics ; University of Minnesota ; Minneapolis , MN USA
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91
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Ferguson LR, Chen H, Collins AR, Connell M, Damia G, Dasgupta S, Malhotra M, Meeker AK, Amedei A, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Aquilano K, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Bilsland A, Boosani CS, Chen S, Ciriolo MR, Fujii H, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Keith WN, Mohammed SI, Niccolai E, Yang X, Honoki K, Parslow VR, Prakash S, Rezazadeh S, Shackelford RE, Sidransky D, Tran PT, Yang ES, Maxwell CA. Genomic instability in human cancer: Molecular insights and opportunities for therapeutic attack and prevention through diet and nutrition. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S5-S24. [PMID: 25869442 PMCID: PMC4600419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability can initiate cancer, augment progression, and influence the overall prognosis of the affected patient. Genomic instability arises from many different pathways, such as telomere damage, centrosome amplification, epigenetic modifications, and DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous sources, and can be perpetuating, or limiting, through the induction of mutations or aneuploidy, both enabling and catastrophic. Many cancer treatments induce DNA damage to impair cell division on a global scale but it is accepted that personalized treatments, those that are tailored to the particular patient and type of cancer, must also be developed. In this review, we detail the mechanisms from which genomic instability arises and can lead to cancer, as well as treatments and measures that prevent genomic instability or take advantage of the cellular defects caused by genomic instability. In particular, we identify and discuss five priority targets against genomic instability: (1) prevention of DNA damage; (2) enhancement of DNA repair; (3) targeting deficient DNA repair; (4) impairing centrosome clustering; and, (5) inhibition of telomerase activity. Moreover, we highlight vitamin D and B, selenium, carotenoids, PARP inhibitors, resveratrol, and isothiocyanates as priority approaches against genomic instability. The prioritized target sites and approaches were cross validated to identify potential synergistic effects on a number of important areas of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew R Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marisa Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Instituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, United States
| | | | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and BioTechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Research & Development, Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and BioTechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Satya Prakash
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarallah Rezazadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Rodney E Shackelford
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
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92
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Romick-Rosendale LE, Hoskins EE, Privette Vinnedge LM, Foglesong GD, Brusadelli MG, Potter SS, Komurov K, Brugmann SA, Lambert PF, Kimple RJ, Virts EL, Hanenberg H, Gillison ML, Wells SI. Defects in the Fanconi Anemia Pathway in Head and Neck Cancer Cells Stimulate Tumor Cell Invasion through DNA-PK and Rac1 Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:2062-73. [PMID: 26603260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a devastating disease, and Fanconi anemia (FA) gene mutations and transcriptional repression are common. Invasive tumor behavior is associated with poor outcome, but relevant pathways triggering invasion are poorly understood. There is a significant need to improve our understanding of genetic pathways and molecular mechanisms driving advanced tumor phenotypes, to develop tailored therapies. Here we sought to investigate the phenotypic and molecular consequences of FA pathway loss in HNSCC cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using sporadic HNSCC cell lines with and without FA gene knockdown, we sought to characterize the phenotypic and molecular consequences of FA deficiency. FA pathway inactivation was confirmed by the detection of classic hallmarks of FA following exposure to DNA cross-linkers. Cells were subjected to RNA sequencing with qRT-PCR validation, followed by cellular adhesion and invasion assays in the presence and absence of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and Rac1 inhibitors. RESULTS We demonstrate that FA loss in HNSCC cells leads to cytoskeletal reorganization and invasive tumor cell behavior in the absence of proliferative gains. We further demonstrate that cellular invasion following FA loss is mediated, at least in part, through NHEJ-associated DNA-PK and downstream Rac1 GTPase activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that FA loss stimulates HNSCC cell motility and invasion, and implicate a targetable DNA-PK/Rac1 signaling axis in advanced tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth E Hoskins
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa M Privette Vinnedge
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Grant D Foglesong
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marion G Brusadelli
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kakajan Komurov
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elizabeth L Virts
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany. Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maura L Gillison
- Internal Medicine-Hematology & Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State, University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susanne I Wells
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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93
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Clark DW, Tripathi K, Dorsman JC, Palle K. FANCJ protein is important for the stability of FANCD2/FANCI proteins and protects them from proteasome and caspase-3 dependent degradation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:28816-32. [PMID: 26336824 PMCID: PMC4745694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genome instability syndrome with progressive bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. FANCJ is one of 17 genes mutated in FA-patients, comprises a DNA helicase that is vital for properly maintaining genomic stability and is known to function in the FA-BRCA DNA repair pathway. While exact role(s) of FANCJ in this repair process is yet to be determined, it is known to interact with primary effector FANCD2. However, FANCJ is not required for FANCD2 activation but is important for its ability to fully respond to DNA damage. In this report, we determined that transient depletion of FANCJ adversely affects stability of FANCD2 and its co-regulator FANCI in multiple cell lines. Loss of FANCJ does not significantly alter cell cycle progression or FANCD2 transcription. However, in the absence of FANCJ, the majority of FANCD2 is degraded by both the proteasome and Caspase-3 dependent mechanism. FANCJ is capable of complexing with and stabilizing FANCD2 even in the absence of a functional helicase domain. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that FANCJ is important for FANCD2 stability and proper activation of DNA damage responses to replication blocks induced by hydroxyurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Josephine C. Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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94
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Manic G, Obrist F, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Trial Watch: Targeting ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1012976. [PMID: 27308506 PMCID: PMC4905354 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR-CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR-CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “TorVergata”; Rome, Italy
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95
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Dai CH, Li J, Chen P, Jiang HG, Wu M, Chen YC. RNA interferences targeting the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway upstream genes reverse cisplatin resistance in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:77. [PMID: 26385482 PMCID: PMC4575453 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agent for lung cancer. The therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin is limited by the development of resistance. In this study, we test the effect of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA pathway upstream genes on the sensitivity of cisplatin-sensitive (A549 and SK-MES-1) and -resistant (A549/DDP) lung cancer cells to cisplatin. RESULT Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), knockdown of FANCF, FANCL, or FANCD2 inhibited function of the FA/BRCA pathway in A549, A549/DDP and SK-MES-1 cells, and potentiated sensitivity of the three cells to cisplatin. The extent of proliferation inhibition induced by cisplatin after knockdown of FANCF and/or FANCL in A549/DDP cells was significantly greater than in A549 and SK-MES-1 cells, suggesting that depletion of FANCF and/or FANCL can reverse resistance of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells to cisplatin. Furthermore, knockdown of FANCL resulted in higher cisplatin sensitivity and dramatically elevated apoptosis rates compared with knockdown of FANCF in A549/DDP cells, indicating that FANCL play an important role in the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION Knockdown of FANCF, FANCL, or FANCD2 by RNAi could synergize the effect of cisplatin on suppressing cell proliferation in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells through inhibition of FA/BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - He-Guo Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Ming Wu
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212013, China.
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96
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Fanconi anemia cells with unrepaired DNA damage activate components of the checkpoint recovery process. Theor Biol Med Model 2015; 12:19. [PMID: 26385365 PMCID: PMC4575447 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-015-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The FA/BRCA pathway repairs DNA interstrand crosslinks. Mutations in this pathway cause Fanconi anemia (FA), a chromosome instability syndrome with bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition. Upon DNA damage, normal and FA cells inhibit the cell cycle progression, until the G2/M checkpoint is turned off by the checkpoint recovery, which becomes activated when the DNA damage has been repaired. Interestingly, highly damaged FA cells seem to override the G2/M checkpoint. In this study we explored with a Boolean network model and key experiments whether checkpoint recovery activation occurs in FA cells with extensive unrepaired DNA damage. Methods We performed synchronous/asynchronous simulations of the FA/BRCA pathway Boolean network model. FA-A and normal lymphoblastoid cell lines were used to study checkpoint and checkpoint recovery activation after DNA damage induction. The experimental approach included flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, cell division tracking, chromosome aberration analysis and gene expression analysis through qRT-PCR and western blot. Results Computational simulations suggested that in FA mutants checkpoint recovery activity inhibits the checkpoint components despite unrepaired DNA damage, a behavior that we did not observed in wild-type simulations. This result implies that FA cells would eventually reenter the cell cycle after a DNA damage induced G2/M checkpoint arrest, but before the damage has been fixed. We observed that FA-A cells activate the G2/M checkpoint and arrest in G2 phase, but eventually reach mitosis and divide with unrepaired DNA damage, thus resolving the initial checkpoint arrest. Based on our model result we look for ectopic activity of checkpoint recovery components. We found that checkpoint recovery components, such as PLK1, are expressed to a similar extent as normal undamaged cells do, even though FA-A cells harbor highly damaged DNA. Conclusions Our results show that FA cells, despite extensive DNA damage, do not loss the capacity to express the transcriptional and protein components of checkpoint recovery that might eventually allow their division with unrepaired DNA damage. This might allow cell survival but increases the genomic instability inherent to FA individuals and promotes cancer.
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97
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98
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Characterization of medulloblastoma in Fanconi Anemia: a novel mutation in the BRCA2 gene and SHH molecular subgroup. Biomark Res 2015; 3:13. [PMID: 26064523 PMCID: PMC4462002 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by the variable presence of multiple congenital somatic abnormalities, bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. Medulloblastoma (MB) has been described only in few cases of FA with biallelic inactivation in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2/FANCD1 or its associated gene PALB2/FANCN. We report the case of a patient affected by Fanconi Anemia with Wilms tumor and unusual presentation of two medulloblastomas (MB1 and MB2). We identified a new pathogenetic germline BRCA2 mutation: c.2944_2944delA. Molecular analysis of MBs allowed us to define new features of MB in FA. MBs were found to belong to the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) molecular subgroup with some differences between MB1 and MB2. We highlighted that MB in FA could share molecular aspects and hemispheric localization with sporadic adult SHH-MB. Our report provides new findings that shed new light on the genetic and molecular pathogenesis of MB in FA patients with implications in the disease management.
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99
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Molina B, Marchetti F, Gómez L, Ramos S, Torres L, Ortiz R, Altamirano-Lozano M, Carnevale A, Frias S. Hydroxyurea induces chromosomal damage in G2 and enhances the clastogenic effect of mitomycin C in Fanconi anemia cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:457-467. [PMID: 25663157 DOI: 10.1002/em.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi's anemia (FA) is a recessive disease; 16 genes are currently recognized in FA. FA proteins participate in the FA/BRCA pathway that plays a crucial role in the repair of DNA damage induced by crosslinking compounds. Hydroxyurea (HU) is an agent that induces replicative stress by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which synthesizes deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) necessary for DNA replication and repair. HU is known to activate the FA pathway; however, its clastogenic effects are not well characterized. We have investigated the effects of HU treatment alone or in sequential combination with mitomycin-C (MMC) on FA patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines from groups FA-A, B, C, D1/BRCA2, and E and on lymphocytes from two unclassified FA patients. All FA cells showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in chromosomal aberrations following treatment with HU during the last 3 h before mitosis. Furthermore, when FA cells previously exposed to MMC were treated with HU, we observed an increase of MMC-induced DNA damage that was characterized by high occurrence of DNA breaks and a reduction in rejoined chromosomal aberrations. These findings show that exposure to HU during G2 induces chromosomal aberrations by a mechanism that is independent of its well-known role in replication fork stalling during S-phase and that HU interfered mainly with the rejoining process of DNA damage. We suggest that impaired oxidative stress response, lack of an adequate amount of dNTPs for DNA repair due to RNR inhibition, and interference with cell cycle control checkpoints underlie the clastogenic activity of HU in FA cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:457-467, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Molina
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
| | | | - Laura Gómez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
| | - Sandra Ramos
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
| | - Leda Torres
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
| | - Rocio Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Citometría de Flujo, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Alessandra Carnevale
- Subdirección de Genómica Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México
| | - Sara Frias
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
- Departamento de Medicina, Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, México
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100
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Mantelli M, Avanzini MA, Rosti V, Ingo DM, Conforti A, Novara F, Arrigo G, Boni M, Zappatore R, Lenta E, Moretta A, Acquafredda G, de Silvestri A, Cirillo V, Cicchetti E, Algeri M, Strocchio L, Vinti L, Starc N, Biagini S, Sirleto P, Bernasconi P, Zuffardi O, Maserati E, Maccario R, Zecca M, Locatelli F, Bernardo ME. Comprehensive characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells from patients with Fanconi anaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:826-36. [PMID: 26010568 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by pancytopenia, congenital malformations and a predisposition to develop malignancies. Alterations in the haematopoietic microenvironment of FA patients have been reported, but little is known regarding the components of their bone marrow (BM) stroma. We characterized mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from BM of 18 FA patients both before and after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Morphology, fibroblast colony-forming unit (CFU-F) ability, proliferative capacity, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, ability to support long-term haematopoiesis and immunomodulatory properties of FA-MSCs were analysed and compared with those of MSCs expanded from 15 age-matched healthy donors (HD-MSCs). FA-MSCs were genetically characterized through conventional karyotyping, diepoxybutane-test and array-comparative genomic hybridization. FA-MSCs generated before and after HSCT were compared. Morphology, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, ability in vitro to inhibit mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation and to support long-term haematopoiesis did not differ between FA-MSCs and HD-MSCs. CFU-F ability and proliferative capacity of FA-MSCs isolated after HSCT were significantly lower than those of HD-MSCs. FA-MSCs reached senescence significantly earlier than HD-MSCs and showed spontaneous chromosome fragility. Our findings indicate that FA-MSCs are defective in their ability to survive in vitro and display spontaneous chromosome breakages; whether these defects are involved in pathophysiology of BM failure syndromes deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mantelli
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Avanzini
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Centre for the Study and Treatment of Myelofibrosis, Research Laboratories of Biotechnology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela M Ingo
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Conforti
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Novara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Arrigo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Boni
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Molecular Onco-haematology, Haematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita Zappatore
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Molecular Onco-haematology, Haematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Lenta
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonia Moretta
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Acquafredda
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa de Silvestri
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometrics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Cirillo
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Cicchetti
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Algeri
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luisa Strocchio
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Vinti
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Starc
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Biagini
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Sirleto
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernasconi
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Molecular Onco-haematology, Haematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maserati
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rita Maccario
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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