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Méndez-Maldonado K, Vega-López G, Caballero-Chacón S, Aybar MJ, Velasco I. Activation of Hes1 and Msx1 in Transgenic Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Increases Differentiation into Neural Crest Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4025. [PMID: 30551562 PMCID: PMC6321090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) comprises a multipotent cell population that produces peripheral neurons, cartilage, and smooth muscle cells, among other phenotypes. The participation of Hes1 and Msx1 when expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) undergoing NC differentiation is unexplored. In this work, we generated stable mESCs transfected with constructs encoding chimeric proteins in which the ligand binding domain of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is translocated to the nucleus by dexamethasone addition, is fused to either Hes1 (HGR) or Msx1 (MGR), as well as double-transgenic cells (HGR+MGR). These lines continued to express pluripotency markers. Upon NC differentiation, all lines exhibited significantly decreased Sox2 expression and upregulated Sox9, Snai1, and Msx1 expression, indicating NC commitment. Dexamethasone was added to induce nuclear translocation of the chimeric proteins. We found that Collagen IIa transcripts were increased in MGR cells, whereas coactivation of HGR+MGR caused a significant increase in Smooth muscle actin (α-Sma) transcripts. Immunostaining showed that activation in HGR+MGR cells induced higher proportions of β-TUBULIN III⁺, α-SMA⁺ and COL2A1⁺ cells. These findings indicate that nuclear translocation of MSX-1, alone or in combination with HES-1, produce chondrocyte-like cells, and simultaneous activation of HES-1 and MSX-1 increases the generation of smooth muscle and neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México 14269, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Guillermo Vega-López
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
| | - Sara Caballero-Chacón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México 14269, México.
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52
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Stephen J, Maddirevula S, Nampoothiri S, Burke JD, Herzog M, Shukla A, Steindl K, Eskin A, Patil SJ, Joset P, Lee H, Garrett LJ, Yokoyama T, Balanda N, Bodine SP, Tolman NJ, Zerfas PM, Zheng A, Ramantani G, Girisha KM, Rivas C, Suresh PV, Elkahloun A, Alsaif HS, Wakil SM, Mahmoud L, Ali R, Prochazkova M, Kulkarni AB, Ben-Omran T, Colak D, Morris HD, Rauch A, Martinez-Agosto JA, Nelson SF, Alkuraya FS, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Malicdan MCV. Bi-allelic TMEM94 Truncating Variants Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Delay, Congenital Heart Defects, and Distinct Facial Dysmorphism. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:948-967. [PMID: 30526868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous conditions due to defects in genes involved in development and function of the nervous system. Individuals with NDD, in addition to their primary neurodevelopmental phenotype, may also have accompanying syndromic features that can be very helpful diagnostically especially those with recognizable facial appearance. In this study, we describe ten similarly affected individuals from six unrelated families of different ethnic origins having bi-allelic truncating variants in TMEM94, which encodes for an uncharacterized transmembrane nuclear protein that is highly conserved across mammals. The affected individuals manifested with global developmental delay/intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features including triangular face, deep set eyes, broad nasal root and tip and anteverted nostrils, thick arched eye brows, hypertrichosis, pointed chin, and hypertelorism. Birthweight in the upper normal range was observed in most, and all but one had congenital heart defects (CHD). Gene expression analysis in available cells from affected individuals showed reduced expression of TMEM94. Global transcriptome profiling using microarray and RNA sequencing revealed several dysregulated genes essential for cell growth, proliferation and survival that are predicted to have an impact on cardiotoxicity hematological system and neurodevelopment. Loss of Tmem94 in mouse model generated by CRISPR/Cas9 was embryonic lethal and led to craniofacial and cardiac abnormalities and abnormal neuronal migration pattern, suggesting that this gene is important in craniofacial, cardiovascular, and nervous system development. Our study suggests the genetic etiology of a recognizable dysmorphic syndrome with NDD and CHD and highlights the role of TMEM94 in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI and the Common Fund, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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53
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Shang Z, Chen D, Wang Q, Wang S, Deng Q, Wu L, Liu C, Ding X, Wang S, Zhong J, Zhang D, Cai X, Zhu S, Yang H, Liu L, Fink JL, Chen F, Liu X, Gao Z, Xu X. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic transcriptome profiling in human early neural differentiation. Gigascience 2018; 7:5099469. [PMID: 30239706 PMCID: PMC6420650 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigating cell fate decision and subpopulation specification in the context of the neural lineage is fundamental to understanding neurogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. The differentiation process of neural-tube-like rosettes in vitro is representative of neural tube structures, which are composed of radially organized, columnar epithelial cells and give rise to functional neural cells. However, the underlying regulatory network of cell fate commitment during early neural differentiation remains elusive. Results In this study, we investigated the genome-wide transcriptome profile of single cells from six consecutive reprogramming and neural differentiation time points and identified cellular subpopulations present at each differentiation stage. Based on the inferred reconstructed trajectory and the characteristics of subpopulations contributing the most toward commitment to the central nervous system lineage at each stage during differentiation, we identified putative novel transcription factors in regulating neural differentiation. In addition, we dissected the dynamics of chromatin accessibility at the neural differentiation stages and revealed active cis-regulatory elements for transcription factors known to have a key role in neural differentiation as well as for those that we suggest are also involved. Further, communication network analysis demonstrated that cellular interactions most frequently occurred in the embryoid body stage and that each cell subpopulation possessed a distinctive spectrum of ligands and receptors associated with neural differentiation that could reflect the identity of each subpopulation. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive and integrative study of the transcriptomics and epigenetics of human early neural differentiation, which paves the way for a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms driving the differentiation of the neural lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouchun Shang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Quanlei Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qiuting Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Liang Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiangning Ding
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shiyou Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jixing Zhong
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Doudou Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Shida Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Longqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - J Lynn Fink
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI Australia, L6, CBCRC, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute (UQDI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
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54
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Bondurand N, Dufour S, Pingault V. News from the endothelin-3/EDNRB signaling pathway: Role during enteric nervous system development and involvement in neural crest-associated disorders. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S156-S169. [PMID: 30171849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin system is a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles in regulating the cardiovascular system and renal and pulmonary processes, as well as the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. This system is comprised of three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors. In 1994, knockouts of the Edn3 and Ednrb genes revealed their crucial function during development of the enteric nervous system and melanocytes, two neural-crest derivatives. Since then, human and mouse genetics, combined with cellular and developmental studies, have helped to unravel the role of this signaling pathway during development and adulthood. In this review, we will summarize the known functions of the EDN3/EDNRB pathway during neural crest development, with a specific focus on recent scientific advances, and the enteric nervous system in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 06, Créteil 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Veronique Pingault
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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55
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Kholodenko IV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Deyev SM, Kholodenko RV. Neuroblastoma Origin and Therapeutic Targets for Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7394268. [PMID: 30116755 PMCID: PMC6079467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7394268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid cancer of heterogeneous clinical behavior. The unique features of this type of cancer frequently hamper the process of determining clinical presentation and predicting therapy effectiveness. The tumor can spontaneously regress without treatment or actively develop and give rise to metastases despite aggressive multimodal therapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has become one of the most promising approaches to the treatment of neuroblastoma. Still, only one drug for targeted immunotherapy of neuroblastoma, chimeric monoclonal GD2-specific antibodies, is used in the clinic today, and its application has significant limitations. In this regard, the development of effective and safe GD2-targeted immunotherapies and analysis of other potential molecular targets for the treatment of neuroblastoma represents an important and topical task. The review summarizes biological characteristics of the origin and development of neuroblastoma and outlines molecular markers of neuroblastoma and modern immunotherapy approaches directed towards these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Kholodenko
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Real Target LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Real Target LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
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56
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Akula M, Park JW, West-Mays JA. Relationship between neural crest cell specification and rare ocular diseases. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:7-15. [PMID: 29660784 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the eye is closely associated with neural crest cell migration and specification. Eye development is extremely complex, as it requires the working of a combination of local factors, receptors, inductors, and signaling interactions between tissues such as the optic cup and periocular mesenchyme (POM). The POM is comprised of neural crest-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells that give rise to numerous important ocular structures including those tissues that form the optic cup and anterior segment of the eye. A number of genes are involved in the migration and specification of the POM such as PITX2, PITX3, FOXC1, FOXE3, PAX6, LMX1B, GPR48, TFAP2A, and TFAP2B. In this review, we will discuss the relevance of these genes in the development of the POM and how mutations and defects result in rare ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Akula
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judith A West-Mays
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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57
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Frampton D, Schwenzer H, Marino G, Butcher LM, Pollara G, Kriston-Vizi J, Venturini C, Austin R, de Castro KF, Ketteler R, Chain B, Goldstein RA, Weiss RA, Beck S, Fassati A. Molecular Signatures of Regression of the Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:620-633.e6. [PMID: 29634949 PMCID: PMC5896242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a clonally transmissible cancer that regresses spontaneously or after treatment with vincristine, but we know little about the regression mechanisms. We performed global transcriptional, methylation, and functional pathway analyses on serial biopsies of vincristine-treated CTVTs and found that regression occurs in sequential steps; activation of the innate immune system and host epithelial tissue remodeling followed by immune infiltration of the tumor, arrest in the cell cycle, and repair of tissue damage. We identified CCL5 as a possible driver of CTVT regression. Changes in gene expression are associated with methylation changes at specific intragenic sites. Our results underscore the critical role of host innate immunity in triggering cancer regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Frampton
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hagen Schwenzer
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriele Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Lee M Butcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriele Pollara
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Austin
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karina Ferreira de Castro
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Benjamin Chain
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Richard A Goldstein
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ariberto Fassati
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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58
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Chai M, Sanosaka T, Okuno H, Zhou Z, Koya I, Banno S, Andoh-Noda T, Tabata Y, Shimamura R, Hayashi T, Ebisawa M, Sasagawa Y, Nikaido I, Okano H, Kohyama J. Chromatin remodeler CHD7 regulates the stem cell identity of human neural progenitors. Genes Dev 2018; 32:165-180. [PMID: 29440260 PMCID: PMC5830929 DOI: 10.1101/gad.301887.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple congenital disorders often present complex phenotypes, but how the mutation of individual genetic factors can lead to multiple defects remains poorly understood. In the present study, we used human neuroepithelial (NE) cells and CHARGE patient-derived cells as an in vitro model system to identify the function of chromodomain helicase DNA-binding 7 (CHD7) in NE-neural crest bifurcation, thus revealing an etiological link between the central nervous system (CNS) and craniofacial anomalies observed in CHARGE syndrome. We found that CHD7 is required for epigenetic activation of superenhancers and CNS-specific enhancers, which support the maintenance of the NE and CNS lineage identities. Furthermore, we found that BRN2 and SOX21 are downstream effectors of CHD7, which shapes cellular identities by enhancing a CNS-specific cellular program and indirectly repressing non-CNS-specific cellular programs. Based on our results, CHD7, through its interactions with superenhancer elements, acts as a regulatory hub in the orchestration of the spatiotemporal dynamics of transcription factors to regulate NE and CNS lineage identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuhChyi Chai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Gene Regulation Research, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sanosaka
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hironobu Okuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuko Koya
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoe Banno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoko Andoh-Noda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Tabata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,E-WAY Research Laboratory, Discovery, Medicine Creation, Neurology Business Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Rieko Shimamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masashi Ebisawa
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasagawa
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Itoshi Nikaido
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Single-Cell Omics Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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59
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Jourdeuil K, Taneyhill LA. Spatiotemporal expression pattern of Connexin 43 during early chick embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 27:67-75. [PMID: 29126985 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, a single cell develops into new tissues and organs that are made up of a number of different cell types. The assembly of the trigeminal ganglion (cranial nerve V), an important component of the peripheral nervous system, typifies this process. The trigeminal ganglia perform key sensory functions, including sensing pain and touch in the face, and arise from cells of two different progenitor populations, the neural crest and the cranial placodes. One question that remains poorly understood is how these two populations of cells interact with each other during development to form a functional ganglion. Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow for the passage of small solutes between connected cells and could serve as one potential mechanism by which neural crest and placode cells communicate to create the trigeminal ganglia. To this end, we have generated a comprehensive spatiotemporal expression profile for the gap junction protein Connexin 43, a highly expressed member of the Connexin protein family during development. Our results reveal that Connexin 43 is expressed in the neural folds during neural fold fusion and in premigratory neural crest cells prior to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), during EMT, and in migratory neural crest cells. During trigeminal gangliogenesis, Connexin 43 is expressed in cranial neural crest cells and the mesenchyme but is strikingly absent in the placode-derived neurons. These data underscore the complexity of bringing two distinct cell populations together to form a new tissue during development and suggest that Connexin 43 may play a key role within neural crest cells during EMT, migration, and trigeminal gangliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Jourdeuil
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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60
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Plouhinec JL, Medina-Ruiz S, Borday C, Bernard E, Vert JP, Eisen MB, Harland RM, Monsoro-Burq AH. A molecular atlas of the developing ectoderm defines neural, neural crest, placode, and nonneural progenitor identity in vertebrates. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004045. [PMID: 29049289 PMCID: PMC5663519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. In order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cells from a single germ layer and to retain spatial information, dorsal and ventral ectoderm was subdivided along the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes by microdissections. Principal component analysis on the transcriptomes of these ectoderm fragments primarily identifies embryonic axes and temporal dynamics. This provides a genetic code to define positional information of any ectoderm sample along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes directly from its transcriptome. In parallel, we use nonnegative matrix factorization to predict enhanced gene expression maps onto early and mid-neurula embryos, and specific signatures for each ectoderm area. The clustering of spatial and temporal datasets allowed detection of multiple biologically relevant groups (e.g., Wnt signaling, neural crest development, sensory placode specification, ciliogenesis, germ layer specification). We provide an interactive network interface, EctoMap, for exploring synexpression relationships among genes expressed in the neurula, and suggest several strategies to use this comprehensive dataset to address questions in developmental biology as well as stem cell or cancer research. Vertebrate embryo germ layers become progressively regionalized by evolutionarily conserved molecular processes. Catching the early steps of this dynamic spatial cell diversification at the scale of the transcriptome was challenging, even with the advent of efficient RNA sequencing. We have microdissected complementary and defined areas of a single germ layer, the developing ectoderm, and explored how the transcriptome changes over time and space in the ectoderm during the differentiation of frog epidermis, neural plate, and neural crest. We have created EctoMap, a searchable interface using these regional transcriptomes, to predict the expression of the 31 thousand genes expressed in neurulae and their networks of co-expression, predictive of functional relationships. Through several examples, we illustrate how these data provide insights in development, cancer, evolution and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Plouhinec
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO - Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Sofía Medina-Ruiz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline Borday
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Elsa Bernard
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO - Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, INSERM U900, Paris, France
- INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Vert
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO - Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, INSERM U900, Paris, France
- INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Michael B. Eisen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anne H. Monsoro-Burq
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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61
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York JR, Yuan T, Zehnder K, McCauley DW. Lamprey neural crest migration is Snail-dependent and occurs without a differential shift in cadherin expression. Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28624345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of neural crest cells was a key step in the origin of the vertebrate body plan. An outstanding question is how neural crest cells acquired their ability to undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrate extensively throughout the vertebrate embryo. We tested if differential regulation of classical cadherins-a highly conserved feature of neural crest EMT and migration in jawed vertebrates-mediates these cellular behaviors in lamprey, a basal jawless vertebrate. Lamprey has single copies of the type I and type II classical cadherins (CadIA and CadIIA). CadIIA is expressed in premigratory neural crest, and requires the transcription factor Snail for proper expression, yet CadIA is never expressed in the neural tube during neural crest development, suggesting that differential regulation of classical cadherin expression is not required to initiate neural crest migration in basal vertebrates. We hypothesize that neural crest cells evolved by retention of regulatory programs linking distinct mesenchymal and multipotency properties, and emigrated from the neural tube without differentially regulating type I/type II cadherins. Our results point to the coupling of mesenchymal state and multipotency as a key event facilitating the origin of migratory neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R York
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Kevin Zehnder
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - David W McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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62
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Lumb R, Buckberry S, Secker G, Lawrence D, Schwarz Q. Transcriptome profiling reveals expression signatures of cranial neural crest cells arising from different axial levels. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28407732 PMCID: PMC5390458 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique embryonic cell type which give rise to a diverse array of derivatives extending from neurons and glia through to bone and cartilage. Depending on their point of origin along the antero-posterior axis cranial NCCs are rapidly sorted into distinct migratory streams that give rise to axial specific structures. These migratory streams mirror the underlying segmentation of the brain with NCCs exiting the diencephalon and midbrain following distinct paths compared to those exiting the hindbrain rhombomeres (r). The genetic landscape of cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels remains unknown. Results Here we have used RNA sequencing to uncover the transcriptional profiles of mouse cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels. Whole transcriptome analysis identified over 120 transcripts differentially expressed between NCCs arising anterior to r3 (referred to as r1-r2 migratory stream for simplicity) and the r4 migratory stream. Eight of the genes differentially expressed between these populations were validated by RT-PCR with 2 being further validated by in situ hybridisation. We also explored the expression of the Neuropilins (Nrp1 and Nrp2) and their co-receptors and show that the A-type Plexins are differentially expressed in different cranial NCC streams. Conclusions Our analyses identify a large number of genes differentially regulated between cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels. This data provides a comprehensive description of the genetic landscape driving diversity of distinct cranial NCC streams and provides novel insight into the regulatory networks controlling the formation of specific skeletal elements and the mechanisms promoting migration along different paths. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-017-0147-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Lumb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sam Buckberry
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Genevieve Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - David Lawrence
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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63
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Impairment of human neural crest cell migration by prolonged exposure to interferon-beta. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3385-3402. [PMID: 28365849 PMCID: PMC5608792 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cell-based toxicological assays have been used successfully to detect known toxicants, and to distinguish them from negative controls. However, there is at present little experience on how to deal with hits from screens of compounds with yet unknown hazard. As a case study to this issue, we characterized human interferon-beta (IFNβ) as potential developmental toxicant affecting neural crest cells (NCC). The protein was identified as a hit during a screen of clinically used drugs in the ‘migration inhibition of neural crest’ (MINC) assay. Concentration–response studies in the MINC combined with immunocytochemistry and mRNA quantification of cellular markers showed that IFNβ inhibited NCC migration at concentrations as low as 20 pM. The effective concentrations found here correspond to levels found in human plasma, and they were neither cytostatic nor cytotoxic nor did they did they affect the differentiation state and overall phenotype of NCC. Data from two other migration assays confirmed that picomolar concentration of IFNβ reduced the motility of NCC, while other interferons were less potent. The activation of JAK kinase by IFNβ, as suggested by bioinformatics analysis of the transcriptome changes, was confirmed by biochemical methods. The degree and duration of pathway activation correlated with the extent of migration inhibition, and pharmacological block of this signaling pathway before, or up to 6 h after exposure to the cytokine prevented the effects of IFNβ on migration. Thus, the reduction of vital functions of human NCC is a hitherto unknown potential hazard of endogenous or pharmacologically applied interferons.
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64
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Li J, Qu J, Shi Y, Perfetto M, Ping Z, Christian L, Niu H, Mei S, Zhang Q, Yang X, Wei S. Nicotinic acid inhibits glioma invasion by facilitating Snail1 degradation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43173. [PMID: 28256591 PMCID: PMC5335718 DOI: 10.1038/srep43173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a formidable disease that commonly leads to death, mainly due to the invasion of tumor cells into neighboring tissues. Therefore, inhibition of tumor cell invasion may provide an effective therapy for malignant glioma. Here we report that nicotinic acid (NA), an essential vitamin, inhibits glioma cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of the U251 glioma cells with NA in vitro results in reduced invasion, which is accompanied by a loss of mesenchymal phenotype and an increase in cell-cell adhesion. At the molecular level, transcription of the adherens junction protein E-cadherin is upregulated, leading to accumulation of E-cadherin protein at the cell-cell boundary. This can be attributed to NA's ability to facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of Snail1, a transcription factor that represses E-cadherin expression. Similarly, NA transiently inhibits neural crest migration in Xenopus embryos in a Snail1-dependent manner, indicating that the mechanism of action for NA in cell migration is evolutionarily conserved. We further show that NA injection blocks the infiltration of tumor cells into the adjacent brain tissues and improves animal survival in a rat model of glioma. These results suggest that NA treatment may be developed into a potential therapy for malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China.,Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Jiagui Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Mark Perfetto
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Zhuxian Ping
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Laura Christian
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Hua Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shuting Mei
- Department of Gerontology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiangcai Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shuo Wei
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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65
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Schille C, Schambony A. Signaling pathways and tissue interactions in neural plate border formation. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1292783. [PMID: 28352644 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1292783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient cell population that gives rise to various cell types of multiple tissues and organs in the vertebrate embryo. Neural crest cells arise from the neural plate border, a region localized at the lateral borders of the prospective neural plate. Temporally and spatially coordinated interaction with the adjacent tissues, the non-neural ectoderm, the neural plate and the prospective dorsolateral mesoderm, is required for neural plate border specification. Signaling molecules, namely BMP, Wnt and FGF ligands and corresponding antagonists are derived from these tissues and interact to induce the expression of neural plate border specific genes. The present mini-review focuses on the current understanding of how the NPB territory is formed and accentuates the need for coordinated interaction of BMP and Wnt signaling pathways and precise tissue communication that are required for the definition of the prospective NC in the competent ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schille
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen, Germany
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66
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Prospect of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells in Clinical Application. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7695836. [PMID: 28090209 PMCID: PMC5206454 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7695836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) represent a transient and multipotent cell population that contributes to numerous anatomical structures such as peripheral nervous system, teeth, and cornea. NCSC maldevelopment is related to various human diseases including pigmentation abnormalities, disorders affecting autonomic nervous system, and malformations of teeth, eyes, and hearts. As human pluripotent stem cells including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can serve as an unlimited cell source to generate NCSCs, hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs can be a valuable tool to study the underlying mechanisms of NCSC-associated diseases, which paves the way for future therapies for these abnormalities. In addition, hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs with the capability of differentiating to various cell types are highly promising for clinical organ repair and regeneration. In this review, we first discuss NCSC generation methods from human pluripotent stem cells and differentiation mechanism of NCSCs. Then we focus on the clinical application potential of hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs on peripheral nerve injuries, corneal blindness, tooth regeneration, pathological melanogenesis, Hirschsprung disease, and cardiac repair and regeneration.
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67
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Zage PE, Whittle SB, Shohet JM. CD114: A New Member of the Neural Crest-Derived Cancer Stem Cell Marker Family. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:221-231. [PMID: 27428599 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a population of cells in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to a wide range of tissues and cell types, including components of the peripheral nervous system and the craniofacial skeleton as well as melanocytes and the adrenal medulla. Aberrations in neural crest development can lead to numerous diseases, including cancers such as melanoma and neuroblastoma. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in these neural crest-derived tumors, and these CSCs demonstrate resistance to treatment and are likely key contributors to disease relapse. Patients with neural crest-derived tumors often have poor outcomes due to frequent relapses, likely due to the continued presence of residual treatment-resistant CSCs, and therapies directed against these CSCs are likely to improve patient outcomes. CSCs share many of the same genetic and biologic features of primordial neural crest cells, and therefore a better understanding of neural crest development will likely lead to the development of effective therapies directed against these CSCs. Signaling through STAT3 has been shown to be required for neural crest development, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)-mediated activation of STAT3 has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of neural crest-derived tumors. Expression of the cell surface marker CD114 (the receptor for GCSF) has been identified as a potential marker for CSCs in neural crest-derived tumors, suggesting that CD114 expression and function may contribute to disease relapse and poor patient outcomes. Here we review the processes of neural crest development and tumorigenesis and we discuss the previously identified markers for CSC subpopulations identified in neural crest tumors and their role in neural crest tumor biology. We also discuss the potential for CD114 and downstream intracellular signaling pathways as potential targets for CSC-directed therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 221-231, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Zage
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah B Whittle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason M Shohet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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68
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Simoes-Costa M, Bronner ME. Reprogramming of avian neural crest axial identity and cell fate. Science 2016; 352:1570-3. [PMID: 27339986 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest populations along the embryonic body axis of vertebrates differ in developmental potential and fate, so that only the cranial neural crest can contribute to the craniofacial skeleton in vivo. We explored the regulatory program that imbues the cranial crest with its specialized features. Using axial-level specific enhancers to isolate and perform genome-wide profiling of the cranial versus trunk neural crest in chick embryos, we identified and characterized regulatory relationships between a set of cranial-specific transcription factors. Introducing components of this circuit into neural crest cells of the trunk alters their identity and endows these cells with the ability to give rise to chondroblasts in vivo. Our results demonstrate that gene regulatory circuits that support the formation of particular neural crest derivatives may be used to reprogram specific neural crest-derived cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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69
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Yang KY, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Ng PKS, Zhou WJ, Zhang Y, Liu M, Chen J, Mao B, Tsui SKW. Transcriptome analysis of different developmental stages of amphioxus reveals dynamic changes of distinct classes of genes during development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23195. [PMID: 26979494 PMCID: PMC4793263 DOI: 10.1038/srep23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates diverged from other chordates approximately 500 million years ago and have adopted several modifications of developmental processes. Amphioxus is widely used in evolutionary developmental biology research, such as on the basic patterning mechanisms involved in the chordate body plan and the origin of vertebrates. The fast development of next-generation sequencing has advanced knowledge of the genomic organization of amphioxus; however, many aspects of gene regulation during amphioxus development have not been fully characterized. In this study, we applied high-throughput sequencing on the transcriptomes of 13 developmental stages of Chinese amphioxus to gain a comprehensive understanding of transcriptional processes occurring from the fertilized egg to the adult stage. The expression levels of 3,423 genes were significantly changed (FDR ≤ 0.01). All of these genes were included in a clustering analysis, and enrichment of biological functions associated with these clusters was determined. Significant changes were observed in several important processes, including the down-regulation of the cell cycle and the up-regulation of translation. These results should build a foundation for identifying developmentally important genes, especially those regulatory factors involved in amphioxus development, and advance understanding of the developmental dynamics in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zuming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Patrick Kwok-Shing Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wayne Junwei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junyuan Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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70
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Sanchez-Ferras O, Bernas G, Farnos O, Touré AM, Souchkova O, Pilon N. A direct role for murine Cdx proteins in the trunk neural crest gene regulatory network. Development 2016; 143:1363-74. [PMID: 26952979 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies in chordates and arthropods currently indicate that Cdx proteins have a major ancestral role in the organization of post-head tissues. In urochordate embryos, Cdx loss-of-function has been shown to impair axial elongation, neural tube (NT) closure and pigment cell development. Intriguingly, in contrast to axial elongation and NT closure, a Cdx role in neural crest (NC)-derived melanocyte/pigment cell development has not been reported in any other chordate species. To address this, we generated a new conditional pan-Cdx functional knockdown mouse model that circumvents Cdx functional redundancy as well as the early embryonic lethality of Cdx mutants. Through directed inhibition in the neuroectoderm, we provide in vivo evidence that murine Cdx proteins impact melanocyte and enteric nervous system development by, at least in part, directly controlling the expression of the key early regulators of NC ontogenesis Pax3,Msx1 and Foxd3 Our work thus reveals a novel role for Cdx proteins at the top of the trunk NC gene regulatory network in the mouse, which appears to have been inherited from their ancestral ortholog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bernas
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Omar Farnos
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Aboubacrine M Touré
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Ouliana Souchkova
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H2X 3Y7, Canada
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71
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Motohashi T, Watanabe N, Nishioka M, Nakatake Y, Yulan P, Mochizuki H, Kawamura Y, Ko MSH, Goshima N, Kunisada T. Gene array analysis of neural crest cells identifies transcription factors necessary for direct conversion of embryonic fibroblasts into neural crest cells. Biol Open 2016; 5:311-22. [PMID: 26873953 PMCID: PMC4810742 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NC cells) are multipotent cells that emerge from the edge of the neural folds and migrate throughout the developing embryo. Although the gene regulatory network for generation of NC cells has been elucidated in detail, it has not been revealed which of the factors in the network are pivotal to directing NC identity. In this study we analyzed the gene expression profile of a pure NC subpopulation isolated from Sox10-IRES-Venus mice and investigated whether these genes played a key role in the direct conversion of Sox10-IRES-Venus mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into NC cells. The comparative molecular profiles of NC cells and neural tube cells in 9.5-day embryos revealed genes including transcription factors selectively expressed in developing trunk NC cells. Among 25 NC cell-specific transcription factor genes tested, SOX10 and SOX9 were capable of converting MEFs into SOX10-positive (SOX10+) cells. The SOX10+ cells were then shown to differentiate into neurons, glial cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and osteoblasts. These SOX10+ cells also showed limited self-renewal ability, suggesting that SOX10 and SOX9 directly converted MEFs into NC cells. Conversely, the remaining transcription factors, including well-known NC cell specifiers, were unable to convert MEFs into SOX10+ NC cells. These results suggest that SOX10 and SOX9 are the key factors necessary for the direct conversion of MEFs into NC cells. Summary: In this study, we identified the transcription factors specifically expressed in developing neural crest cells, and showed that SOX10 and SOX9 directly converted fibroblasts into neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishioka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yuhki Nakatake
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Department of Systems Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Piao Yulan
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hiromi Mochizuki
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), Tokyo 135-8073, Japan
| | | | - Minoru S H Ko
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Department of Systems Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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72
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Generating trunk neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19727. [PMID: 26812940 PMCID: PMC4728437 DOI: 10.1038/srep19727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are stem cells that generate different lineages, including neuroendocrine, melanocytic, cartilage, and bone. The differentiation potential of NCC varies according to the level from which cells emerge along the neural tube. For example, only anterior “cranial” NCC form craniofacial bone, whereas solely posterior “trunk” NCC contribute to sympathoadrenal cells. Importantly, the isolation of human fetal NCC carries ethical and scientific challenges, as NCC induction typically occur before pregnancy is detectable. As a result, current knowledge of NCC biology derives primarily from non-human organisms. Important differences between human and non-human NCC, such as expression of HNK1 in human but not mouse NCC, suggest a need to study human NCC directly. Here, we demonstrate that current protocols to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) to NCC are biased toward cranial NCC. Addition of retinoic acid drove trunk-related markers and HOX genes characteristic of a posterior identity. Subsequent treatment with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) enhanced differentiation to sympathoadrenal cells. Our approach provides methodology for detailed studies of human NCC, and clarifies roles for retinoids and BMPs in the differentiation of human PSC to trunk NCC and to sympathoadrenal lineages.
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73
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McEllin JA, Alexander TB, Tümpel S, Wiedemann LM, Krumlauf R. Analyses of fugu hoxa2 genes provide evidence for subfunctionalization of neural crest cell and rhombomere cis-regulatory modules during vertebrate evolution. Dev Biol 2016; 409:530-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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74
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McCabe KL, Kunzevitzky NJ, Chiswell BP, Xia X, Goldberg JL, Lanza R. Efficient Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Corneal Endothelial Cells by Directed Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145266. [PMID: 26689688 PMCID: PMC4686926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To generate human embryonic stem cell derived corneal endothelial cells (hESC-CECs) for transplantation in patients with corneal endothelial dystrophies. Materials and Methods Feeder-free hESC-CECs were generated by a directed differentiation protocol. hESC-CECs were characterized by morphology, expression of corneal endothelial markers, and microarray analysis of gene expression. Results hESC-CECs were nearly identical morphologically to primary human corneal endothelial cells, expressed Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1) and Na+/K+ATPaseα1 (ATPA1) on the apical surface in monolayer culture, and produced the key proteins of Descemet’s membrane, Collagen VIIIα1 and VIIIα2 (COL8A1 and 8A2). Quantitative PCR analysis revealed expression of all corneal endothelial pump transcripts. hESC-CECs were 96% similar to primary human adult CECs by microarray analysis. Conclusion hESC-CECs are morphologically similar, express corneal endothelial cell markers and express a nearly identical complement of genes compared to human adult corneal endothelial cells. hESC-CECs may be a suitable alternative to donor-derived corneal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. McCabe
- Ocata Therapeutics, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America
| | - Noelia J. Kunzevitzky
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- Emmecell, Key Biscayne, FL, 33149, United States of America
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Chiswell
- Ocata Therapeutics, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America
| | - Xin Xia
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States of America
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, United States of America
| | - Robert Lanza
- Ocata Therapeutics, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Roure A, Darras S. Msxb is a core component of the genetic circuitry specifying the dorsal and ventral neurogenic midlines in the ascidian embryo. Dev Biol 2015; 409:277-287. [PMID: 26592100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The tail ascidian larval peripheral nervous system is made up of epidermal sensory neurons distributed more or less regularly in ventral and dorsal midlines. Their formation occurs in two-steps: the ventral and dorsal midlines are induced as neurogenic territories by Fgf9/16/20 and Admp respectively. The Delta2/Notch interaction then controls the number of neurons that form. The genetic machinery acting between the inductive processes taking place before gastrulation and neuron specification at tailbud stages are largely unknown. The analysis of seven transcription factors expressed in the forming midlines revealed an unexpected complexity and dynamic of gene expression. Their systematic overexpression confirmed that these genes do not interact following a linear cascade of activation. However, the integration of our data revealed the distinct key roles of the two upstream factors Msxb and Nkx-C that are the earliest expressed genes and the only ones able to induce neurogenic midline and ESN formation. Our data suggest that Msxb would be the primary midline gene integrating inputs from the ventral and dorsal inducers and launching a pan-midline transcriptional program. Nkx-C would be involved in tail tip specification, in maintenance of the pan-midline network and in a posterior to anterior wave controlling differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Roure
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Sébastien Darras
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France.
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76
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Simões-Costa M, Stone M, Bronner ME. Axud1 Integrates Wnt Signaling and Transcriptional Inputs to Drive Neural Crest Formation. Dev Cell 2015; 34:544-54. [PMID: 26256212 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are induced at the neural plate border by the combined action of transcription factors and signaling molecules. Here, we show that Axud1, a downstream effector of Wnt signaling, represents a critical missing link that integrates signaling and transcriptional cues to mediate neural crest formation. Axud1 is a transcription factor expressed in neural crest progenitors in a Wnt1/β-catenin-dependent manner. Axud1 loss leads to downregulation of multiple genes involved in neural crest specification, similar to the effects of Wnt1 knockdown. Importantly, Axud1 is sufficient to rescue neural crest formation after disruption of Wnt signaling. Furthermore, it physically interacts with neural plate border genes Pax7 and Msx1 in vivo to directly activate transcription of stem cell factor FoxD3, initiating the neural crest program. Thus, Axud1 integrates Wnt signaling with transcriptional inputs to endow the neural crest with its unique molecular signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael Stone
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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77
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Rihani A, Vandesompele J, Speleman F, Van Maerken T. Inhibition of CDK4/6 as a novel therapeutic option for neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell Int 2015. [PMID: 26225123 PMCID: PMC4518532 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma is a neural crest-derived tumor and is the most common cancer in children less than 1 year of age. We hypothesized that aberrations in genes that control the cell cycle could play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and could provide a tractable therapeutic target. Methods In this study, we screened 131 genes involved in cell cycle regulation at different levels by analyzing the effect of siRNA-mediated gene silencing on the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. Results Marked reductions in neuroblastoma cellular proliferation were recorded after knockdown of CCND1 or PLK1. We next showed that pharmacological inhibition of cyclin D1 dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) with PD 0332991 (palbociclib) reduced the growth of neuroblastoma cell lines, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, and inhibited the cyclin D1-Rb pathway. Conclusion Selective inhibition of CDK4/6 using palbociclib may provide a new therapeutic option for treating neuroblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-015-0224-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rihani
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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78
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Barriga EH, Trainor PA, Bronner M, Mayor R. Animal models for studying neural crest development: is the mouse different? Development 2015; 142:1555-60. [PMID: 25922521 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a uniquely vertebrate cell type and has been well studied in a number of model systems. Zebrafish, Xenopus and chick embryos largely show consistent requirements for specific genes in early steps of neural crest development. By contrast, knockouts of homologous genes in the mouse often do not exhibit comparable early neural crest phenotypes. In this Spotlight article, we discuss these species-specific differences, suggest possible explanations for the divergent phenotypes in mouse and urge the community to consider these issues and the need for further research in complementary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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79
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Meinhardt H. Models for patterning primary embryonic body axes: The role of space and time. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:103-17. [PMID: 26126935 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Models for the generation and interpretation of spatial patterns are discussed. Crucial for these processes is an intimate link between self-enhancing and antagonistic reactions. For spatial patterning, long-ranging antagonistic reactions are required that restrict the self-enhancing reactions to generate organizing regions. Self-enhancement is also required for a permanent switch-like activation of genes. This self-enhancement is antagonized by the mutual repression of genes, making sure that in a particular cell only one gene of a set of possible genes become activated - a long range inhibition in the 'gene space'. The understanding how the main body axes are initiated becomes more straightforward if the evolutionary ancestral head/brain pattern and the trunk pattern is considered separately. To activate a specific gene at particular concentration of morphogenetic gradient, observations are compatible with a systematic and time-requiring 'promotion' from one gene to the next until the local concentration is insufficient to accomplish a further promotion. The achieved determination is stable against a fading of the morphogen, as required to allow substantial growth. Minor modifications lead to a purely time-dependent activation of genes; both mechanisms are involved to pattern the anteroposterior axis. A mutual activation of cell states that locally exclude each other accounts for many features of the segmental patterning of the trunk. A possible scenario for the evolutionary invention of segmentation is discussed that is based on a reemployment of interactions involved in asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Meinhardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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80
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Knosp WM, Knox SM, Lombaert IMA, Haddox CL, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Submandibular parasympathetic gangliogenesis requires sprouty-dependent Wnt signals from epithelial progenitors. Dev Cell 2015; 32:667-77. [PMID: 25805134 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic innervation is critical for submandibular gland (SMG) development and regeneration. Parasympathetic ganglia (PSG) are derived from Schwann cell precursors that migrate along nerves, differentiate into neurons, and coalesce within their target tissue to form ganglia. However, signals that initiate gangliogenesis after the precursors differentiate into neurons are unknown. We found that deleting negative regulators of FGF signaling, Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 (Spry1/2DKO), resulted in a striking loss of gangliogenesis, innervation, and keratin 5-positive (K5+) epithelial progenitors in the SMG. Here we identify Wnts produced by K5+ progenitors in the SMG as key mediators of gangliogenesis. Wnt signaling increases survival and proliferation of PSG neurons, and inhibiting Wnt signaling disrupts gangliogenesis and organ innervation. Activating Wnt signaling and reducing FGF gene dosage rescues gangliogenesis and innervation in both the Spry1/2DKO SMG and pancreas. Thus, K5+ progenitors produce Wnt signals to establish the PSG-epithelial communication required for organ innervation and progenitor cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Knosp
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Candace L Haddox
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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81
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McLennan R, Schumacher LJ, Morrison JA, Teddy JM, Ridenour DA, Box AC, Semerad CL, Li H, McDowell W, Kay D, Maini PK, Baker RE, Kulesa PM. Neural crest migration is driven by a few trailblazer cells with a unique molecular signature narrowly confined to the invasive front. Development 2015; 142:2014-25. [PMID: 25977364 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cell migration is crucial to the formation of peripheral tissues during vertebrate development. However, how NC cells respond to different microenvironments to maintain persistence of direction and cohesion in multicellular streams remains unclear. To address this, we profiled eight subregions of a typical cranial NC cell migratory stream. Hierarchical clustering showed significant differences in the expression profiles of the lead three subregions compared with newly emerged cells. Multiplexed imaging of mRNA expression using fluorescent hybridization chain reaction (HCR) quantitatively confirmed the expression profiles of lead cells. Computational modeling predicted that a small fraction of lead cells that detect directional information is optimal for successful stream migration. Single-cell profiling then revealed a unique molecular signature that is consistent and stable over time in a subset of lead cells within the most advanced portion of the migratory front, which we term trailblazers. Model simulations that forced a lead cell behavior in the trailing subpopulation predicted cell bunching near the migratory domain entrance. Misexpression of the trailblazer molecular signature by perturbation of two upstream transcription factors agreed with the in silico prediction and showed alterations to NC cell migration distance and stream shape. These data are the first to characterize the molecular diversity within an NC cell migratory stream and offer insights into how molecular patterns are transduced into cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Linus J Schumacher
- Oxford University, Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK Computer Science, Oxford University, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Jason A Morrison
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jessica M Teddy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Dennis A Ridenour
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Andrew C Box
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Craig L Semerad
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - William McDowell
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - David Kay
- Oxford University, Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK Computer Science, Oxford University, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Oxford University, Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Oxford University, Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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82
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Evolution of vertebrates as viewed from the crest. Nature 2015; 520:474-482. [PMID: 25903629 DOI: 10.1038/nature14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The origin of vertebrates was accompanied by the advent of a novel cell type: the neural crest. Emerging from the central nervous system, these cells migrate to diverse locations and differentiate into numerous derivatives. By coupling morphological and gene regulatory information from vertebrates and other chordates, we describe how addition of the neural-crest-specification program may have enabled cells at the neural plate border to acquire multipotency and migratory ability. Analysis of the topology of the neural crest gene regulatory network can serve as a useful template for understanding vertebrate evolution, including elaboration of neural crest derivatives.
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83
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Rubin de Celis MF, Garcia-Martin R, Wittig D, Valencia GD, Enikolopov G, Funk RH, Chavakis T, Bornstein SR, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Multipotent Glia-Like Stem Cells Mediate Stress Adaptation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2037-51. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Dierk Wittig
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Gabriela D. Valencia
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | | | - Richard H. Funk
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Division of Stem Cell Biology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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84
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Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. Development 2015; 142:242-57. [PMID: 25564621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. Unique to vertebrate embryos, it has served as an excellent model system for the study of cell behavior and identity owing to its multipotency, motility and ability to form a broad array of cell types. Neural crest development is thought to be controlled by a suite of transcriptional and epigenetic inputs arranged hierarchically in a gene regulatory network. Here, we examine neural crest development from a gene regulatory perspective and discuss how the underlying genetic circuitry results in the features that define this unique cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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85
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Enkhmandakh B, Bayarsaihan D. Genome-wide Chromatin Mapping Defines AP2α in the Etiology of Craniofacial Disorders. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015; 52:135-42. [DOI: 10.1597/13-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to identify direct AP2α target genes implicated in craniofacial morphogenesis. Design AP2α, a product of the TFAP2A gene, is a master regulator of neural crest differentiation and development. AP2α is expressed in ectoderm and in migrating cranial neural crest (NC) cells that provide patterning information during orofacial development and generate most of the skull bones and the cranial ganglia. Mutations in TFAP2A cause branchio-oculofacial syndrome characterized by dysmorphic facial features including cleft or pseudocleft lip/palate. We hypothesize that AP2α primes a distinctive group of genes associated with NC development. Human promoter ChIP-chip arrays were used to define chromatin regions bound by AP2α in neural crest progenitors differentiated from human embryonic stem cells. Results High-confidence AP2α-binding peaks were detected in the regulatory regions of many target genes involved in the development of facial tissues including MSX1, IRF6, TBX22, and MAFB. In addition, we uncovered multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) disrupting a conserved AP2α consensus sequence. Conclusions Knowledge of noncoding SNPs in the genomic loci occupied by AP2α provides an insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badam Enkhmandakh
- Center for Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Dashzeveg Bayarsaihan
- Center for Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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86
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Weber M, Apostolova G, Widera D, Mittelbronn M, Dechant G, Kaltschmidt B, Rohrer H. Alternative Generation of CNS Neural Stem Cells and PNS Derivatives from Neural Crest-Derived Peripheral Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:574-88. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Weber
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Galina Apostolova
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Darius Widera
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Georg Dechant
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology; University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
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87
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Muñoz WA, Trainor PA. Neural crest cell evolution: how and when did a neural crest cell become a neural crest cell. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:3-26. [PMID: 25662256 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As vertebrates evolved from protochordates, they shifted to a more predatory lifestyle, and radiated and adapted to most niches of the planet. This process was largely facilitated by the generation of novel vertebrate head structures, which were derived from neural crest cells (NCC). The neural crest is a unique vertebrate cell population that is frequently termed the "fourth germ layer" because it forms in conjunction with the other germ layers and contributes to a diverse array of cell types and tissues including the craniofacial skeleton, the peripheral nervous system, and pigment cells among many other tissues and cell types. NCC are defined by their origin at the neural plate border, via an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with multipotency and polarized patterns of migration. These defining characteristics, which evolved independently in the germ layers of invertebrates, were subsequently co-opted through their gene regulatory networks to form NCC in vertebrates. Moreover, recent data suggest that the ability to undergo an EMT was one of the latter features co-opted by NCC. In this review, we discuss the potential origins of NCC and how they evolved to contribute to nearly all tissues and organs throughout the body, based on paleontological evidence together with an evaluation of the evolution of molecules involved in NCC development and their migratory cell paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muñoz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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88
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Abstract
Embryonic cell migration patterns are amazingly complex in the timing and spatial distribution of cells throughout the vertebrate landscape. However, advances in in vivo visualization, cell interrogation, and computational modeling are extracting critical features that underlie the mechanistic nature of these patterns. The focus of this review highlights recent advances in the study of the highly invasive neural crest cells and their migratory patterns during embryonic development. We discuss these advances within three major themes and include a description of computational models that have emerged to more rapidly integrate and test hypothetical mechanisms of neural crest migration. We conclude with technological advances that promise to reveal new insights and help translate results to human neural crest-related birth defects and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research1000 E. 50 St, Kansas City, MO 64110USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas City, KS, 66160USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research1000 E. 50 St, Kansas City, MO 64110USA
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89
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Duran I, Ruiz-Sánchez J, Santamaría JA, Marí-Beffa M. Holmgren's principle of delamination during fin skeletogenesis. Mech Dev 2014; 135:16-30. [PMID: 25460362 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During fin morphogenesis, several mesenchyme condensations occur to give rise to the dermal skeleton. Although each of them seems to create distinctive and unique structures, they all follow the premises of the same morphogenetic principle. Holmgren's principle of delamination was first proposed to describe the morphogenesis of skeletal elements of the cranium, but Jarvik extended it to the development of the fin exoskeleton. Since then, some cellular or molecular explanations, such as the "flypaper" model (Thorogood et al.), or the evolutionary description by Moss, have tried to clarify this topic. In this article, we review new data from zebrafish studies to meet these criteria described by Holmgren and other authors. The variety of cell lineages involved in these skeletogenic condensations sheds light on an open discussion of the contributions of mesoderm- versus neural crest-derived cell lineages to the development of the head and trunk skeleton. Moreover, we discuss emerging molecular studies that are disclosing conserved regulatory mechanisms for dermal skeletogenesis and similarities during fin development and regeneration, which may have important implications in the potential use of the zebrafish fin as a model for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Duran
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - J Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - J A Santamaría
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Marí-Beffa
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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90
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Abstract
Recent genomic and biological studies of neuroblastoma have shed light on the dramatic heterogeneity in the clinical behaviour of this disease, which spans from spontaneous regression or differentiation in some patients, to relentless disease progression in others, despite intensive multimodality therapy. This evidence also suggests several possible mechanisms to explain the phenomena of spontaneous regression in neuroblastomas, including neurotrophin deprivation, humoral or cellular immunity, loss of telomerase activity and alterations in epigenetic regulation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of spontaneous regression might help to identify optimal therapeutic approaches for patients with these tumours. Currently, the most druggable mechanism is the delayed activation of developmentally programmed cell death regulated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase A pathway. Indeed, targeted therapy aimed at inhibiting neurotrophin receptors might be used in lieu of conventional chemotherapy or radiation in infants with biologically favourable tumours that require treatment. Alternative approaches consist of breaking immune tolerance to tumour antigens or activating neurotrophin receptor pathways to induce neuronal differentiation. These approaches are likely to be most effective against biologically favourable tumours, but they might also provide insights into treatment of biologically unfavourable tumours. We describe the different mechanisms of spontaneous neuroblastoma regression and the consequent therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Brodeur
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4302, USA
| | - Rochelle Bagatell
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4302, USA
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91
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Cromar G, Wong KC, Loughran N, On T, Song H, Xiong X, Zhang Z, Parkinson J. New tricks for "old" domains: how novel architectures and promiscuous hubs contributed to the organization and evolution of the ECM. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2897-917. [PMID: 25323955 PMCID: PMC4224354 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a defining characteristic of metazoans and consists of a meshwork of self-assembling, fibrous proteins, and their functionally related neighbours. Previous studies, focusing on a limited number of gene families, suggest that vertebrate complexity predominantly arose through the duplication and subsequent modification of retained, preexisting ECM genes. These genes provided the structural underpinnings to support a variety of specialized tissues, as well as a platform for the organization of spatio-temporal signaling and cell migration. However, the relative contributions of ancient versus novel domains to ECM evolution have not been quantified across the full range of ECM proteins. Here, utilizing a high quality list comprising 324 ECM genes, we reveal general and clade-specific domain combinations, identifying domains of eukaryotic and metazoan origin recruited into new roles in approximately two-third of the ECM proteins in humans representing novel vertebrate proteins. We show that, rather than acquiring new domains, sampling of new domain combinations has been key to the innovation of paralogous ECM genes during vertebrate evolution. Applying a novel framework for identifying potentially important, noncontiguous, conserved arrangements of domains, we find that the distinct biological characteristics of the ECM have arisen through unique evolutionary processes. These include the preferential recruitment of novel domains to existing architectures and the utilization of high promiscuity domains in organizing the ECM network around a connected array of structural hubs. Our focus on ECM proteins reveals that distinct types of proteins and/or the biological systems in which they operate have influenced the types of evolutionary forces that drive protein innovation. This emphasizes the need for rigorously defined systems to address questions of evolution that focus on specific systems of interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Cromar
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noeleen Loughran
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tuan On
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongyan Song
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuejian Xiong
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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92
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Landin Malt A, Cesario JM, Tang Z, Brown S, Jeong J. Identification of a face enhancer reveals direct regulation of LIM homeobox 8 (Lhx8) by wingless-int (WNT)/β-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30289-30301. [PMID: 25190800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the mammalian face requires a large number of genes that are expressed with spatio-temporal specificity, and transcriptional regulation mediated by enhancers plays a key role in the precise control of gene expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation for a histone marker of active enhancers, we generated a genome-wide map of candidate enhancers from the maxillary arch (primordium for the upper jaw) of mouse embryos. Furthermore, we confirmed multiple novel craniofacial enhancers near the genes implicated in human palate defects through functional assays. We characterized in detail one of the enhancers (Lhx8_enh1) located upstream of Lhx8, a key regulatory gene for craniofacial development. Lhx8_enh1 contained an evolutionarily conserved binding site for lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor family proteins, which mediate the transcriptional regulation by the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. We demonstrated in vitro that WNT/β-catenin signaling was indeed essential for the expression of Lhx8 in the maxillary arch cells and that Lhx8_enh1 was a direct target of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Together, we uncovered a molecular mechanism for the regulation of Lhx8, and we provided valuable resources for further investigation into the gene regulatory network of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Landin Malt
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010 and
| | - Jeffry M Cesario
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010 and
| | - Zuojian Tang
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Stuart Brown
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010 and.
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93
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Abstract
Neural crest cells are a fascinating embryonic cell type, unique to vertebrates, which arise within the central nervous system but emigrate soon after its formation and migrate to numerous and sometimes distant locations in the periphery. Following their migratory phase, they differentiate into diverse derivatives ranging from peripheral neurons and glia to skin melanocytes and craniofacial cartilage and bone. The molecular underpinnings underlying initial induction of prospective neural crest cells at the neural plate border to their migration and differentiation have been modeled in the form of a putative gene regulatory network. This review describes experiments performed in my laboratory in the past few years aimed to test and elaborate this gene regulatory network from both an embryonic and evolutionary perspective. The rapid advances in genomic technology in the last decade have greatly expanded our knowledge of important transcriptional inputs and epigenetic influences on neural crest development. The results reveal new players and new connections in the neural crest gene regulatory network and suggest that it has an ancient origin at the base of the vertebrate tree.
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94
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Turner EE, Cox TC. Genetic evidence for conserved non-coding element function across species-the ears have it. Front Physiol 2014; 5:7. [PMID: 24478720 PMCID: PMC3896894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparison of genomic sequences from diverse vertebrate species has revealed numerous highly conserved regions that do not appear to encode proteins or functional RNAs. Often these “conserved non-coding elements,” or CNEs, can direct gene expression to specific tissues in transgenic models, demonstrating they have regulatory function. CNEs are frequently found near “developmental” genes, particularly transcription factors, implying that these elements have essential regulatory roles in development. However, actual examples demonstrating CNE regulatory functions across species have been few, and recent loss-of-function studies of several CNEs in mice have shown relatively minor effects. In this Perspectives article, we discuss new findings in “fancy” rats and Highland cattle demonstrating that function of a CNE near the Hmx1 gene is crucial for normal external ear development and when disrupted can mimic loss-of function Hmx1 coding mutations in mice and humans. These findings provide important support for conserved developmental roles of CNEs in divergent species, and reinforce the concept that CNEs should be examined systematically in the ongoing search for genetic causes of human developmental disorders in the era of genome-scale sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Turner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle, WA, USA ; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia ; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle, WA, USA
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95
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Simões-Costa M, Tan-Cabugao J, Antoshechkin I, Sauka-Spengler T, Bronner ME. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel players in the cranial neural crest gene regulatory network. Genome Res 2014; 24:281-90. [PMID: 24389048 PMCID: PMC3912418 DOI: 10.1101/gr.161182.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is an embryonic stem cell population that gives rise to a multitude of derivatives. In particular, the cranial neural crest (CNC) is unique in its ability to contribute to both facial skeleton and peripheral ganglia. To gain further insight into the molecular underpinnings that distinguish the CNC from other embryonic tissues, we have utilized a CNC-specific enhancer as a tool to isolate a pure, region-specific NC subpopulation for transcriptional profiling. The resulting data set reveals previously unknown transcription factors and signaling pathways that may influence the CNC's ability to migrate and/or differentiate into unique derivatives. To elaborate on the CNC gene regulatory network, we evaluated the effects of knocking down known neural plate border genes and early neural crest specifier genes on selected neural crest-enriched transcripts. The results suggest that ETS1 and SOX9 may act as pan-neural crest regulators of the migratory CNC. Taken together, our analysis provides unprecedented characterization of the migratory CNC transcriptome and identifies new links in the gene regulatory network responsible for development of this critical cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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96
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Attanasio C, Nord AS, Zhu Y, Blow MJ, Li Z, Liberton DK, Morrison H, Plajzer-Frick I, Holt A, Hosseini R, Phouanenavong S, Akiyama JA, Shoukry M, Afzal V, Rubin EM, FitzPatrick DR, Ren B, Hallgrímsson B, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Fine tuning of craniofacial morphology by distant-acting enhancers. Science 2013; 342:1241006. [PMID: 24159046 PMCID: PMC3991470 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shape of the human face and skull is largely genetically determined. However, the genomic basis of craniofacial morphology is incompletely understood and hypothesized to involve protein-coding genes, as well as gene regulatory sequences. We used a combination of epigenomic profiling, in vivo characterization of candidate enhancer sequences in transgenic mice, and targeted deletion experiments to examine the role of distant-acting enhancers in craniofacial development. We identified complex regulatory landscapes consisting of enhancers that drive spatially complex developmental expression patterns. Analysis of mouse lines in which individual craniofacial enhancers had been deleted revealed significant alterations of craniofacial shape, demonstrating the functional importance of enhancers in defining face and skull morphology. These results demonstrate that enhancers are involved in craniofacial development and suggest that enhancer sequence variation contributes to the diversity of human facial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Attanasio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Alex S. Nord
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | | | - Zirong Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of
Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of
Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
| | - Denise K. Liberton
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and
Joint Institute and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,
University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Harris Morrison
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetic and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Amy Holt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Roya Hosseini
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | | | | | - Malak Shoukry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Edward M. Rubin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetic and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of
Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of
Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and
Joint Institute and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,
University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Axel Visel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
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