1
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Ernsberger U, Rohrer H. The sympathetic nervous system arose in the earliest vertebrates. Nature 2024; 629:46-48. [PMID: 38632426 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
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2
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Sivori M, Dempsey B, Chettouh Z, Boismoreau F, Ayerdi M, Eymael A, Baulande S, Lameiras S, Coulpier F, Delattre O, Rohrer H, Mirabeau O, Brunet JF. The pelvic organs receive no parasympathetic innervation. eLife 2024; 12:RP91576. [PMID: 38488657 PMCID: PMC10942786 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The pelvic organs (bladder, rectum, and sex organs) have been represented for a century as receiving autonomic innervation from two pathways - lumbar sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic - by way of a shared relay, the pelvic ganglion, conceived as an assemblage of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we find that the mouse pelvic ganglion is made of four classes of neurons, distinct from both sympathetic and parasympathetic ones, albeit with a kinship to the former, but not the latter, through a complex genetic signature. We also show that spinal lumbar preganglionic neurons synapse in the pelvic ganglion onto equal numbers of noradrenergic and cholinergic cells, both of which therefore serve as sympathetic relays. Thus, the pelvic viscera receive no innervation from parasympathetic or typical sympathetic neurons, but instead from a divergent tail end of the sympathetic chains, in charge of its idiosyncratic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Sivori
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Bowen Dempsey
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie ParkSydneyAustralia
| | - Zoubida Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Franck Boismoreau
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Maïlys Ayerdi
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Annaliese Eymael
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie ParkSydneyAustralia
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, PSL University, ICGex Next-Generation Sequencing PlatformParisFrance
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- Institut Curie, PSL University, ICGex Next-Generation Sequencing PlatformParisFrance
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSLParisFrance
- Inserm U955, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research (IMRB)CreteilFrance
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors LabParisFrance
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
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3
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Thirant C, Peltier A, Durand S, Kramdi A, Louis-Brennetot C, Pierre-Eugène C, Gautier M, Costa A, Grelier A, Zaïdi S, Gruel N, Jimenez I, Lapouble E, Pierron G, Sitbon D, Brisse HJ, Gauthier A, Fréneaux P, Grossetête S, Baudrin LG, Raynal V, Baulande S, Bellini A, Bhalshankar J, Carcaboso AM, Geoerger B, Rohrer H, Surdez D, Boeva V, Schleiermacher G, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I. Reversible transitions between noradrenergic and mesenchymal tumor identities define cell plasticity in neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2575. [PMID: 37142597 PMCID: PMC10160107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noradrenergic and mesenchymal identities have been characterized in neuroblastoma cell lines according to their epigenetic landscapes and core regulatory circuitries. However, their relationship and relative contribution in patient tumors remain poorly defined. We now document spontaneous and reversible plasticity between the two identities, associated with epigenetic reprogramming, in several neuroblastoma models. Interestingly, xenografts with cells from each identity eventually harbor a noradrenergic phenotype suggesting that the microenvironment provides a powerful pressure towards this phenotype. Accordingly, such a noradrenergic cell identity is systematically observed in single-cell RNA-seq of 18 tumor biopsies and 15 PDX models. Yet, a subpopulation of these noradrenergic tumor cells presents with mesenchymal features that are shared with plasticity models, indicating that the plasticity described in these models has relevance in neuroblastoma patients. This work therefore emphasizes that intrinsic plasticity properties of neuroblastoma cells are dependent upon external cues of the environment to drive cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Thirant
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Peltier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Simon Durand
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amira Kramdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Louis-Brennetot
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Pierre-Eugène
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Margot Gautier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ana Costa
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Grelier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sakina Zaïdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Gruel
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
| | - Irène Jimenez
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Eve Lapouble
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Pierron
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Sitbon
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Hervé J Brisse
- Institut Curie, Department of Imaging, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Fréneaux
- Institut Curie, Department of Biopathology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grossetête
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laura G Baudrin
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Raynal
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Angela Bellini
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Jaydutt Bhalshankar
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM U1015, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Didier Surdez
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Balgrist University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Boeva
- Inserm, U1016, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France
- ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science, Institute for Machine Learning, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Schleiermacher
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France.
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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4
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Ernsberger U, Deller T, Rohrer H. The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:455-475. [PMID: 34757495 PMCID: PMC8595186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Huber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route-Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Care, Innovation and research for children and AYA with cancer), Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Arthur S Tischler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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7
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Van C, Condro MC, Lov K, Zhu R, Ricaflanca PT, Ko HH, Diep AL, Hoang AQ, Pisegna J, Rohrer H, Waschek JA. Correction to: PACAP/PAC1 Regulation of Inflammation via Catecholaminergic Neurons in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:452. [PMID: 30362069 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. The captured article title and corresponding author were incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ernsberger U, Rohrer H. Sympathetic tales: subdivisons of the autonomic nervous system and the impact of developmental studies. Neural Dev 2018; 13:20. [PMID: 30213267 PMCID: PMC6137933 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in a range of biomedical disciplines has promoted the understanding of the cellular components of the autonomic nervous system and their differentiation during development to a critical level. Characterization of the gene expression fingerprints of individual neurons and identification of the key regulators of autonomic neuron differentiation enables us to comprehend the development of different sets of autonomic neurons. Their individual functional properties emerge as a consequence of differential gene expression initiated by the action of specific developmental regulators. In this review, we delineate the anatomical and physiological observations that led to the subdivision into sympathetic and parasympathetic domains and analyze how the recent molecular insights melt into and challenge the classical description of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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9
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Van C, Condro MC, Lov K, Zhu R, Ricaflanca PT, Ko HH, Diep AL, Hoang AQ, Pisegna J, Rohrer H, Waschek JA. PACAP/PAC1 Regulation of Inflammation via Catecholaminergic Neurons in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:439-451. [PMID: 30058008 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) serves to maintain homeostasis of vital organ systems throughout the body, and its dysfunction plays a major role in human disease. The SNS also links the central nervous system to the immune system during different types of stress via innervation of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Previous studies have shown that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name adcyap1) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Because PACAP is known to regulate SNS function, we hypothesized that part of the immunoprotective action of PACAP is due to its neuromodulatory effects on sympathetic neurons. To examine this, we used an inducible, targeted approach to conditionally disrupt not only the PACAP-preferring PAC1 receptor gene (adcyap1r1) in dopamine β-hydroxylase-expressing cells, which includes postganglionic sympathetic neurons, but also catecholaminergic neurons in the brain and adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. In contrast to our previous EAE studies using PACAP global knockout mice which developed severe and prolonged EAE, we found that mice with conditional loss of PAC1 receptors in catecholaminergic cells developed a delayed time course of EAE with reduced helper T cell type 1 (Th1) and Th17 and enhanced Th2 cell polarization. At later time points, similar to mice with global PACAP loss, mice with conditional loss of PAC1 exhibited more severe clinical disease than controls. The latter was associated with a reduction in the abundance of thymic regulatory T cells (Tregs). These studies indicate that PAC1 receptor signaling acts in catecholaminergic cells in a time-dependent manner. At early stages of disease development, it enhances the ability of the SNS to polarize the Th response towards a more inflammatory state. Then, after disease is established, it enhances the ability of the SNS to dampen the inflammatory response via Tregs. The lack of concordance in results between global PACAP KO mice and mice with the PAC1 deletion targeted to catecholaminergic cells during early EAE may be explained by the fact that PACAP acts to regulate inflammation via multiple receptor subtypes and multiple targets, including inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Groß A, Schulz C, Kolb J, Koster J, Wehner S, Czaplinski S, Khilan A, Rohrer H, Harter PN, Klingebiel T, Langer JD, Geerts D, Schulte D. Tumorigenic and Antiproliferative Properties of the TALE-Transcription Factors MEIS2D and MEIS2A in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1935-1947. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Janoueix-Lerosey I, Lopez-Delisle L, Delattre O, Rohrer H. The ALK receptor in sympathetic neuron development and neuroblastoma. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:325-337. [PMID: 29374774 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ALK gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor characterized by an expression pattern mainly restricted to the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. In 2008, the discovery of ALK activating mutations in neuroblastoma, a tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, represented a breakthrough in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this pediatric cancer and established mutated ALK as a tractable therapeutic target for precision medicine. Subsequent studies addressed the identity of ALK ligands, as well as its physiological function in the sympathoadrenal lineage, its role in neuroblastoma development and the signaling pathways triggered by mutated ALK. This review focuses on these different aspects of the ALK biology and summarizes the various therapeutic strategies relying on ALK inhibition in neuroblastoma, either as monotherapies or combinatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005, Paris, France. .,SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Lucille Lopez-Delisle
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Developmental Genomics, EPFL SV ISREC UPDUB, SV 2843, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005, Paris, France.,SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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Stanzel S, Stubbusch J, Pataskar A, Howard MJ, Deller T, Ernsberger U, Tiwari VK, Rohrer H, Tsarovina K. Distinct roles of hand2 in developing and adult autonomic neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 76:1111-24. [PMID: 26818017 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Hand2 is essential for the acquisition and maintenance of noradrenergic properties of embryonic sympathetic neurons and controls neuroblast proliferation. Hand2 is also expressed in embryonic and postnatal parasympathetic ganglia and remains expressed in sympathetic neurons up to the adult stage. Here, we address its function in developing parasympathetic and adult sympathetic neurons. We conditionally deleted Hand2 in the parasympathetic sphenopalatine ganglion by crossing a line of floxed Hand2 mice with DbhiCre transgenic mice, taking advantage of the transient Dbh expression in parasympathetic ganglia. Hand2 elimination does not affect Dbh expression and sphenopalatine ganglion size at E12.5 and E16.5, in contrast to sympathetic ganglia. These findings demonstrate different functions for Hand2 in the parasympathetic and sympathetic lineage. Our previous Hand2 knockdown in postmitotic, differentiated chick sympathetic neurons resulted in decreased expression of noradrenergic marker genes but it was unclear whether Hand2 is required for maintaining noradrenergic neuron identity in adult animals. We now show that Hand2 elimination in adult Dbh-expressing sympathetic neurons does not decrease the expression of Th and Dbh, in contrast to the situation during development. However, gene expression profiling of adult sympathetic neurons identified 75 Hand2-dependent target genes. Interestingly, a notable proportion of down-regulated genes (15%) encode for proteins with synaptic and neurotransmission functions. These results demonstrate a change in Hand2 target genes during maturation of sympathetic neurons. Whereas Hand2 controls genes regulating noradrenergic differentiation during development, Hand2 seems to be involved in the regulation of genes controlling neurotransmission in adult sympathetic neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1111-1124, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Stanzel
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
| | - Jutta Stubbusch
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Pataskar
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences and Program in Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany
| | - Uwe Ernsberger
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany.,Ernst-Strüngmann-Institute, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt/M, 60528, Germany
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany.,Ernst-Strüngmann-Institute, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt/M, 60528, Germany
| | - Konstantina Tsarovina
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
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Steinwidder A, Horn M, Pfister R, Rohrer H, Gasteiner J. Close relationship between pre- and post-calving reticuloruminal pH levels in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Holzmann J, Hennchen M, Rohrer H. Prox1 identifies proliferating neuroblasts and nascent neurons during neurogenesis in sympathetic ganglia. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1352-67. [PMID: 25788138 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in embryonic sympathetic ganglia involves neuroblasts that resume proliferation following neuronal differentiation. As cell cycle exit is not associated with neuronal differentiation, the identity of proliferating neuroblasts is incompletely understood. Here, we use sympathetic ganglia of chick embryos to define the timing of neurogenesis and neuroblast identity focusing on the expression and function of the transcription factor Prox1. We show that a large fraction of neuroblasts has initially withdrawn from the cell cycle at embryonic day 3 (E3), which is reflected by a high proportion of p27(+)/Islet1(+) neuroblasts (63%) and low numbers of EdU(+)/Islet1(+) cells (12%). The proportion of proliferating Islet1(+) neuroblasts, identified by EdU pulse labeling and by the absence of the postmitotic marker p27 increases to reach maximal levels at E5, when virtually all neuroblasts are in the cell cycle (95%). Subsequently, the proportion of EdU-labeled and p27(-) neuroblasts is reduced to reach low levels at E11. Interestingly, the expression of the transcription factor Prox1 is restricted to the neuronal lineage, that is, Sox10(+)/Phox2b(+) neuron progenitors, proliferating p27(-)/Islet1(+) neuroblasts and nascent neurons but is rapidly lost in postmitotic neurons. In vitro and in vivo knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrate effects of Prox1 in the support of neuroblast proliferation and survival. Taken together, these results define the neurogenesis period in the chick paravertebral sympathetic ganglia including an initial cell cycle withdrawal and identify Prox1 as a marker and regulator of proliferating sympathetic neuroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holzmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research; Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Melanie Hennchen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research; Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research; Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Cazes A, Lopez-Delisle L, Tsarovina K, Pierre-Eugène C, De Preter K, Peuchmaur M, Nicolas A, Provost C, Louis-Brennetot C, Daveau R, Kumps C, Cascone I, Schleiermacher G, Prignon A, Speleman F, Rohrer H, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I. Activated Alk triggers prolonged neurogenesis and Ret upregulation providing a therapeutic target in ALK-mutated neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2688-702. [PMID: 24811913 PMCID: PMC4058037 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of the ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma Kinase) gene have been identified in sporadic and familial cases of neuroblastoma, a cancer of early childhood arising from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). To decipher ALK function in neuroblastoma predisposition and oncogenesis, we have characterized knock-in (KI) mice bearing the two most frequent mutations observed in neuroblastoma patients. A dramatic enlargement of sympathetic ganglia is observed in AlkF1178L mice from embryonic to adult stages associated with an increased proliferation of sympathetic neuroblasts from E14.5 to birth. In a MYCN transgenic context, the F1178L mutation displays a higher oncogenic potential than the R1279Q mutation as evident from a shorter latency of tumor onset. We show that tumors expressing the R1279Q mutation are sensitive to ALK inhibition upon crizotinib treatment. Furthermore, our data provide evidence that activated ALK triggers RET upregulation in mouse sympathetic ganglia at birth as well as in murine and human neuroblastoma. Using vandetanib, we show that RET inhibition strongly impairs tumor growth in vivo in both MYCN/KI AlkR1279Q and MYCN/KI AlkF1178L mice. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the critical role of activated ALK in SNS development and pathogenesis and identify RET as a therapeutic target in ALK mutated neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cazes
- Inserm U830, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Stubbusch J, Narasimhan P, Hennchen M, Huber K, Unsicker K, Ernsberger U, Rohrer H. Lineage and stage specific requirement for Dicer1 in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla formation and maintenance. Dev Biol 2015; 400:210-23. [PMID: 25661788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells is differentially controlled at distinct stages by various extrinsic and intrinsic signals. Here we use conditional deletion of Dicer1 in neural crest cells and noradrenergic neuroblasts to identify stage specific functions in sympathoadrenal lineages. Conditional Dicer1 knockout in neural crest cells of Dicer1(Wnt1Cre) mice results in a rapid reduction in the size of developing sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. In contrast, Dicer1 elimination in noradrenergic neuroblasts of Dicer1(DbhiCre) animals affects sympathetic neuron survival starting at late embryonic stages and chromaffin cells persist at least until postnatal week 1. A differential function of Dicer1 signaling for the development of embryonic noradrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic neurons is demonstrated by the selective increase in the expression of Tlx3 and the cholinergic marker genes VAChT and ChAT at E16.5. The number of Dbh, Th and TrkA expressing noradrenergic neurons is strongly decreased in Dicer1-deficient sympathetic ganglia at birth, whereas Tlx3(+)/ Ret(+) cholinergic neurons cells are spared from cell death. The postnatal death of chromaffin cells is preceded by the loss of Ascl1, mir-375 and Pnmt and an increase in the markers Ret and NF-M, which suggests that Dicer1 is required for the maintenance of chromaffin cell differentiation and survival. Taken together, these findings demonstrate distinct stage and lineage specific functions of Dicer1 signaling in differentiation and survival of sympathetic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Stubbusch
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Street 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Priyanka Narasimhan
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Albert-Street 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Hennchen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Street 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Huber
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Albert-Street 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Albert-Street 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ernsberger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Street 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Street 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Weber M, Apostolova G, Widera D, Mittelbronn M, Dechant G, Kaltschmidt B, Rohrer H. Alternative Generation of CNS Neural Stem Cells and PNS Derivatives from Neural Crest-Derived Peripheral Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:574-88. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Weber
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Galina Apostolova
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Darius Widera
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Georg Dechant
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology; University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
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18
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Trang H, Brunet JF, Rohrer H, Gallego J, Amiel J, Bachetti T, Fischbeck KH, Similowski T, Straus C, Ceccherini I, Weese-Mayer DE, Frerick M, Bieganowska K, Middleton L, Morandi F, Ottonello G. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on central hypoventilation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:194. [PMID: 25928806 PMCID: PMC4268904 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) are rare diseases of central autonomic respiratory control associated with autonomous nervous dysfunction. Severe central hypoventilation is the hallmark and the most life-threatening feature. CHS is a group of not-fully defined disorders. Congenital CHS (CCHS) (ORPHA661) is clinically and genetically well-characterized, with the disease-causing gene identified in 2003. CCHS presents at birth in most cases, and associated with Hirschsprung's disease (ORPHA99803) and neural crest tumours in 20% and 5% of cases, respectively. The incidence of CCHS is estimated to be 1 of 200,000 live births in France, yet remains unknown for the rest of the world. In contrast, late-onset CHS includes a group of not yet fully delineated diseases. Overlap with CCHS is likely, as a subset of patients harbours PHOX2B mutations. Another subset of patients present with associated hypothalamic dysfunction. The number of these patients is unknown (less than 60 cases reported worldwide). Treatment of CHS is palliative using advanced techniques of ventilation support during lifetime. Research is ongoing to better understand physiopathological mechanisms and identify potential treatment pathways.The Fourth International Conference on Central Hypoventilation was organised in Warsaw, Poland, April 13-15, 2012, under the patronage of the European Agency for Health and Consumers and Public Health European Agency of European Community. The conference provided a state-of-the-art update of knowledge on all the genetic, molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects of these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Trang
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, Robert Debré University Hospital, EA 7334 REMES Paris-Diderot University, 48 boulevard Serurier, 75019, Paris, France.
| | | | - Hermann Rohrer
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jorge Gallego
- Inserm U676, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France.
| | | | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Missouri, USA.
| | - Thomas Similowski
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Pierre et Maris Curie University, Paris, France.
| | - Christian Straus
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Pierre et Maris Curie University, Paris, France.
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Autonomic Medicine in Paediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and The Safra Center for Brain Research (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/M, Germany.
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Stubbusch J, Narasimhan P, Huber K, Unsicker K, Rohrer H, Ernsberger U. Synaptic protein and pan-neuronal gene expression and their regulation by Dicer-dependent mechanisms differ between neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neural Dev 2013; 8:16. [PMID: 23961995 PMCID: PMC3766641 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons in sympathetic ganglia and neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal medulla share not only their embryonic origin from sympathoadrenal precursors in the neural crest but also a range of functional features. These include the capacity for noradrenaline biosynthesis, vesicular storage and regulated release. Yet the regulation of neuronal properties in early neuroendocrine differentiation is a matter of debate and the developmental expression of the vesicle fusion machinery, which includes components found in both neurons and neuroendocrine cells, is not resolved. RESULTS Analysis of synaptic protein and pan-neuronal marker mRNA expression during mouse development uncovers profound differences between sympathetic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells, which result in qualitatively similar but quantitatively divergent transcript profiles. In sympathetic neurons embryonic upregulation of synaptic protein mRNA follows early and persistent induction of pan-neuronal marker transcripts. In adrenal chromaffin cells pan-neuronal marker expression occurs only transiently and synaptic protein messages remain at distinctly low levels throughout embryogenesis. Embryonic induction of synaptotagmin I (Syt1) in sympathetic ganglia and postnatal upregulation of synaptotagmin VII (Syt7) in adrenal medulla results in a cell type-specific difference in isoform prevalence. Dicer 1 inactivation in catecholaminergic cells reduces high neuronal synaptic protein mRNA levels but not their neuroendocrine low level expression. Pan-neuronal marker mRNAs are induced in chromaffin cells to yield a more neuron-like transcript pattern, while ultrastructure is not altered. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that remarkably different gene regulatory programs govern the expression of synaptic proteins in the neuronal and neuroendocrine branch of the sympathoadrenal system. They result in overlapping but quantitatively divergent transcript profiles. Dicer 1-dependent regulation is required to establish high neuronal mRNA levels for synaptic proteins and to maintain repression of neurofilament messages in neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Stubbusch
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46 D-60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
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21
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Holzmann J, Politis PK, Rohrer H. Neurogenesis in Sympathetic Ganglia: Expression and Function of Prox1. Auton Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Weber M, Rohrer H. Generation of CNS cell types from PNS stem cells. Auton Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Autonomic neuron development is controlled by a network of transcription factors, which is induced by bone morphogenetic protein signalling in neural crest progenitor cells. This network intersects with a transcriptional program in migratory neural crest cells that pre-specifies autonomic neuron precursor cells. Recent findings demonstrate that the transcription factors acting in the initial specification and differentiation of sympathetic neurons are also important for the proliferation of progenitors and immature neurons during neurogenesis. Elimination of Phox2b, Hand2 and Gata3 in differentiated neurons affects the expression of subtype-specific and/or generic neuronal properties or neuron survival. Taken together, transcription factors previously shown to act in initial neuron specification and differentiation display a much broader spectrum of functions, including control of neurogenesis and the maintenance of subtype characteristics and survival of mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Rohrer
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Reiff T, Huber L, Kramer M, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Rohrer H. Midkine and Alk signaling in sympathetic neuron proliferation and neuroblastoma predisposition. Development 2011; 138:4699-708. [PMID: 21989914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and arises from cells of the developing sympathoadrenergic lineage. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ALK tyrosine kinase receptor predispose for NB. Here, we focus on the normal function of Alk signaling in the control of sympathetic neuron proliferation, as well as on the effects of mutant ALK. Forced expression of wild-type ALK and NB-related constitutively active ALK mutants in cultures of proliferating immature sympathetic neurons results in a strong proliferation increase, whereas Alk knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of Alk activity decrease proliferation. Alk activation upregulates NMyc and trkB and maintains Alk expression by an autoregulatory mechanism involving Hand2. The Alk-ligand Midkine (Mk) is expressed in immature sympathetic neurons and in vivo inhibition of Alk signaling by virus-mediated shRNA knockdown of Alk and Mk leads to strongly reduced sympathetic neuron proliferation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the extent and timing of sympathetic neurogenesis is controlled by Mk/Alk signaling. The predisposition for NB caused by activating ALK mutations may thus be explained by aberrations of normal neurogenesis, i.e. elevated and sustained Alk signaling and increased NMyc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reiff
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Huber L, Ferdin M, Holzmann J, Stubbusch J, Rohrer H. HoxB8 in noradrenergic specification and differentiation of the autonomic nervous system. Dev Biol 2011; 363:219-33. [PMID: 22236961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different prespecification of mesencephalic and trunk neural crest cells determines their response to environmental differentiation signals and contributes to the generation of different autonomic neuron subtypes, parasympathetic ciliary neurons in the head and trunk noradrenergic sympathetic neurons. The differentiation of ciliary and sympathetic neurons shares many features, including the initial BMP-induced expression of noradrenergic characteristics that is, however, subsequently lost in ciliary but maintained in sympathetic neurons. The molecular basis of specific prespecification and differentiation patterns has remained unclear. We show here that HoxB gene expression in trunk neural crest is maintained in sympathetic neurons. Ectopic expression of a single HoxB gene, HoxB8, in mesencephalic neural crest results in a strongly increased expression of sympathetic neuron characteristics like the transcription factor Hand2, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in ciliary neurons. Other subtype-specific properties like RGS4 and RCad are not induced. HoxB8 has only minor effects in postmitotic ciliary neurons and is unable to induce TH and DBH in the enteric nervous system. Thus, we conclude that HoxB8 acts by maintaining noradrenergic properties transiently expressed in ciliary neuron progenitors during normal development. HoxC8, HoxB9, HoxB1 and HoxD10 elicit either small and transient or no effects on noradrenergic differentiation, suggesting a selective effect of HoxB8. These results implicate that Hox genes contribute to the differential development of autonomic neuron precursors by maintaining noradrenergic properties in the trunk sympathetic neuron lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Huber
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Reiff T, Huber L, Kramer M, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Rohrer H. Midkine and Alk signaling in sympathetic neuron proliferation and neuroblastoma predisposition. J Cell Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Stubbusch J, Majdazari A, Schmidt M, Schütz G, Deller T, Rohrer H. Generation of the tamoxifen-inducible DBH-Cre transgenic mouse line DBH-CT. Genesis 2011; 49:935-41. [PMID: 21634003 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We generated transgenic mice bearing a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase expressed under the control of the dopamine-β-hydroxylase promoter. By crossing to the ROSA26 reporter mice we show that tamoxifen-induced Cre recombinase in adult mice specifically activates β-galactosidase expression in differentiated noradrenergic neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. Tamoxifen application in adult mice did not induce β-galactosidase activity in parasympathetic neurons that transiently express DBH during development. Thus, this transgenic mouse line represents a valuable tool to study gene function in mature noradrenergic neurons by conditional inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Stubbusch
- Department of Neurochemistry, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Schmidt M, Huber L, Majdazari A, Schütz G, Williams T, Rohrer H. The transcription factors AP-2β and AP-2α are required for survival of sympathetic progenitors and differentiated sympathetic neurons. Dev Biol 2011; 355:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaltezioti V, Kouroupi G, Oikonomaki M, Mantouvalou E, Stergiopoulos A, Charonis A, Rohrer H, Matsas R, Politis PK. Prox1 regulates the notch1-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000565. [PMID: 21203589 PMCID: PMC3006385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the spinal cord, Prox1 controls the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells via suppression of Notch1 gene expression. Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. Early during development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) can either proliferate or differentiate into neurons. Thus, generation of the correct number of neurons is governed by a tightly regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation, and disruption of this balance can result in severe developmental deficits, malformations, or cancers. Notch1 is a member of the Notch family of receptors, which make up a highly conserved cell signaling system. Notch1 signaling has been shown to inhibit NPC differentiation and to promote self-renewal, thereby allowing NPCs to divide and progressively generate the enormous number of neurons present in the central nervous system. The molecular mechanism by which NPCs overcome Notch1-mediated inhibition in order to differentiate into neurons, however, is not completely understood. In this study, we show that Prox1, a homeobox transcriptional repressor, plays a fundamental role in the switch to differentiation by suppressing the expression of Notch1 receptor, thereby preventing newly produced neuronal precursors from receiving inhibitory signals from Notch ligands present in neighboring cells. This transcriptional repression may regulate cell cycle exit and differentiation of NPCs as they migrate towards different regions and adopt their final cell fates. We suggest that Prox1 may exert its known influence on embryonic development, organ morphogenesis, and cancer through its ability to counteract Notch1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Kaltezioti
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Oikonomaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Mantouvalou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Stergiopoulos
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis Charonis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Nishi R, Stubbusch J, Hulce JJ, Hruska M, Pappas A, Bravo MC, Huber LP, Bakondi B, Soltys J, Rohrer H. The cortistatin gene PSS2 rather than the somatostatin gene PSS1 is strongly expressed in developing avian autonomic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:839-50. [PMID: 20058310 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin and cortistatin are neuromodulators with divergent expression patterns and biological roles. Whereas expression and function of genes encoding somatostatin (PSS1) and the related peptide cortistatin (PSS2) have been studied in detail for the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system, relatively little is known about their expression patterns in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We compare the expression patterns of PSS1 and PSS2 in chicken embryos. At E14, PSS1 is higher in the CNS versus PNS, whereas PSS2 is higher in the PNS. During early development, PSS1 is transiently expressed in lumbar sympathetic ganglia and is detectable at low levels throughout the development of dorsal root and ciliary ganglia. In contrast, PSS2 expression increases as development progresses in sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia, whereas levels in ciliary ganglia by E8 are more than 100-fold higher than in sympathetic ganglia. Activin, which induces somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in ciliary ganglion neurons in vivo and in vitro, controls PSS2 expression by stabilizing PSS2 but not PSS1 mRNA. We conclude that much of the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the developing avian peripheral nervous system is actually cortistatin, the PSS2 product, as opposed to true somatostatin, which is the PSS1 product. The identification of PSS2 as the predominantly expressed somatostatin gene family member in avian autonomic neurons provides a molecular basis for further functional and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Potzner MR, Tsarovina K, Binder E, Penzo-Méndez A, Lefebvre V, Rohrer H, Wegner M, Sock E. Sequential requirement of Sox4 and Sox11 during development of the sympathetic nervous system. Development 2010; 137:775-84. [PMID: 20147379 DOI: 10.1242/dev.042101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly related transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 are expressed in the developing sympathetic nervous system. In the mouse, Sox11 appears first, whereas Sox4 is prevalent later. Using mouse mutagenesis and overexpression strategies in chicken, we studied the role of both SoxC proteins in this tissue. Neither Sox4 nor Sox11 predominantly functioned by promoting pan-neuronal or noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons as might have been expected from studies in neuronal precursors of the central nervous system. The transcriptional network that regulates the differentiation of sympathetic neurons remained intact and expression of noradrenergic markers showed only minor alterations. Instead, Sox11 was required in early sympathetic ganglia for proliferation of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing cells, whereas Sox4 ensured the survival of these cells at later stages. In the absence of both Sox4 and Sox11, sympathetic ganglia remained hypoplastic throughout embryogenesis because of consecutive proliferation and survival defects. As a consequence, sympathetic ganglia were rudimentary in the adult and sympathetic innervation of target tissues was impaired leading to severe dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Potzner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Hyatt Sachs H, Rohrer H, Zigmond RE. The conditioning lesion effect on sympathetic neurite outgrowth is dependent on gp130 cytokines. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:516-22. [PMID: 20144891 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons, like sensory neurons, increase neurite outgrowth after a conditioning lesion. Studies in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) knockout animals showed that the conditioning lesion effect in sensory neurons is dependent in part on this cytokine; however, similar studies on sympathetic neurons revealed no such effect. Comparable studies with sensory neurons taken from mice lacking the related cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) have yielded conflicting results. LIF and IL-6 belong to a family of cytokines known as the gp130 family because they act on receptors containing the subunit gp130. In sympathetic ganglia, axotomy leads to increases in mRNA for four of these cytokines (LIF, IL-6, IL-11, and oncostatin M). To test the role of this family of cytokines as a whole in the conditioning lesion response in sympathetic neurons, mice in which gp130 was selectively eliminated in noradrenergic neurons were studied. The postganglionic axons of the SCG were transected, and 7days later the ganglia were removed and neurite outgrowth was measured in explant and dissociated cell cultures. In both systems, neurons from wild type animals showed enhanced growth after a conditioning lesion. In contrast, no enhancement occurred in neurons from mutant animals. This lack of stimulation of outgrowth occurred despite an increase in expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the mutant mice. These studies demonstrate that stimulation of enhanced growth of sympathetic neurons after a conditioning lesion is dependent on gp130 cytokine signaling and is blocked in the absence of signaling by these cytokines in spite of an increase in ATF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hyatt Sachs
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH, 44106-4975, USA
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Parrish DC, Alston EN, Rohrer H, Nkadi P, Woodward WR, Schütz G, Habecker BA. Infarction-induced cytokines cause local depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase in cardiac sympathetic nerves. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:304-14. [PMID: 19880537 PMCID: PMC2858010 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.049965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction causes a heterogeneity of noradrenergic transmission that contributes to the development of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Ischaemia-induced alterations in sympathetic transmission include regional variations in cardiac noradrenaline (NA) and in tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in NA synthesis. Inflammatory cytokines that act through gp130 are elevated in the heart after myocardial infarction. These cytokines decrease expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in sympathetic neurons, and indirect evidence suggests that they contribute to the local depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase in the damaged left ventricle. However, gp130 cytokines are also important for the survival of cardiac myocytes following damage to the heart. To examine the effect of cytokines on tyrosine hydroxylase and NA content in cardiac nerves we used gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) mice, which have a deletion of the gp130 receptor in neurons expressing dopamine beta-hydroxylase. The absence of neuronal gp130 prevented the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in cardiac sympathetic nerves innervating the left ventricle 1 week after ischaemia-reperfusion compared with wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Surprisingly, restoration of tyrosine hydroxylase in the damaged ventricle did not return neuronal NA content to normal levels. Noradrenaline uptake into cardiac nerves was significantly lower in gp130 knockout mice, contributing to the lack of neuronal NA stores. There were no significant differences in left ventricular peak systolic pressure, dP/dt(max) or dP/dt(min) between the two genotypes after myocardial infarction, but ganglionic blockade revealed differences in autonomic tone between the genotypes. Stimulation of the heart with dobutamine or release of endogenous NA with tyramine generated similar responses in both genotypes. Thus, the removal of gp130 from sympathetic neurons prevents the post-infarct depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase in the left ventricle, but does not alter NA content or cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Parrish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Eric N. Alston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paul Nkadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - William R. Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Günther Schütz
- Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Parrish D, Alston E, Rohrer H, Aicher S, Hermes S, Habecker B. P3.4 Autonomic imbalance in mice lacking gp130 in dopamine β hydroxylase-expressing neurons. Auton Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schmidt M, Tsarovina N, Reiff T, Lin S, Stubbusch J, Huber L, Pape M, Ernsberger U, Stanke M, Kobayashi K, Howard MJ, Rohrer H. S1.2 Development and maintenance of noradrenergic properties in sympathetic neurons. Auton Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Parrish DC, Alston EN, Rohrer H, Hermes SM, Aicher SA, Nkadi P, Woodward WR, Stubbusch J, Gardner RT, Habecker BA. Absence of gp130 in dopamine beta-hydroxylase-expressing neurons leads to autonomic imbalance and increased reperfusion arrhythmias. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H960-7. [PMID: 19592611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00409.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines that act through glycoprotein (gp)130 are elevated in the heart after myocardial infarction and in heart failure. These cytokines are potent regulators of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide production in sympathetic neurons but are also important for the survival of cardiac myocytes after damage to the heart. To examine the effect of gp130 cytokines on cardiac nerves, we used gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) mice, which have a selective deletion of the gp130 cytokine receptor in neurons expressing dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Basal sympathetic parameters, including norepinephrine (NE) content, tyrosine hydroxylase expression, NE transporter expression, and sympathetic innervation density, appeared normal in gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) compared with wild-type mice. Likewise, basal cardiovascular parameters measured under isoflurane anesthesia were similar in both genotypes, including mean arterial pressure, left ventricular peak systolic pressure, dP/dt(max), and dP/dt(min). However, pharmacological interventions revealed an autonomic imbalance in gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) mice that was correlated with an increased incidence of premature ventricular complexes after reperfusion. Stimulation of NE release with tyramine and infusion of the beta-agonist dobutamine revealed blunted adrenergic transmission that correlated with decreased beta-receptor expression in gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) hearts. Due to the developmental expression of the DBH-Cre transgene in parasympathetic ganglia, gp130 was eliminated. Cholinergic transmission was impaired in gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) hearts due to decreased parasympathetic drive, but tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in the brain stem revealed that catecholaminergic nuclei appeared grossly normal. Thus, the apparently normal basal parameters in gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) mice mask an autonomic imbalance that includes alterations in sympathetic and parasympathetic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Parrish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Rüdiger R, Binder E, Tsarovina K, Schmidt M, Reiff T, Stubbusch J, Rohrer H. In vivo role for CREB signaling in the noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 42:142-51. [PMID: 19545628 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways involving cAMP and CREB have been implicated in several aspects of sympathetic neuron differentiation. Here, we used in vivo loss-of-function approaches in both mouse and chick embryos to characterize the physiological role of cAMP/CREB. Whereas sympathetic neuron development proceeds normally in CREB-deficient mouse embryos, a decrease in noradrenergic differentiation (TH, DBH) was observed in chick sympathetic ganglia in response to ACREB, a dominant-negative CREB variant which interferes with the function of all CREB family members. In contrast, expression of the generic neuronal marker SCG10 was not affected by ACREB. As the decrease in noradrenergic gene expression is compensated at later stages of development and TH expression in differentiated neurons is not CREB-dependent, a transient role for CREB is proposed, accelerating noradrenergic but not generic neuronal differentiation of sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Rüdiger
- RG Developmental Neurobiology, Department Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, D-60528 Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Habecker BA, Sachs HH, Rohrer H, Zigmond RE. The dependence on gp130 cytokines of axotomy induced neuropeptide expression in adult sympathetic neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:392-400. [PMID: 19280647 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult peripheral neurons exhibit dramatic changes in gene expression after axonal injury, including changes in neuropeptide phenotype. For example, sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) begin to express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), and cholecystokinin after axotomy. Before these changes, nonneuronal cells in the SCG begin to express leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). When the effects of axotomy were compared in LIF-/- and wild-type mice, the increases in VIP and galanin expression were less in the former, though significant increases still occurred. LIF belongs to a family of cytokines with overlapping physiological effects and multimeric receptors containing the subunit gp130. Real-time PCR revealed large increases in the SCG after axotomy in mRNA for three members of this cytokine family, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, and LIF, with modest increases in oncostatin M, no changes in ciliary neurotrophic factor, and decreases in cardiotrophin-1. To explore the role of these cytokines, animals with selective elimination of the gp130 receptor in noradrenergic neurons were studied. No significant changes in mRNA levels for VIP, galanin, and PACAP were seen in axotomized ganglia from these mutant mice, while the increase in cholecystokinin was as large as that seen in wild-type mice. The data indicate that the inductions of VIP, galanin, and PACAP after axotomy are completely dependent on gp130 cytokines and that a second cytokine, in addition to LIF, is involved. The increase in cholecystokinin after axotomy, however, does not require the action of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
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Gispert S, Ricciardi F, Kurz A, Azizov M, Hoepken HH, Becker D, Voos W, Leuner K, Müller WE, Kudin AP, Kunz WS, Zimmermann A, Roeper J, Wenzel D, Jendrach M, García-Arencíbia M, Fernández-Ruiz J, Huber L, Rohrer H, Barrera M, Reichert AS, Rüb U, Chen A, Nussbaum RL, Auburger G. Parkinson phenotype in aged PINK1-deficient mice is accompanied by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in absence of neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5777. [PMID: 19492057 PMCID: PMC2686165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is an adult-onset movement disorder of largely unknown etiology. We have previously shown that loss-of-function mutations of the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1) cause the recessive PARK6 variant of PD. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Now we generated a PINK1 deficient mouse and observed several novel phenotypes: A progressive reduction of weight and of locomotor activity selectively for spontaneous movements occurred at old age. As in PD, abnormal dopamine levels in the aged nigrostriatal projection accompanied the reduced movements. Possibly in line with the PARK6 syndrome but in contrast to sporadic PD, a reduced lifespan, dysfunction of brainstem and sympathetic nerves, visible aggregates of alpha-synuclein within Lewy bodies or nigrostriatal neurodegeneration were not present in aged PINK1-deficient mice. However, we demonstrate PINK1 mutant mice to exhibit a progressive reduction in mitochondrial preprotein import correlating with defects of core mitochondrial functions like ATP-generation and respiration. In contrast to the strong effect of PINK1 on mitochondrial dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster and in spite of reduced expression of fission factor Mtp18, we show reduced fission and increased aggregation of mitochondria only under stress in PINK1-deficient mouse neurons. CONCLUSION Thus, aging Pink1(-/-) mice show increasing mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in impaired neural activity similar to PD, in absence of overt neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Filomena Ricciardi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mekhman Azizov
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Becker
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voos
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Leuner
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter E. Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Annabelle Zimmermann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Wenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moisés García-Arencíbia
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leslie Huber
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miguel Barrera
- CEF Makromolekulare Komplexe, Mitochondriale Biologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Reichert
- CEF Makromolekulare Komplexe, Mitochondriale Biologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, University Med. School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amy Chen
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Nussbaum
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georg Auburger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Schmidt M, Lin S, Pape M, Ernsberger U, Stanke M, Kobayashi K, Howard MJ, Rohrer H. The bHLH transcription factor Hand2 is essential for the maintenance of noradrenergic properties in differentiated sympathetic neurons. Dev Biol 2009; 329:191-200. [PMID: 19254708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hand2 is essential for the proliferation and noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neuron precursors during development. Here we address the function of Hand2 in postmitotic, differentiated sympathetic neurons. Knockdown of endogenous Hand2 in cultured E12 chick sympathetic neurons by siRNA results in a significant (about 60%) decrease in the expression of the noradrenergic marker genes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In contrast, expression of the pan-neuronal genes TuJ1, HuC and SCG10 was not affected. To analyze the in vivo role of Hand2 in differentiated sympathetic neurons we used mice harboring a conditional Hand2-null allele and excised the gene by expression of Cre recombinase under control of the DBH promotor. Mouse embryos homozygous for Hand2 gene deletion showed decreased sympathetic neuron number and TH expression was strongly reduced in the residual neuron population. The in vitro Hand2 knockdown also enhances the CNTF-induced expression of the cholinergic marker genes vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the Hand2 transcription factor plays a key role in maintaining noradrenergic properties in differentiated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Schmidt
- RG Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neurochemistry, MPI for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528 Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Huber K, Franke A, Brühl B, Krispin S, Ernsberger U, Schober A, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Rohrer H, Kalcheim C, Unsicker K. Persistent expression of BMP-4 in embryonic chick adrenal cortical cells and its role in chromaffin cell development. Neural Dev 2008; 3:28. [PMID: 18945349 PMCID: PMC2582231 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-3-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons both originate from the neural crest, yet signals that trigger chromaffin development remain elusive. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) emanating from the dorsal aorta are important signals for the induction of a sympathoadrenal catecholaminergic cell fate. Results We report here that BMP-4 is also expressed by adrenal cortical cells throughout chick embryonic development, suggesting a putative role in chromaffin cell development. Moreover, bone morphogenetic protein receptor IA is expressed by both cortical and chromaffin cells. Inhibiting BMP-4 with noggin prevents the increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells in adrenal explants without affecting cell proliferation. Hence, adrenal BMP-4 is likely to induce tyrosine hydroxylase in sympathoadrenal progenitors. To investigate whether persistent BMP-4 exposure is able to induce chromaffin traits in sympathetic ganglia, we locally grafted BMP-4 overexpressing cells next to sympathetic ganglia. Embryonic day 8 chick sympathetic ganglia, in addition to principal neurons, contain about 25% chromaffin-like cells. Ectopic BMP-4 did not increase this proportion, yet numbers and sizes of 'chromaffin' granules were significantly increased. Conclusion BMP-4 may serve to promote specific chromaffin traits, but is not sufficient to convert sympathetic neurons into a chromaffin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Huber
- Neuroanatomy, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Pape M, Doxakis E, Reiff T, Duong CV, Davies A, Geissen M, Rohrer H. A function for the calponin family member NP25 in neurite outgrowth. Dev Biol 2008; 321:434-43. [PMID: 18652818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal protein 25 (NP25), a member of the calponin (CaP) protein family, has previously been identified as neuron-specific protein in the adult rat brain. Here, we show an early onset of NP25 expression in the chick embryo neural tube. NP25 represents, together with NeuroM, one of the earliest markers for postmitotic neurons. To elucidate its function in the developing nervous system, NP25 was overexpressed in E5 and E9 sensory neurons, E7 sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells that show different endogenous NP25 expression levels. Whereas E5 and E9 sensory neurons and PC12 cells, which express low endogenous levels of NP25, responded by enhanced neurite outgrowth, a reduction of neurite length was observed in sympathetic neurons, which already express high endogenous levels of NP25. Knockdown of NP25 in sensory neurons using NP25 siRNA resulted in shorter neurites, whereas reduction of NP25 expression in sympathetic neurons led to increased neurite length. These results suggest a dynamic function for NP25 in the regulation of neurite growth, with an optimal level of NP25 required for maximal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pape
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528 Frankfurt/M, Germany
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46
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Doxakis E, Howard L, Rohrer H, Davies AM. HAND transcription factors are required for neonatal sympathetic neuron survival. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:1041-7. [PMID: 18724272 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND2 begins early in sympathetic neuron development and is essential for the differentiation of noradrenergic neurons. Here, we show that the expression of HAND2 and related HAND1 are maintained in sympathetic neurons throughout fetal and postnatal development when these neurons depend on target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival. Short interfering RNA knockdown of endogenous HAND2 and, to a lesser extent, HAND1 in neonatal sympathetic neurons cultured with NGF, reduced the expression of the NGF receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA (tropomyosin-related kinase A), as well as neuronal survival. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that NGF promotes HAND2 binding to the TrkA minimal enhancer and that transfection of sympathetic neurons with a TrkA expression plasmid rescued the neurons from HAND knockdown. These findings show that HAND transcription factors have a crucial function in sustaining the survival of neonatal sympathetic neurons with NGF by a feed-forward loop that maintains the expression of TrkA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epaminondas Doxakis
- Basic Neurosciences Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, Athens, Greece
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Rohrer H, Stanke M, Schneider C, Muller F, Howard M, Vogel-Hopker A. Role of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in noradrenergic neuron development. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.81.s1.47_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Tsarovina K, Schellenberger J, Schneider C, Rohrer H. Progenitor cell maintenance and neurogenesis in sympathetic ganglia involves Notch signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 37:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
In vertebrates, the neuroepithelium of the optic vesicle is initially multipotential, co-expressing a number of transcription factors that are involved in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina (NR)development. Subsequently, extrinsic signals emanating from the surrounding tissues induce the separation of the optic vesicle into three domains: the optic stalk/nerve, the NR and the RPE. Here, we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are sufficient and essential for RPE development in vivo. Bmp4 and Bmp7 are expressed in the surface ectoderm overlying the optic vesicle, the surrounding mesenchyme and/or presumptive RPE during the initial stages of eye development. During the initial stages of chick eye development the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(Mitf), important for RPE development, is expressed in the optic primordium that is covered by the BMP-expressing surface ectoderm. Following BMP application, the optic neuroepithelium, including the presumptive optic stalk/nerve and NR domain, develop into RPE as assessed by the expression of Otx2, Mitf, Wnt2b and the pigmented cell marker MMP115. By contrast, interfering with BMP signalling prevents RPE development in the outer layer of the optic cup and induces NR-specific gene expression (e.g. Chx10). Our results show that BMPs are sufficient and essential for RPE development during optic vesicle stages. We propose a model in which the BMP-expressing surface ectoderm initiates RPE specification by inducing Mitf expression in the underlying neuroepithelium of the optic vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müller
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neurochemistry, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528 Frankfurt/M., Germany
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50
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Kelly B, Furr A, Franchetti A, Perry C, Rohrer H, Stanley H, Anderson-Low L, Huston C, Ferland S, Mitchem T. Cocaine's impact on reward, activity, and affect are dose-dependently impacted by age: Adolescent versus adult exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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