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Huemer M, Mairpady Shambat S, Brugger SD, Zinkernagel AS. Antibiotic resistance and persistence-Implications for human health and treatment perspectives. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51034. [PMID: 33400359 PMCID: PMC7726816 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and persistence are associated with an elevated risk of treatment failure and relapsing infections. They are thus important drivers of increased morbidity and mortality rates resulting in growing healthcare costs. Antibiotic resistance is readily identifiable with standard microbiological assays, and the threat imposed by antibiotic resistance has been well recognized. Measures aiming to reduce resistance development and spreading of resistant bacteria are being enforced. However, the phenomenon of bacteria surviving antibiotic exposure despite being fully susceptible, so-called antibiotic persistence, is still largely underestimated. In contrast to antibiotic resistance, antibiotic persistence is difficult to measure and therefore often missed, potentially leading to treatment failures. In this review, we focus on bacterial mechanisms allowing evasion of antibiotic killing and discuss their implications on human health. We describe the relationship between antibiotic persistence and bacterial heterogeneity and discuss recent studies that link bacterial persistence and tolerance with the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Finally, we review persister detection methods, novel strategies aiming at eradicating bacterial persisters and the latest advances in the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Huemer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Srikanth Mairpady Shambat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Silvio D Brugger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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52
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Zheng EJ, Stokes JM, Collins JJ. Eradicating Bacterial Persisters with Combinations of Strongly and Weakly Metabolism-Dependent Antibiotics. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1544-1552.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chengalroyen MD, Jordaan A, Seldon R, Ioerger T, Franzblau SG, Nasr M, Warner DF, Mizrahi V. Biological Profiling Enables Rapid Mechanistic Classification of Phenotypic Screening Hits and Identification of KatG Activation-Dependent Pyridine Carboxamide Prodrugs With Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:582416. [PMID: 33282750 PMCID: PMC7691319 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.582416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds with novel modes of action are urgently needed to develop effective combination therapies for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this study, a series of compounds was evaluated for activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vero cell line toxicity. Fourteen of the compounds with in vitro activities in the low micrometer range and a favorable selectivity index were classified using reporter strains of M. tuberculosis which showed that six interfered with cell wall metabolism and one disrupted DNA metabolism. Counter-screening against strains carrying mutations in promiscuous drug targets argued against DprE1 and MmpL3 as hits of any of the cell wall actives and eliminated the cytochrome bc1 complex as a target of any of the compounds. Instead, whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous resistant mutants and/or counter-screening against common isoniazid-resistant mutants of M. tuberculosis revealed that four of the six cell wall-active compounds, all pyridine carboxamide analogues, were metabolized by KatG to form InhA inhibitors. Resistance to two of these compounds was associated with mutations in katG that did not confer cross-resistance to isoniazid. Of the remaining seven compounds, low-level resistance to one was associated with an inactivating mutation in Rv0678, the regulator of the MmpS5-MmpL5 system, which has been implicated in non-specific efflux of multiple chemotypes. Another mapped to the mycothiol-dependent reductase, Rv2466c, suggesting a prodrug mechanism of action in that case. The inability to isolate spontaneous resistant mutants to the seven remaining compounds suggests that they act via mechanisms which have yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Chengalroyen
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Audrey Jordaan
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ronnett Seldon
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,H3D Drug Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens can permanently colonize their host and establish either chronic or recurrent infections that the immune system and antimicrobial therapies fail to eradicate. Antibiotic persisters (persister cells) are believed to be among the factors that make these infections challenging. Persisters are subpopulations of bacteria which survive treatment with bactericidal antibiotics in otherwise antibiotic-sensitive cultures and were extensively studied in a hope to discover the mechanisms that cause treatment failures in chronically infected patients; however, most of these studies were conducted in the test tube. Research into antibiotic persistence has uncovered large intrapopulation heterogeneity of bacterial growth and regrowth but has not identified essential, dedicated molecular mechanisms of antibiotic persistence. Diverse factors and stresses that inhibit bacterial growth reduce killing of the bulk population and may also increase the persister subpopulation, implying that an array of mechanisms are present. Hopefully, further studies under conditions that simulate the key aspects of persistent infections will lead to identifying target mechanisms for effective therapeutic solutions.
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Structure-activity relationships of furanones, dihydropyrrolones and thiophenones as potential quorum sensing inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1925-1943. [PMID: 33094640 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their initial isolation from the marine alga Delisea pulchra, bromofuranones have been investigated as potential inhibitors of quorum sensing (QS) in various bacterial strains. QS is an important mechanism by which bacteria co-ordinate their molecular response to the environment. QS is intrinsically linked to bacterial antibiotic resistance. Inspired by nature, chemists have developed a wide variety of synthetic analogs in an effort to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, and to ultimately develop novel antimicrobial agents. In this work, we describe advances in this field while paying particular attention to apparent structure-activity relationships. This review is organized according to the main ring systems under investigation, namely furanones, dihydropyrrolones and thiophenones.
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Khan F, Pham DTN, Tabassum N, Oloketuyi SF, Kim YM. Treatment strategies targeting persister cell formation in bacterial pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:665-688. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1822278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industrial Convergence Bionix Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Young-Mog Kim
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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New Antimicrobial Bioactivity against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria of Kinase Inhibitor IMD0354. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100665. [PMID: 33019726 PMCID: PMC7601562 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens pose a serious threat to human health. For decades, the antibiotic vancomycin has been a potent option when treating Gram-positive multidrug-resistant infections. Nonetheless, in recent decades, we have begun to see an increase in vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Here, we show that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor N-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (IMD0354) was identified as a positive hit through a Caenorhabditis elegans–methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection screen. IMD0354 was a potent bacteriostatic drug capable of working at a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) as low as 0.06 µg/mL against various vancomycin-resistant strains. Interestingly, IMD0354 showed no hemolytic activity at concentrations as high as 16 µg/mL and is minimally toxic to C. elegans in vivo with 90% survival up to 64 µg/mL. In addition, we demonstrated that IMD0354′s mechanism of action at high concentrations is membrane permeabilization. Lastly, we found that IMD0354 is able to inhibit vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) initial cell attachment and biofilm formation at sub-MIC levels and above. Our work highlights that the NF-κB inhibitor IMD0354 has promising potential as a lead compound and an antimicrobial therapeutic candidate capable of combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Kawano A, Yamasaki R, Sakakura T, Takatsuji Y, Haruyama T, Yoshioka Y, Ariyoshi W. Reactive Oxygen Species Penetrate Persister Cell Membranes of Escherichia coli for Effective Cell Killing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:496. [PMID: 33042869 PMCID: PMC7530241 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persister cells are difficult to eliminate because they are tolerant to antibiotic stress. In the present study, using artificially induced Escherichia coli persister cells, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have greater effects on persister cells than on exponential cells. Thus, we examined which types of ROS could effectively eliminate persister cells and determined the mechanisms underlying the effects of these ROS. Ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation can kill persister cells, and bacterial viability is markedly increased under UV shielding. UV induces the production of ROS, which kill bacteria by moving toward the shielded area. Electron spin resonance-based analysis confirmed that hydroxyl radicals are produced by UV irradiation, although singlet oxygen is not produced. These results clearly revealed that ROS sterilizes persister cells more effectively compared to the sterilization of exponential cells (**p < 0.01). These ROS do not injure the bacterial cell wall but rather invade the cell, followed by cell killing. Additionally, the sterilization effect on persister cells was increased by exposure to oxygen plasma during UV irradiation. However, vapor conditions decreased persister cell sterilization by reducing the levels of hydroxyl radicals. We also verified the effect of ROS against bacteria in biofilms that are more resistant than planktonic cells. Although UV alone could not completely sterilize the biofilm bacteria, UV with ROS achieved complete sterilization. Our results demonstrate that persister cells strongly resist the effects of antibiotics and starvation stress but are less able to withstand exposure to ROS. It was shown that ROS does not affect the cell membrane but penetrates it and acts internally to kill persister cells. In particular, it was clarified that the hydroxy radical is an effective sterilizer to kill persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kawano
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakakura
- Division of Functional Interface Engineering, Department of Biological Systems and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takatsuji
- Division of Functional Interface Engineering, Department of Biological Systems and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Haruyama
- Division of Functional Interface Engineering, Department of Biological Systems and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yoshioka
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Salcedo-Sora JE, Kell DB. A Quantitative Survey of Bacterial Persistence in the Presence of Antibiotics: Towards Antipersister Antimicrobial Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E508. [PMID: 32823501 PMCID: PMC7460088 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial persistence to antibiotics relates to the phenotypic ability to survive lethal concentrations of otherwise bactericidal antibiotics. The quantitative nature of the time-kill assay, which is the sector's standard for the study of antibiotic bacterial persistence, is an invaluable asset for global, unbiased, and cross-species analyses. Methods: We compiled the results of antibiotic persistence from antibiotic-sensitive bacteria during planktonic growth. The data were extracted from a sample of 187 publications over the last 50 years. The antibiotics used in this compilation were also compared in terms of structural similarity to fluorescent molecules known to accumulate in Escherichia coli. Results: We reviewed in detail data from 54 antibiotics and 36 bacterial species. Persistence varies widely as a function of the type of antibiotic (membrane-active antibiotics admit the fewest), the nature of the growth phase and medium (persistence is less common in exponential phase and rich media), and the Gram staining of the target organism (persistence is more common in Gram positives). Some antibiotics bear strong structural similarity to fluorophores known to be taken up by E. coli, potentially allowing competitive assays. Some antibiotics also, paradoxically, seem to allow more persisters at higher antibiotic concentrations. Conclusions: We consolidated an actionable knowledge base to support a rational development of antipersister antimicrobials. Persistence is seen as a step on the pathway to antimicrobial resistance, and we found no organisms that failed to exhibit it. Novel antibiotics need to have antipersister activity. Discovery strategies should include persister-specific approaches that could find antibiotics that preferably target the membrane structure and permeability of slow-growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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60
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Moreira Martins PM, Gong T, de Souza AA, Wood TK. Copper Kills Escherichia coli Persister Cells. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080506. [PMID: 32806704 PMCID: PMC7459663 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their reduced metabolism, persister cells can survive most antimicrobial treatments, which usually rely on corrupting active biochemical pathways. Therefore, molecules that kill bacterial persisters should function in a metabolism-independent manner. Some anti-persister compounds have been found previously, such as the DNA-crosslinkers mitomycin C and cisplatin, but more effective and lower cost alternatives are needed. Copper alloys have been used since ancient times due to their antimicrobial properties, and they are still used in agriculture to control plant bacterial diseases. By stopping transcription with rifampicin and by treating with ampicillin to remove non-persister cells, we created a population that consists solely of Escherichia coli persister cells. Using this population of persister cells, we demonstrate that cupric compounds kill E. coli persister cells. Hence, copper ions may be used in controlling the spread of important bacterial strains that withstand treatment with conventional antimicrobials by forming persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Maria Moreira Martins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (P.M.M.M.); (T.G.)
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis-SP 13490-970, Brazil;
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (P.M.M.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Alessandra A. de Souza
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis-SP 13490-970, Brazil;
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (P.M.M.M.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Jiang Y, Geng M, Bai L. Targeting Biofilms Therapy: Current Research Strategies and Development Hurdles. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081222. [PMID: 32796745 PMCID: PMC7465149 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are aggregate of microorganisms in which cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and adhere to each other and/or to a surface. The development of biofilm affords pathogens significantly increased tolerances to antibiotics and antimicrobials. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are biofilm-associated. Dispersal of biofilms can turn microbial cells into their more vulnerable planktonic phenotype and improve the therapeutic effect of antimicrobials. In this review, we focus on multiple therapeutic strategies that are currently being developed to target important structural and functional characteristics and drug resistance mechanisms of biofilms. We thoroughly discuss the current biofilm targeting strategies from four major aspects—targeting EPS, dispersal molecules, targeting quorum sensing, and targeting dormant cells. We explain each aspect with examples and discuss the main hurdles in the development of biofilm dispersal agents in order to provide a rationale for multi-targeted therapy strategies that target the complicated biofilms. Biofilm dispersal is a promising research direction to treat biofilm-associated infections in the future, and more in vivo experiments should be performed to ensure the efficacy of these therapeutic agents before being used in clinic.
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Khan F, Yu H, Kim YM. Bactericidal Activity of Usnic Acid-Chitosan Nanoparticles against Persister Cells of Biofilm-Forming Pathogenic Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E270. [PMID: 32443816 PMCID: PMC7281555 DOI: 10.3390/md18050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to prepare usnic acid (UA)-loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (UA-CS NPs) and evaluate its antibacterial activity against biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. UA-CS NPs were prepared through simple ionic gelification of UA with CS, and further characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field-emission transmission electron microscopy. The UA-CS NPs presented a loading capacity (LC) of 5.2%, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 24%, and a spherical shape and rough surface. The maximum release of UA was higher in pH 1.2 buffer solution as compared to that in pH 6.8 and 7.4 buffer solution. The average size and zeta potential of the UA-CS NPs was 311.5 ± 49.9 nm in diameter and +27.3 ± 0.8 mV, respectively. The newly prepared UA-CS NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against persister cells obtained from the stationary phase in batch culture, mature biofilms, and antibiotic-induced gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Exposure of sub-inhibitory concentrations of UA-CS NPs to the bacterial cells resulted in a change in morphology. The present study suggests an alternative method for the application of UA into nanoparticles. Furthermore, the anti-persister activity of UA-CS NPs may be another possible strategy for the treatment of infections caused by biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Hongsik Yu
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea;
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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Variations in the Morphology, Mechanics and Adhesion of Persister and Resister E. coli Cells in Response to Ampicillin: AFM Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050235. [PMID: 32392749 PMCID: PMC7277365 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persister bacterial cells are great at surviving antibiotics. The phenotypic means by which they do that are underexplored. As such, atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to quantify the contributions of the surface properties of the outer membrane of multidrug resistance (MDR)-Escherichia coli Strains (A5 and A9) in the presence of ampicillin at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (resistant cells) and at 20× MIC (persistent cells). The properties quantified were morphology, root mean square (RMS) roughness, adhesion, elasticity, and bacterial surface biopolymers' thickness and grafting density. Compared to untreated cells, persister cells of E. coli A5 increased their RMS, adhesion, apparent grafting density, and elasticity by 1.2, 3.4, 2.0, and 3.3 folds, respectively, and decreased their surface area and brush thickness by 1.3 and 1.2 folds, respectively. Similarly, compared to untreated cells, persister cells of E. coli A9 increased their RMS, adhesion and elasticity by 1.6, 4.4, and 4.5 folds, respectively; decreased their surface area and brush thickness by 1.4 and 1.6 folds, respectively; and did not change their grafting densities. Our results indicate that resistant and persistent E. coli A5 cells battled ampicillin by decreasing their size and going through dormancy. The resistant E. coli A9 cells resisted ampicillin through elongation, increased surface area, and adhesion. In contrast, the persistent E. coli A9 cells resisted ampicillin through increased roughness, increased surface biopolymers' grafting densities, increased cellular elasticities, and decreased surface areas. Mechanistic insights into how the resistant and persistent E. coli cells respond to ampicillin's treatment are instrumental to guide design efforts exploring the development of new antibiotics or renovating the existing antibiotics that may kill persistent bacteria by combining more than one mechanism of action.
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Gollan B, Grabe G, Michaux C, Helaine S. Bacterial Persisters and Infection: Past, Present, and Progressing. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 73:359-385. [PMID: 31500532 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Persisters are nongrowing, transiently antibiotic-tolerant bacteria within a clonal population of otherwise susceptible cells. Their formation is triggered by environmental cues and involves the main bacterial stress response pathways that allow persisters to survive many harsh conditions, including antibiotic exposure. During infection, bacterial pathogens are exposed to a vast array of stresses in the host and form nongrowing persisters that survive both antibiotics and host immune responses, thereby most likely contributing to the relapse of many infections. While antibiotic persisters have been extensively studied over the last decade, the bulk of the work has focused on how these bacteria survive exposure to drugs in vitro. The ability of persisters to survive their interaction with a host is important yet underinvestigated. In order to tackle the problem of persistence of infections that contribute to the worldwide antibiotic resistance crisis, efforts should be made by scientific communities to understand and merge these two fields of research: antibiotic persisters and host-pathogen interactions. Here we give an overview of the history of the field of antibiotic persistence, report evidence for the importance of persisters in infection, and highlight studies that bridge the two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Gollan
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Grzegorz Grabe
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Charlotte Michaux
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Sophie Helaine
- Section of Microbiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; , , ,
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65
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Kuehl R, Morata L, Meylan S, Mensa J, Soriano A. When antibiotics fail: a clinical and microbiological perspective on antibiotic tolerance and persistence of Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:1071-1086. [PMID: 32016348 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing a vast array of infections with significant mortality. Its versatile physiology enables it to adapt to various environments. Specific physiological changes are thought to underlie the frequent failure of antimicrobial therapy despite susceptibility in standard microbiological assays. Bacteria capable of surviving high antibiotic concentrations despite having a genetically susceptible background are described as 'antibiotic tolerant'. In this review, we put current knowledge on environmental triggers and molecular mechanisms of increased antibiotic survival of S. aureus into its clinical context. We discuss animal and clinical evidence of its significance and outline strategies to overcome infections with antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kuehl
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Morata
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvain Meylan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division de Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josep Mensa
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Gilbert-Girard S, Savijoki K, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Fallarero A. Optimization of a High-Throughput 384-Well Plate-Based Screening Platform with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093034. [PMID: 32344836 PMCID: PMC7246797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bacterial infections have become a main concern following the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, bacterial biofilms are known for their high tolerance to antimicrobials and they are regarded as a main cause of recalcitrant infections in humans. Many efforts have been deployed in order to find new antibacterial therapeutic options and the high-throughput screening (HTS) of large libraries of compounds is one of the utilized strategies. However, HTS efforts for anti-biofilm discovery remain uncommon. Here, we miniaturized a 96-well plate (96WP) screening platform, into a 384-well plate (384WP) format, based on a sequential viability and biomass measurements for the assessment of anti-biofilm activity. During the assay optimization process, different parameters were evaluated while using Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the bacterial models. We compared the performance of the optimized 384WP platform to our previously established 96WP-based platform by carrying out a pilot screening of 100 compounds, followed by the screening of a library of 2000 compounds to identify new repurposed anti-biofilm agents. Our results show that the optimized 384WP platform is well-suited for screening purposes, allowing for the rapid screening of a higher number of compounds in a run in a reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
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67
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Quezada H, Martínez-Vázquez M, López-Jácome E, González-Pedrajo B, Andrade Á, Fernández-Presas AM, Tovar-García A, García-Contreras R. Repurposed anti-cancer drugs: the future for anti-infective therapy? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:609-612. [PMID: 32290720 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1752665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Quezada
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Esaú López-Jácome
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra Mexico City , Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bertha González-Pedrajo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ángel Andrade
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Ana María Fernández-Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Tovar-García
- Servicio de Medicina Interna del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Hospital General de Zona 8 San Ángel, IMSS , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo García-Contreras
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
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68
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Wu C, Xia L, Huang W, Xu Y, Gu Y, Liu C, Ji L, Li W, Wu Y, Zhou K, Feng X. Pentamidine sensitizes FDA-approved non-antibiotics for the inhibition of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1771-1779. [PMID: 32242313 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine sensitizes FDA-approved antibiotics to combat Gram-negative pathogens. We screened 1374 FDA-approved non-antibiotics for their ability to be sensitized by pentamidine against Escherichia coli. We identified mitomycin C and mefloquine as potent hits effective against multiple drug-resistant, Gram-negative bacteria. Killing kinetics and an in vivo model with Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) revealed that such combinations produced synergy against colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae). These findings suggest combinations of FDA-approved non-antibiotics, and pentamidine can be repurposed into new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Wu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ling Xia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yangfan Xu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuanxin Gu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Luting Ji
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenyao Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yandong Wu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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69
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Abokhalil RN, Elkhatib WF, Aboulwafa MM, Hassouna NA. Persisters of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis: A Common Phenomenon and Different Behavior Profiles. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1233-1244. [PMID: 32123985 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persisters of infectious agents are capable of surviving antibiotic treatment so the emergence of these subpopulations need to be overcome. In this study, we aimed to isolate, characterize and inhibit persister subpopulation in two clinical isolates Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Different behavior profiles between the two isolates could be observed. The results of dose-dependent killing curve revealed that 2.3% (Klebsiella pneumoniae) versus 1.3% (Proteus mirabilis) persister cells could be recovered using 500 and 30 ug/ml ciprofloxacin, respectively. Upon resuscitation, persister cells exhibited only 65% versus 30% percentage growth and 5 versus 7 times cell elongation relative to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis, respectively. The levels of persister cells to ciprofloxacin of Klebsiella pneumoniae were dramatically decreased by about 79, 92, 97 and 83% in average by pre-exposure to hyperosmotic stress, temperature, different pHs, and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, while those of Proteus mirabilis were minimally decreased with corresponding reduction percentages of about 12%, 24 & 25%, and 0%. Regarding combating persisters, Klebsiella pneumoniae showed different response as compared to Proteus mirabilis. Among the tested sugars, the highest reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae persister cells was obtained with pre-priming with sucrose while for Proteus mirabilis persister cells, the highest reduction was obtained with pre-priming with glucose. Using sodium salicylate with ciprofloxacin could eradicate persisters of Klebsiella pneumoniae at any tested concentration while for Proteus mirabilis it caused some reduction in persister cells at certain concentrations. Complete eradication of persisters was obtained by combining silver nitrate with ciprofloxacin for each test isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana N Abokhalil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Abbassia, POB: 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walid F Elkhatib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Abbassia, POB: 11566, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Entertainment Area, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M Aboulwafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Abbassia, POB: 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nadia A Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Abbassia, POB: 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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70
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Abstract
Aim To demonstrate that myrrh oil preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria and causes no resistance development. Method Growth inhibition was determined on regular plates or plates without nutrients, which were later overlaid with soft agar containing nutrients to continue growth. Killing experiments were done in broth and in buffer without nutrients. Results Bacterial cells were inhibited preferentially in the absence of nutrients or when growth was halted by a bacteriostatic antibiotic. After five passages in myrrh oil, surviving colonies showed no resistance to the antibiotic. Conclusion Myrrh oil has the potential to be a commercially viable antibiotic that kills persister cells and causes no resistance development. This is a rare example of an antibiotic that can preferentially kill nongrowing bacteria.
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71
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Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant and Persistent Infectious Diseases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020065. [PMID: 32041137 PMCID: PMC7168131 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic failure is one of the most worrying health problems worldwide. We are currently facing an international crisis with several problematic facets: new antibiotics are no longer being discovered, resistance mechanisms are occurring in almost all clinical isolates of bacteria, and recurrent infections caused by persistent bacteria are hampering the successful treatment of infections. In this context, new anti-infectious strategies against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and persistent bacteria, as well as the rescue of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds (drug repurposing), are being explored. Among the highlighted new anti-infectious strategies, in this review, we focus on antimicrobial peptides, anti-virulence compounds, phage therapy, and new molecules. As drugs that are being repurposed, we highlight anti-inflammatory compounds, anti-psychotics, anti-helminthics, anti-cancerous drugs, and statins.
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72
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Yamasaki R, Song S, Benedik MJ, Wood TK. Persister Cells Resuscitate Using Membrane Sensors that Activate Chemotaxis, Lower cAMP Levels, and Revive Ribosomes. iScience 2020; 23:100792. [PMID: 31926430 PMCID: PMC6957856 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence, the stress-tolerant state, is arguably the most vital phenotype since nearly all cells experience nutrient stress, which causes a sub-population to become dormant. However, how persister cells wake to reconstitute infections is not understood well. Here, using single-cell observations, we determined that Escherichia coli persister cells resuscitate primarily when presented with specific carbon sources, rather than spontaneously. In addition, we found that the mechanism of persister cell waking is through sensing nutrients by chemotaxis and phosphotransferase membrane proteins. Furthermore, nutrient transport reduces the level of secondary messenger cAMP through enzyme IIA; this reduction in cAMP levels leads to ribosome resuscitation and rescue. Resuscitating cells also immediately commence chemotaxis toward nutrients, although flagellar motion is not required for waking. Hence, persister cells wake by perceiving nutrients via membrane receptors that relay the signal to ribosomes via the secondary messenger cAMP, and persisters wake and utilize chemotaxis to acquire nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yamasaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA
| | - Sooyeon Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA
| | - Michael J Benedik
- Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Thomas K Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA; The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4400, USA.
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73
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Savijoki K, Miettinen I, Nyman TA, Kortesoja M, Hanski L, Varmanen P, Fallarero A. Growth Mode and Physiological State of Cells Prior to Biofilm Formation Affect Immune Evasion and Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E106. [PMID: 31940921 PMCID: PMC7023439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 surfaceomes (cell surface proteins) during prolonged growth by subjecting planktonic and biofilm cultures (initiated from exponential or stationary cells) to label-free quantitative surfaceomics and phenotypic confirmations. The abundance of adhesion, autolytic, hemolytic, and lipolytic proteins decreased over time in both growth modes, while an opposite trend was detected for many tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, Fe-S repair, and peptidolytic moonlighters. In planktonic cells, these changes were accompanied by decreasing and increasing adherence to hydrophobic surface and fibronectin, respectively. Specific RNA/DNA binding (cold-shock protein CspD and ribosomal proteins) and the immune evasion (SpA, ClfA, and IsaB) proteins were notably more abundant on fully mature biofilms initiated with stationary-phase cells (SDBF) compared to biofilms derived from exponential cells (EDBF) or equivalent planktonic cells. The fully matured SDBF cells demonstrated higher viability in THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells compared to the EDBF cells. Peptidoglycan strengthening, specific urea-cycle, and detoxification enzymes were more abundant on planktonic than biofilm cells, indicating the activation of growth-mode specific pathways during prolonged cultivation. Thus, we show that S. aureus shapes its surfaceome in a growth mode-dependent manner to reach high levofloxacin tolerance (>200-times the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration). This study also demonstrates that the phenotypic state of the cells prior to biofilm formation affects the immune-evasion and persistence-related traits of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Savijoki
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery (PharmDD) Group, Pharmaceutical Biology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.M.); (M.K.); (L.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Ilkka Miettinen
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery (PharmDD) Group, Pharmaceutical Biology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.M.); (M.K.); (L.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Tuula A. Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; or
| | - Maarit Kortesoja
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery (PharmDD) Group, Pharmaceutical Biology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.M.); (M.K.); (L.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Leena Hanski
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery (PharmDD) Group, Pharmaceutical Biology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.M.); (M.K.); (L.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery (PharmDD) Group, Pharmaceutical Biology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.M.); (M.K.); (L.H.); (A.F.)
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74
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Konreddy AK, Rani GU, Lee K, Choi Y. Recent Drug-Repurposing-Driven Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antibiotics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5363-5388. [PMID: 29984648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a safe and successful pathway to speed up the novel drug discovery and development processes compared with de novo drug discovery approaches. Drug repurposing uses FDA-approved drugs and drugs that failed in clinical trials, which have detailed information on potential toxicity, formulation, and pharmacology. Technical advancements in the informatics, genomics, and biological sciences account for the major success of drug repurposing in identifying secondary indications of existing drugs. Drug repurposing is playing a vital role in filling the gap in the discovery of potential antibiotics. Bacterial infections emerged as an ever-increasing global public health threat by dint of multidrug resistance to existing drugs. This raises the urgent need of development of new antibiotics that can effectively fight multidrug-resistant bacterial infections (MDRBIs). The present review describes the key role of drug repurposing in the development of antibiotics during 2016-2017 and of the details of recently FDA-approved antibiotics, pipeline antibiotics, and antibacterial properties of various FDA-approved drugs of anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-hyperlipidemia, antiinflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, genetic disorder, immune modulator, etc. Further, in view of combination therapies with the existing antibiotics, their potential for new implications for MDRBIs is discussed. The current review may provide essential data for the development of quick, safe, effective, and novel antibiotics for current needs and suggest acuity in its effective implications for inhibiting MDRBIs by repurposing existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Kumar Konreddy
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136- 713, South Korea
| | - Grandhe Usha Rani
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, South Korea
| | - Yongseok Choi
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136- 713, South Korea
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75
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Huigens RW, Abouelhassan Y, Yang H. Phenazine Antibiotic-Inspired Discovery of Bacterial Biofilm-Eradicating Agents. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2885-2902. [PMID: 30811834 PMCID: PMC7325843 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities of slow-growing and non-replicating persister cells that demonstrate high levels of antibiotic tolerance. Biofilms occur in nearly 80 % of infections and present unique challenges to our current arsenal of antibiotic therapies, all of which were initially discovered for their abilities to target rapidly dividing, free-floating planktonic bacteria. Bacterial biofilms are credited as the underlying cause of chronic and recurring bacterial infections. Innovative approaches are required to identify new small molecules that operate through bacterial growth-independent mechanisms to effectively eradicate biofilms. One source of inspiration comes from within the lungs of young cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, who often endure persistent Staphylococcus aureus infections. As these CF patients age, Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infects the lungs and utilizes phenazine antibiotics to eradicate the established S. aureus infection. Our group has taken a special interest in this microbial competition strategy and we are investigating the potential of phenazine antibiotic-inspired compounds and synthetic analogues thereof to eradicate persistent bacterial biofilms. To discover new biofilm-eradicating agents, we have established an interdisciplinary research program involving synthetic medicinal chemistry, microbiology and molecular biology. From these efforts, we have identified a series of halogenated phenazines (HPs) that potently eradicate bacterial biofilms, and future work aims to translate these preliminary findings into ground-breaking clinical advances for the treatment of persistent biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Center for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Center for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hongfen Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Center for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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76
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Verderosa AD, Totsika M, Fairfull-Smith KE. Bacterial Biofilm Eradication Agents: A Current Review. Front Chem 2019; 7:824. [PMID: 31850313 PMCID: PMC6893625 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most free-living bacteria can attach to surfaces and aggregate to grow into multicellular communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances called biofilms. Biofilms are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy and a major cause of persistent and recurrent infections by clinically important pathogens worldwide (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). Currently, most biofilm remediation strategies involve the development of biofilm-inhibition agents, aimed at preventing the early stages of biofilm formation, or biofilm-dispersal agents, aimed at disrupting the biofilm cell community. While both strategies offer some clinical promise, neither represents a direct treatment and eradication strategy for established biofilms. Consequently, the discovery and development of biofilm eradication agents as comprehensive, stand-alone biofilm treatment options has become a fundamental area of research. Here we review our current understanding of biofilm antibiotic tolerance mechanisms and provide an overview of biofilm remediation strategies, focusing primarily on the most promising biofilm eradication agents and approaches. Many of these offer exciting prospects for the future of biofilm therapeutics for a large number of infections that are currently refractory to conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Verderosa
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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77
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Human pleural fluid triggers global changes in the transcriptional landscape of Acinetobacter baumannii as an adaptive response to stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17251. [PMID: 31754169 PMCID: PMC6872806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a feared, drug-resistant pathogen, characterized by its ability to resist extreme environmental and nutrient-deprived conditions. Previously, we showed that human serum albumin (HSA) can increase foreign DNA acquisition specifically and alter the expression of genes associated with pathogenicity. Moreover, in a recent genome-wide transcriptomic study, we observed that pleural fluid (PF), an HSA-containing fluid, increases DNA acquisition, can modulate cytotoxicity, and control immune responses by eliciting changes in the A. baumannii metabolic profile. In the present work, using more stringent criteria and focusing on the analysis of genes related to pathogenicity and response to stress, we analyzed our previous RNA-seq data and performed phenotypic assays to further explore the impact of PF on A. baumannii's microbial behavior and the strategies used to overcome environmental stress. We observed that PF triggered differential expression of genes associated with motility, efflux pumps, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, two-component systems (TCSs), capsule synthesis, osmotic stress, and DNA-damage response, among other categories. Phenotypic assays of A. baumannii A118 and two other clinical A. baumannii strains, revealed differences in their responses to PF in motility, biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility, osmotic stress, and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) production, suggesting that these changes are strain specific. We conclude that A. baumannii's pathoadaptive responses is induced by HSA-containing fluids and must be part of this bacterium armamentarium to persist in hostile environments.
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78
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Behera S, Pattnaik S. Persister cell development among Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Mycobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae biotypes: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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79
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Zhang W, Yamasaki R, Song S, Wood T. Interkingdom signal indole inhibits
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
persister cell waking. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1768-1775. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - R. Yamasaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - S. Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - T.K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
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80
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Bacterial Heterogeneity and Antibiotic Survival: Understanding and Combatting Persistence and Heteroresistance. Mol Cell 2019; 76:255-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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81
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Domalaon R, Ammeter D, Brizuela M, Gorityala BK, Zhanel GG, Schweizer F. Repurposed Antimicrobial Combination Therapy: Tobramycin-Ciprofloxacin Hybrid Augments Activity of the Anticancer Drug Mitomycin C Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1556. [PMID: 31354660 PMCID: PMC6636613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of therapeutic options to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria, is apparent. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new strategies to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Repurposing non-antibiotic commercial drugs for antimicrobial therapy presents a viable option. We screened six anticancer drugs for their potential use in antimicrobial therapy. Here, we provide in vitro evidence that suggests feasibility to repurpose the anticancer drug mitomycin C against MDR Gram-negative bacteria. We also demonstrated that mitomycin C, etoposide and doxorubicin were affected by drug efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In combination with a tobramycin-ciprofloxacin antibiotic hybrid (TOB-CIP), the antibacterial activity of mitomycin C was enhanced against MDR clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae. In fact, 4 μg/mL (3 μM) TOB-CIP reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of mitomycin C to ≤1 μg/mL against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, except A. baumannii. We showed that synergy was inherent to TOB-CIP and that neither tobramycin nor ciprofloxacin individually synergized with mitomycin C. Our finding supports identifying adjuvant partners for mitomycin C, such as TOB-CIP, to enhance suitability for antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Domalaon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Derek Ammeter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marc Brizuela
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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82
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Song S, Gong T, Yamasaki R, Kim J, Wood TK. Identification of a potent indigoid persister antimicrobial by screening dormant cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2263-2274. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Song
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania
| | - Jun‐Seob Kim
- Infectious Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon South Korea
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania
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83
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Current Status of In Vitro Models and Assays for Susceptibility Testing for Wound Biofilm Infections. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020034. [PMID: 31052271 PMCID: PMC6630351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm infections have gained recognition as an important therapeutic challenge in the last several decades due to their relationship with the chronicity of infectious diseases. Studies of novel therapeutic treatments targeting infections require the development and use of models to mimic the formation and characteristics of biofilms within host tissues. Due to the diversity of reported in vitro models and lack of consensus, this review aims to provide a summary of in vitro models currently used in research. In particular, we review the various reported in vitro models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms due to its high clinical impact in chronic wounds and in other chronic infections. We assess advances in in vitro models that incorporate relevant multispecies biofilms found in infected wounds, such as P. aeruginosa with Staphylococcus aureus, and additional elements such as mammalian cells, simulating fluids, and tissue explants in an attempt to better represent the physiological conditions found at an infection site. It is hoped this review will aid researchers in the field to make appropriate choices in their proposed studies with regards to in vitro models and methods.
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84
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Foong WE, Tam HK, Crames JJ, Averhoff B, Pos KM. The chloramphenicol/H+ antiporter CraA of Acinetobacter baumannii AYE reveals a broad substrate specificity. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:1192-1201. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wuen Ee Foong
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe‐University Frankfurt, Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heng-Keat Tam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe‐University Frankfurt, Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan J Crames
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe‐University Frankfurt, Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Beate Averhoff
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaas M Pos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe‐University Frankfurt, Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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85
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The susceptibility of Candida albicans strains to selected anticancer drugs and flucytosine, relevance of the presence of self-splicing intron in 25S rDNA. J Mycol Med 2018; 29:39-43. [PMID: 30545669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of intron 25S allows to divide the Candida albicans species into three subclasses (A, B, C). Intronless and intron harboring strains were reported to have different susceptibility to some drugs, for example to flucytosine and bleomycin. OBJECTIVES In this paper we tested the activity of selected antineoplastic agents, bleomycin, mitomycin C, dactinomycin and fluorouracil as well as antifungal drug flucytosine against 49 C. albicans isolates. Twenty-four strains used in this work contained intron, whereas twenty-five were intronless. METHODS The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by the standard microdilution method according to EUCAST. RESULTS All of the tested agents showed antifungal activity. Bleomycin was the strongest with an average minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 15.5mg/L (range: 2-32), while the highest MIC was found for dactinomycin: 172.14mg/L (range: 128-256). Intron harboring strains seem to be more susceptible to bleomycin and flucytosine; however, differences were not statistically significant. The only two strains with elevated MICs for flucytosine were intronless. In contrast, the MIC of 5-fluorouracil was more than two times lower in intron harbouring strains comparing to intronless strains (P-value=0.0124). We found that the addition of folinate significantly increased the susceptibility of intronless strains to fluorouracil. MIC of fluorouracil decreased in this group from 58.24 (range: 16-256) to 16,78mg/L (2-64) after the supplementation of folinate. CONCLUSION The antifungal potential of tested substances, especially the simultaneous action of fluorouracil and folinate (combination used in oncology), is encouraging further research.
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86
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Yuan M, Chua SL, Liu Y, Drautz-Moses DI, Yam JKH, Aung TT, Beuerman RW, Salido MMS, Schuster SC, Tan CH, Givskov M, Yang L, Nielsen TE. Repurposing the anticancer drug cisplatin with the aim of developing novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection control agents. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:3059-3069. [PMID: 30591828 PMCID: PMC6296412 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance threatens effective treatment of microbial infections globally. This situation has spurred the hunt for new antimicrobial compounds in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we report how the widely used antitumor drug cisplatin may be repurposed as an effective antimicrobial against the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cisplatin was found to effectively kill strains of P. aeruginosa. In such experiments, transcriptomic profiling showed upregulation of the recA gene, which is known to be important for DNA repair, implicating that cisplatin could interfere with DNA replication in P. aeruginosa. Cisplatin treatment significantly repressed the type III secretion system (T3SS), which is important for the secretion of exotoxins. Furthermore, cisplatin was also demonstrated to eradicate in vitro biofilms and in vivo biofilms in a murine keratitis model. This showed that cisplatin could be effectively used to eradicate biofilm infections which were otherwise difficult to be treated by conventional antibiotics. Although cisplatin is highly toxic for humans upon systemic exposure, a low toxicity was demonstrated with topical treatment. This indicated that higher-than-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) doses of cisplatin could be topically applied to treat persistent and recalcitrant P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Yuan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Yang Liu
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Daniela I Drautz-Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Joey Kuok Hoong Yam
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169879
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169879.,SRP Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS, Singapore 169857.,Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 168751
| | | | - Stephan C Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Michael Givskov
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København N, Denmark
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Thomas E Nielsen
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København N, Denmark
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87
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Matilla MA. Shedding light into the mechanisms of formation and resuscitation of persistent bacterial cells. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3129-3131. [PMID: 30051562 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Matilla
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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88
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Wang M, Fang K, Hong SMC, Kim I, Jang IS, Hong SH. Medium chain unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters inhibit persister formation of Escherichia coli via antitoxin HipB. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8511-8524. [PMID: 30088019 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Persisters represent a small bacterial population that is dormant and that survives under antibiotic treatment without experiencing genetic adaptation. Persisters are also considered one of the major reasons for recalcitrant chronic bacterial infections. Although several mechanisms of persister formation have been proposed, it is not clear how cells enter the dormant state in the presence of antibiotics or how persister cell formation can be effectively controlled. A fatty acid compound, cis-2-decenoic acid, was reported to decrease persister formation as well as revert the dormant cells to a metabolically active state. We reasoned that some fatty acid compounds may be effective in controlling bacterial persistence because they are known to benefit host immune systems. This study investigated persister cell formation by pathogens that were exposed to nine fatty acid compounds during antibiotic treatment. We found that three medium chain unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters (ethyl trans-2-decenoate, ethyl trans-2-octenoate, and ethyl cis-4-decenoate) decreased the level of Escherichia coli persister formation up to 110-fold when cells were exposed to ciprofloxacin or ampicillin antibiotics. RNA sequencing analysis and gene deletion persister studies elucidated that these fatty acids inhibit bacterial persistence by regulating antitoxin HipB. A similar persister cell reduction was observed for pathogenic E. coli EDL933, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Serratia marcescens ICU2-4 strains. This study demonstrates that fatty acid ethyl esters can be used to disrupt bacterial dormancy to combat persistent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Kuili Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Sung Min Choi Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Inwha Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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89
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Mechanisms of Bacterial Tolerance and Persistence in the Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Environments. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:31/4/e00023-18. [PMID: 30068737 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that infect the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are subjected to intense pressure due to the environmental conditions of the surroundings. This pressure has led to the development of mechanisms of bacterial tolerance or persistence which enable microorganisms to survive in these locations. In this review, we analyze the general stress response (RpoS mediated), reactive oxygen species (ROS) tolerance, energy metabolism, drug efflux pumps, SOS response, quorum sensing (QS) bacterial communication, (p)ppGpp signaling, and toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems of pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Helicobacter spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp., and Clostridium difficile, all of which inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. The following respiratory tract pathogens are also considered: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating the bacterial tolerance and persistence phenotypes is essential in the fight against multiresistant pathogens, as it will enable the identification of new targets for developing innovative anti-infective treatments.
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90
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Phenotypic Variation during Biofilm Formation: Implications for Anti-Biofilm Therapeutic Design. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071086. [PMID: 29949876 PMCID: PMC6073711 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various bacterial species cycle between growth phases and biofilm formation, of which the latter facilitates persistence in inhospitable environments. These phases can be generally characterized by one or more cellular phenotype(s), each with distinct virulence factor functionality. In addition, a variety of phenotypes can often be observed within the phases themselves, which can be dependent on host conditions or the presence of nutrient and oxygen gradients within the biofilm itself (i.e., microenvironments). Currently, most anti-biofilm strategies have targeted a single phenotype; this approach has driven effective, yet incomplete, protection due to the lack of consideration of gene expression dynamics throughout the bacteria’s pathogenesis. As such, this article provides an overview of the distinct phenotypes found within each biofilm development phase and demonstrates the unique anti-biofilm solutions each phase offers. However, we conclude that a combinatorial approach must be taken to provide complete protection against biofilm forming bacterial and their resulting diseases.
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91
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Fighting bacterial persistence: Current and emerging anti-persister strategies and therapeutics. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 38:12-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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92
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Garrison AT, Abouelhassan Y, Kallifidas D, Tan H, Kim YS, Jin S, Luesch H, Huigens RW. An Efficient Buchwald-Hartwig/Reductive Cyclization for the Scaffold Diversification of Halogenated Phenazines: Potent Antibacterial Targeting, Biofilm Eradication, and Prodrug Exploration. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3962-3983. [PMID: 29638121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities comprised of nonreplicating persister cells housed within a protective extracellular matrix. Biofilms display tolerance toward conventional antibiotics, occur in ∼80% of infections, and lead to >500000 deaths annually. We recently identified halogenated phenazine (HP) analogues which demonstrate biofilm-eradicating activities against priority pathogens; however, the synthesis of phenazines presents limitations. Herein, we report a refined HP synthesis which expedited the identification of improved biofilm-eradicating agents. 1-Methoxyphenazine scaffolds were generated through a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling (70% average yield) and subsequent reductive cyclization (68% average yield), expediting the discovery of potent biofilm-eradicating HPs (e.g., 61: MRSA BAA-1707 MBEC = 4.69 μM). We also developed bacterial-selective prodrugs (reductively activated quinone-alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl moiety) to afford HP 87, which demonstrated excellent antibacterial and biofilm eradication activities against MRSA BAA-1707 (MIC = 0.15 μM, MBEC = 12.5 μM). Furthermore, active HPs herein exhibit negligible cytotoxic or hemolytic effects, highlighting their potential to target biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Garrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Dimitris Kallifidas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Young S Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
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93
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Kim W, Hendricks GL, Tori K, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E. Strategies against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus persisters. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:779-794. [PMID: 29569952 PMCID: PMC6077763 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Staphylococcus aureus infections are complicated by frequent relapses not only from the development of drug resistance to conventional antibiotics, but also through the formation of persister bacterial cells. Bacterial persisters are in a transient, metabolically inactive state, making conventional antibiotics that target essential cellular growth processes ineffective, resulting in high clinical failure rates of antibiotic chemotherapy. The development of new antibiotics against persistent S. aureus is an urgent issue. Over the last decade, new strategies to identify S. aureus persister-active compounds have been proposed. This review summarizes the proposed targets, antipersister compounds and innovative methods that may augment conventional antibiotics against S. aureus persisters. The reviewed antipersister strategies can be summarized as two broad categories; directly targeting growth-independent targets and potentiating existing, ineffective antibiotics by aiding uptake or accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Gabriel L Hendricks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Katerina Tori
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Beth B Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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94
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Kim JS, Yamasaki R, Song S, Zhang W, Wood TK. Single cell observations show persister cells wake based on ribosome content. Environ Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29528544 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since persister cells survive antibiotic treatments through dormancy and resuscitate to reconstitute infections, it is imperative to determine the rate at which these cells revive. Using two sets of Escherichia coli persister cells, those arising after antibiotic treatment at low levels and those generated at high levels by ceasing transcription via rifampicin pretreatment (shown to be bona fide persisters through eight sets of experiments), we used microscopy of single cells to determine that the resuscitation of dormant persisters is heterogeneous and includes cells that grow immediately. In all, five phenotypes were found during the observation of persister cells when fresh nutrients were added: (i) immediate division, (ii) immediate elongation followed by division, (iii) immediate elongation but no division, (iv) delayed elongation/division and (v) no growth. In addition, once cell division begins, the growth rate is that of exponential cells. Critically, the greater the ribosome content, the faster the persister cells resuscitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seob Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Sooyeon Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Thomas K Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
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95
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Aziridine Derivatives of Urea and Thiourea. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010045. [PMID: 29295572 PMCID: PMC5943925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we report the synthesis and evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activities of aziridine-thiourea derivatives. A series of aziridines in reaction with isocyanates and isothiocyanates to obtain urea and thiourea derivatives were used. The structures of all new products were confirmed based on spectroscopic data (¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS). These compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains of bacteria. Six of the tested compounds appeared to be promising agents against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Subsequently, compounds exhibiting promising antibacterial activity were tested against twelve clinical isolates of S. aureus from three different sources of infection. The most bactericidal compounds (MIC = 16-32 µg/mL) showed better antibacterial activity against MRSA than ampicillin and streptomycin. The in vitro cytotoxicity analysis on L929 murine fibroblast and HeLa human tumor cell line using the MTT assay allowed us to select the least toxic compounds for future investigation.
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96
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Grassi L, Di Luca M, Maisetta G, Rinaldi AC, Esin S, Trampuz A, Batoni G. Generation of Persister Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by Chemical Treatment and Evaluation of Their Susceptibility to Membrane-Targeting Agents. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1917. [PMID: 29046671 PMCID: PMC5632672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persister cells (PCs) are a subset of dormant, phenotypic variants of regular bacteria, highly tolerant to antibiotics. Generation of PCs in vivo may account for the recalcitrance of most chronic infections to antimicrobial treatment and demands for the identification of new antimicrobial agents able to target such cells. The present study explored the possibility to obtain in vitro PCs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at high efficiency through chemical treatment, and to test their susceptibility to structurally different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and two clinically used peptide-based antibiotics, colistin and daptomycin. The main mechanism of action of these molecules (i.e., membrane-perturbing activity) renders them potential candidates to act against dormant cells. Exposure of stationary-phase cultures to optimized concentrations of the uncoupling agent cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was able to generate at high efficiency PCs exhibiting an antibiotic-tolerant phenotype toward different classes of antibiotics. The metabolic profile of CCCP-treated bacteria was investigated by monitoring bacterial heat production through isothermal microcalorimetry and by evaluating oxidoreductase activity by flow cytometry. CCCP-pretreated bacteria of both bacterial species underwent a substantial decrease in heat production and oxidoreductase activity, as compared to the untreated controls. After CCCP removal, induced persisters showed a delay in heat production that correlated with a lag phase before resumption of normal growth. The metabolic reactivation of bacteria coincided with their reversion to an antibiotic-sensitive phenotype. Interestingly, PCs generated by CCCP treatment resulted highly sensitive to three different membrane-targeting AMPs at levels comparable to those of CCCP-untreated bacteria. Colistin was also highly active against PCs of P. aeruginosa, while daptomycin killed PCs of S. aureus only at concentrations 32 to 64-fold higher than those of the tested AMPs. In conclusion, CCCP treatment was demonstrated to be a suitable method to generate in vitro PCs of medically important bacterial species at high efficiency. Importantly, unlike conventional antibiotics, structurally different AMPs were able to eradicate PCs suggesting that such molecules might represent valid templates for the development of new antimicrobials active against persisters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Grassi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Di Luca
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburger Centrum für Regenerative Therapien, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giuseppantonio Maisetta
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea C Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Semih Esin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrej Trampuz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanna Batoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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97
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Identification of 1-((2,4-Dichlorophenethyl)Amino)-3-Phenoxypropan-2-ol, a Novel Antibacterial Compound Active against Persisters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017. [PMID: 28630188 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00836-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics typically fail to completely eradicate a bacterial population, leaving a small fraction of transiently antibiotic-tolerant persister cells intact. Persisters are therefore seen to be a major cause of treatment failure and greatly contribute to the recalcitrant nature of chronic infections. The current study focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative pathogen belonging to the notorious ESKAPE group of pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and, due to increasing resistance against most conventional antibiotics, posing a serious threat to human health. Greatly contributing to the difficult treatment of P. aeruginosa infections is the presence of persister cells, and elimination of these cells would therefore significantly improve patient outcomes. In this study, a small-molecule library was screened for compounds that, in combination with the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ofloxacin, reduced the number of P. aeruginosa persisters compared to the number achieved with treatment with the antibiotic alone. Based on the early structure-activity relationship, 1-((2,4-dichlorophenethyl)amino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol (SPI009) was selected for further characterization. Combination of SPI009 with mechanistically distinct classes of antibiotics reduced the number of persisters up to 106-fold in both lab strains and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa Further characterization of the compound revealed a direct and efficient killing of persister cells. SPI009 caused no erythrocyte damage and demonstrated minor cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we identified a novel antipersister compound active against P. aeruginosa with promising applications for the design of novel, case-specific combination therapies in the fight against chronic infections.
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98
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Megaw J, Gilmore BF. Archaeal Persisters: Persister Cell Formation as a Stress Response in Haloferax volcanii. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1589. [PMID: 28871247 PMCID: PMC5566976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persister cells are phenotypic variants within a microbial population, which are dormant and transiently tolerant to stress. Persistence has been studied extensively in bacteria, and in eukaryotes to a limited extent, however, it has never been observed in archaea. Using the model haloarchaeon, Haloferax volcanii DS2, we demonstrated persister cell formation in this domain, with time-kill curves exhibiting a characteristic biphasic pattern following starvation or exposure to lethal concentrations of various biocidal compounds. Repeated challenges of surviving cells showed that, as with bacteria, persister formation in H. volcanii was not heritable. Additionally, as previously shown with bacteria, persister formation in H. volcanii was suppressed by exogenous indole. The addition of spent culture media to assays conducted on planktonic cells showed that H. volcanii-conditioned media stimulated persistence, whereas conditioned media of other haloarchaea or halophilic bacteria did not, suggesting the involvement of a species-specific signal. Using a TLC overlay assay, the quorum sensing bioreporter Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC BAA-2240 detected the presence of C4 and C6 acyl homoserine lactone-like signal molecules in a H. volcanii culture extract. While synthetic bacterial AHLs did not induce persistence, this is potentially due to structural differences between bacterial and archaeal signals, and does not discount a quorum sensing component in haloarchaeal persister formation. The observation of persister cell formation by this haloarchaeon may provide some insights into the survival of these organisms in stressful or dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Megaw
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, United Kingdom
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99
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Shidore T, Triplett LR. Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Implications for Plant Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:161-179. [PMID: 28525308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are gene modules that are ubiquitous in free-living prokaryotes. Diverse in structure, cellular function, and fitness roles, TA systems are defined by the presence of a toxin gene that suppresses bacterial growth and a toxin-neutralizing antitoxin gene, usually encoded in a single operon. Originally viewed as DNA maintenance modules, TA systems are now thought to function in many roles, including bacterial stress tolerance, virulence, phage defense, and biofilm formation. However, very few studies have investigated the significance of TA systems in the context of plant-microbe interactions. This review discusses the potential impact and application of TA systems in plant-associated bacteria, guided by insights gained from animal-pathogenic model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shidore
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511:
| | - L R Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511:
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100
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Plakunov VK, Mart’yanov SV, Teteneva NA, Zhurina MV. Controlling of microbial biofilms formation: Anti- and probiofilm agents. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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