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Talley NJ, Koloski N, Jones MP. Editorial: challenging established perceptions of brain-gut interactions in functional gastrointestinal disorders - brain-gut, gut-brain, or both? Authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:900-1. [PMID: 27634229 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Talley
- Faculty of Health & Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - N Koloski
- Faculty of Health & Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - M P Jones
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Di Pilato V, Freschi G, Ringressi MN, Pallecchi L, Rossolini GM, Bechi P. The esophageal microbiota in health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1381:21-33. [PMID: 27415419 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The esophageal mucosa is among the sites colonized by human microbiota, the complex microbial ecosystem that colonizes various body surfaces and is increasingly recognized to play roles in several physiological and pathological processes. Our understanding of the composition of the esophageal microbiota in health and disease is challenged by the need for invasive sampling procedures and by the dynamic nature of the esophageal environment and remains limited in comparison with the information available for other body sites. Members of the genus Streptococcus appear to be the major components of the microbiota of the healthy esophagus, although the presence of several other taxa has also been reported. Dysbiosis, consisting of enrichment in some Gram-negative taxa (including Veillonella, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Campylobacter, and Fusobacterium), has been reported in association with gastroesophageal reflux disease and is hypothesized to contribute to the evolution of this condition toward Barrett's esophagus (which is the most common esophageal precancerous lesion) and, eventually, adenocarcinoma. Some Campylobacter species (mostly C. concisus) are also putatively involved in the progression of disease toward adenocarcinoma. However, variable findings have recently been reported in additional studies. Causative relationships between dysbiosis or specific bacterial species and esophageal diseases remain controversial and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Pilato
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Freschi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Pallecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Shanahan ER, Zhong L, Talley NJ, Morrison M, Holtmann G. Characterisation of the gastrointestinal mucosa-associated microbiota: a novel technique to prevent cross-contamination during endoscopic procedures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43:1186-96. [PMID: 27086880 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucosa-associated microbiota appears to be highly relevant to host-microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Thus, precise characterisation of the mucosa-associated microbiota may provide important insights for diagnostic and therapeutic development. However, for technical reasons, mucosal biopsies taken during standard endoscopic procedures are potentially contaminated by GI luminal contents. AIM To develop and validate a biopsy device that minimises contamination during sampling of the mucosa-associated microbiota. METHODS A new, encased biopsy forceps was developed, the Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device (BABD). This comprises sterile forceps encased by a sheath with a plug at the tip, allowing targeted, aseptic sampling of the mucosa. Matched duodenal biopsies were obtained using the BABD, standard biopsy forceps, and a sterile brush, from patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy for iron deficiency (n = 6). Total genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) was extracted from samples and bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries sequenced to investigate the mucosa-associated microbiota. RESULTS Microbial DNA was recovered from biopsies obtained by the BABD, confirming the presence of a duodenal mucosa-associated microbiota. This microbiota was dominated by the genus Streptococcus, with lower levels of Prevotella, Veillonella and Neisseria. At the individual patient level, substantial differences were observed between matched samples obtained using the different devices. A greater degree of bacterial diversity was observed in samples collected using the standard forceps, indicating the BABD affords collection of samples more representative of the mucosa-associated microbiota, by precluding luminal cross-contamination. CONCLUSIONS Cross-contamination can occur when mucosal biopsies are taken during standard endoscopic procedures. Utilising the novel Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device can reduce cross-contamination, and it offers improved opportunities to more precisely examine host-mucosa-associated microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Shanahan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Microbial Biology and Metagenomics, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - L Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - N J Talley
- Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M Morrison
- Microbial Biology and Metagenomics, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - G Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia: new insights into pathogenesis and therapy. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31:444-56. [PMID: 27048251 PMCID: PMC4855108 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One in 10 people suffer from functional dyspepsia (FD), a clinical syndrome comprising chronic bothersome early satiety, or postprandial fullness, or epigastric pain or burning. Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS, comprising early satiety and/or postprandial fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) are increasingly accepted as valid clinical entities, based on new insights into the pathophysiology and the results of clinical trials. Diagnosis is based on the clinical history, and exclusion of peptic ulcer and cancer by endoscopy. Evidence is accumulating FD and gastroesophageal ref lux disease are part of the same disease spectrum in a major subset. The causes of FD remain to be established, but accumulating data suggest infections and possibly food may play an important role in subsets. FD does not equate with no pathology; duodenal eosinophilia is now an accepted association, and Helicobacter pylori infection is considered to be causally linked to dyspepsia although only a minority will respond to eradication. In those with EPS, acid suppression therapy is a first line therapy; consider a H2 blocker even if proton pump inhibitor fails. In PDS, a prokinetic is preferred. Second line therapy includes administration of a tricyclic antidepressant in low doses, or mirtazapine, but not a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Talley
- Correspondence to Nicholas J. Talley, M.D. Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Newcastle Australia Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI Building Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, University Drive, Callaghan 2308, Australia Tel: +61-2-49215855 Fax: +61-2-40420034 E-mail:
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Carbon Fixation Driven by Molecular Hydrogen Results in Chemolithoautotrophically Enhanced Growth of Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1423-8. [PMID: 26929299 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00041-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A molecular hydrogen (H2)-stimulated, chemolithoautotrophic growth mode for the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is reported. In a culture medium containing peptides and amino acids, H2-supplied cells consistently achieved 40 to 60% greater growth yield in 16 h and accumulated 3-fold more carbon from [(14)C]bicarbonate (on a per cell basis) in a 10-h period than cells without H2 Global proteomic comparisons of cells supplied with different atmospheric conditions revealed that addition of H2 led to increased amounts of hydrogenase and the biotin carboxylase subunit of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (ACC), as well as other proteins involved in various cellular functions, including amino acid metabolism, heme synthesis, or protein degradation. In agreement with this result, H2-supplied cells contained 3-fold more ACC activity than cells without H2 Other possible carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation enzymes were not up-expressed under the H2-containing atmosphere. As the gastric mucus is limited in carbon and energy sources and the bacterium lacks mucinase, this new growth mode may contribute to the persistence of the pathogen in vivo This is the first time that chemolithoautotrophic growth is described for a pathogen. IMPORTANCE Many pathogens must survive within host areas that are poorly supplied with carbon and energy sources, and the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori resides almost exclusively in the nutritionally stringent mucus barrier of its host. Although this bacterium is already known to be highly adaptable to gastric niches, a new aspect of its metabolic flexibility, whereby molecular hydrogen use (energy) is coupled to carbon dioxide fixation (carbon acquisition) via a described carbon fixation enzyme, is shown here. This growth mode, which supplements heterotrophy, is termed chemolithoautotrophy and has not been previously reported for a pathogen.
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Probiotic supplementation does not improve eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection compared to placebo based on standard therapy: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23522. [PMID: 26997149 PMCID: PMC4800733 DOI: 10.1038/srep23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis included eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with the aim of determining whether probiotic supplementation can improve H. pylori eradication rates. PUBMED, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Ovid databases were searched. We included RCTs that investigated the effect of combining probiotics, with or without a placebo, with standard therapy. A total of 21 RCTs that reported standard therapy plus probiotics were included. Compared to the placebo group, the probiotics group was 1.21(OR 1.21, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.69) and 1.28 (OR 1.28, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.86) times more likely to achieve eradication of H. pylori infection in intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis and per protocol (PP) analysis, respectively. Probiotics with triple therapy plus a 14-day course of treatment did not improve the eradication of H. pylori infection (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 0.87, 2.39) compared to the placebo. Moreover, the placebo plus standard therapy did not improve eradication rates compared to standard therapy alone (P = 0.816). However, probiotics did improve the adverse effects of diarrhea and nausea. These pooled data suggest that the use of probiotics plus standard therapy does not improve the eradication rate of H. pylori infection compared to the placebo.
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57
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The tumor microenvironment in esophageal cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:5337-5349. [PMID: 26923327 PMCID: PMC5003768 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a deadly disease, ranking sixth among all cancers in mortality. Despite incremental advances in diagnostics and therapeutics, esophageal cancer still carries a poor prognosis, and thus there remains a need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease. There is accumulating evidence that a comprehensive understanding of the molecular composition of esophageal cancer requires attention to not only tumor cells but also the tumor microenvironment, which contains diverse cell populations, signaling factors, and structural molecules that interact with tumor cells and support all stages of tumorigenesis. In esophageal cancer, environmental exposures can trigger chronic inflammation, which leads to constitutive activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways that promote survival and proliferation. Anti-tumor immunity is attenuated by cell populations such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), as well as immune checkpoints like programmed death-1 (PD-1). Other immune cells such as tumor-associated macrophages can have other pro-tumorigenic functions, including the induction of angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion. Cancer-associated fibroblasts secrete growth factors and alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) to create a tumor niche and enhance tumor cell migration and metastasis. Further study of how these TME components relate to the different stages of tumor progression in each esophageal cancer subtype will lead to development of novel and specific TME-targeting therapeutic strategies, which offer considerable potential especially in the setting of combination therapy.
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59
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Yari F, Abiri R, Aryan E, Ahmadi Jouybari T, Navabi J, Alvandi A. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification as a Fast Noninvasive Method of Helicobacter pylori Diagnosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 30:464-70. [PMID: 26351213 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection is etiologically associated with some important health problems such as gastric cancer. Because of the high clinical importance of H. pylori infection, development of a noninvasive test for the detection of H. pylori is desirable. METHODS In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) targeted ureC of H. pylori was evaluated on 100 stool specimens and compared with a stool antigen test. Culture and rapid urease test were considered as gold standards. RESULTS The overall detection rate of the fecal antigen test and LAMP was 58% and 82%, respectively. The analytical sensitivity of the fecal antigen test and LAMP was 500 and 10 H. pylori cells/g and 10 fg DNA/reaction, which is equal to six H. pylori genome. CONCLUSION LAMP technique has been characterized by high sensitivity and low detection limit for the detection of H. pylori in stool specimen. Clinical diagnostic performance of LAMP was better than the stool antigen test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Yari
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aryan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center & Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Touraj Ahmadi Jouybari
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jafar Navabi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhooshang Alvandi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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60
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Dore MP, Goni E, Di Mario F. Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:565-75. [PMID: 26314668 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of probiotics in Helicobacter pylori therapy remains unclear. Lactobacilli can be shown to inhibit H pylori in vitro. Some strains of Lactobacilli may exert specific antimicrobial effects. There is no strong evidence of a benefit on eradication rate when probiotics are added to a regimen. Despite promising results obtained using compounds of L reuteri and S boulardii, high-quality trials are needed to define the role of probiotics as adjuvant therapy. Variables that remain to be studied with L reuteri, currently the most promising strain, include dosage, frequency of administration, administration in relation to meals, and duration of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro n 8, Sassari 07100, Italy; Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elisabetta Goni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Francesco Di Mario
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, School of Medicine, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43125, Italy.
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Abstract
After the discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1983, the stomach was no longer considered a sterile environment. In 2015, evolving data shows that H. pylori is not the only inhabitant of the gastric mucosa. Using culture-independent methods of analysis, a non-H. pylori microbial community has been recently observed in the human stomach, the so-called human gastric microbiota, along with H. pylori itself. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that although H. pylori may be the most relevant, it is not the only local bacterial culprit leading to gastric diseases. Further studies are warranted to offer a better picture of the role and functions of gastric microbiota and to identify the best therapeutic modulators of gut microbiota for the management of gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ianiro
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Byzova NA, Zherdev AV, Sveshnikov PG, Sadykhov EG, Dzantiev BB. Development of an immunochromatographic test system for the detection of Helicobacter pylori antigens. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381505004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Virili C, Centanni M. Does microbiota composition affect thyroid homeostasis? Endocrine 2015; 49:583-7. [PMID: 25516464 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is essential for the host to ensure digestive and immunologic homeostasis. When microbiota homeostasis is impaired and dysbiosis occurs, the malfunction of epithelial barrier leads to intestinal and systemic disorders, chiefly immunologic and metabolic. The role of the intestinal tract is crucial in the metabolism of nutrients, drugs, and hormones, including exogenous and endogenous iodothyronines as well as micronutrients involved in thyroid homeostasis. However, the link between thyroid homeostasis and microbiota composition is not yet completely ascertained. A pathogenetic link with dysbiosis has been described in different autoimmune disorders but not yet fully elucidated in autoimmune thyroid disease which represents the most frequent of them. Anyway, it has been suggested that intestinal dysbiosis may trigger autoimmune thyroiditis. Furthermore, hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, often of autoimmune origin, were respectively associated to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and to changes in microbiota composition. Whether some steps of this thyroid network may be affected by intestinal microbiota composition is briefly discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Virili
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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64
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Nardone G, Compare D. The human gastric microbiota: Is it time to rethink the pathogenesis of stomach diseases? United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3:255-60. [PMID: 26137299 DOI: 10.1177/2050640614566846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although long thought to be a sterile organ, due to its acid production, the human stomach holds a core microbiome. AIM To provide an update of findings related to gastric microbiota and its link with gastric diseases. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature. RESULTS The development of culture-independent methods facilitated the identification of many bacteria. Five major phyla have been detected in the stomach: Firmicutes, Bacteroidites, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria. At the genera level, the healthy human stomach is dominated by Prevotella, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Rothia and Haemophilus; however, the composition of the gastric microbiota is dynamic and affected by such factors as diet, drugs and diseases. The interaction between the pre-existing gastric microbiota and Helicobacter pylori infection might influence an individual's risk of gastric disease, including gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS The maintenance of bacterial homeostasis could be essential for the stomach's health and highlights the chance for therapeutic interventions targeting the gastric microbiota, even if gastric pH, peristalsis and the mucus layer may prevent bacteria colonization; and the definition of gastric microbiota of the healthy stomach is still an ongoing challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Nardone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Compare
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Ling W, Li Y, Jiang W, Sui Y, Zhao HL. Common Mechanism of Pathogenesis in Gastrointestinal Diseases Implied by Consistent Efficacy of Single Chinese Medicine Formula: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1111. [PMID: 26166106 PMCID: PMC4504579 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders often manifest similar symptoms with overlapping clinical diagnosis and unmet medical needs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has history-proven benefits for GI diseases; albeit language barrier prevents Western readers from accessing the original reports in Chinese. The TCM formula Si-Ni-San (SNS) consists of 4 herbs targeting on homeostatic disturbances characterized by "reflux" and "irritable" problems. Here we used SNS as a therapeutic tool to explore the common mechanisms of pathogenesis in non-neoplastic GI diseases.Data sources from PUBMED, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases were searched for clinical trials. Comparisons were SNS as intervention and Western conventional medicine as control, which treat patients with upper GI disorders (gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, duodenogastric reflux), lower GI diseases (irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis), and functional dyspepsia. Participants and studies in accordance with the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement were eligible. We used the Jadad scale to assess methodological qualities, the fixed or random-effect model to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, and the funnel plots to explore publication bias. Outcome was clinical efficacy defined by symptom relief with normal GI endoscopy, radiology, and pathology.We included 83 studies involving 7762 participants: 1708 versus 1397 of the upper GI disorders in 34 studies, 901 versus 768 of the lower GI diseases in 19 studies, 1641 versus 1348 of functional dyspepsia in 30 studies, and 328 versus 287 of relapse rate in 8 studies. Six studies had a Jadad score >2 points and the rest were <2 points. Pooled data showed significant efficacy of SNS for the upper GI disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.09-4.92), lower GI diseases (OR = 4.91, 95% CI = 3.71-6.51), and functional dyspepsia (N = 2989; OR = 3.94, 95% CI = 3.17-4.90). The relapse rate was 12.9% for SNS, significantly <46.5% for conventional therapies (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.11-0.25).The consistent efficacy of the single TCM formula implicates common mechanisms of pathogenesis in GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling
- From the Center for Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin (WL, YL, WJ, YS, H-LZ); Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot (YL); Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin (WJ); and Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China (YS)
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Lahner E, Esposito G, Pilozzi E, Purchiaroni F, Corleto VD, Di Giulio E, Annibale B. Occurrence of gastric cancer and carcinoids in atrophic gastritis during prospective long-term follow up. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:856-65. [PMID: 25645880 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1010570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrophic gastritis (AG) is a risk condition for gastric cancer and type I gastric carcinoids. Recent studies assessing the overall risk of gastric cancer and carcinoids in AG at long-term follow up are lacking. This study aimed to investigate in a prospective cohort of AG patients the occurrence of gastric cancer and carcinoids at long-term follow up. METHODS A total of 200 AG patients from a prospective cohort (67% female, median age 55 years) with a follow up of 7.5 (range: 4-23.4) years were included. Inclusion criteria were presence of AG and at least one follow-up gastroscopy with biopsies at ≥4 years after AG diagnosis. Follow-up gastroscopies at 4-year intervals were performed. RESULTS Overall, 22 gastric neoplastic lesions were detected (crude incidence 11%). Gastric cancer was diagnosed in four patients at a median follow up of 7.2 years (crude incidence 2%). Eleven type I gastric carcinoids were detected at a median follow up of 5.1 years (crude incidence of 5.5%). In seven patients, six low-grade and one high-grade dysplasia were found. The annual incidence rate person-year were 0.25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.067-0.63%), 0.43% (95% CI: 0.17-0.89%), and 0.68% (95% CI: 0.34-1.21%) for gastric cancer, dysplasia, and type I-gastric carcinoids, respectively. The incidence rates of gastric cancer and carcinoids were not different (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION This study shows an annual incidence rate of 1.36% person-year for gastric neoplastic lesions in AG patients at long-term follow up. AG patients are similarly exposed to gastric cancer and type I gastric carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University Rome , Rome , Italy
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67
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Talley NJ, Holtmann G, Walker MM. Therapeutic strategies for functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome based on pathophysiology. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:601-13. [PMID: 25917563 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common and distressing. They are so named because a defined pathophysiology in terms of structural or biochemical pathways is lacking. Traditionally FGIDs have been conceptualized as brain-gut disorders, with subgroups of patients demonstrating visceral hypersensitivity and motility abnormalities as well as psychological distress. However, it is becoming apparent that there are certain structural or biochemical gut alterations among subsets with the common FGIDs, most notably functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). For example, a sodium channel mutation has been identified in IBS that may account for 2 % of cases, and subtle intestinal inflammation has been observed in both IBS and FD. Other research has implicated early life events and stress, autoimmune disorders and atopy and infections, the gut microbiome and disordered mucosal immune activation in patients with IBS or FD. Understanding the origin of symptoms in FGIDs will allow therapy to be targeted at the pathophysiological changes, not at merely alleviating symptoms, and holds hope for eventual cure in some cases. For example, there are promising developments in manipulating the microbiome through diet, prebiotics and antibiotics in IBS, and testing and treating patients for Helicobacter pylori infection remains a mainstay of therapy in patients with dyspepsia and this infection. Locally acting drugs such as linaclotide have been an advance in treating the symptoms of constipation-predominant IBS, but do not alter the natural history of the disease. A role for a holistic approach to patients with FGIDs is warranted, as brain-to-gut and gut-to-brain pathways appear to be activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Talley
- Global Research, University of Newcastle, HMRI Building, Room 3419, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, NSW, 2305, Australia,
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Esmaillzadeh A, Keshteli AH, Saneei T, Saneei P, Savabi O, Adibi P. Is tooth loss associated with irritable bowel syndrome? J Oral Rehabil 2015; 42:503-11. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Esmaillzadeh
- Food Security Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition; School of Nutrition and Food Science; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - A. H. Keshteli
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - T. Saneei
- Department of Operative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Kermanshah Iran
| | - P. Saneei
- Food Security Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition; School of Nutrition and Food Science; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Students’ Research Committee; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - O. Savabi
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center; School of Dentistry; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - P. Adibi
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
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Helicobacter pylori: the balance between a role as colonizer and pathogen. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:1017-29. [PMID: 25439068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of Helicobacter pylori from the human stomach produced significant changes in how gastroenterologists, immunologists, epidemiologists, pathologists and microbiologists have approached gastro-duodenal diseases in the last half of the XX century. However, research of this organism has progressed greatly in the first decade of this century, evidence suggest that H. pylori is associated with disease only in humans older than 40 years, while, the lack of H. pylori colonization is associated with the emergence of new diseases, particularly in younger individuals. These differing effects of H. pylori colonization have created two contrasting concepts: the 'bad' and the 'good' Helicobacter. Following from renewed interest in the normal human microbiome, we need to reconsider our definitions and perhaps recognize that H. pylori might be a normal member of the human gastric microbiome in ancient humans that gradually, as results of the improvement in our environment, is disappearing.
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Lin D, Koskella B. Friend and foe: factors influencing the movement of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori along the parasitism-mutualism continuum. Evol Appl 2014; 8:9-22. [PMID: 25667600 PMCID: PMC4310578 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transition of bacterial species from commensal to pathogen, or vice versa, is a key application of evolutionary theory to preventative medicine. This requires working knowledge of the molecular interaction between hosts and bacteria, ecological interactions among microbes, spatial variation in bacterial prevalence or host life history, and evolution in response to these factors. However, there are very few systems for which such broad datasets are available. One exception is the gram-negative bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, which infects upwards of 50% of the global human population. This bacterium is associated with a wide breadth of human gastrointestinal disease, including numerous cancers, inflammatory disorders, and pathogenic infections, but is also known to confer fitness benefits to its host both indirectly, through interactions with other pathogens, and directly. Outstanding questions are therefore why, when, and how this bacterium transitions along the parasitism–mutualism continuum. We examine known virulence factors, genetic predispositions of the host, and environmental contributors that impact progression of clinical disease and help define geographical trends in disease incidence. We also highlight the complexity of the interaction and discuss future therapeutic strategies for disease management and public health in light of the longstanding evolutionary history between the bacterium and its human host.
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Dang Y, Reinhardt JD, Zhou X, Zhang G. The effect of probiotics supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during eradication therapy: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111030. [PMID: 25365320 PMCID: PMC4217763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous meta-analyses reported that probiotics improve the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication during antibiotic therapy, while results regarding a possible reduction of side effects remained inconclusive. Moreover, the effectiveness of different strains of probiotics has not been studied so far. It is further conceivable that probiotics will produce additional effects only if antibiotics are relatively ineffective. Methods This meta-analysis includes eligible randomized controlled trials examining effects of probiotics supplementation on eradication rates (ER) and side effects, published up to May 2014. Sub-group analysis was performed to compare different probiotic strains and antibiotic therapies with different effectiveness in controls (ER <80% vs.>80%). Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Harbord's test. The quality of the trials was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results Thirty-three RCTs involving a total of 4459 patients met the inclusion criteria in case of eradication rates of which 20 assessed total side effects in addition. Overall, the pooled eradication rate in probiotics supplementation groups was significantly higher than in controls (ITT analysis: RR 1.122, 95% CI 1.086–1.159, PP analysis: RR 1.114, 95% CI 1.070–1.159). Sub group-analysis could, however, confirm this finding only for four individual strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei DN-114001, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Bifidobacterium infantis 2036) and for relatively ineffective antibiotic therapies. There was a significant difference between groups in the overall incidence of side effects (RR 0.735, 95% CI 0.598–0.902). This result was, however, only confirmed for non-blinded trials. Conclusions The pooled data suggest that supplementation with specific strains of probiotics compared with eradication therapy may be considered an option for increasing eradication rates, particularly when antibiotic therapies are relatively ineffective. The impact on side effects remains unclear and more high quality trials on specific probiotic strains and side effects are thus needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Dang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, and First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jan D. Reinhardt
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, and Hong Kong Polytechnical University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, and First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, and First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR, Salerno-Goncalves R, Patil S, Kader HA, Safta AM, Czinn SJ, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Characterization and functional properties of gastric tissue-resident memory T cells from children, adults, and the elderly. Front Immunol 2014; 5:294. [PMID: 24995010 PMCID: PMC4062881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are the main orchestrators of protective immunity in the stomach; however, limited information on the presence and function of the gastric T subsets is available mainly due to the difficulty in recovering high numbers of viable cells from human gastric biopsies. To overcome this shortcoming we optimized a cell isolation method that yielded high numbers of viable lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) from gastric biopsies. Classic memory T subsets were identified in gastric LPMC and compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from children, adults, and the elderly using an optimized 14 color flow cytometry panel. A dominant effector memory T (TEM) phenotype was observed in gastric LPMC CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in all age groups. We then evaluated whether these cells represented a population of gastric tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells by assessing expression of CD103 and CD69. The vast majority of gastric LPMC CD8+ T cells either co-expressed CD103/CD69 (>70%) or expressed CD103 alone (~20%). Gastric LPMC CD4+ T cells also either co-expressed CD103/CD69 (>35%) or expressed at least one of these markers. Thus, gastric LPMC CD8+ and CD4+ T cells had the characteristics of TRM cells. Gastric CD8+ and CD4+ TRM cells produced multiple cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17A, MIP-1β) and up-regulated CD107a upon stimulation. However, marked differences were observed in their cytokine and multi-cytokine profiles when compared to their PBMC TEM counterparts. Furthermore, gastric CD8+ TRM and CD4+ TRM cells demonstrated differences in the frequency, susceptibility to activation, and cytokine/multi-cytokine production profiles among the age groups. Most notably, children’s gastric TRM cells responded differently to stimuli than gastric TRM cells from adults or the elderly. In conclusion, we demonstrate the presence of gastric TRM, which exhibit diverse functional characteristics in children, adults, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Franklin R Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Seema Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Howard A Kader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Anca M Safta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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