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Cohen H, Ponisio LC, Russell KA, Philpott SM, McFrederick QS. Floral resources shape parasite and pathogen dynamics in bees facing urbanization. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2157-2171. [PMID: 35114032 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is associated with increases in impervious land cover, which alters the distribution of resources available to wildlife and concentrates activity in un-built spaces such as parks and gardens. How resource shifts alter the dynamics of parasite and pathogen transmission has not been addressed for many important species in urban systems. We focus on urban gardens, resource-rich "islands" within the urban matrix, to examine how the availability of floral resources at local and landscape scales influences the prevalence of 6 RNA viruses and 3 parasites in honey bees and bumble bees. Because parasites and pathogens are transmitted at flowers between visitors, we expected that floral abundance would concentrate bees within gardens, amplifying infection rates in pollinators, unless increases in floral resources would enhance bee diversity enough to dilute transmission. We found that garden size and flowering perennial plant abundance had a positive, direct effect on parasite and pathogen richness in bumble bees, suggesting that resource provisioning amplifies transmission. We also found that parasitism rates in honey bees were positively associated with parasites and pathogens in bumble bees, suggesting spillover between species. Encouragingly, we found evidence that management may mitigate parasitism through indirect effects: garden size had a positive impact on bee diversity, which in-turn was negatively associated with parasite and pathogen richness in bumble bees. Unexpectedly, we observed that that parasite and pathogen richness in honey bees had no significant predictors, highlighting the complexity of comparing transmission dynamics between species. Although floral resources provide bees with food, we suggest more research on the tradeoffs between resource provisioning and disease transmission to implement conservation plantings in changing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamutahl Cohen
- Institute for Food and Agriculture, University of Florida, U.S.A
| | | | - Kaleigh A Russell
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, U.S.A
| | - Stacy M Philpott
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, U.S.A
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Binning SA, Craft ME, Zuk M, Shaw AK. How to study parasites and host migration: a roadmap for empiricists. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1161-1178. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A. Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal 1375 Ave. Thérèse‐Lavoie‐Roux Montréal QC H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Allison K. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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The Impacts of Drought on the Health and Demography of Eastern Grey Kangaroos. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030256. [PMID: 35158580 PMCID: PMC8833700 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Eastern grey kangaroos, like most wildlife, are facing an increasingly uncertain future under rapid climate change. How individuals and populations cope with extreme climatic events will influence their capacity to adapt and persist. Here, we analyzed how drought impacted eastern grey kangaroo populations by focusing on their body condition, demography, activity rates at water points, and the likelihood of parasitic infections. We found that body condition was lower as environmental conditions became more extreme and that fewer males in the population were observed. The proportion of juveniles within the population increased as more favorable conditions returned. Kangaroos with poor body conditions were more likely to become hosts to ticks, while higher parasite egg burdens in scats occurred in autumn. Our study has shown that the impacts eastern grey kangaroos face during climatic events such as drought can be severe and may have long-term consequences. Abstract Extreme climatic events such as droughts and floods are expected to become more intense and severe under climate change, especially in the southern and eastern parts of Australia. We aimed to quantify the relationship between body condition scores (BCS), demography, activity rate, and parasitic infections of eastern grey kangaroos on a large conservation property under different climate extremes by employing camera traps established at artificial water points (AWPs). The survey period included a severe drought, broken by a significant flooding event. Climatic and environmental conditions were documented using remotely sensed indices of moisture availability and vegetation productivity. These conditions were found to affect all health and population parameters measured. BCS, juvenile proportions, and sex ratios were most correlated with 6-month lags in climatic conditions, while the activity rate of kangaroos at AWPs was most correlated with vegetation productivity. Ticks were mostly found on individuals with a poorer BCS, while the concentration of parasitic eggs in feces was higher in autumn than in spring. Our study offers a glimpse into some of the environmental drivers of eastern grey kangaroo populations and their health, information that may become increasingly important in today’s climate. It further emphasizes the importance of this knowledge for wildlife conservation efforts appropriate to managing the impact of climate change alongside other threats.
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54
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Dias D, Cruz A, Fonseca C, Mendo S, Caetano TS. Antibiotic resistance and potential bacterial pathogens identified in red deer's faecal DNA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3425-e3429. [PMID: 34981906 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the wildlife-human interface has been increasing due to several anthropogenic factors. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the impact of these new dynamics on the health of wild animals and their associated zoonotic disease risks. This study aimed to characterize the faecal microbiota of two populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) by metabarcoding, with a particular focus on potential human and veterinary pathogens, and to perform an assessment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) occurrence. The faecal microbiota of red deer was assessed by metabarcoding using the 16S rRNA marker, and OTUs of the genera Treponema, Yersinia, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, and Rickettsia were identified. Two of them affiliated with species more commonly regarded as pathogens (Clostridium piliforme and Yersinia enterocolitica). The quantification of ARGs was performed by quantitative real-time PCR, using a metagenomic approach, and the most abundant genes were found to be blaTEM , sul1, tetracycline resistance genes (tetW, tetO, and tetQ) and ermF. From these, tetO and tetW are rank II ARGs, which were recently considered future threats for human health. Our results suggest the need for screening programs for the occurrence of pathogens and ARGs in wildlife and particularly in-game species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dias
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia S Caetano
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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55
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Desautels DJ, Hartman RB, Shaw KE, Maduraiveeran S, Civitello DJ. Divergent effects of invasive macrophytes on population dynamics of a snail intermediate host of Schistosoma Mansoni. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106226. [PMID: 34752781 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vectors and intermediate hosts of globally impactful human parasites are sensitive to changes in the ecological communities in which they are embedded. Sites of endemic transmission of human schistosome can also be invaded by nonnative species, especially aquatic plants (macrophytes). We tested the effects on macrophyte invasions on experiment snail and schistosome populations created in 100 L mesocosm tanks. We established macrophyte-free mesocosms and those containing one of four widespread macrophyte species that are inedible to snails (duckweed, hornwort, water lettuce, or water hyacinth) and then tracked edible resources (periphyton algae) and the abundance, reproduction, and infection of snail intermediate hosts for 16 weeks. We predicted that the three floating macrophytes would reduce periphyton, thereby reducing snail reproduction, abundance, and infections. In contrast, we predicted that hornwort, which is submerged and provides substrate for periphyton growth, would increase snail reproduction and abundance. As predicted, all floating macrophytes decreased periphyton, but only water hyacinth significantly decreased snail reproduction and abundance. Snail abundance increased significantly only with water lettuce. We hypothesize that this unanticipated increase in snails occurred because water lettuce produced abundant and/or high quality detritus, subsidizing snails despite low periphyton availability. Unfortunately, we detected too few infections to analyze. Aquatic macrophytes exert strong species-specific effects on snail populations. Therefore, efforts to manage invasive plants in endemic sites should evaluate changes in resources, snails, and transmission potential. We recommend caution with management efforts that produce large amounts of detritus, which might stimulate snail populations and therefore risk of human exposure.
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56
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Webb EB, McArthur C, Woolfenden L, Higgins DP, Krockenberger MB, Mella VSA. Risk of predation and disease transmission at artificial water stations. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/wr21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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57
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Teitelbaum CS, Altizer S, Hall RJ. Habitat Specialization by Wildlife Reduces Pathogen Spread in Urbanizing Landscapes. Am Nat 2021; 199:238-251. [DOI: 10.1086/717655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Teitelbaum
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Richard J. Hall
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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58
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Hata A, Nakashita R, Fukasawa K, Minami M, Fukue Y, Higuchi N, Uno H, Nakajima Y, Saeki M, Kozakai C, Takada MB. Occurrence patterns of crop-foraging sika deer distribution in an agriculture-forest landscape revealed by nitrogen stable isotopes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15303-15311. [PMID: 34765179 PMCID: PMC8571634 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicts arising from the consumption of anthropogenic foods by wildlife are increasing worldwide. Conventional tools for evaluating the spatial distribution pattern of large terrestrial mammals that consume anthropogenic foods have various limitations, despite their importance in management to mitigate conflicts. In this study, we examined the spatial distribution pattern of crop-foraging sika deer by performing nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. We evaluated whether crop-foraging deer lived closer to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring, when crop production decreases. We found that female deer in proximity to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring were more likely to be crop-foraging individuals. Furthermore, the likelihood of crop consumption by females decreased by half as the distance to agricultural crop fields increased to 5-10 km. We did not detect a significant trend in the spatial distribution of crop-foraging male deer. The findings of spatial distribution patterns of crop-foraging female deer will be useful for the establishment of management areas, such as zonation, for efficient removal of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Hata
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Rumiko Nakashita
- Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Keita Fukasawa
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem StudiesNational Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Masato Minami
- School of Veterinary MedicineAzabu UniversitySagamiharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Yuko Fukue
- Insutitute for Biodiversity Research and Education EarthwormKaruizawaNaganoJapan
| | - Naoko Higuchi
- Insutitute for Biodiversity Research and Education EarthwormKaruizawaNaganoJapan
| | - Hikaru Uno
- Advanced Analysis CenterNAROTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | | | - Midori Saeki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Chinatsu Kozakai
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Mayura B. Takada
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringChuo UniversityBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
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59
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Thatcher HR, Downs CT, Koyama NF. The costs of urban living: human–wildlife interactions increase parasite risk and self-directed behaviour in urban vervet monkeys. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The urban landscape is a complex mosaic of costs and benefits for urban wildlife. Although many species may adapt and thrive in the urban mosaic, the complexity of this landscape can be stressful and have health implications for urban wildlife, raising concerns for zoonosis and biodiversity. In this study, we assessed how human–primate interactions influenced parasite risk and anxiety-related behaviour of urban vervet monkeys in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Over 1 year, we collected and analysed faecal samples, assessing eggs per gram, species richness, and Shannon’s diversity index. In addition, using behavioural sampling, we recorded self-directed scratching behaviour, as an indicator of anxiety, and human–primate interactions, both positive (human-food consumption) and negative (human–monkey aggression). To assess parasite risk in the urban mosaic, we ran three models with our parasite measures as dependent variables. Results showed that negative human interactions significantly increased with eggs per gram, species richness, and Shannon’s diversity index and positive human interactions increased with both eggs per gram and species richness. Furthermore, eggs per gram significantly increased with higher scratching rate. We also tested the relationship between scratching and human interactions, finding that scratching significantly increased under higher rates of negative human incidents. Overall, results suggest that there are costs to urban living that increase anxiety-related behaviour and parasite risk despite increased food availability. Our findings are important for developing effective management strategies that focus on cohabitation rather than conflict, for the benefit of human and wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Thatcher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Colleen T Downs
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal 3209, South Africa
| | - Nicola F Koyama
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology & Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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60
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Hurtado G, Mayer G, Mabry KE. Does urbanization ameliorate the effect of endoparasite infection in kangaroo rats? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13390-13400. [PMID: 34646477 PMCID: PMC8495810 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban development can fragment and degrade remnant habitat. Such habitat alterations can have profound impacts on wildlife, including effects on population density, parasite infection status, parasite prevalence, and body condition. We investigated the influence of urbanization on populations of Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) and their parasites. We predicted that urban development would lead to reduced abundance, increased parasite prevalence in urban populations, increased probability of parasite infection for individual animals, and decreased body condition of kangaroo rats in urban versus wildland areas. We live trapped kangaroo rats at 5 urban and 5 wildland sites in and around Las Cruces, NM, USA from 2013 to 2015, collected fecal samples from 209 kangaroo rats, and detected endoparasites using fecal flotation and molecular barcoding. Seven parasite species were detected, although only two parasitic worms, Mastophorus dipodomis and Pterygodermatites dipodomis, occurred frequently enough to allow for statistical analysis. We found no effects of urbanization on population density or probability of parasite infection. However, wildland animals infected with P. dipodomis had lower body condition scores than infected animals in urban areas or uninfected animals in either habitat. Our results suggest that urban environments may buffer Merriam's kangaroo rats from the detrimental impacts to body condition that P. dipodomis infections can cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizelle Hurtado
- Department of BiologyNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNMUSA
- Norris Natural History MuseumUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCAUSA
| | | | - Karen E. Mabry
- Department of BiologyNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNMUSA
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61
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Formenti N, Calò S, Vitale N, Eriksson H, Giovannini S, Salogni C, D'Incau M, Pacciarini ML, Zanoni M, Alborali GL, Chiari M. Influence of Anthropic Environmental-Related Factors on Erysipelas in Wild Boar. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:372-382. [PMID: 34606027 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is an old but still emerging zoonotic infection that is not yet completely understood. ER infects a wide range of species and wild boar is of significant interest because of their similarities to pigs, a known ER reservoir. Moreover, the increase of its densities and the limited data available about ER in this species should be considered. The need is to investigate whether wild boar could represent a risk of erysipelas at the wildlife-domestic-human interface. Here, 1067 sera and 149 tonsils of wild boar from five hunting districts in Northwest Italy were tested using ELISA and bacteriological culture, respectively. Using generalized linear models, we evaluated host and environmental factors influencing ER spread and dynamics. We found an ER seroprevalence of 69.4% among wild boar. Increased human density and pig farm density lead to an increase of ER seropositivity highlighting its association with anthropic environmental-related factors. The high ER percentage of isolation (34.2%) found in healthy wild boar suggests that this species can serve as a healthy carrier. This fact, together with the high seroprevalence, supports a role of wild boar as an ER reservoir. Potential zoonotic and economic risks should be considered in light of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Calò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario D'Incau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zanoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
- Regione Lombardia - D.G. Welfare U.O. Veterinaria, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124, Milano, Italy
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62
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Murray MH, Hernandez SM, Rozier RS, Kidd AD, Hepinstall-Cymerman J, Curry SE, Yabsley MJ, Adams H, Ellison T, Welch CN, Lipp EK. Site Fidelity is Associated with Food Provisioning and Salmonella in an Urban Wading Bird. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:345-358. [PMID: 34453242 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Food provisioning can change wildlife pathogen dynamics by altering host susceptibility via nutrition and/or through shifts in foraging behavior and space use. We used the American white ibis (Eudocimus albus), a wading bird increasingly observed in urban parks, as a model to study synergistic relationships between food provisioning and infection risk across an urban gradient in South Florida. We tested whether Salmonella prevalence was associated with changes in ibis diet (stable isotope analysis), space use (site fidelity via GPS tracking), and local density (flock size). We compared the relative importance of these mechanisms by ranking candidate models using logistic regression. We detected Salmonella in 27% of white ibises (n = 233) sampled at 15 sites. Ibises with diets higher in anthropogenic food exhibited higher site fidelity. Salmonella prevalence was higher at sites where ibises exhibited greater site fidelity and Salmonella was more prevalent in soil and water. Overlap in Salmonella serotypes between ibises and soil or water also was more likely at sites where ibises exhibited higher site fidelity. Our results suggest that repeated use of foraging areas may increase Salmonella exposure for birds if foraging areas are contaminated from animal feces, human waste, or other bacterial sources. Limiting wildlife feeding in parks-perhaps best achieved through understanding the motivations for feeding, education, and enforcement-may reduce health risks for wildlife and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen H Murray
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, 60615, USA.
| | - Sonia M Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - R Scott Rozier
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Anjelika D Kidd
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Shannon E Curry
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Henry Adams
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Taylor Ellison
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Catharine N Welch
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Erin K Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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63
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Owen JC, Landwerlen HR, Dupuis AP, Belsare AV, Sharma DB, Wang S, Ciota AT, Kramer LD. Reservoir hosts experiencing food stress alter transmission dynamics for a zoonotic pathogen. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210881. [PMID: 34375559 PMCID: PMC8354750 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food limitation is a universal stressor for wildlife populations and is increasingly exacerbated by human activities. Anthropogenic environmental change can significantly alter the availability and quality of food resources for reservoir hosts and impact host-pathogen interactions in the wild. The state of the host's nutritional reserves at the time of infection is a key factor influencing infection outcomes by altering host resistance. Combining experimental and model-based approaches, we investigate how an environmental stressor affects host resistance to West Nile virus (WNV). Using American robins (Turdus migratorius), a species considered a superspreader of WNV, we tested the effect of acute food deprivation immediately prior to infection on host viraemia. Here, we show that robins food deprived for 48 h prior to infection, developed higher virus titres and were infectious longer than robins fed normally. To gain an understanding about the epidemiological significance of food-stressed hosts, we developed an agent-based model that simulates transmission dynamics of WNV between an avian host and the mosquito vector. When simulating a nutritionally stressed host population, the mosquito infection rate rose significantly, reaching levels that represent an epidemiological risk. An understanding of the infection disease dynamics in wild populations is critical to predict and mitigate zoonotic disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Owen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - H. R. Landwerlen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A. P. Dupuis
- Griffin Laboratory, NYS Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - A. V. Belsare
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D. B. Sharma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S. Wang
- Griffin Laboratory, NYS Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - A. T. Ciota
- Griffin Laboratory, NYS Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - L. D. Kramer
- Griffin Laboratory, NYS Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
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Gouda S, Sethy J, Chauhan NS, Bargali HS. Study on the impacts of LULC change on the wildlife habitat and the livelihood of people in and around Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.5271.13.8.18986-18992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are a matter of serious concern in the Indian Himalayan region due to adverse impacts on wildlife and habitats. This study examines resource use patterns by local people in relation to the habitat of Malayan Sun Bear in and around Dampa Tiger Reserve in Mizoram. Standard questionnaire surveys and vegetation sampling methods were used for data collection and analysis. It was found that 221.3 km2 (33.3%) of the forested areas have high human interference in the form of logging, indiscriminate tree falling and fuel wood collection, while 26% was moderately affected and 18% of the reserve had no impact. Among vegetation resources, fuel wood was used in the highest quantity (28%) followed by bamboo and edible plants (21%) and (11%), respectively. Ethno-zoological usage comprises of parts of animals like snake, bear, monitor lizard, and porcupine. Sun bears were considered pests that feed on maize, cucumber, sweet potato and pumpkins grown in ‘jhum’ crop fields. Anthropogenic pressures from farm-bush hunting, monoculture, and unplanned roads have contributed to severe biodiversity loss, and must be constrained for the conservation of sun bear and their habitat
in the region. The Land Use/ Land Cover on human built-up, jhum land (current and abandoned jhum/shifting cultivation), forests (dense and open), bamboo forest, plantation etc. were used to develop maps for each village. The land use pattern for the eight villages studied. Information obtained from MIRSAC and its mapping in Arcview shows that highest number of agricultural land was in villages of West Phaileng (319sq.ha) and Damparengpui (283.8sq.ha). Closed or dense forest was in highest proportion in Phuldungsei and least in Tuipuibari (120sq.ha). Grazing activities was relatively low or absent in most part of DTR. Abandoned jhum fields were in largest number in Damparengpui (939.60sq.ha) followed by Silsuri (881.17sq.ha) and Serhmun (880.99sq.ha).
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Diuk-Wasser MA, VanAcker MC, Fernandez MP. Impact of Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation on the Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1546-1564. [PMID: 33095859 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased in recent decades and accounts for the majority of vector-borne disease cases in temperate areas of Europe, North America, and Asia. This emergence has been attributed to multiple and interactive drivers including changes in climate, land use, abundance of key hosts, and people's behaviors affecting the probability of human exposure to infected ticks. In this forum paper, we focus on how land use changes have shaped the eco-epidemiology of Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens, in particular the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the eastern United States. We use this as a model system, addressing other tick-borne disease systems as needed to illustrate patterns or processes. We first examine how land use interacts with abiotic conditions (microclimate) and biotic factors (e.g., host community composition) to influence the enzootic hazard, measured as the density of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.s. We then review the evidence of how specific landscape configuration, in particular forest fragmentation, influences the enzootic hazard and disease risk across spatial scales and urbanization levels. We emphasize the need for a dynamic understanding of landscapes based on tick and pathogen host movement and habitat use in relation to human resource provisioning. We propose a coupled natural-human systems framework for tick-borne diseases that accounts for the multiple interactions, nonlinearities and feedbacks in the system and conclude with a call for standardization of methodology and terminology to help integrate studies conducted at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York
| | - Meredith C VanAcker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York
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López-García A, Sanz-Aguilar A, Aguirre JI. The trade-offs of foraging at landfills: Landfill use enhances hatching success but decrease the juvenile survival of their offspring on white storks (Ciconia ciconia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146217. [PMID: 33714819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, landfills have become a valuable food source for wildlife, being in some cases determinants of large avian population increases. Superabundant food resources at landfills can increase reproductive and/or survival parameters; however, negative effects such as intoxication, plastic ingestion, skeletal deformities, unbalanced oxidative stress, and other health problems have also been reported. White stork (Ciconia ciconia) commonly benefits from landfill resources. Here, we evaluate potential landfill effects on demographic parameters (reproduction and offspring survival) at the individual level in a single population. Our results show that a more intense use of landfills by breeders has a positive effect on hatching success but a negative effect on juvenile survival probability after emancipation, at least during the first year of life. High amount of food and proximity to landfill may explain their beneficial effect on reproductive parameters. On the other hand, poor quality food, pollutants, and pathogens acquired during early development from a diet based on refuse may be responsible for reduced future survival probability. Consequently, both positive and negative effects were detected, being foraging at landfills at low to medium levels the better strategy. Although our study shows that intense foraging on rubbish can imply both costs and benefits at an individual level, the benefits of superabundant food provisioning observed at population level by other studies cannot be ignored. Management actions should be designed to improve natural food resources, reduce non-natural mortality and/or human disturbances to guarantee the species viability under current European Union regulations designed to ban open-air landfills in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-García
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Sanz-Aguilar
- Animal Demography and Ecology Unit, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain; Applied Zoology and Conservation Group, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - José I Aguirre
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Stothart MR, Newman AEM. Shades of grey: host phenotype dependent effect of urbanization on the bacterial microbiome of a wild mammal. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:46. [PMID: 34225812 PMCID: PMC8256534 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-associated microbiota are integral to the ecology of their host and may help wildlife species cope with rapid environmental change. Urbanization is a globally replicated form of severe environmental change which we can leverage to better understand wildlife microbiomes. Does the colonization of separate cities result in parallel changes in the intestinal microbiome of wildlife, and if so, does within-city habitat heterogeneity matter? Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we quantified the effect of urbanization (across three cities) on the microbiome of eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Grey squirrels are ubiquitous in rural and urban environments throughout their native range, across which they display an apparent coat colour polymorphism (agouti, black, intermediate). RESULTS Grey squirrel microbiomes differed between rural and city environments; however, comparable variation was explained by habitat heterogeneity within cities. Our analyses suggest that operational taxonomic unit (OTU) community structure was more strongly influenced by local environmental conditions (rural and city forests versus human built habitats) than urbanization of the broader landscape (city versus rural). The bacterial genera characterizing the microbiomes of built-environment squirrels are thought to specialize on host-derived products and have been linked in previous research to low fibre diets. However, despite an effect of urbanization at fine spatial scales, phylogenetic patterns in the microbiome were coat colour phenotype dependent. City and built-environment agouti squirrels displayed greater phylogenetic beta-dispersion than those in rural or forest environments, and null modelling results indicated that the phylogenetic structure of urban agouti squirrels did not differ greatly from stochastic expectations. CONCLUSIONS Squirrel microbiomes differed between city and rural environments, but differences of comparable magnitude were observed between land classes at a within-city scale. We did not observe strong evidence that inter-environmental differences were the result of disparate selective pressures. Rather, our results suggest that microbiota dispersal and ecological drift are integral to shaping the inter-environmental differences we observed. However, these processes were partly mediated by squirrel coat colour phenotype. Given a well-known urban cline in squirrel coat colour melanism, grey squirrels provide a useful free-living system with which to study how host genetics mediate environment x microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R. Stothart
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Amy E. M. Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
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Civitello DJ, Hartman RB. Size-asymmetric competition among snails disrupts production of human-infectious Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Ecology 2021; 102:e03383. [PMID: 33950517 PMCID: PMC8249335 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasites can harm hosts and influence populations, communities, and ecosystems. However, parasites are reciprocally affected by population- and community-level dynamics. Understanding feedbacks between infection dynamics and larger-scale epidemiological and ecological processes could improve predictions and reveal novel control methods. We evaluated how exploitative resource competition among hosts, a fundamental aspect of population biology, influences within-host infection dynamics of the widespread human parasite Schistosoma mansoni in its intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata. We added size-dependent consumption of shared resources to a parameterized bioenergetics model to predict a priori the growth, parasite production, and survival of an infected focal host coexisting with an uninfected conspecific competitor in an experiment that varied competitor size. The model quantitatively anticipated that competitors disrupt growth and parasite production and that these effects increase with competitor size. Fitting the model to these data improved its match to host survivorship. Thus, resource competition alters infection dynamics, there are strong size asymmetries in these effects, and size-asymmetric resource competition effects on infection dynamics can be accurately predicted by bioenergetics theory. More broadly, this framework can assess parasite transmission and control in other contexts, such as in resource competitive host communities, or in response to eutrophication, food supplementation, or culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Civitello
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rachel B. Hartman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Schaper L, Hutton P, McGraw KJ. Bird-feeder cleaning lowers disease severity in rural but not urban birds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12835. [PMID: 34145310 PMCID: PMC8213693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals inhabiting urban areas often experience elevated disease threats, putatively due to factors such as increased population density and horizontal transmission or decreased immunity (e.g. due to nutrition, pollution, stress). However, for animals that take advantage of human food subsidies, like feeder-visiting birds, an additional mechanism may include exposure to contaminated feeders as fomites. There are some published associations between bird feeder presence/density and avian disease, but to date no experimental study has tested the hypothesis that feeder contamination can directly impact disease status of visiting birds, especially in relation to the population of origin (i.e. urban v. rural, where feeder use/densities naturally vary dramatically). Here we used a field, feeder-cleaning experimental design to show that rural, but not urban, house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) showed increased infection from a common coccidian endoparasite (Isospora spp.) when feeders were left uncleaned and that daily cleaning (with diluted bleach solution) over a 5-week period successfully decreased parasite burden. Moreover, this pattern in rural finches was true for males but not females. These experimental results reveal habitat- and sex-specific harmful effects of bird feeder use (i.e. when uncleaned in rural areas). Our study is the first to directly indicate to humans who maintain feeders for granivorous birds that routine cleaning can be critical for ensuring the health and viability of visiting avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laren Schaper
- Barrett The Honors College, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Pierce Hutton
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kevin J McGraw
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Castillo-Contreras R, Mentaberre G, Fernandez Aguilar X, Conejero C, Colom-Cadena A, Ráez-Bravo A, González-Crespo C, Espunyes J, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Wild boar in the city: Phenotypic responses to urbanisation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145593. [PMID: 33940737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation is a global human-induced environmental change and one of the most important threats to biodiversity. To survive in human-modified environments, wildlife must adjust to the challenging selection pressures of urban areas through behaviour, morphology, physiology and/or genetic changes. Here we explore the effect of urbanisation in a large, highly adaptable and generalist urban adapter species, the wild boar (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus 1758). From 2005 to 2018, we gathered wild boar data and samples from three areas in NE Spain: one urban (Barcelona municipality, n = 445), and two non-urban (Serra de Collserola Natural Park, n = 183, and Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l'Obac Natural Park, n = 54). We investigated whether urbanisation influenced wild boar body size, body mass, body condition, and the concentration of serum metabolites, considering also the effect of age, sex and use of anthropogenic food resources. Wild boars from the urban area had larger body size, higher body mass, better body condition, and a higher triglyceride and lower creatinine serum concentrations than non-urban wild boars. In addition, urban wild boars consumed food from anthropogenic origin more frequently, which suggests that differences in their diet probably induced the biometric and the metabolic changes observed. These responses are probably adaptive and suggest that wild boars are thriving in the urban environment. Our results show that urbanisation can change the morphological and physiological traits of a large mammal urban adapter, which may have consequences in the ecology and response to urban selection pressures by the species. The phenotypic plasticity shown by wild boars provides both further and new evidence on the mechanisms that allow urban adapter species of greater size to respond to urbanisation, which is expected to continue growing globally over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Castillo-Contreras
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Serra Húnter fellow, Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H) and Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agraria (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25098 Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernandez Aguilar
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Conejero
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Colom-Cadena
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arián Ráez-Bravo
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Crespo
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johan Espunyes
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge R López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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LEPTOSPIRA, PARVOVIRUS, AND TOXOPLASMA IN THE NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTER (LONTRA CANADENSIS) IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 56:791-802. [PMID: 32320341 DOI: 10.7589/2019-05-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina, US, and was once extirpated from the central and western portions of the state. Over time and after a successful reintroduction project, otters are now abundant and occur throughout North Carolina. However, there is a concern that diseases may have an impact on the otter population, as well as on other aquatic mammals, either through exposure to emerging diseases, contact with domestic animals such as domestic cats (Felis catus), or less robust condition of individuals through declines in water quality. We tested brain and kidney tissue from harvested otters for the pathogens that cause leptospirosis, parvovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are priority zoonoses and are maintained by domestic and wild mammals. Although parvovirus is not zoonotic, it does affect pets, causing mild to fatal symptoms. Across the 2014-15 and 2015-16 trapping seasons, we tested 220 otters (76 females, 144 males) using real-time PCR for Leptospira interrogans, parvovirus, and Toxoplasma gondii. Of the otters tested, 1% (3/220) were positive for L. interrogans, 19% (41/220) were positive for parvovirus, and 24% (53/220) were positive for T. gondii. Although the pathogens for parvovirus and toxoplasmosis are relatively common in North Carolina otters, the otter harvest has remained steady and the population appears to be abundant and self-sustaining. Therefore, parvovirus and toxoplasmosis do not currently appear to be negatively impacting the population. However, subsequent research should examine transmission parameters between domestic and wild species and the sublethal effects of infection.
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Schampera C, Wolinska J, Bachelier JB, de Souza Machado AA, Rosal R, González-Pleiter M, Agha R. Exposure to nanoplastics affects the outcome of infectious disease in phytoplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116781. [PMID: 33652181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases of humans and wildlife are increasing globally but the contribution of novel artificial anthropogenic entities such as nano-sized plastics to disease dynamics remains unknown. Despite mounting evidence for the adverse effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on single organisms, it is unclear whether and how they affect the interaction between species and thereby lead to ecological harm. In order to incorporate the impact of NP pollution into host-parasite-environment interactions captured in the "disease triangle", we evaluated disease outcomes in the presence of polystyrene NP using an ecologically-relevant host-parasite system consisting of a common planktonic cyanobacterium and its fungal parasite. NP at high concentrations formed hetero-aggregates with phytoplankton and inhibited their growth. This coincided with a significant reduction in infection prevalence, highlighting the close interdependency of host and parasite fitness. Lower intensity of infection in the presence of NP indicates that reduced disease transmission results from the parasite's diminished ability to establish new infections as NP formed aggregates around phytoplankton cells. We propose that NP aggregation on the host's surface acts as a physical barrier to infection and, by reducing host light harvesting, may also hamper parasite chemotaxis. These results demonstrate that the consequences of NP pollution go well beyond toxic effects at the individual level and modulate the intensity of species interactions, thereby potentially eliciting diverse cascading effects on ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Schampera
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien B Bachelier
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Pleiter
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramsy Agha
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
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74
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Mansell NL, McKinney T. Interactions Between Humans and Panamanian White-Faced Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus imitator). INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Avian pox is a widespread infection in birds caused by genus Avipoxvirus pathogens. It is a noteworthy, potentially lethal disease to wild and domestic hosts. It can produce two different conditions: cutaneous pox, and diphtheritic pox. Here, we carry out an exhaustive review of all cases of avian pox reported from wild birds to analyze the effect and distribution in different avian species. Avian poxvirus strains have been detected in at least 374 wild bird species, a 60% increase on a 1999 review on avian pox hosts. We also analyze epizootic cases and if this disease contributes to wild bird population declines. We frequently observe very high prevalence in wild birds in remote island groups, e.g., Hawaii, Galapagos, etc., representing a major risk for the conservation of their unique endemic avifauna. However, the difference in prevalence between islands and continents is not significant given the few available studies. Morbidity and mortality can also be very high in captive birds, due to high population densities. However, despite the importance of the disease, the current detection rate of new Avipoxvirus strains suggests that diversity is incomplete for this group, and more research is needed to clarify its real extent, particularly in wild birds.
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Blanco G, Morinha F. Genetic signatures of population bottlenecks, relatedness, and inbreeding highlight recent and novel conservation concerns in the Egyptian vulture. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11139. [PMID: 33828925 PMCID: PMC8005290 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of temporal variation in genetic features can be particularly informative on the factors behind demography and viability of wildlife populations and species. We used molecular methods to evaluate neutral genetic variation, relatedness, bottlenecks, and inbreeding in a declining population of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in central Spain. The results show that the genetic diversity remained relatively stable over a period of twelve years despite the decline in census and effective population sizes in the last decades. A relatively high proportion of nestlings from different and distant territories showed high relatedness in each study year. We also found support for an increasing impact of severe recent (contemporary) rather than distant (historical) past demographic bottlenecks, and the first evidence of inbred mating between full siblings coinciding with lethal malformations in offspring. The inbred nestling with feather malformations was positive to beak and feather disease virus recorded for the first time in this species. These results alert on recent and novel threats potentially affecting health and reducing the adaptive potential of individuals in this threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Morinha
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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77
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de Barros MSF, da Silva Neto LS, Calado TCDS. First record of parasitism by Probopyrus pandalicola (Isopoda, Bopyridae) on the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) and ecological interactions. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:273-278. [PMID: 33746414 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to record, for the first time, parasitic infestation by the isopod Probopyrus pandalicola on the prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus, as well as to register some ecological interactions. We hypothesized that the parasitic infection is able to negatively affect the prawn's nutritional condition and that this interaction can modify growth relationships in male individuals. We collected both parasitized (n = 25) and parasite-free (n = 25) individuals in several locations of the Contas River, state of Bahia, Brazil, which had their morphometric characteristics determined, including of the parasites. Relative growth models were constructed for both groups in order to compare slopes and intercepts and determine if the growth patterns are modified by the parasite. We also determined the body condition of the prawns, which was also compared between the two groups. Our results clearly demonstrated that the parasitic infection is able to induce modifications in relative growth patterns in male individuals and that this isopod is capable of reducing the nutritional condition of the prawns. This study indicates that this parasite can induce deleterious effects in the prawn, but individually. Further studies should be conducted to assess the relevance of our findings in conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Souza Ferreira de Barros
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes e Pesca (LAEPP) da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Luiz Soares da Silva Neto
- Laboratórios Integrados de Ciências do Mar e Naturais da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Setor de Crustáceos, Maceió, Brazil
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78
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Urbanization's influence on the distribution of mange in a carnivore revealed with multistate occupancy models. Oecologia 2021; 195:105-116. [PMID: 33538881 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing urbanization and use of urban areas by synanthropic wildlife has increased human and domestic animal exposure to zoonotic diseases and exacerbated epizootics within wildlife populations. Consequently, there is a need to improve wildlife disease surveillance programs to rapidly detect outbreaks and refine inferences regarding spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Multistate occupancy models can address potential shortcomings in surveillance programs by accounting for imperfect detection and the misclassification of disease states. We used these models to explore the relationship between urbanization, slope, and the spatial distribution of sarcoptic mange in coyotes (Canis latrans) inhabiting Fort Irwin, California, USA. We deployed remote cameras across 180 sites within the desert surrounding the populated garrison and classified sites by mange presence or absence depending on whether a symptomatic or asymptomatic coyote was photographed. Coyotes selected flatter sites closer to the urban area with a high probability of use (0.845, 95% credible interval (CRI): 0.728, 0.944); site use decreased as the distance to urban areas increased (standardized [Formula: see text] = - 1.354, 95% CRI - 2.423, - 0.619). The probability of correctly classifying mange presence at a site also decreased further from the urban area and was probably related to the severity of mange infection. Severely infected coyotes, which were more readily identified as symptomatic, resided closer to the urban area and were most likely dependent on urban resources for survival; urban resources probably contributed to sustaining the disease. Multistate occupancy models represent a flexible framework for estimating the occurrence and spatial extent of observable infectious diseases, which can improve wildlife disease surveillance programs.
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79
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Hassell JM, Bettridge JM, Ward MJ, Ogendo A, Imboma T, Muloi D, Fava F, Robinson TP, Begon M, Fèvre EM. Socio-ecological drivers of vertebrate biodiversity and human-animal interfaces across an urban landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:781-792. [PMID: 33263214 PMCID: PMC7983883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization can have profound impacts on the distributional ecology of wildlife and livestock, with implications for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services and human health. A wealth of studies have assessed biotic responses to urbanization in North America and Europe, but there is little empirical evidence that directly links human activities to urban biodiversity in the tropics. Results from a large-scale field study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, are used to explore the impact of human activities on the biodiversity of wildlife and livestock with which humans co-exist across the city. The structure of sympatric wildlife, livestock and human populations are characterized using unsupervised machine learning, and statistical modelling is used to relate compositional variation in these communities to socio-ecological drivers occurring across the city. By characterizing landscape-scale drivers acting on these interfaces, we demonstrate that socioeconomics, elevation and subsequent changes in habitat have measurable impacts upon the diversity, density and species assemblage of wildlife, livestock and humans. Restructuring of wildlife and livestock assemblages (both in terms of species diversity and composition) has important implications for the emergence of novel diseases at urban interfaces, and we therefore use our results to generate a set of testable hypotheses that explore the influence of urban change on microbial communities. These results provide novel insight into the impact of urbanization on biodiversity in the tropics. An understanding of associations between urban processes and the structure of human and animal populations is required to link urban development to conservation efforts and risks posed by disease emergence to human health, ultimately informing sustainable urban development policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Hassell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- International Livestock Research InstituteNairobiKenya
- Global Health ProgramSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Judy M. Bettridge
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- International Livestock Research InstituteNairobiKenya
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichGreenwichUK
| | - Melissa J. Ward
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and EvolutionUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Allan Ogendo
- International Livestock Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | | | - Dishon Muloi
- International Livestock Research InstituteNairobiKenya
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and EvolutionUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & InformaticsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Michael Begon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- International Livestock Research InstituteNairobiKenya
- Global Health ProgramSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonDCUSA
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80
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Stevenson TJ, Nickbakhsh S, Schernhammer ES, Dopico XC, Dayan T, Martinez M, Helm B. Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:35-54. [PMID: 33491541 PMCID: PMC7924107 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420987322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Nickbakhsh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E. S. Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X. C. Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - T. Dayan
- School of Zoology, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Martinez
- School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - B. Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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81
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Porath‐Krause A, Campbell R, Shoemaker L, Sieben A, Strauss AT, Shaw AK, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Pliant pathogens: Estimating viral spread when confronted with new vector, host, and environmental conditions. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1877-1887. [PMID: 33614010 PMCID: PMC7882977 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen spread rates are determined, in part, by the performance of pathogens under altered environmental conditions and their ability to persist while switching among hosts and vectors.To determine the effects of new conditions (host, vector, and nutrient) on pathogen spread rate, we introduced a vector-borne viral plant pathogen, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PAV (BYDV-PAV) into hosts, vectors, and host nutrient supplies that it had not encountered for thousands of viral generations. We quantified pathogen prevalence over the course of two serial inoculations under the new conditions. Using individual-level transmission rates from this experiment, we parameterized a dynamical model of disease spread and projected spread across host populations through a growing season.A change in nutrient conditions (increased supply of phosphorus) reduced viral transmission whereas shifting to a new vector or host species had no effect on infection prevalence. However, the reduction in the new nutrient environment was only temporary; infection prevalence recovered after the second inoculation. Synthesis. These results highlight how robust the pathogen, BYDV-PAV, is to changes in its biotic and abiotic environment. Our study also highlights the need to quantify longitudinal infection information beyond snapshot assessments to project disease risk for pathogens in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Porath‐Krause
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Ryan Campbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Lauren Shoemaker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
- Present address:
Department of BotanyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | - Andrew Sieben
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
- Present address:
Department of BotanyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | - Alexander T. Strauss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
- Present address:
Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Allison K. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
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82
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Sweeny AR, Clerc M, Pontifes PA, Venkatesan S, Babayan SA, Pedersen AB. Supplemented nutrition decreases helminth burden and increases drug efficacy in a natural host-helminth system. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202722. [PMID: 33468010 PMCID: PMC7893286 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) helminths are common parasites of humans, wildlife, and livestock, causing chronic infections. In humans and wildlife, poor nutrition or limited resources can compromise an individual's immune response, predisposing them to higher helminth burdens. This relationship has been tested in laboratory models by investigating infection outcomes following reductions of specific nutrients. However, much less is known about how diet supplementation can impact susceptibility to infection, acquisition of immunity, and drug efficacy in natural host-helminth systems. We experimentally supplemented the diet of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) with high-quality nutrition and measured resistance to the common GI nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. To test whether diet can enhance immunity to reinfection, we also administered anthelmintic treatment in both natural and captive populations. Supplemented wood mice were more resistant to H. polygyrus infection, cleared worms more efficiently after treatment, avoided a post-treatment infection rebound, produced stronger general and parasite-specific antibody responses, and maintained better body condition. In addition, when applied in conjunction with anthelmintic treatment, supplemented nutrition significantly reduced H. polygyrus transmission potential. These results show the rapid and extensive benefits of a well-balanced diet and have important implications for both disease control and wildlife health under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Sweeny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Melanie Clerc
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Paulina A. Pontifes
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Ciudad Universitaria 3000, CP 04510 Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Saudamini Venkatesan
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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83
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Suu-Ire RD, Obodai E, Bonney JHK, Bel-Nono SO, Ampofo W, Kelly TR. Viral Zoonoses of National Importance in Ghana: Advancements and Opportunities for Enhancing Capacities for Early Detection and Response. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:8938530. [PMID: 33574853 PMCID: PMC7860970 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8938530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have devastating impacts on human and animal health, livelihoods, and economies. Addressing the complex web of interrelated factors leading to zoonotic disease emergence and spread requires a transdisciplinary, cross-sectoral approach, One Health. The One Health approach, which considers the linkages between the health of people, animals, and their shared environment, presents opportunities to reduce these impacts through a more holistic coordinated strategy to understanding and mitigating disease risks. Understanding the linkages between animal, human, and environmental health risks and outcomes is critical for developing early detection systems and risk reduction strategies to address known and novel zoonotic disease threats. Nearly 70 countries across the world, including Ghana, have signed on to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), which is facilitating multisectoral approaches to strengthen country capacities in the prevention and early detection of and respond to infectious disease threats. Currently, Ghana has not yet formalized a national One Health policy. The lack of a clearly defined multisectoral platform and limited collaboration among key Ghanaian Ministries, Departments, and Agencies has impacted the country's ability to effectively mitigate and respond to emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Many of these emerging zoonoses are caused by viruses, which, because of their diversity and evolutionary properties, are perceived to pose the greatest threat to global health security. Here, we review viral zoonoses of national importance and priority in Ghana, highlight recent advancements in One Health capacities, and discuss opportunities for implementing One Health approaches to mitigate zoonotic disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Off Akilagpa Sawyerr Road, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - J. H. Kofi Bonney
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Off Akilagpa Sawyerr Road, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - William Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Off Akilagpa Sawyerr Road, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Terra R. Kelly
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, CA 95616, USA
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84
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Cummings CR, Khan NY, Murray MM, Ellison T, Welch CN, Hernandez SM, Navara KJ. Foraging in Urban Environments Increases Bactericidal Capacity in Plasma and Decreases Corticosterone Concentrations in White Ibises. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.575980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As humans continue to infringe on natural habitats, more animals are exposed to urbanization and its associated challenges. It is still unclear, however, whether the movement of animals into urban habitats negatively influences the health and/or survival of those animals, however those animals often experience shifts in resource availability, diet composition, and exposure to stimuli that are new and potentially stressful. Recently, white ibises (Eudocimus albus) have become increasingly common in urban habitats where they forage in close proximity to humans and even interact with them, collecting food handouts. We hypothesized that foraging in urban habitats would negatively impact measures of health, impair innate immunity, trigger elevated concentrations of corticosterone, and depress physiological responses to stressors in white ibises. We found that plasma from birds captured from urban sites had higher bactericidal capacity against Escherichia coli than those captured in natural sites. Additionally, adults captured in urban habitats had a significantly lower baseline corticosterone concentrations during the post-breeding season, and corticosterone responses to a handling challenge were lower for birds captured from urban sites during year 2 of the study. These results indicate that exposure to urban habitats impacts ibis health, though in the opposite direction of what was predicted.
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85
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Nørgaard LS, Ghedini G, Phillips BL, Hall MD. Energetic scaling across different host densities and its consequences for pathogen proliferation. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Solveig Nørgaard
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Giulia Ghedini
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Ben L. Phillips
- Department of Biosciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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86
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Gecchele LV, Pedersen AB, Bell M. Fine-scale variation within urban landscapes affects marking patterns and gastrointestinal parasite diversity in red foxes. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13796-13809. [PMID: 33391681 PMCID: PMC7771116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban areas are often considered to be a hostile environment for wildlife as they are highly fragmented and frequently disturbed. However, these same habitats can contain abundant resources, while lacking many common competitors and predators. The urban environment can have a direct impact on the species living there but can also have indirect effects on their parasites and pathogens. To date, relatively few studies have measured how fine-scale spatial heterogeneity within urban landscapes can affect parasite transmission and persistence.Here, we surveyed 237 greenspaces across the urban environment of Edinburgh (UK) to investigate how fine-scale variation in socio-economic and ecological variables can affect red fox (Vulpes vulpes) marking behavior, gastrointestinal (GI) parasite prevalence, and parasite community diversity.We found that the presence and abundance of red fox fecal markings were nonuniformly distributed across greenspaces and instead were dependent on the ecological characteristics of a site. Specifically, common foraging areas were left largely unmarked, which indicates that suitable resting and denning sites may be limiting factor in urban environments. In addition, the amount of greenspace around each site was positively correlated with overall GI parasite prevalence, species richness, and diversity, highlighting the importance of greenspace (a commonly used measure of landscape connectivity) in determining the composition of the parasite community in urban areas.Our results suggest that fine-scale variation within urban environments can be important for understanding the ecology of infectious diseases in urban wildlife and could have wider implication for the management of urban carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Gecchele
- Ashworth LaboratoriesSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Ashworth LaboratoriesSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Matthew Bell
- Ashworth LaboratoriesSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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87
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Sánchez CA, Altizer S, Hall RJ. Landscape-level toxicant exposure mediates infection impacts on wildlife populations. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200559. [PMID: 33202181 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic landscape modification such as urbanization can expose wildlife to toxicants, with profound behavioural and health effects. Toxicant exposure can alter the local transmission of wildlife diseases by reducing survival or altering immune defence. However, predicting the impacts of pathogens on wildlife across their ranges is complicated by heterogeneity in toxicant exposure across the landscape, especially if toxicants alter wildlife movement from toxicant-contaminated to uncontaminated habitats. We developed a mechanistic model to explore how toxicant effects on host health and movement propensity influence range-wide pathogen transmission, and zoonotic exposure risk, as an increasing fraction of the landscape is toxicant-contaminated. When toxicant-contaminated habitat is scarce on the landscape, costs to movement and survival from toxicant exposure can trap infected animals in contaminated habitat and reduce landscape-level transmission. Increasing the proportion of contaminated habitat causes host population declines from combined effects of toxicants and infection. The onset of host declines precedes an increase in the density of infected hosts in contaminated habitat and thus may serve as an early warning of increasing potential for zoonotic spillover in urbanizing landscapes. These results highlight how sublethal effects of toxicants can determine pathogen impacts on wildlife populations that may not manifest until landscape contamination is widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Sánchez
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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88
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Albery GF, Becker DJ. Fast-lived Hosts and Zoonotic Risk. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:117-129. [PMID: 33214097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Because most emerging human pathogens originate in mammals, many studies aim to identify host traits that determine the risk of sourcing zoonotic outbreaks. Studies regularly assert that 'fast-lived' mammal species exhibiting greater fecundity and shorter lifespans tend to host more zoonoses; however, the causes of this association remain poorly understood and they cover a range of immune and nonimmune mechanisms. We discuss these drivers in the context of evolutionary ecology and wildlife-human interactions. Ultimately, differentiating these mechanisms will require linking interspecific variation in life history with immunity, pathogen diversity, transmissibility, and zoonotic risk, and critical data gaps currently limit our ability to do so. We highlight sampling and analytical frameworks to address this gap and to better inform zoonotic reservoir prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
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89
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Ossi F, Ranc N, Moorcroft P, Bonanni P, Cagnacci F. Ecological and Behavioral Drivers of Supplemental Feeding Use by Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus in a Peri-Urban Context. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2088. [PMID: 33182794 PMCID: PMC7698021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter supplemental feeding of ungulates potentially alters their use of resources and ecological interactions, yet relatively little is known about the patterns of feeding sites use by target populations. We used camera traps to continuously monitor winter and spring feeding site use in a roe deer population living in a peri-urban area in Northern Italy. We combined circular statistics with generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyze the diel and seasonal pattern of roe deer visits to feeding sites, and the behavioral drivers influencing visit duration. Roe deer visits peaked at dawn and dusk, and decreased from winter to spring when vegetation regrows and temperature increases. Roe deer mostly visited feeding sites solitarily; when this was not the case, they stayed longer at the site, especially when conspecifics were eating, but maintained a bimodal diel pattern of visits. These results support an opportunistic use of feeding sites, following seasonal cycles and the roe deer circadian clock. Yet, the attractiveness of these artificial resources has the potential to alter intra-specific relationships, as competition for their use induces gatherings and may extend the contact time between individuals, with potential behavioral and epidemiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ossi
- Centro Agricoltura Alimenti Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.R.); (P.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Nathan Ranc
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.R.); (P.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Priscilla Bonanni
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.R.); (P.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.R.); (P.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
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90
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Hansen CP, Parsons AW, Kays R, Millspaugh JJ. Does Use of Backyard Resources Explain the Abundance of Urban Wildlife? Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.570771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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91
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Shea D, Bateman A, Li S, Tabata A, Schulze A, Mordecai G, Ogston L, Volpe JP, Neil Frazer L, Connors B, Miller KM, Short S, Krkošek M. Environmental DNA from multiple pathogens is elevated near active Atlantic salmon farms. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202010. [PMID: 33081614 PMCID: PMC7661312 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infection from reservoir host populations is a key mechanism for disease emergence and extinction risk and is a management concern for salmon aquaculture and fisheries. Using a quantitative environmental DNA methodology, we assessed pathogen environmental DNA in relation to salmon farms in coastal British Columbia, Canada, by testing for 39 species of salmon pathogens (viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic) in 134 marine environmental samples at 58 salmon farm sites (both active and inactive) over 3 years. Environmental DNA from 22 pathogen species was detected 496 times and species varied in their occurrence among years and sites, likely reflecting variation in environmental factors, other native host species, and strength of association with domesticated Atlantic salmon. Overall, we found that the probability of detecting pathogen environmental DNA (eDNA) was 2.72 (95% CI: 1.48, 5.02) times higher at active versus inactive salmon farm sites and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.42) times higher per standard deviation increase in domesticated Atlantic salmon eDNA concentration at a site. If the distribution of pathogen eDNA accurately reflects the distribution of viable pathogens, our findings suggest that salmon farms serve as a potential reservoir for a number of infectious agents; thereby elevating the risk of exposure for wild salmon and other fish species that share the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Shea
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada.,Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gideon Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsey Ogston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Volpe
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Neil Frazer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, Canada
| | - Brendan Connors
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven Short
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada
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92
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Albery GF, Kirkpatrick L, Firth JA, Bansal S. Unifying spatial and social network analysis in disease ecology. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:45-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josh A. Firth
- Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Merton College Oxford University Oxford UK
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington DC USA
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93
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Hammond TT, Ortiz-Jimenez CA, Smith JE. Anthropogenic Change Alters Ecological Relationships via Interactive Changes in Stress Physiology and Behavior within and among Organisms. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:57-69. [PMID: 31960928 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic change has well-documented impacts on stress physiology and behavior across diverse taxonomic groups. Within individual organisms, physiological and behavioral traits often covary at proximate and ultimate timescales. In the context of global change, this means that impacts on physiology can have downstream impacts on behavior, and vice versa. Because all organisms interact with members of their own species and other species within their communities, the effects of humans on one organism can impose indirect effects on one or more other organisms, resulting in cascading effects across interaction networks. Human-induced changes in the stress physiology of one species and the downstream impacts on behavior can therefore interact with the physiological and behavioral responses of other organisms to alter emergent ecological phenomena. Here, we highlight three scenarios in which the stress physiology and behavior of individuals on different sides of an ecological relationship are interactively impacted by anthropogenic change. We discuss host-parasite/pathogen dynamics, predator-prey relationships, and beneficial partnerships (mutualisms and cooperation) in this framework, considering cases in which the effect of stressors on each type of network may be attenuated or enhanced by interactive changes in behavior and physiology. These examples shed light on the ways that stressors imposed at the level of one individual can impact ecological relationships to trigger downstream consequences for behavioral and ecological dynamics. Ultimately, changes in stress physiology on one or both sides of an ecological interaction can mediate higher-level population and community changes due in part to their cascading impacts on behavior. This framework may prove useful for anticipating and potentially mitigating previously underappreciated ecological responses to anthropogenic perturbations in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisin T Hammond
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Chelsea A Ortiz-Jimenez
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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94
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Graystock P, Ng WH, Parks K, Tripodi AD, Muñiz PA, Fersch AA, Myers CR, McFrederick QS, McArt SH. Dominant bee species and floral abundance drive parasite temporal dynamics in plant-pollinator communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1358-1367. [PMID: 32690902 PMCID: PMC7529964 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pollinator reductions can leave communities less diverse and potentially at increased risk of infectious diseases. Species-rich plant and bee communities have high species turnover, making the study of disease dynamics challenging. To address how temporal dynamics shape parasite prevalence in plant and bee communities, we screened >5,000 bees and flowers over an entire growing season for five common bee microparasites (Nosema ceranae, Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi, Crithidia expoeki and neogregarines). Over 110 bee species and 89 flower species were screened, revealing that 42% of bee species (12.2% individual bees) and 70% of flower species (8.7% individual flowers) had at least one parasite in or on them, respectively. Some common flowers (for example, Lychnis flos-cuculi) harboured multiple parasite species whilst others (for example, Lythrum salicaria) had few. Significant temporal variation of parasite prevalence in bees was linked to bee diversity, bee and flower abundance and community composition. Specifically, we found that bee communities had the highest prevalence late in the season, when social bees (Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera) were dominant and bee diversity was lowest. Conversely, prevalence on flowers was lowest late in the season when floral abundance was highest. Thus turnover in the bee community impacted community-wide prevalence, and turnover in the plant community impacted when parasite transmission was likely to occur at flowers. These results imply that efforts to improve bee health will benefit from the promotion of high floral numbers to reduce transmission risk, maintaining bee diversity to dilute parasites and monitoring the abundance of dominant competent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Graystock
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, UK.
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Wee Hao Ng
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Parks
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Paige A Muñiz
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ashley A Fersch
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christopher R Myers
- Center for Advanced Computing, and Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Quinn S McFrederick
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Scott H McArt
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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95
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Ayala AJ, Yabsley MJ, Hernandez SM. A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken-Wild Bird Interface. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:539925. [PMID: 33195512 PMCID: PMC7541960 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.539925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat conversion and the expansion of domesticated, invasive species into native habitats are increasingly recognized as drivers of pathogen emergence at the agricultural-wildlife interface. Poultry agriculture is one of the largest subsets of this interface, and pathogen spillover events between backyard chickens and wild birds are becoming more commonly reported. Native wild bird species are under numerous anthropogenic pressures, but the risks of pathogen spillover from domestic chickens have been historically underappreciated as a threat to wild birds. Now that the backyard chicken industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is imperative that the principles of biosecurity, specifically bioexclusion and biocontainment, are legislated and implemented. We reviewed the literature on spillover events of pathogens historically associated with poultry into wild birds. We also reviewed the reasons for biosecurity failures in backyard flocks that lead to those spillover events and provide recommendations for current and future backyard flock owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Ayala
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, United States
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96
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Becker DJ, Ketterson ED, Hall RJ. Reactivation of latent infections with migration shapes population-level disease dynamics. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201829. [PMID: 32933442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual migration is common across animal taxa and can dramatically shape the spatial and temporal patterns of infectious disease. Although migration can decrease infection prevalence in some contexts, these energetically costly long-distance movements can also have immunosuppressive effects that may interact with transmission processes in complex ways. Here, we develop a mechanistic model for the reactivation of latent infections driven by physiological changes or energetic costs associated with migration (i.e. 'migratory relapse') and its effects on disease dynamics. We determine conditions under which migratory relapse can amplify or reduce infection prevalence across pathogen and host traits (e.g. infectious periods, virulence, overwinter survival, timing of relapse) and transmission phenologies. We show that relapse at either the start or end of migration can dramatically increase prevalence across the annual cycle and may be crucial for maintaining pathogens with low transmissibility and short infectious periods in migratory populations. Conversely, relapse at the start of migration can reduce the prevalence of highly virulent pathogens by amplifying culling of infected hosts during costly migration, especially for highly transmissible pathogens and those transmitted during migration or the breeding season. Our study provides a mechanistic foundation for understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of relapsing infections in migratory hosts, with implications for zoonotic surveillance and understanding how infection patterns will respond to shifts in migratory propensity associated with environmental change. Further, our work suggests incorporating within-host processes into population-level models of pathogen transmission may be crucial for reconciling the range of migration-infection relationships observed across migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ellen D Ketterson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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97
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Berentsen AR, Rivera-Rodriguez MJ, McClure KM, Torres-Toledo FB, Garcia-Cancel JG, Gilbert AT. Home Range Estimates for Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) in Southwestern Puerto Rico. CARIBB J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v50i2.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Are R. Berentsen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Mel J. Rivera-Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Katherine M. McClure
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Fabiola B. Torres-Toledo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Juan G. Garcia-Cancel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
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98
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Kendig AE, Borer ET, Boak EN, Picard TC, Seabloom EW. Host nutrition mediates interactions between plant viruses, altering transmission and predicted disease spread. Ecology 2020; 101:e03155. [PMID: 32745231 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among co-infecting pathogens are common across host taxa and can affect infectious disease dynamics. Host nutrition can mediate these among-pathogen interactions, altering the establishment and growth of pathogens within hosts. It is unclear, however, how nutrition-mediated among-pathogen interactions affect transmission and the spread of disease through populations. We manipulated the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplies to oat plants in growth chambers and evaluated interactions between two aphid-vectored Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Viruses: PAV and RPV. We quantified the effect of each virus on the other's establishment, within-plant density, and transmission. Co-inoculation significantly increased PAV density when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV density when N supply was high. Co-infection increased PAV transmission when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV transmission when N supply was high. Despite the parallels between the effects of among-pathogen interactions on density and transmission, changes in virus density only partially explained changes in transmission, suggesting that virus density-independent processes contribute to transmission. A mathematical model describing the spread of two viruses through a plant population, parameterized with empirically derived transmission values, demonstrated that nutrition-mediated among-pathogen interactions could affect disease spread. Interactions that altered transmission through virus density-independent processes determined overall disease dynamics. Our work suggests that host nutrition alters disease spread through among-pathogen interactions that modify transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kendig
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.,Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Emily N Boak
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.,Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Tashina C Picard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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99
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Pérez Flores J, Weissenberger H, López-Cen A, Calmé S. Environmental Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Unhealthy Tapirs in the Southern Yucatan Peninsula. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:359-369. [PMID: 33135140 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Information about the effects of environmental degradation on the health of terrestrial forest wildlife is limited, especially for rare species. In this study, we analyse the influence of ecological factors such as landscape characteristics and seasonality on the health status of Baird's tapirs in Calakmul, Mexico. We collected georeferenced photographic records of healthy (n = 32) and unhealthy (n = 22) tapirs from 2008 to 2019 and characterized landscape composition around each record at three spatial scales (circular buffers of 1, 2 and 3-km radii according to Baird's tapir home ranges). Our logistic model building process consisted in selecting the best spatial scale for each landscape cover class, before including them along with distance to human settlements and seasonality in a full model. The model that best explained the occurrence of unhealthy tapirs included the percentage of agriculture within a 1-km radius. This study hints at the negative effect that land-use change to agriculture occurring in Calakmul might have on tapir health, with 95.45% of unhealthy tapirs recorded in such landscapes. Further studies should investigate the proximate determinants of tapir health in anthropogenic landscapes, which might be linked to stress or to contact with domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pérez Flores
- El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Ave. Centenario Km 5.5 Carretera Calderitas, 77900, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - Holger Weissenberger
- El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Ave. Centenario Km 5.5 Carretera Calderitas, 77900, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Antonio López-Cen
- Pronatura Península de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 32 número 269 Av. Francisco I. Madero, Colonia Santa Lucía, San Francisco de Campeche, 24020, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Sophie Calmé
- El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Ave. Centenario Km 5.5 Carretera Calderitas, 77900, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- Faculté Des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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100
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Aberle M, Langwig K, Adelman J, Hawley D. Effects of bird feeder density on the foraging behaviors of a backyard songbird (the House Finch, Haemorhous mexicanus) subject to seasonal disease outbreaks. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Provisioning of wildlife, such as backyard bird feeding, can alter animal behavior and ecology in diverse ways. For species that are highly dependent on supplemental resources, it is critical to understand how variation in the degree of provisioning, as occurs naturally across backyards, alters wildlife behavior and ecology in ways potentially relevant to disease spread. We experimentally manipulated feeder density at suburban sites and tracked local abundance, foraging behaviors, body mass, and movement in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)), the primary host of a pathogen commonly spread at feeders. Sites with high feeder density harbored higher local House Finch abundance, and birds at these sites had longer feeding bouts and total time on feeders relative to sites with low feeder density. House Finches at high-density feeder sites had lower residual body mass despite greater apparent feeder access. Finally, birds first recorded at low-density feeder sites were more likely to move to neighboring high-density feeder sites than vice versa. Because local abundance and time spent on feeders have both been linked with disease risk in this species, the effects of heterogeneity in bird feeder density on these traits may have important consequences for disease dynamics in this system and more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Aberle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - K.E. Langwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J.S. Adelman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - D.M. Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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