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Eggert M, Pfob M, Jurinovic V, Schelling G, Steinlein OK. Upstream open reading frames regulate cannabinoid receptor 1 expression under baseline conditions and during cellular stress. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:103-9. [PMID: 25258300 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 gene CNR1 is not only associated with phenotypes such as cognitive performance, addiction and anxiety, but is also known to be crucially involved in responses to acute and chronic psychological and cellular stress conditions. Functional analysis of the 5' untranslated regions of the five known mRNA variants of the human CNR1 gene revealed that two of these variants contain upstream open reading frames that are able to modulate gene expression both under baseline condition and conditions of cellular stress including hypoxia, glucose restriction and hyperthermia. The upstream open reading frames might provide a mechanism that enables the cannabinoid 1 receptor to escape the general repression of protein synthesis that is typical for conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eggert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - M Pfob
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - V Jurinovic
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - G Schelling
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - O K Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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52
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Bagüés A, Martín MI, Sánchez-Robles EM. Involvement of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors on antinociceptive effect of tetrahydrocannabinol in muscle pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rea K, Ford GK, Olango WM, Harhen B, Roche M, Finn DP. Microinjection of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol into the rat ventral hippocampus differentially modulates contextually induced fear, depending on a persistent pain state. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:435-43. [PMID: 24494683 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system plays a key role in the modulation of aversive and nociceptive behaviour. The components of the endocannabinoid system are expressed throughout the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in both conditioned fear and pain. In light of evidence that pain can impact on the expression of fear-related behaviour, and vice versa, we hypothesised that exogenous administration of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) into the ventral hippocampus (vHip) would differentially regulate fear responding in the absence vs. the presence of formalin-evoked nociceptive tone. Fear-conditioned rats showed significantly increased freezing and a reduction in formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour upon re-exposure to a context previously paired with footshock. Bilateral microinjection of 2-AG into the vHip significantly reduced contextually induced freezing in non-formalin-treated rats, and reduced formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in non-fear-conditioned rats. In contrast, 2-AG microinjection had no effect on fear responding in formalin-treated rats, and no effect on nociceptive behaviour in fear-conditioned rats. The inhibitory effect of 2-AG on fear-related behaviour, but not pain-related behaviour, was blocked by co-administration of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant. Tissue levels of the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-AG were similar in the vHip of fear-conditioned rats receiving formalin injection and the vHip of fear-conditioned rats receiving saline injection. However, the levels of AEA and 2-AG were significantly lower in the contralateral ventrolateral periaqueductal grey of formalin-treated fear-conditioned rats than in that of their saline-treated counterparts. These data suggest that 2-AG-CB1 receptor signalling in the vHip has an anti-aversive effect, and that this effect is abolished in the presence of a persistent pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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54
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Devesa I, Ferrer-Montiel A. Neurotrophins, endocannabinoids and thermo-transient receptor potential: a threesome in pain signalling. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:353-62. [PMID: 24494676 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of the social and economic costs of chronic pain, there is a growing interest in unveiling the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it with the aim of developing more effective medications. Pain signalling is a multicomponent process that involves the peripheral and central nervous systems. At the periphery, nociceptor sensitisation by pro-inflammatory mediators is a primary step in pain transduction. Although pain is multifactorial at cellular and molecular levels, it is widely accepted that neurotrophin (TrkA, p75NTR, Ret and GFRs), cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2), and thermo-transient receptor potential (TRPs; TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8) receptors play a pivotal role. They form a threesome for which endocannabinoids appear to be a first line of defence against pain, while neurotrophins and thermoTRPs are the major generators of painful signals. However, endocannabinoids may exhibit nociceptive activity while some neurotrophins may display anti-nociception. Accordingly, a clear-cut knowledge of the modulation and context-dependent function of these signalling cascades, along with the molecular and dynamic details of their crosstalk, is critical for understanding and controlling pain transduction. Here, the recent progress in this fascinating topic, as well as the tantalizing questions that remain unanswered, will be discussed. Furthermore, we will underline the need for using a systems biology approach (referred to as systems pain) to uncover the dynamics and interplay of these intricate signalling cascades, taking into consideration the molecular complexity and cellular heterogeneity of nociceptor populations. Nonetheless, the available information confirms that pharmacological modulation of this signalling triad is a highly valuable therapeutic strategy for effectively treating pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Devesa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universitas Miguel Hernández, Av de la Universidad, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Ruginsk SG, Vechiato FMV, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. The endocannabinoid system and the neuroendocrine control of hydromineral balance. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:370-6. [PMID: 24750469 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECBs) are ubiquitous lipophilic agents, and this characteristic is consistent with the wide range of homeostatic functions attributed to the ECB system. There is an increasing number of studies showing that the ECB system affects neurotransmission within the hypothalamic neurohypophyseal system. We provide an overview of the primary roles of ECBs in the modulation of neuroendocrine function and, specifically, in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Accordingly, the general aspects of ECB-mediated signalling, as well as the specific contributions of the central component of the ECB system to the integration of behavioural and endocrine responses that control body fluid homeostasis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Ruginsk
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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56
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Ulugöl A. The endocannabinoid system as a potential therapeutic target for pain modulation. Balkan Med J 2014; 31:115-20. [PMID: 25207181 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cannabis has been used for pain management for millennia, very few approved cannabinoids are indicated for the treatment of pain and other medical symptoms. Cannabinoid therapy re-gained attention only after the discovery of endocannabinoids and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the enzymes playing a role in endocannabinoid metabolism. Nowadays, research has focused on the inhibition of these degradative enzymes and the elevation of endocannabinoid tonus locally; special emphasis is given on multi-target analgesia compounds, where one of the targets is the endocannabinoid degrading enzyme. In this review, I provide an overview of the current understanding about the processes accounting for the biosynthesis, transport and metabolism of endocannabinoids, and pharmacological approaches and potential therapeutic applications in this area, regarding the use of drugs elevating endocannabinoid levels in pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ulugöl
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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O-2050 facilitates noradrenaline release and increases the CB1 receptor inverse agonistic effect of rimonabant in the guinea pig hippocampus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:621-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Machado FC, Zambelli VO, Fernandes ACO, Heimann AS, Cury Y, Picolo G. Peripheral interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems contribute to the antinociceptive effect of crotalphine. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:961-72. [PMID: 24460677 PMCID: PMC3925035 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Crotalphine is an antinociceptive peptide that, despite its opioid-like activity, does not induce some of the characteristic side effects of opioids, and its amino acid sequence has no homology to any known opioid peptide. Here, we evaluated the involvement of the peripheral cannabinoid system in the crotalphine effect and its interaction with the opioid system. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hyperalgesia was evaluated using the rat paw pressure test. Involvement of the cannabinoid system was determined using a selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Cannabinoid and opioid receptor activation were evaluated in paw slices by immunofluorescence assays using conformation state-sensitive antibodies. The release of endogenous opioid peptides from skin tissue was measured using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). KEY RESULTS Both p.o. (0.008-1.0 μg·kg(-1) ) and intraplantar (0.0006 μg per paw) administration of crotalphine induced antinociception in PGE2 -induced hyperalgesia. Antinociception by p.o. crotalphine (1 μg·kg(-1) ) was blocked by AM630 (50 μg per paw), a CB2 receptor antagonist, and by antiserum anti-dynorphin A (1 μg per paw). Immunoassay studies confirmed that crotalphine increased the activation of both κ-opioid (51.7%) and CB2 (28.5%) receptors in paw tissue. The local release of dynorphin A from paw skin was confirmed by in vitro EIA and blocked by AM630. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Crotalphine-induced antinociception involves peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptors and local release of dynorphin A, which is dependent on CB2 receptor activation. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the peripheral effect of crotalphine, as well as the interaction between the opioid and cannabinoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Machado
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - V O Zambelli
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C O Fernandes
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Y Cury
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Picolo
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil
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Ramsden CE, Faurot KR, Zamora D, Suchindran CM, MacIntosh BA, Gaylord S, Ringel A, Hibbeln JR, Feldstein AE, Mori TA, Barden A, Lynch C, Coble R, Mas E, Palsson O, Barrow DA, Mann DJ. Targeted alteration of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for the treatment of chronic headaches: a randomized trial. Pain 2013; 154:2441-2451. [PMID: 23886520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 and n-6 fatty acids are biosynthetic precursors to lipid mediators with antinociceptive and pronociceptive properties. We conducted a randomized, single-blinded, parallel-group clinical trial to assess clinical and biochemical effects of targeted alteration in dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for treatment of chronic headaches. After a 4-week preintervention phase, ambulatory patients with chronic daily headache undergoing usual care were randomized to 1 of 2 intensive, food-based 12-week dietary interventions: a high n-3 plus low n-6 (H3-L6) intervention, or a low n-6 (L6) intervention. Clinical outcomes included the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6, primary clinical outcome), Headache Days per month, and Headache Hours per day. Biochemical outcomes included the erythrocyte n-6 in highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) score (primary biochemical outcome) and bioactive n-3 and n-6 derivatives. Fifty-six of 67 patients completed the intervention. Both groups achieved targeted intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. In intention-to-treat analysis, the H3-L6 intervention produced significantly greater improvement in the HIT-6 score (-7.5 vs -2.1; P<0.001) and the number of Headache Days per month (-8.8 vs -4.0; P=0.02), compared to the L6 group. The H3-L6 intervention also produced significantly greater reductions in Headache Hours per day (-4.6 vs -1.2; P=0.01) and the n-6 in HUFA score (-21.0 vs -4.0%; P<0.001), and greater increases in antinociceptive n-3 pathway markers 18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid (+118.4 vs +61.1%; P<0.001) and 17-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (+170.2 vs +27.2; P<0.001). A dietary intervention increasing n-3 and reducing n-6 fatty acids reduced headache pain, altered antinociceptive lipid mediators, and improved quality-of-life in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Program on Integrative Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Nutrition Research and Metabolism Core, North Carolina Translational Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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