51
|
Toffoli M, Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Genetic causes of PD: A pathway to disease modification. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108022. [PMID: 32119885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The underline neuropathology of Parkinson disease is pleiomorphic and its genetic background diverse. Possibly because of this heterogeneity, no effective disease modifying therapy is available. In this paper we give an overview of the genetics of Parkinson disease and explain how this is relevant for the development of new therapies. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - S R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - A H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Increased α-synuclein oligomerization is associated with decreased activity of glucocerebrosidase in the aging human striatum and hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 733:135093. [PMID: 32470554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, in which α-synuclein (α-syn) oligomerization plays key pathogenic roles. Here, we show that oligomeric α-syn levels increase with age in the human brain and are accompanied by a decrease in the activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a lysosomal enzyme whose dysfunction is linked to the accumulation of oligomeric α-syn. The inverse relationship between oligomeric α-syn levels and GCase activity was more evident in brain regions susceptible to neurodegeneration (i.e., the striatum and hippocampus) than those that are less vulnerable (i.e., the cerebellum and occipital cortex). GCase could potentially regulate α-syn oligomerization, as demonstrated by the decrease in oligomeric α-syn levels caused by a GCase agonist. In vitro experiments showed that GCase activity was more potently inhibited by oligomeric than monomeric α-syn in the lysosome-enriched fractions isolated from brain tissues and cultured neuronal cells. Alterations in oligomeric α-syns and their association with GCase in aging brains may explain the vulnerability of certain brain regions to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.
Collapse
|
53
|
Alessenko AV, Albi E. Exploring Sphingolipid Implications in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2020; 11:437. [PMID: 32528400 PMCID: PMC7254877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it was found that relatively simple sphingolipids, such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and glucosylceramide play important roles in neuronal functions by regulating rates of neuronal growth and differentiation. Homeostasis of membrane sphingolipids in neurons and myelin is essential to prevent the loss of synaptic plasticity, cell death and neurodegeneration. In our review we summarize data about significant brain cell alterations of sphingolipids in different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Gaucher's, Farber's diseases, etc. We reported results obtained in brain tissue from both animals in which diseases were induced and humans in autopsy samples. Moreover, attention was paid on sphingolipids in biofluids, liquor and blood, from patients. In Alzheimer's disease sphingolipids are involved in the processing and aggregation of β-amyloid and in the transmission of the cytotoxic signal β-amyloid and TNFα-induced. Recently, the gangliosides metabolism in transgenic animals and the relationship between blood sphingolipids changes and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients have been intensively studied. Numerous experiments have highlighted the involvement of ceramide and monohexosylceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of the sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, gene mutations of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme were considered as responsible for Parkinson's disease via transition of the monomeric form of α-synuclein to an oligomeric, aggregated toxic form. Disturbances in the metabolism of ceramides were also associated with the appearance of Lewy's bodies. Changes in sphingolipid metabolism were found as a manifestation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, both sporadic and family forms, and affected the rate of disease development. Currently, fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, is the only drug undergoing clinical trials of phase II safety for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The use of sphingolipids as new diagnostic markers and as targets for innovative therapeutic strategies in different neurodegenerative disorders has been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Simple and Complex Sugars in Parkinson's Disease: a Bittersweet Taste. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2934-2943. [PMID: 32430844 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal homeostasis depends on both simple and complex sugars (the glycoconjugates), and derangement of their metabolism is liable to impair neural function and lead to neurodegeneration. Glucose levels boost glycation phenomena, a wide series of non-enzymatic reactions that give rise to various intermediates and end-products that are potentially dangerous in neurons. Glycoconjugates, including glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans, contribute to the constitution of the unique features of neuron membranes and extracellular matrix in the nervous system. Glycosylation defects are indeed frequently associated with nervous system disturbances and neurodegeneration. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Neurons present intracytoplasmic inclusions of α-synuclein aggregates involved in the disease pathogenesis together with the impairment of the autophagy-lysosome function, oxidative stress, and defective traffic and turnover of membrane components. In the present review, we selected relevant recent contributions concerning the direct involvement of glycation and glycosylation in α-synuclein stability, impaired autophagy and lysosomal function in PD, focusing on potential models of PD pathogenesis provided by genetic variants of glycosphingolipid processing enzymes, especially glucocerebrosidase (GBA). Moreover, we collected data aimed at defining the glycomic profile of PD patients as a tool to help in diagnosis and patient subtyping, as well as those pointing to sugar-related compounds with potential therapeutic applications in PD.
Collapse
|
55
|
Bonet-Ponce PhD L, Cookson MR. Can Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Inhibition Benefit GBA-Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord 2020; 35:721-723. [PMID: 32415718 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce PhD
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
CRISPR/Cas9 Editing for Gaucher Disease Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093268. [PMID: 32380730 PMCID: PMC7246564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the acid β-glucosidase gene (GBA1). Besides causing GD, GBA1 mutations constitute the main genetic risk factor for developing Parkinson’s disease. The molecular basis of neurological manifestations in GD remain elusive. However, neuroinflammation has been proposed as a key player in this process. We exploited CRISPR/Cas9 technology to edit GBA1 in the human monocytic THP-1 cell line to develop an isogenic GD model of monocytes and in glioblastoma U87 cell lines to generate an isogenic GD model of glial cells. Both edited (GBA1 mutant) cell lines presented low levels of mutant acid β-glucosidase expression, less than 1% of residual activity and massive accumulation of substrate. Moreover, U87 GBA1 mutant cells showed that the mutant enzyme was retained in the ER and subjected to proteasomal degradation, triggering unfolded protein response (UPR). U87 GBA1 mutant cells displayed an increased production of interleukin-1β, both with and without inflammosome activation, α-syn accumulation and a higher rate of cell death in comparison with wild-type cells. In conclusion, we developed reliable, isogenic, and easy-to-handle cellular models of GD obtained from commercially accessible cells to be employed in GD pathophysiology studies and high-throughput drug screenings.
Collapse
|
57
|
Avenali M, Blandini F, Cerri S. Glucocerebrosidase Defects as a Major Risk Factor for Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:97. [PMID: 32372943 PMCID: PMC7186450 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the GBA1 gene, encoding for lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), occur in a considerable percentage of all patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), varying between 8% and 12% across the world. Genome wide association studies have confirmed the strong correlation between PD and GBA1 mutations, pointing to this element as a major risk factor for PD, possibly the most important one after age. The pathobiological mechanisms underlying the link between a defective function of GCase and the development of PD are still unknown and are currently the focus of intense investigation in the community of pre-clinical and clinical researchers in the PD field. A major controversy regards the fact that, despite the unequivocal correlation between the presence of GBA1 mutations and the risk of developing PD, only a minority of asymptomatic carriers with GBA1 mutations convert to PD in their lifetime. GBA1 mutations reduce the enzymatic function of GCase, impairing lysosomal efficiency and the cellular ability to dispose of pathological alpha-synuclein. Changes in the cellular lipidic content resulting from the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, triggered by lysosomal dysfunction, may contribute to the pathological modification of alpha-synuclein, due to its ability to interact with cell membrane lipids. Mutant GCase can impair mitochondrial function and cause endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby impacting on cellular energy production and proteostasis. Importantly, reduced GCase activity is associated with clear activation of microglia, a major mediator of neuroinflammatory response within the brain parenchyma, which points to neuroinflammation as a major consequence of GCase dysfunction. In this present review article, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of GBA1 mutations in PD development and their phenotypic correlations. We also discuss the potential role of the GCase pathway in the search for PD biomarkers that may enable the development of disease modifying therapies. Answering these questions will aid clinicians in offering more appropriate counseling to the patients and their caregivers and provide future directions for PD preclinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Avenali
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Autophagy lysosomal pathway dysfunction in Parkinson's disease; evidence from human genetics. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
59
|
Toffoli M, Smith L, Schapira AHV. The biochemical basis of interactions between Glucocerebrosidase and alpha-synuclein in GBA1 mutation carriers. J Neurochem 2020; 154:11-24. [PMID: 31965564 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genes involved in familial as well as sporadic forms of Parkinson disease (PD) constitutes an important milestone in understanding this disorder's pathophysiology and potential treatment. Among these genes, GBA1 is one of the most common and well-studied, but it is still unclear how mutations in GBA1 translate into an increased risk for developing PD. In this review, we provide an overview of the biochemical and structural relationship between GBA1 and PD to help understand the recent advances in the development of PD therapies intended to target this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Laura Smith
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Sung K, Jimenez-Sanchez M. Autophagy in Astrocytes and its Implications in Neurodegeneration. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2605-2621. [PMID: 31931011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway where double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic content to the lysosome. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, misfolded proteins that accumulate in these diseases and constitute a common pathological hallmark are substrates for autophagic degradation. Astrocytes, a major type of glial cells, are emerging as a critical component in most neurodegenerative diseases. This review will summarize the recent efforts to investigate the role that autophagy plays in astrocytes in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. While the field has mostly focused on the implications of autophagy in neurons, autophagy may also be involved in the clearance of disease-related proteins in astrocytes as well as in maintaining astrocyte function, which could impact the cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contribution of astrocytes to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sung
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Ji S, Wang C, Qiao H, Gu Z, Gan-Or Z, Fon EA, Chan P. Decreased Penetrance of Parkinson's Disease in Elderly Carriers of Glucocerebrosidase Gene L444P/R Mutations: A Community-Based 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Mov Disord 2020; 35:672-678. [PMID: 31912918 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) have been shown to be an important genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) worldwide. However, the penetrance of GBA heterozygote for L444P, the common mutation for Asian population, is not known in older Chinese people. OBJECTIVES To assess the conversion rate to PD in identified carriers of GBA L444P/R mutations in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS The GBA gene was sequenced for mutations at position 444 in 8405 people older than 55 years who participated in the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging II cohort. Nine subjects were identified as heterozygous carriers of GBA L444P or L444R mutations at baseline and clinically followed up from 2009 to 2019 to investigate their PD conversion, motor and nonmotor symptoms, and change of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 using tracer of [18 F]9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (18 F-DTBZ, also known as 18 F-AV-133). RESULTS Eight heterozygous GBA L444P and 1 L444R mutation carriers were identified without PD at baseline, and none of them developed clinical parkinsonism after a 10-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Although GBA mutations may lead to an earlier onset PD, the majority of GBA L444P heterozygotes in older adults may not convert to PD. Further studies are warranted to identify factors that modify the risk of conversion. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Ji
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical and Research Center for Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Qiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuqin Gu
- Clinical and Research Center for Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical and Research Center for Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Zhang Y, Chen J, Xu C, Feng J, Li J. Effects of glucocerebrosidase gene polymorphisms and mutations on the risk of Parkinson's disease dementia: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2020; 714:134544. [PMID: 31672490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exploring the impact of glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) polymorphisms and mutations on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of GBA polymorphisms and mutations on the risk of PDD and to identify the relationship between GBA genotype and PDD. METHODS A computer-based search was performed to retrieve publications from PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases using the search terms "glucocerebrosidase", "Parkinson's disease", and "dementia". After rigorous screening, cohort studies were included for meta-analysis. RESULTS The risk of PDD in GBA variant carriers was 1.94 times that in non-carriers (hazard ratio [HR], 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-2.46). The risk of PDD in GBA polymorphism carriers was 1.87 times that in non-carriers (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.18-2.98). The risk of PDD in GBA mutation carriers was 3.64 times that in non-carriers (HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.74-4.83). The risk of PDD in p.L444P variant carriers (HR, 4.81; 95% CI, 3.37-6.86) was significantly higher than that in p.N370S variant carriers (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.29-1.94). CONCLUSION GBA polymorphisms and mutations are potential risk factors for PDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jingqi Feng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Dossi G, Squarcina L, Rango M. In Vivo Mitochondrial Function in Idiopathic and Genetic Parkinson's Disease. Metabolites 2019; 10:metabo10010019. [PMID: 31905632 PMCID: PMC7023121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with brain mitochondrial dysfunction. High-energy phosphates (HEPs), which rely on mitochondrial functioning, may be considered potential biomarkers for PD. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) is a suitable tool to explore in vivo cerebral energetics. We considered 10 31P-MRS studies in order to highlight the main findings about brain energetic compounds in patients affected by idiopathic PD and genetic PD. The studies investigated several brain areas such as frontal lobes, occipital lobes, temporoparietal cortex, visual cortex, midbrain, and basal ganglia. Resting-state studies reported contrasting results showing decreased as well as normal or increased HEPs levels in PD patients. Functional studies revealed abnormal PCr + βATP levels in PD subjects during the recovery phase and abnormal values at rest, during activation and recovery in one PD subject with PINK1 gene mutation suggesting that mitochondrial machinery is more impaired in PD patients with PINK1 gene mutation. PD is characterized by energetics impairment both in idiopathic PD as well as in genetic PD, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies the disease. Studies are still sparse and sometimes contrasting, maybe due to different methodological approaches. Further studies are needed to better assess the role of mitochondria in the PD development.
Collapse
|
64
|
GBA mutation promotes early mitochondrial dysfunction in 3D neurosphere models. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10338-10355. [PMID: 31751314 PMCID: PMC6914435 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutations are the most important genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson disease (PD). GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Loss-of-GCase activity in cellular models has implicated lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD disease pathogenesis, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that GBA mutations impair mitochondria quality control in a neurosphere model. We have characterized mitochondrial content, mitochondrial function and macroautophagy flux in 3D-neurosphere-model derived from neural crest stem cells containing heterozygous and homozygous N370SGBA mutations, under carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazine (CCCP)- induced mitophagy. Our findings on mitochondrial markers and ATP levels indicate that mitochondrial accumulation occurs in mutant N370SGBA neurospheres under basal conditions, and clearance of depolarised mitochondria is impaired following CCCP-treatment. A significant increase in TFEB-mRNA levels, the master regulator of lysosomal and autophagy genes, may explain an unchanged macroautophagy flux in N370SGBA neurospheres. PGC1α-mRNA levels were also significantly increased following CCCP-treatment in heterozygote, but not homozygote neurospheres, and might contribute to the increased mitochondrial content seen in cells with this genotype, probably as a compensatory mechanism that is absent in homozygous lines. Mitochondrial impairment occurs early in the development of GCase-deficient neurons. Furthermore, impaired turnover of depolarised mitochondria is associated with early mitochondrial dysfunction. In summary, the presence of GBA mutation may be associated with higher levels of mitochondrial content in homozygous lines and lower clearance of damaged mitochondria in our neurosphere model.
Collapse
|
65
|
Benkert J, Hess S, Roy S, Beccano-Kelly D, Wiederspohn N, Duda J, Simons C, Patil K, Gaifullina A, Mannal N, Dragicevic E, Spaich D, Müller S, Nemeth J, Hollmann H, Deuter N, Mousba Y, Kubisch C, Poetschke C, Striessnig J, Pongs O, Schneider T, Wade-Martins R, Patel S, Parlato R, Frank T, Kloppenburg P, Liss B. Cav2.3 channels contribute to dopaminergic neuron loss in a model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5094. [PMID: 31704946 PMCID: PMC6841684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The mechanisms underlying this age-dependent and region-selective neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here we identify Cav2.3 channels as regulators of nigral neuronal viability. Cav2.3 transcripts were more abundant than other voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse nigral neurons and upregulated during aging. Plasmalemmal Cav2.3 protein was higher than in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, which do not degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Cav2.3 knockout reduced activity-associated nigral somatic Ca2+ signals and Ca2+-dependent after-hyperpolarizations, and afforded full protection from degeneration in vivo in a neurotoxin Parkinson's mouse model. Cav2.3 deficiency upregulated transcripts for NCS-1, a Ca2+-binding protein implicated in neuroprotection. Conversely, NCS-1 knockout exacerbated nigral neurodegeneration and downregulated Cav2.3. Moreover, NCS-1 levels were reduced in a human iPSC-model of familial Parkinson's. Thus, Cav2.3 and NCS-1 may constitute potential therapeutic targets for combatting Ca2+-dependent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Benkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Hess
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shoumik Roy
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dayne Beccano-Kelly
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johanna Duda
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Simons
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Komal Patil
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Nadja Mannal
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Dragicevic
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Desirée Spaich
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sonja Müller
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Nemeth
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helene Hollmann
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nora Deuter
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yassine Mousba
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Joerg Striessnig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Pongs
- Institute of Physiology, CIPMM, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Frank
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Association between autophagy and rapid eye movement sleep loss-associated neurodegenerative and patho-physio-behavioral changes. Sleep Med 2019; 63:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
67
|
Foltynie T, Langston JW. Therapies to Slow, Stop, or Reverse Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:S115-S121. [PMID: 30584162 PMCID: PMC6311371 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of PD pathophysiology is vastly improved compared to the situation 20 years ago. We have identified the major genetic risks for PD, we now have far more representative animal models of the disease, and we can be inspired by the early successes of others using Antisense Oligonucleotide and vaccination approaches in other neurodegenerative diseases. We also have a broad range of repurposed drugs showing the first signals of potential efficacy in the translational pipeline which are being driven forward through the various clinical trial stages. We believe we can be optimistic that the next 20 years will be a time for major breakthroughs towards the discovery of therapies that may slow, stop, or reverse PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - J William Langston
- Department of Pathology, Associate Director, Stanford Udall Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Welsh NJ, Gewinner CA, Mistry K, Koglin M, Cooke J, Butler M, Powney B, Roberts M, Staddon JM, Schapira AHV. Functional assessment of glucocerebrosidase modulator efficacy in primary patient-derived macrophages is essential for drug development and patient stratification. Haematologica 2019; 105:e206-e209. [PMID: 31558665 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.224717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Welsh
- Eisai-UCL Drug Discovery and Development Collaboration, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University College London, London
| | - Christina A Gewinner
- Eisai-UCL Drug Discovery and Development Collaboration, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University College London, London
| | - Kavita Mistry
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
| | - Mumta Koglin
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
| | - Juniebel Cooke
- Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Matthew Butler
- Eisai-UCL Drug Discovery and Development Collaboration, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University College London, London
| | - Ben Powney
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
| | - Malcolm Roberts
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
| | - James M Staddon
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Guix FX. The interplay between aging‐associated loss of protein homeostasis and extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:262-283. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
70
|
Parekh P, Sharma N, Gadepalli A, Shahane A, Sharma M, Khairnar A. A Cleaning Crew: The Pursuit of Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3914-3926. [PMID: 31385687 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder, neuropathologically characterized by the aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, which appears to be central to the onset and progression of PD pathology. Evidence from pioneering studies has highly advocated the existence of impaired autophagy pathways in the brains of PD patients. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, homeostatic mechanism for minimizing abnormal protein aggregates and facilitating organelle turnover. Any aberration in constitutive autophagy activity results in the aggregation of misfolded α-syn, which, in turn, may further inhibit their own degradation-leading to a vicious cycle of neuronal death. Despite the plethora of available literature, there are still lacunas existing in our understanding of the exact cellular interplay between autophagy impairment and α-syn accumulation-mediated neurotoxicity. In this context, clearance of aggregated α-syn via up-regulation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway could provide a pharmacologically viable approach to the treatment of PD. The present Review highlights the basics of autophagy and detrimental cross-talk between α-syn and chaperone-mediated autophagy, and α-syn and macroautophagy. It also depicts the interaction between α-syn and novel targets, LRRK2 and mTOR, followed by the role of autophagy in PD from a therapeutic perspective. More importantly, it further updates the reader's understanding of various newer therapeutic avenues that may accomplish disease modification via promoting clearance of toxic α-syn through activation of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pathik Parekh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Abhishekh Shahane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhou X, Paushter DH, Pagan MD, Kim D, Nunez Santos M, Lieberman RL, Overkleeft HS, Sun Y, Smolka MB, Hu F. Progranulin deficiency leads to reduced glucocerebrosidase activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212382. [PMID: 31291241 PMCID: PMC6619604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the GRN gene, encoding the progranulin (PGRN) protein, shows a dose-dependent disease correlation, wherein haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and complete loss results in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Although the exact function of PGRN is unknown, it has been increasingly implicated in lysosomal physiology. Here we report that PGRN interacts with the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and is essential for proper GCase activity. GCase activity is significantly reduced in tissue lysates from PGRN-deficient mice. This is further evidence that reduced lysosomal hydrolase activity may be a pathological mechanism in cases of GRN-related FTLD and NCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Paushter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Mitchell D. Pagan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Dongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Mariela Nunez Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, NW, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Marcus B. Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Farfel-Becker T, Do J, Tayebi N, Sidransky E. Can GBA1-Associated Parkinson Disease Be Modeled in the Mouse? Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:631-643. [PMID: 31288942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous and heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene implicated in Gaucher disease, increase the risk and severity of Parkinson disease (PD). We evaluated the design, phenotype, strengths, and limitations of current GBA1-associated PD mouse models. Although faithful modeling of a genetic risk factor poses many challenges, the different approaches taken were successful in revealing predisposing abnormalities in heterozygotes for GBA1 mutations and demonstrating the deleterious effects of GBA1 impairment on the PD course in PD models. GBA1-PD models differ in key parameters, with no single model recapitulating all aspects of the GBA1-PD puzzle, emphasizing the importance of selecting the proper in vivo model depending on the specific molecular mechanism or potential therapy being studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
| | - Jenny Do
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
The Link between Gaucher Disease and Parkinson's Disease Sheds Light on Old and Novel Disorders of Sphingolipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133304. [PMID: 31284408 PMCID: PMC6651136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism starts with the biosynthesis of ceramide, a bioactive lipid and the backbone for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids. These are degraded back to ceramide and then to sphingosine, which enters the ceramide–sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway or is further degraded. Several enzymes with multiple catalytic properties and subcellular localizations are thus involved in such metabolism. Hereditary defects of lysosomal hydrolases have been known for several years to be the cause of lysosomal storage diseases such as gangliosidoses, Gaucher disease, Niemann–Pick disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, and Farber disease. More recently, many other inborn errors of sphingolipid metabolism have been recognized, involving enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glycosphingolipids. Concurrently, epidemiologic and biochemical evidence has established a link between Gaucher disease and Parkinson’s disease, showing that glucocerebrosidase variants predispose individuals to α-synuclein accumulation and neurodegeneration even in the heterozygous status. This appears to be due not only to lysosomal overload of non-degraded glucosylceramide, but to the derangement of vesicle traffic and autophagy, including mitochondrial autophagy, triggered by both sphingolipid intermediates and misfolded proteins. In this review, old and novel disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, in particular those of ganglioside biosynthesis, are evaluated in light of recent investigations of the link between Gaucher disease and Parkinson’s disease, with the aim of better understanding their pathogenic mechanisms and addressing new potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
74
|
Ikenaka K, Suzuki M, Mochizuki H, Nagai Y. Lipids as Trans-Acting Effectors for α-Synuclein in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:693. [PMID: 31333408 PMCID: PMC6619337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (αSyn) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites, which consist mainly of aggregated αSyn, are widely observed in the affected regions of patient brains. Except for some familial forms of PD/DLB, most sporadic PD/DLB patients express the wild-type (WT) αSyn protein without any mutations, and the mechanisms as to how WT αSyn gains the propensity to pathologically aggregate still remains unclear. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which the same αSyn protein can cause different synucleinopathies with distinct phenotypes and pathologies, such as PD, DLB, and multiple system atrophy (MSA), still remain largely unknown. Recently, mutations in the GBA1 gene (encoding glucocerebrosidase), which are responsible for the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD), have been reported to be the strongest risk factor for developing sporadic PD/DLB. We previously demonstrated that glucosylceramide accumulated by GBA1 deficiency promotes the conversion of αSyn into a proteinase K-resistant conformation. Furthermore, decreased glucocerebrosidase activity has also been reported in the brains of patients with sporadic PD/DLB. Moreover, αSyn pathology has also been shown in the brains of lysosomal storage disorder patients, which show glycosphingolipid accumulation. These observations suggest the possibility that altered lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation play roles in αSyn aggregation and PD/DLB pathogenesis. Indeed, several previous studies have demonstrated that lipid interactions affect the conformation of αSyn and induces its oligomerization and aggregation. In this review, we will give an overview of the association between αSyn aggregation and lipid interactions from the viewpoints of the etiology, pathology, and genetics of PD/DLB. We also discuss the distinct species of αSyn aggregates and their association with specific types of synucleinopathies, and introduce our hypothesis that lipid interactions play a role as trans-acting effectors in producing distinct strains of αSyn fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Suzuki
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Insights into GBA Parkinson's disease pathology and therapy with induced pluripotent stem cell model systems. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
76
|
Park HY, Lee JH, Lee SY, Yu DS, Han KD, Park YG, Lee YB. Risk for Parkinson's Disease in Patients with Behçet's Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Dynamic Cohort Study in Korea. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 9:583-589. [PMID: 31227655 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have reported a correlation between Behçet's disease (BD) and Parkinson's disease, this association has not yet been clarified. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of Parkinson's disease in patients with BD. METHODS BD patients (n = 17,179; mean age, 51.12±8.09 years; male, 34.95%) without known previous diagnosis of Parkinson's disease were selected from the Korean National Health Insurance Database between 2010 and 2013. An age- and gender-matched control population of individuals without BD was randomly sampled at a ratio of 3:1 (n = 34,575). Both cohorts were followed for development of Parkinson's disease until 2015. RESULTS Among a total of 11,525 BD patients, 50 (0.43%) developed Parkinson's disease, whereas only 51 among the 34,575 individuals in the non-BD group developed Parkinson's (0.15%, P < 0.0001). The incidence of Parkinson's disease was significantly higher in BD patients than in controls. In addition, during the follow-up period, patients with BD were more likely to be diagnosed with Parkinson's disease than those in the non-BD group. CONCLUSIONS BD patients had a higher risk of Parkinson's disease compared to non-BD controls. Physicians should carefully monitor patients with BD for potential development of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Youn Park
- Department of Orthopedics, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abramov AY. Different faces of neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2019; 285:3544-3546. [PMID: 30295008 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Special Issue comprises nine reviews offering perspectives from the development of neurodegeneration in different pathologies to neuronal protection, providing new views on the mechanism of neurodegeneration and associated processes and a summary of the progress in neuroscience. We hope you find these reviews interesting and informative and we thank the authors for these excellent contributions to The FEBS Journal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
GBA, Gaucher Disease, and Parkinson's Disease: From Genetic to Clinic to New Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040364. [PMID: 31010158 PMCID: PMC6523296 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common degenerative disorder. Although the disease was described more than 200 years ago, its pathogenetic mechanisms have not yet been fully described. In recent years, the discovery of the association between mutations of the GBA gene (encoding for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase) and PD facilitated a better understating of this disorder. GBA mutations are the most common genetic risk factor of the disease. However, mutations of this gene can be found in different phenotypes, such as Gaucher’s disease (GD), PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and rapid eye movements (REM) sleep behavior disorders (RBDs). Understanding the pathogenic role of this mutation and its different manifestations is crucial for geneticists and scientists to guide their research and to select proper cohorts of patients. Moreover, knowing the implications of the GBA mutation in the context of PD and the other associated phenotypes is also important for clinicians to properly counsel their patients and to implement their care. With the present review we aim to describe the genetic, clinical, and therapeutic features related to the mutation of the GBA gene.
Collapse
|
80
|
Gatto EM, Da Prat G, Etcheverry JL, Drelichman G, Cesarini M. Parkinsonisms and Glucocerebrosidase Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review for Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Glucocerebrosidase Deficiency. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9020030. [PMID: 30717266 PMCID: PMC6406566 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, lysosomal storage diseases appear as a bridge of knowledge between rare genetic inborn metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) or frontotemporal dementia. Epidemiological studies helped promote research in the field that continues to improve our understanding of the link between mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene and PD. We conducted a review of this link, highlighting the association in GBA mutation carriers and in Gaucher disease type 1 patients (GD type 1). A comprehensive review of the literature from January 2008 to December 2018 was undertaken. Relevance findings include: (1) There is a bidirectional interaction between GBA and α- synuclein in protein homeostasis regulatory pathways involving the clearance of aggregated proteins. (2) The link between GBA deficiency and PD appears not to be restricted to α–synuclein aggregates but also involves Parkin and PINK1 mutations. (3) Other factors help explain this association, including early and later endosomes and the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP-2A) involved in the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). (4) The best knowledge allows researchers to explore new therapeutic pathways alongside substrate reduction or enzyme replacement therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M Gatto
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Section, Institute of Neuroscience of Buenos Aires (INEBA). Guardia Vieja 4435, Buenos Aires C1192AAW, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Da Prat
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Section, Institute of Neuroscience of Buenos Aires (INEBA). Guardia Vieja 4435, Buenos Aires C1192AAW, Argentina.
| | - Jose Luis Etcheverry
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Section, Institute of Neuroscience of Buenos Aires (INEBA). Guardia Vieja 4435, Buenos Aires C1192AAW, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Drelichman
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina.
| | - Martin Cesarini
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Section, Institute of Neuroscience of Buenos Aires (INEBA). Guardia Vieja 4435, Buenos Aires C1192AAW, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Hussain G, Wang J, Rasul A, Anwar H, Imran A, Qasim M, Zafar S, Kamran SKS, Razzaq A, Aziz N, Ahmad W, Shabbir A, Iqbal J, Baig SM, Sun T. Role of cholesterol and sphingolipids in brain development and neurological diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:26. [PMID: 30683111 PMCID: PMC6347843 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain is a vital organ of the human body which performs very important functions such as analysis, processing, coordination, and execution of electrical signals. For this purpose, it depends on a complex network of nerves which are ensheathed in lipids tailored myelin; an abundant source of lipids in the body. The nervous system is enriched with important classes of lipids; sphingolipids and cholesterol which compose the major portion of the brain particularly in the form of myelin. Both cholesterol and sphingolipids are embedded in the microdomains of membrane rafts and are functional units of the neuronal cell membrane. These molecules serve as the signaling molecules; hold important roles in the neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and many others. Thus, their adequate provision and active metabolism are of crucial importance in the maintenance of physiological functions of brain and body of an individual. In the present review, we have highlighted the physiological roles of cholesterol and sphingolipids in the development of the nervous system as well as the association of their altered metabolism to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Zafar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Kashif Shahid Kamran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Shabbir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
Collapse
|
83
|
Liss B, Striessnig J. The Potential of L-Type Calcium Channels as a Drug Target for Neuroprotective Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:263-289. [PMID: 30625283 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) mainly arise from degeneration of dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra. As no disease-modifying PD therapies are available, and side effects limit long-term benefits of current symptomatic therapies, novel treatment approaches are needed. The ongoing phase III clinical study STEADY-PD is investigating the potential of the dihydropyridine isradipine, an L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) blocker, for neuroprotective PD therapy. Here we review the clinical and preclinical rationale for this trial and discuss potential reasons for the ambiguous outcomes of in vivo animal model studies that address PD-protective dihydropyridine effects. We summarize current views about the roles of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 LTCC isoforms for substantia nigra neuron function, and their high vulnerability to degenerative stressors, and for PD pathophysiology. We discuss different dihydropyridine sensitivities of LTCC isoforms in view of their potential as drug targets for PD neuroprotection, and we conclude by considering how these aspects could guide further drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Liss
- Institut für Angewandte Physiologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Abteilung Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Institut für Pharmazie, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Davidson BA, Hassan S, Garcia EJ, Tayebi N, Sidransky E. Exploring genetic modifiers of Gaucher disease: The next horizon. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1739-1751. [PMID: 30098107 PMCID: PMC6240360 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from mutations in the gene GBA1 that lead to a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Accumulation of the enzyme's substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, results in symptoms ranging from skeletal and visceral involvement to neurological manifestations. Nonetheless, there is significant variability in clinical presentations amongst patients, with limited correlation between genotype and phenotype. Contributing to this clinical variation are genetic modifiers that influence the phenotypic outcome of the disorder. In this review, we explore the role of genetic modifiers in Mendelian disorders and describe methods to facilitate their discovery. In addition, we provide examples of candidate modifiers of Gaucher disease, explore their relevance in the development of potential therapeutics, and discuss the impact of GBA1 and modifying mutations on other more common diseases like Parkinson disease. Identifying these important modulators of Gaucher phenotype may ultimately unravel the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype and lead to improved counseling and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad A. Davidson
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shahzeb Hassan
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Joshua Garcia
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
McWilliams TG, Barini E, Pohjolan-Pirhonen R, Brooks SP, Singh F, Burel S, Balk K, Kumar A, Montava-Garriga L, Prescott AR, Hassoun SM, Mouton-Liger F, Ball G, Hills R, Knebel A, Ulusoy A, Di Monte DA, Tamjar J, Antico O, Fears K, Smith L, Brambilla R, Palin E, Valori M, Eerola-Rautio J, Tienari P, Corti O, Dunnett SB, Ganley IG, Suomalainen A, Muqit MMK. Phosphorylation of Parkin at serine 65 is essential for its activation in vivo. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180108. [PMID: 30404819 PMCID: PMC6282074 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin result in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Cell culture and in vitro studies have elaborated the PINK1-dependent regulation of Parkin and defined how this dyad orchestrates the elimination of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin at serine 65 (Ser65) and Parkin at an equivalent Ser65 residue located within its N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain, resulting in activation; however, the physiological significance of Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation in vivo in mammals remains unknown. To address this, we generated a Parkin Ser65Ala (S65A) knock-in mouse model. We observe endogenous Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation and activation in mature primary neurons following mitochondrial depolarization and reveal this is disrupted in Parkin S65A/S65A neurons. Phenotypically, Parkin S65A/S65A mice exhibit selective motor dysfunction in the absence of any overt neurodegeneration or alterations in nigrostriatal mitophagy. The clinical relevance of our findings is substantiated by the discovery of homozygous PARKIN (PARK2) p.S65N mutations in two unrelated patients with PD. Moreover, biochemical and structural analysis demonstrates that the ParkinS65N/S65N mutant is pathogenic and cannot be activated by PINK1. Our findings highlight the central role of Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G McWilliams
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK .,Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erica Barini
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Risto Pohjolan-Pirhonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon P Brooks
- The Brain Repair Group, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - François Singh
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sophie Burel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kristin Balk
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Atul Kumar
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lambert Montava-Garriga
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan R Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | | | - Graeme Ball
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Hills
- The Brain Repair Group, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Axel Knebel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jevgenia Tamjar
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Odetta Antico
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kyle Fears
- The Brain Repair Group, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Laura Smith
- The Brain Repair Group, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Eino Palin
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miko Valori
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Eerola-Rautio
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI 00290, Finland
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Stephen B Dunnett
- The Brain Repair Group, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miratul M K Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK .,School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Lunati A, Lesage S, Brice A. The genetic landscape of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:628-643. [PMID: 30245141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown in most patients. Since 1997, with the first genetic mutation known to cause PD described in SNCA gene, many other genes with Mendelian inheritance have been identified. We summarize genetic, clinical and neuropathological findings related to the 27 genes reported in the literature since 1997, associated either with autosomal dominant (AD): LRRK2, SNCA, VPS35, GCH1, ATXN2, DNAJC13, TMEM230, GIGYF2, HTRA2, RIC3, EIF4G1, UCHL1, CHCHD2, and GBA; or autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance: PRKN, PINK1, DJ1, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, SPG11, VPS13C, PODXL, and PTRHD1; or an X-linked transmission: RAB39B. Clinical and neuropathological variability among genes is great. LRRK2 mutation carriers present a phenotype similar to those with idiopathic PD whereas, depending on the SNCA mutations, the phenotype ranges from early onset typical PD to dementia with Lewy bodies, including many other atypical forms. DNAJC6 nonsense mutations lead to a very severe phenotype whereas DNAJC6 missense mutations cause a more typical form. PRKN, PINK1 and DJ1 cases present with typical early onset PD with slow progression, whereas other AR genes present severe atypical Parkinsonism. RAB39B is responsible for a typical phenotype in women and a variable phenotype in men. GBA is a major PD risk factor often associated with dementia. A growing number of reported genes described as causal genes (DNAJC13, TMEM230, GIGYF2, HTRA2, RIC3, EIF4G1, UCHL1, and CHCHD2) are still awaiting replication or indeed have not been replicated, thus raising questions as to their pathogenicity. Phenotypic data collection and next generation sequencing of large numbers of cases and controls are needed to differentiate pathogenic dominant mutations with incomplete penetrance from rare, non-pathogenic variants. Although known genes cause a minority of PD cases, their identification will lead to a better understanding their pathological mechanisms, and may contribute to patient care, genetic counselling, prognosis determination and finding new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lunati
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Sorbonne université, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - S Lesage
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Sorbonne université, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Brice
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Sorbonne université, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; Département de génétique, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Thomas RE, Vincow ES, Merrihew GE, MacCoss MJ, Davis MY, Pallanck LJ. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency promotes protein aggregation through dysregulation of extracellular vesicles. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007694. [PMID: 30256786 PMCID: PMC6175534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the glucosylceramidase beta (GBA) gene are strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases marked by protein aggregation. GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which breaks down glucosylceramide. A common explanation for the link between GBA mutations and protein aggregation is that lysosomal accumulation of glucosylceramide causes impaired autophagy. We tested this hypothesis directly by measuring protein turnover and abundance in Drosophila mutants with deletions in the GBA ortholog Gba1b. Proteomic analyses revealed that known autophagy substrates, which had severely impaired turnover in autophagy-deficient Atg7 mutants, showed little to no overall slowing of turnover or increase in abundance in Gba1b mutants. Likewise, Gba1b mutants did not have the marked impairment of mitochondrial protein turnover seen in mitophagy-deficient parkin mutants. Proteasome activity, microautophagy, and endocytic degradation also appeared unaffected in Gba1b mutants. However, we found striking changes in the turnover and abundance of proteins associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have been proposed as vehicles for the spread of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disease. These changes were specific to Gba1b mutants and did not represent an acceleration of normal aging. Western blotting of isolated EVs confirmed the increased abundance of EV proteins in Gba1b mutants, and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed that Gba1b mutants had six times as many EVs as controls. Genetic perturbations of EV production in Gba1b mutants suppressed protein aggregation, demonstrating that the increase in EV abundance contributed to the accumulation of protein aggregates. Together, our findings indicate that glucocerebrosidase deficiency causes pathogenic changes in EV metabolism and may promote the spread of protein aggregates through extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Evelyn S. Vincow
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Gennifer E. Merrihew
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Marie Y. Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Leo J. Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Orme T, Guerreiro R, Bras J. The Genetics of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:67. [PMID: 30097731 PMCID: PMC6097049 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a neurodegenerative disease that can be clinically and pathologically similar to Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current understanding of DLB genetics is insufficient and has been limited by sample size and difficulty in diagnosis. The first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in DLB was performed in 2017; a time at which the post-GWAS era has been reached in many diseases. RECENT FINDINGS DLB shares risk loci with AD, in the APOE E4 allele, and with PD, in variation at GBA and SNCA. Interestingly, the GWAS suggested that DLB may also have genetic risk factors that are distinct from those in AD and PD. Although off to a slow start, recent studies have reinvigorated the field of DLB genetics and these results enable us to start to have a more complete understanding of the genetic architecture of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Orme
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Institute of Neurology, Wing 1.2, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Institute of Neurology, Wing 1.2, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Institute of Neurology, Wing 1.2, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Patent highlights from December 2017 to January 2018. Pharm Pat Anal 2018; 7:111-119. [PMID: 29676211 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
Collapse
|
90
|
Kim D, Hwang H, Choi S, Kwon SH, Lee S, Park JH, Kim S, Ko HS. D409H GBA1 mutation accelerates the progression of pathology in A53T α-synuclein transgenic mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:32. [PMID: 29703245 PMCID: PMC5923019 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) are a major genetic risk factor for Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Mutations in GBA1 leads to GBA1 enzyme deficiency, and GBA1-associated parkinsonism has an earlier age of onset and more progressive parkinsonism. To investigate a potential influence of GBA1 deficiency caused by mutations in GBA1 on the disease progression of PD, GBA1 mice carrying D409H knock-in mutation were crossbred with the human A53T (hA53T) α-synuclein transgenic mice. Here, we show that GBA1 enzyme activity plays a significant role in the hA53T α-synuclein induced α-synucleinopathy. The expression of D409H GBA1 markedly shortens the lifespan of hA53T α-synuclein transgenic mice. Moreover, D409H GBA1 expression exacerbates the formation of insoluble aggregates of α-synuclein, glial activation, neuronal degeneration, and motor abnormalities in the hA53T α-synuclein transgenic mice. Interestingly, the expression of D409H GBA1 results in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of hA53T transgenic mice. Taken together, these results indicate that GBA1 deficiency due to D409H mutation affects the disease onset and course in hA53T α-synuclein transgenic mice. Therefore, strategies aimed to maintain GBA1 enzyme activity could be employed to develop an effective novel therapy for GBA1 linked-PD and related α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
|
91
|
Jinsmaa Y, Sharabi Y, Sullivan P, Isonaka R, Goldstein DS. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde-Induced Protein Modifications and Their Mitigation by N-Acetylcysteine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:113-124. [PMID: 29700232 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The catecholaldehyde hypothesis posits that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), an obligate intermediary metabolite of dopamine, is an autotoxin that challenges neuronal homeostasis in catecholaminergic neurons. DOPAL toxicity may involve protein modifications, such as oligomerization of α-synuclein (AS). Potential interactions between DOPAL and other proteins related to catecholaminergic neurodegeneration, however, have not been systemically explored. This study examined DOPAL-induced protein-quinone adduct formation ("quinonization") and protein oligomerization, ubiquitination, and aggregation in cultured MO3.13 human oligodendrocytes and PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells and in test tube experiments. Using near-infrared fluorescence spectroscopy, we detected spontaneous DOPAL oxidation to DOPAL-quinone, DOPAL-induced quinonization of intracellular proteins in both cell lines, and DOPAL-induced quinonization of several proteins related to catecholaminergic neurodegeneration, including AS, the type 2 vesicular monoamine transporter, glucocerebrosidase, ubiquitin, and l-aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase (LAAAD). DOPAL also oligomerized AS, ubiquitin, and LAAAD; inactivated LAAAD (IC50 54 μM); evoked substantial intracellular protein ubiquitination; and aggregated intracellular AS. Remarkably, N-acetylcysteine, which decreases DOPAL-quinone formation, attenuated or prevented all of these protein modifications and functional changes. The results fit with the proposal that treatments based on decreasing the formation and oxidation of DOPAL may slow or prevent catecholaminergic neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunden Jinsmaa
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program/Division of Intramural Research/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.J., Y.S., P.S., R.I., D.S.G.), and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Yehonatan Sharabi
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program/Division of Intramural Research/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.J., Y.S., P.S., R.I., D.S.G.), and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Patti Sullivan
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program/Division of Intramural Research/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.J., Y.S., P.S., R.I., D.S.G.), and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Risa Isonaka
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program/Division of Intramural Research/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.J., Y.S., P.S., R.I., D.S.G.), and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program/Division of Intramural Research/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.J., Y.S., P.S., R.I., D.S.G.), and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Zappa F, Failli M, De Matteis MA. The Golgi complex in disease and therapy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:102-116. [PMID: 29614425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex occupies a strategic position in the endomembrane system and acts not only as a key trafficking and sorting station and a vital biosynthetic center for glycoproteins and lipids, but also as an active signaling hub. As such, the Golgi complex participates in the establishment and maintenance of cell compartmentalization and in general, cell processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. The different functions of the Golgi complex are executed by composite molecular machineries that have been exhaustively dissected over the last three decades. These machineries can become dysfunctional as a result of mutations in the respective encoding genes or may be hijacked by infectious agents or misregulated in the course of multifactorial diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. Small molecules targeting components of these machineries have been instrumental in dissecting their functions in in vitro studies and some of them have been developed or are currently under development for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zappa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Mario Failli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|