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Dantas RR, da Silva GAP. THE ROLE OF THE OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AND PARENTAL LIFESTYLES IN INFANT FEEDING BEHAVIOR. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2019; 37:363-371. [PMID: 31116240 PMCID: PMC6868558 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;3;00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the role of the obesogenic environment and parental lifestyles in infant feeding behavior. DATA SOURCES The searches were performed in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Lilacs and Scielo databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The descriptors used were found in the Medical Subject Headings and in the Descriptors in Health Sciences being these: Comportamento alimentar/Feeding Behavior/ Conducta Alimentaria; Crianças/Child/ Niño; Relações familiares/Family Relations/Relaciones Familiares; e Ecologia/ Ecology/ Ecología. These were combined by the Boolean operator AND. DATA SYNTHESIS Researchers consider that parents (orprimary caregivers) are responsible, in part, for the unhealthy eating behavior presented by children, and for them to change it is necessary to change the behavior of the family, ensuring the correct choice of food and the practice of physical activity. The family environment has a significant impact on the development of eating behavior, so adults should provide a good model of this behavior for children. CONCLUSIONS It was verified through this review that, in order to maintain and develop a healthy eating behavior, it is necessary to reach different spheres of life of the individual - physical, social, psychological, family, cultural and mediatic environment.
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52
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Pumpkin is “yucky”!: A prospective study of overt and covert restriction in the development of young children's food preferences. Appetite 2019; 135:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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53
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Frankel LA, Powell E, Jansen E. The Relationship between Structure-Related Food Parenting Practices and Children's Heightened Levels of Self-Regulation in Eating. Child Obes 2019; 14:81-88. [PMID: 29193981 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food parenting practices influence children's eating behaviors and weight status. Food parenting practices also influence children's self-regulatory abilities around eating, which has important implications for children's eating behaviors. The purpose of the following study is to examine use of structure-related food parenting practices and the potential impact on children's ability to self-regulate energy intake. METHODS Parents (n = 379) of preschool age children (M = 4.10 years, SD = 0.92) were mostly mothers (68.6%), Non-White (54.5%), and overweight/obese (50.1%). Hierarchical Multiple Regression was conducted to predict child self-regulation in eating from structure-related food parenting practices (structured meal setting, structured meal timing, family meal setting), while accounting for child weight status, parent age, gender, BMI, race, and yearly income. RESULTS Hierarchical Multiple Regression results indicated that structure-related feeding practices (structured meal setting and family meal setting, but not structured meal timing) are associated with children's heightened levels of self-regulation in eating. Models examining the relationship within children who were normal weight and overweight/obese indicated the following: a relationship between structured meal setting and heightened self-regulation in eating for normal-weight children and a relationship between family meal setting and heightened self-regulation in eating for overweight/obese children. CONCLUSIONS Researchers should further investigate these potentially modifiable parent feeding behaviors as a protective parenting technique, which possibly contributes to a healthy weight development by enhancing self-regulation in eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Frankel
- 1 Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston , Houston, TX
| | - Elisabeth Powell
- 1 Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston , Houston, TX
| | - Elena Jansen
- 2 Center for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , South Brisbane, Australia
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Pesch MH, Viechnicki GB, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Rosenblum KL, Miller AL, Lumeng JC. A mixed methods analysis of maternal response to children's consumption of a palatable food: differences by child weight status. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12474. [PMID: 30350348 PMCID: PMC6495602 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how mothers respond to their child eating palatable foods. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to examine maternal behaviours when children are presented with a large portion of energy-dense palatable food in an experimental setting and to examine differences by child weight status. METHODS Mother-child dyads (N = 37) (mean child age 70.8 months) participated in a videotaped eating protocol with cupcakes. Anthropometrics were measured. Videos were analysed using discourse analysis and were reliably coded for the presence or absence of the most salient theme. Analysis of variance examined theme presence by child and mother weight status. RESULTS Mothers disavowed responsibility for their child's eating. Mothers were observed to roll their eyes at the child, throw their hands up in exasperation and distance themselves both physically and emotionally when the child ate the cupcakes voraciously or with high enjoyment. Mothers of children with obesity (vs recommended weight) engaged in more counts of disavowal (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Mothers of children with obesity distanced themselves from their child, seeming to disavow responsibility for the child's eating of 'junk food'. Mothers may respond to their child's seemingly gluttonous eating by disavowing responsibility due to the stigma of being a parent of a child with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Pesch
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Michigan.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
| | | | | | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
| | - Katherine L. Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan
| | - Alison L. Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan.,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Julie C. Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Michigan.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
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55
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Pesch MH, Appugliese DP, Miller AL, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC, Bauer KW. Approaches to restrictive feeding: Associations with child weight and eating behavior. Eat Behav 2018; 31:74-79. [PMID: 30153545 PMCID: PMC6226350 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying differences in how mothers communicate restriction of their children's eating may be important to understanding the effects of restriction on children's intake and weight status. OBJECTIVES To characterize mothers' restrictive statements by affect and directness, and examine cross-sectional associations between restrictive statement types and children's body mass index and eating behaviors. METHODS Mother-child dyads (N = 223, mean child age 5.9 years) participated in a structured eating task. A coding scheme reliably characterized mothers' restrictive statements. Mothers completed measures of child enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, and satiety responsiveness, and child anthropometrics were measured. Poisson regression was used to test associations between type of restrictive statements and child BMI z-score (BMIz) and eating behaviors, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Higher child BMIz was associated with mothers' more frequent use of negative direct restrictive statements, but not other types of statements. This association was stronger among girls (RR (95% CI) = 2.28 (1.45-3.59)) than boys (RR (95% CI) = 1.49 (1.05-2.10)). Among girls, but not boys, higher enjoyment of food and lower satiety responsiveness were associated with more frequent positive direct restrictive statements (RR (95% CI) = 1.63 (1.20-2.21) and RR (95% CI) = 1.94 (1.29-2.92), respectively). For both sexes, mothers' use of positive indirect restrictive statements was more frequent among children with higher enjoyment of food (RR (95% CI) = 1.38 (1.11-1.72). CONCLUSIONS The statements mothers use to restrict their children's eating vary in affect and directness. Child characteristics, such as sex, BMI, and the presence of specific eating behaviors, are associated with differing approaches to restriction by mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Pesch
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, and the Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 1109 SE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA.
| | | | - Alison L. Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 3718 SPH Building I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Katherine L. Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie C. Lumeng
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases; the Center for Human Growth and Development, and the Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health at the University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA.
| | - Katherine W. Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, and Center for Human Growth and Development, 3845 SPH 1, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor MI, 48109-2029, USA.
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56
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McCrickerd K. Cultivating self-regulatory eating behaviours during childhood: The evidence and opportunities. NUTR BULL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. McCrickerd
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS); Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore
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57
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Kracht CL, Swyden KJ, Weedn AE, Salvatore AL, Terry RA, Sisson SB. A Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Understanding Influences of Maternal and Family Characteristics on Feeding Practices in Young Children. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy061. [PMID: 30283915 PMCID: PMC6163107 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family environment is influential for a child's healthy development through parent and sibling influences on feeding practices. Multiple-child households may protect against unhealthy feeding practices, but additional children contribute to higher maternal stress. Households of married parents may decrease maternal stress by sharing parental demands. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the collective influence of maternal stress, marital status, and number of children on feeding practices. METHODS Mothers of 2- to 5-y-old children (n = 278) were recruited mainly on a university campus and completed an online survey to examine associations between maternal stress (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale), number of children, marital status, and feeding practices (restriction and pressure to eat; Child Feeding Questionnaire). Relationships were examined through the use of multivariate regression and structural equation modelling. RESULTS A mainly married (85%) and Caucasian (73%) sample participated, with most mothers reporting multiple children [2 children (45%) or ≥3 children (24%)]. Marital status was not associated with either feeding practice, i.e., restriction and pressure to eat (P < 0.05). In adjusted models, maternal stress (β = 0.04, SE = 0.01, P = 0.003) and number of children (β = 0.24, SE = 0.08, P = 0.003) in the household individually contributed to higher feeding restriction; their interaction resulted in lower feeding restriction (β = -0.01, SE = 0.05, P = 0.005). In stratified models, maternal stress was associated with restriction in single-child households (β = -0.03, SE = 0.009, P = 0.002), but not multiple-child households (β = -0.004, SE = 0.005, P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Number of children had no effect on feeding practices individually, but may contribute to a less restrictive feeding environment. Additional investigation into creating less stressful and more positive feeding environments for all mothers can lead to healthier mothers and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Kracht
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Katheryn J Swyden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ashley E Weedn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Alicia L Salvatore
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Robert A Terry
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Susan B Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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58
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Perceived child eating behaviours and maternal migrant background. Appetite 2018; 125:302-313. [PMID: 29438715 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a well-established instrument in the study of obesity-related eating behaviours among children. However, research using the CEBQ in multicultural samples is limited. This study aims to identify and examine differences in child eating behaviours as reported by Swedish-born and non-Swedish-born mothers living in Sweden. Mothers (n = 1310, 74 countries of origin, mean age 36.5 years, 63.6% with higher education, 29.2% with overweight or obesity) of children aged 3-8 years (mean age 4.8 years, 18.1% with overweight or obesity) completed the CEBQ. Responses were analysed using CEBQ subscales Food Responsiveness, Emotional Overeating, Enjoyment of Food, and Desire to Drink, clustering into Food Approach, and subscales Satiety Responsiveness, Slowness in Eating, Emotional Undereating, and Food Fussiness, clustering into Food Avoidance. Data were compared across seven regional groups, divided by maternal place of birth: (1) Sweden (n = 941), (2) Nordic and Western Europe (n = 68), (3) Eastern and Southern Europe (n = 97), (4) the Middle East and North Africa (n = 110), (5) East, South and Southeast Asia (n = 52), (6) Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 16), and (7) Central and South America (n = 26). Crude, partly and fully adjusted linear regression models controlled for child's age, gender and weight status, and mother's education, weight status and concern about child weight. The moderation effect of maternal concern about child weight was examined through interaction analyses. Results showed that while Food Approach and Food Avoidance behaviours were associated with maternal migrant background, associations for Food Fussiness were limited. Notably, mothers born in the Middle East and North Africa reported higher frequencies of both Food Approach (except for Enjoyment of Food) and Food Avoidance. The study highlights the importance of examining how regionally-specific maternal migrant background affects mothers' perceptions of child eating behaviours.
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Factors Influencing Children's Eating Behaviours. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060706. [PMID: 29857549 PMCID: PMC6024598 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevant factors involved in the creation of some children’s food preferences and eating behaviours have been examined in order to highlight the topic and give paediatricians practical instruments to understand the background behind eating behaviour and to manage children’s nutrition for preventive purposes. Electronic databases were searched to locate and appraise relevant studies. We carried out a search to identify papers published in English on factors that influence children’s feeding behaviours. The family system that surrounds a child’s domestic life will have an active role in establishing and promoting behaviours that will persist throughout his or her life. Early-life experiences with various tastes and flavours have a role in promoting healthy eating in future life. The nature of a narrative review makes it difficult to integrate complex interactions when large sets of studies are involved. In the current analysis, parental food habits and feeding strategies are the most dominant determinants of a child’s eating behaviour and food choices. Parents should expose their offspring to a range of good food choices while acting as positive role models. Prevention programmes should be addressed to them, taking into account socioeconomic aspects and education.
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60
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Russell CG, Russell A. Biological and Psychosocial Processes in the Development of Children's Appetitive Traits: Insights from Developmental Theory and Research. Nutrients 2018; 10:E692. [PMID: 29844283 PMCID: PMC6024602 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing concern expressed about children's food intakes and dietary patterns. These are closely linked to children's appetitive traits (such as disinhibited eating and food fussiness/neophobia). Research has examined both biological and psychosocial correlates or predictors of these traits. There has been less focus on possible processes or mechanisms associated with children's development of these traits and research that links biological and psychosocial factors. There is an absence of research that links biological and psychosocial factors. In the present article, we outline a model intended to facilitate theory and research on the development of appetitive traits. It is based on scholarship from developmental theory and research and incorporates biological factors such as genetic predispositions and temperament as well as psychosocial factors in terms of parent cognitions, feeding styles and feeding practices. Particular attention is directed to aspects such as emotional eating and feeding, self-regulation of energy intake, and non-shared family environments. We highlight the opportunity for longitudinal research that examines bidirectional, transactional and cascade processes and uses a developmental framework. The model provides a basis for connecting the biological foundations of appetitive traits to system-level analysis in the family. Knowledge generated through the application of the model should lead to more effective prevention and intervention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Russell
- Deakin University, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Alan Russell
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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Potter C, Ferriday D, Griggs RL, Hamilton‐Shield JP, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM. Parental beliefs about portion size, not children's own beliefs, predict child BMI. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:232-238. [PMID: 28374550 PMCID: PMC5873371 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in portion size are thought by many to promote obesity in children. However, this relationship remains unclear. Here, we explore the extent to which a child's BMI is predicted both by parental beliefs about their child's ideal and maximum portion size and/or by the child's own beliefs. METHODS Parent-child (5-11 years) dyads (N = 217) were recruited from a randomized controlled trial (n = 69) and an interactive science centre (n = 148). For a range of main meals, parents estimated their child's 'ideal' and 'maximum tolerated' portions. Children completed the same tasks. RESULTS An association was found between parents' beliefs about their child's ideal (β = .34, p < .001) and maximum tolerated (β = .30, p < .001) portions, and their child's BMI. By contrast, children's self-reported ideal (β = .02, p = .718) and maximum tolerated (β = -.09, p = .214) portions did not predict their BMI. With increasing child BMI, parents' estimations aligned more closely with their child's own selected portions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that when a parent selects a smaller portion for their child than their child self-selects, then the child is less likely to be obese. Therefore, public health measures to prevent obesity might include instructions to parents on appropriate portions for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Potter
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - D. Ferriday
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - R. L. Griggs
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - P. J. Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - J. M. Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Halloran KM, Gorman K, Fallon M, Tovar A. Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Fruit and Vegetable Intake as Predictors of Head Start Teachers' Classroom Mealtime Behaviors. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 50:340-348.e1. [PMID: 29246569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and fruit/vegetable intake among Head Start teachers and their classroom mealtime behaviors (self-reported and observed). DESIGN Cross-sectional design using observation and survey. SETTING Sixteen Head Start centers across Rhode Island between September, 2014 and May, 2015. PARTICIPANTS Teachers were e-mailed about the study by directors and were recruited during on-site visits. A total of 85 participants enrolled through phone/e-mail (19%) or in person (81%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Independent variables were nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and fruit/vegetable intake. The dependent variable was classroom mealtime behaviors (self-reported and observed). ANALYSIS Regression analyses conducted on teacher mealtime behavior were examined separately for observation and self-report, with knowledge, attitudes, and fruit and vegetable intake as independent variables entered into the models, controlling for covariates. RESULTS Nutrition attitudes were positively associated with teacher self-reported classroom mealtime behavior total score. Neither teacher nutrition knowledge nor fruit/vegetable intake was associated with observed or self-reported classroom mealtime behavior total scores. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS There was limited support for associations among teacher knowledge, attitudes, and fruit/vegetable intake, and teacher classroom mealtime behavior. Findings showed that teacher mealtime behavior was significantly associated with teacher experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Gorman
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Megan Fallon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
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Pesch MH, Miller AL, Appugliese DP, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC. Mothers of Obese Children Use More Direct Imperatives to Restrict Eating. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 50:403-407.e1. [PMID: 29242139 PMCID: PMC5893350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of mother and child characteristics with use of direct imperatives to restrict eating. METHODS A total of 237 mother-child dyads (mean child age, 70.9 months) participated in a video-recorded, laboratory-standardized eating protocol with 2 large portions of cupcakes. Videos were reliably coded for counts of maternal direct imperatives to restrict children's eating. Anthropometrics were measured. Regression models tested the association of participant characteristics with counts of direct imperatives. RESULTS Child obese weight status and maternal white non-Hispanic race/ethnicity were associated with greater levels of direct imperatives to restrict eating (p = .0001 and .0004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Mothers of obese children may be using more direct imperatives to restrict eating so as to achieve behavioral compliance to decrease their child's food intake. Future work should consider the effects direct imperatives have on children's short- and long-term eating behaviors and weight gain trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Pesch
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Boots SB, Tiggemann M, Corsini N. "That's enough now!": A prospective study of the effects of maternal control on children's snack intake. Appetite 2018. [PMID: 29534989 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate maternal feeding strategies as prospective predictors of young children's snack intake. Participants were 252 mothers of children aged 3-11 years old who completed questionnaire measures of parent feeding strategies (Restriction and Covert Control) and reported on their child's healthy and unhealthy snack intake at two time points separated by three years. Longitudinal regression models showed no prediction of healthy snack food intake. However, Time 1 parental restrictive feeding predicted greater unhealthy snack intake at Time 2, while Time 1 covert feeding strategies predicted lower unhealthy snack intake at Time 2. Structural equation modeling showed that these associations were independent of known covariates that influence children's snack intake (child and parent weight, education level and SES). The results provide longitudinal evidence for the negative impact of restrictive parent feeding strategies on children's snack intake and highlight the importance of dissuading parents from using this type of feeding control. Instead, parents should be encouraged to use more covert feeding strategies that are associated with less unhealthy snack intake over the longer term.
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Norman J, Kelly B, McMahon AT, Boyland E, Baur LA, Chapman K, King L, Hughes C, Bauman A. Children's self-regulation of eating provides no defense against television and online food marketing. Appetite 2018; 125:438-444. [PMID: 29496602 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to unhealthy food marketing stimulates children's food consumption. A child's responsiveness is influenced by individual factors, resulting in an increased vulnerability to advertising effects among some children. Whether these differential responses may be altered by different parental feeding behaviours is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parental feeding practices and children's food intake responses to food advertising exposure. A randomised, crossover, counterbalanced, within subject trial was conducted across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017 with 160 children (7-12 years, n = 40/camp). Children were randomised to either a multiple media (TV and Internet) or single media (TV) condition and exposed to food (3 days) and non-food (3 days) advertising in an online game and/or a cartoon. Children's food consumption (kilojoules (kJ)) was measured at a snack immediately after advertising exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Parents completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire, and 'restriction' and 'pressure to eat' subscale scores were calculated. While food advertising affected all children in the multiple media condition, there was an increased effect on snack intake among children whose parents reported pressuring them to eat, with children consuming an additional 356 kJ after food advertising compared with non-food advertising. This was 209 kJ more than children whose parents did not pressure them to eat. In the single media condition, only children whose parents reported restrictive feeding practices ate more at lunch on food advertising days than non-food advertising days (240 kJ). These data highlight an increased susceptibility to food advertising among children whose parents report controlling feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Norman
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-T McMahon
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Boyland
- Appetite & Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Louise A Baur
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kathy Chapman
- Cancer Programs Division (at time of writing), Cancer Council NSW, 153, Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia
| | - Lesley King
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Clare Hughes
- Cancer Council NSW, 153, Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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66
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Corsini N, Kettler L, Danthiir V, Wilson C. Parental feeding practices to manage snack food intake: Associations with energy intake regulation in young children. Appetite 2017; 123:233-240. [PMID: 29288678 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little attention has been directed to understanding the relationship between restriction and regulation of snack food intake in toddlers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of parental restriction of toddlers' eating of snacks in the absence of hunger (EAH) and to examine the impact of three contextual factors; snack food access, frequency of snack food consumption, and attraction to snack food. DESIGN 64 parents and toddlers (aged 22-36 months) took part in a protocol to measure EAH (defined as kJ of energy-dense snack foods consumed). Mean EAH was 199 kJ (SD = 299), with 43 children consuming at least some snacks. Restriction was measured with the Child Feeding Questionnaire Restriction subscale. Snack food access was measured with Allow Access from the Toddler Snack Food Feeding Questionnaire (TSFFQ), snack food consumption was measured with a short snack food frequency questionnaire, and attraction to snack foods was measured with Child's Attraction from the TSFFQ. Moderated regression analyses tested interactions between Restriction and contextual factors in predicting EAH. RESULTS EAH was associated with Restriction (r = 0.25, p = .05, 95% CI 0.004 - 0.47). There was an interaction between Restriction and accessibility of snack foods (R2 change = 0.08, p = .025); restriction was associated with EAH only when access to snack foods in the home was, on average, higher. The effect of Restriction on EAH was not moderated by frequency of snack food consumption or Child's Attraction. CONCLUSIONS These finding have practical relevance and reinforce the importance of the home food environment for managing young children's snack food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Corsini
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA, 5000, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia; Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Lisa Kettler
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Vanessa Danthiir
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA, 5000, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Carlene Wilson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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67
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van den Heuvel M, Chen Y, Abdullah K, Maguire JL, Parkin PC, Birken CS. The concurrent and longitudinal associations of temperament and nutritional risk factors in early childhood. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:431-438. [PMID: 27273610 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood temperament is increasingly recognized as an important attribute that may impact screen time use, outdoor play and childhood obesity. The relationship between temperament and nutrition in preschool children is less clear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to investigate if temperament dimensions (negative affectivity, effortful control and surgency) in early childhood are associated with nutritional risk factors. METHODS Six hundred seventy-eight children were followed (mean age at baseline visit 3.1 years; mean time to follow-up 16.5 months). Parents reported on child temperament and nutritional risk factors during regularly scheduled well-child clinic visits. RESULTS A mixed effect model demonstrated a significant association between higher negative affectivity (1.03; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.37) and higher effortful control (-0.88; 95% CI -1.27 to -0.49) on concurrent nutritional risk, independent of covariates. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified that higher effortful control, and not negative affectivity, was significantly associated with a decrease in nutritional risk (-0.67; 95% CI -1.10 to -0.24) over time, independent of covariates. There was no relationship identified between surgency and nutritional risk. CONCLUSION Three-year-old children with higher effortful control had reduced nutritional risk at 5 years of age. Future nutritional risk prevention strategies may benefit from interventions to increase effortful control in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van den Heuvel
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Y Chen
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - K Abdullah
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - J L Maguire
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - P C Parkin
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - C S Birken
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Derks IP, Tiemeier H, Sijbrands EJ, Nicholson JM, Voortman T, Verhulst FC, Jaddoe VW, Jansen PW. Testing the direction of effects between child body composition and restrictive feeding practices: results from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:783-790. [PMID: 28793987 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.156448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parental restrictive feeding (i.e., limiting food intake of children) has been linked to childhood overweight. However, the directionality of the causal pathway remains unknown.Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the bidirectional association of maternal restrictive feeding with children's weight and body composition across childhood and to explore a possible mediating role of maternal concern about child weight.Design: Data were available for 4689 mother-child dyads participating in Generation R, a prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands. At ages 4 and 10 y, restrictive feeding was assessed with the parent-reported Child Feeding Questionnaire, and children's body mass index (BMI) was measured. At age 6 y, fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Both directions of the relation between restriction and child body composition were examined with multivariable linear regression analyses and cross-lagged modeling. Mediation analyses were performed to examine concern about child weight (mother reported at child age of 10 y) as a potential mediator.Results: Higher child sex- and age-adjusted BMI SD scores (zBMI) at age 4 y predicted more restrictive feeding at age 10 y (B = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.18). Both sex- and age-adjusted FMI SD scores (zFMI) and sex-and age-adjusted FFMI SD scores (zFFMI) at 6 y were also positively associated with restrictive feeding at 10 y. Maternal concern about child weight partially mediated these associations from child body composition to restrictive feeding (e.g., for zBMI at 4 y: Bindirect = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.13). There was no temporal association from restrictive feeding at age 4 y to child zBMI at age 10 y after adjustment for baseline zBMI.Conclusions: The continued use of restrictive feeding practices at age 10 y appeared to be primarily a response of mothers to an unhealthy weight of their child rather than a cause of children's overweight. Guidelines discouraging restrictive feeding for preventing childhood overweight should therefore be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Pm Derks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology.,The Generation R Study Group
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Psychiatry
| | | | - Jan M Nicholson
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Trudy Voortman
- The Generation R Study Group.,Department of Epidemiology
| | | | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, .,Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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69
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Fuglestad AJ, Demerath EW, Finsaas MC, Moore CJ, Georgieff MK, Carlson SM. Maternal executive function, infant feeding responsiveness and infant growth during the first 3 months. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12 Suppl 1:102-110. [PMID: 28752657 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research in young infants, particularly <3 months of age, on maternal feeding practices in spite of increasing evidence that early weight gain velocity is a determinant of later obesity risk. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between maternal executive function (cognitive control over one's own behaviour), maternal feeding decisions and infant weight and adiposity gains. METHODS We used a checklist to assess cues mothers use to decide when to initiate and terminate infant feedings at 2 weeks and 3 months of age (N = 69). Maternal executive function was assessed using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery subtests for executive function and infant body composition using air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS Mothers with higher executive function reported relying on fewer non-satiety cues at 2 weeks of age (β = -0.29, p = 0.037) and on more infant hunger cues at 3 months of age (β = 0.31, p = 0.018) in their decisions on initiating and terminating feedings. Responsive feeding decisions, specifically the use of infant-based hunger cues at 3 months, in turn were associated with lower gains in weight-for-length (β = -0.30, p = 0.028) and percent body fat (β = -0.2, p = 0.091; non-covariate adjusted β = -0.27, p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS These findings show both an association between maternal executive function and responsive feeding decisions and an association between responsive feeding decisions and infant weight and adiposity gains. The causal nature and direction of these associations require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fuglestad
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - E W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M C Finsaas
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C J Moore
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M K Georgieff
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S M Carlson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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70
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Penilla C, Tschann JM, Deardorff J, Flores E, Pasch LA, Butte NF, Gregorich SE, Greenspan LC, Martinez SM, Ozer E. Fathers' feeding practices and children's weight status in Mexican American families. Appetite 2017. [PMID: 28629931 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mothers' feeding practices are associated with their children's weight status, but little is known about the associations between fathers' feeding practices and children's weight status. Moreover, there is a dearth of research on Latino fathers' feeding practices and children's weight status, even though Latino children suffer some of the highest obesity rates in the U.S. We examined the associations between fathers' feeding practices and child weight status, conditional on mothers' feeding practices, within 174 Mexican American families with children aged 8-10 years. Parents completed the Parental Feeding Practices Questionnaire, which consists of four subscales: positive involvement in child eating, pressure to eat, use of food to control behavior, and restriction of amount of food. To assess child weight status, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and converted to age- and gender-specific percentile scores (BMI z-score). We fit four sets of regression models, one set for each of the four parental feeding practices subscales, with child BMI z-score as the outcome variable. Fathers' pressure to eat (b = -0.20, p = 0.04; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.01) and use of food to control behavior (b = -0.36, p = 0.02; 95% CI: -0.65, -0.07) were associated with lower child BMI z-score, and restriction of amount of food (b = 0.56, p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.84) was associated with higher child BMI z-score, after accounting for mothers' feeding practices. Fathers' positive involvement in child eating was not associated with child BMI z-score. These findings provide empirical evidence that fathers' feeding practices are independently associated with children's weight status, even when mothers' feeding practices are taken into account, and suggest that fathers' feeding practices also matter in regard to children's weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Penilla
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Jeanne M Tschann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0848, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0848, USA.
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Elena Flores
- Department of Counseling, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
| | - Lauri A Pasch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0848, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0848, USA.
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX, 77030-2600, USA.
| | - Steven E Gregorich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0856, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0856, USA.
| | | | - Suzanna M Martinez
- Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, 1111 Franklin St, 10th Floor, Oakland, CA, 94607, USA.
| | - Emily Ozer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
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71
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Vollmer RL, Baietto J. Practices and preferences: Exploring the relationships between food-related parenting practices and child food preferences for high fat and/or sugar foods, fruits, and vegetables. Appetite 2017; 113:134-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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72
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Eli K, Hörnell A, Etminan Malek M, Nowicka P. Water, juice, or soda? Mothers and grandmothers of preschoolers discuss the acceptability and accessibility of beverages. Appetite 2017; 112:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
People who are overweight or have obesity are estimated to comprise 30% of the global population and up to 59% of companion dogs and cats are estimated to be above their optimal body weight. The prevalence of human and companion obesity is increasing. The direct and indirect costs of obesity and associated comorbidities are significant for human and veterinary healthcare. There are numerous similarities between obesity in people and companion animals, likely related to the shared environmental and lifestyle elements of this multifactorial disease. While the study of human obesity is relatively robust, research conducted in pets is generally limited to small studies, studies with cross-sectional designs or reports that have yet to be replicated. Greater understanding of human obesity may elucidate some of the factors driving the more recent rise in pet obesity. In particular, there are overlapping features of obesity in children and pets that are, in part, related to dependency on their 'parents' for care and feeding. When feeding is used in a coercive and controlling fashion, it may lead to undesirable feeding behaviour and increase the risk for obesity. A 'responsive parenting' intervention teaches parents to respond appropriately to hunger-satiety cues and to recognize and respond to others' distress. Such interventions may impact on childhood overweight and obesity and have the potential to be adapted for use with companion animals. Social behaviour towards people with obesity or owners of pets with obesity is often driven by beliefs about the cause of the obesity. Educating healthcare professionals and the public about the multifactorial nature of this complex disease process is a fundamental step in reducing the bias and stigma associated with obesity. Children living in low-income households have particularly high rates of obesity and as household income falls, rates of obesity also rise in pets and their owners. There are risk regulators (i.e. dynamic components of interconnected systems that influence obesity-related behaviours) and internal factors (i.e. biological determinants of obesity) that may influence the development of both childhood and pet obesity, and poverty may intersect with these variables to exacerbate obesity in low-income environments. This review discusses the costs, behaviours and psychology related to obesity in people and pets, and also proposes potential techniques that can be considered for prevention and treatment of this disease in pets. A 'One Health' approach to obesity suggests that an understanding of human obesity may elucidate some of the factors driving the more recent rise in pet obesity.
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74
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Kral TVE, Chittams J, Moore RH. Relationship between food insecurity, child weight status, and parent-reported child eating and snacking behaviors. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2017; 22:10.1111/jspn.12177. [PMID: 28321980 PMCID: PMC5398923 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies showed that food insecurity may increase the odds of obesity in children and adults. We still know very little about the familial aggregation of obesity in food-insecure households or the mechanisms by which food insecurity confers an increased risk of obesity to children. The purpose of this study was to compare children and mothers from food-insecure and food-secure households in their weight status, child eating patterns/behaviors, and maternal feeding practices. DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty mothers of 8-10-year-old children were asked to complete questionnaires, including the U.S. Household Food Security survey, and had their own and their children's heights and weights measured. RESULTS The odds of a child being obese were five times higher for children from food-insecure households compared with children from food-secure households (95% confidence interval 1.15-20.8). In univariate analyses, children from food-insecure households showed significantly greater external eating, both past satiation and in the absence of hunger (p < .03), and mothers from food-insecure households expressed significantly greater concern about their children's weight and used restrictive feeding practices to a greater extent (p < .03) when compared with families from food-secure households. A greater proportion of children from food-secure households consumed three to four snacks per day (45.9 vs. 15.4%), while a higher proportion of children from food-insecure households consumed five or more snacks per day (15.4 vs. 0%; p = .02). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS These findings provide further support for an association between food insecurity and childhood obesity and suggest that differences in external eating, child snacking patterns, and select maternal feeding practices may be implicated in food-insecure children's overconsumption of calories. When caring for food-insecure children, healthcare providers should screen for problematic eating patterns and feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja V E Kral
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse Chittams
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reneé H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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75
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Bailey-Davis L, Poulsen MN, Hirsch AG, Pollak J, Glass TA, Schwartz BS. Home Food Rules in Relation to Youth Eating Behaviors, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Percent Body Fat. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:270-276. [PMID: 27889403 PMCID: PMC5326588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate agreement and associations between parent and youth acknowledgment of home food rules, youth eating behaviors, and measures of body composition and excess weight. METHODS Parent-youth dyads (N = 413) completed the "rules for eating at home" scale (Active Where Survey) and reported dietary intake. Trained research staff obtained anthropometric data. Linear regression analyses separately evaluated relationships between youth and parent acknowledgment of rules and youth-reported eating behaviors and anthropometric outcomes. Food rules were evaluated as a 12-item scale and individually. RESULTS Score on the food rule scale was positively associated with fruit and vegetable servings by youth acknowledgment only (β = .09, p = .006), and not with anthropometric outcomes. The rule "no desserts except fruit" was positively associated with fruit and vegetable servings by youth (β = .72, p = .002) and parent (β = .53, p = .03) acknowledgment. The rules "no second helpings at meals" and "limited fast food" were positively associated with body mass index z-score by youth (β = .38, p = .002; β = .32, p = .02, respectively) and parent (β = .74, p < .001; β = .41, p = .006, respectively) acknowledgment, with similar results for waist circumference z-score and percent body fat. CONCLUSIONS Inverse associations between specific food rules and healthful eating behaviors but positive associations with anthropometric outcomes suggest potentially bidirectional relationships between food rule implementation and youth weight. Future studies should disentangle how food rules guide youth behavior in the context of youth weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bailey-Davis
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania.
| | - Melissa N Poulsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Global Obesity Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Annemarie G Hirsch
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Pollak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Glass
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Global Obesity Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Global Obesity Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bergmeier HJ, Skouteris H, Hetherington MM, Rodgers RF, Campbell KJ, Cox R. Do maternal perceptions of child eating and feeding help to explain the disconnect between reported and observed feeding practices?: A follow-up study. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 13. [PMID: 28176453 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Research demonstrates a mismatch between reported and observed maternal feeding practices. This mismatch may be explained by maternal cognitions, attitudes, and motivations relating to dyadic parent-child feeding interactions. These complex constructs may not be apparent during observations nor evidenced in self-report questionnaire. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use a qualitative approach to gain a more nuanced and contextualized understanding of (a) maternal perceptions of children's food intake control; (b) how parent-child mealtime interactions influence maternal feeding practices; and (c) ways in which mothers may promote healthy child eating and weight outcomes. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 23 mothers (M = 38.4 ± 3.7 years of age) of preschool-aged children (M = 3.8 ± 0.6 years of age, 19 were normal weight, 14 were girls), who had previously completed child feeding questionnaire and participated in two home-based mealtime observations, 12 months apart. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and themes extracted to create the database. Four major themes emerged: (a) Maternal confidence in children's ability to regulate food intake is variable; (b) Implementing strategies for nurturing healthy relationships with food beyond the dining table; (c) Fostering positive mealtime interactions is valued above the content of what children eat; and (d) Situation-specific practices and inconsistencies. Findings indicate that maternal feeding practices are shaped by both parent and child influences, and child feeding is mostly guided by controlling the family food environment, rather than by directly pressuring or restricting their child's eating. Results also highlighted the need for research to consider both parent and child influences on child feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Bergmeier
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Cox
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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77
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Ventura AK, Mennella JA. An Experimental Approach to Study Individual Differences in Infants' Intake and Satiation Behaviors during Bottle-Feeding. Child Obes 2017; 13:44-52. [PMID: 27788024 PMCID: PMC5278825 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a group, bottle-fed infants are at higher risk for rapid weight gain compared with breast-fed infants. However, little is known about individual differences in feeding behaviors of bottle-feeding infants, as well as maternal and infant characteristics associated with bottle-feeding outcomes. METHODS We conducted a 2-day, within-subject study of 21 formula-feeding dyads; the within-subject factor was feeding condition: mother-led (ML; mothers were given the instruction to feed their infants as they typically would) vs. infant-led (IL; the experimenter ensured feeding began when infants signaled hunger and ended when they rejected the bottle on three consecutive occasions). Intake was determined by bottle weight; feedings were video-recorded and later analyzed to determine feeding duration and types of satiation behaviors displayed. Percent difference scores were calculated for each outcome as [((ML - IL)/IL) × 100] to standardize differences among dyads. Mothers completed questionnaires of feeding styles and infant temperament. RESULTS On average, infants consumed ∼42% more formula during the ML- than IL-condition (p = 0.03). However, notable variation existed in difference scores for intake (range = -52.8% to 268.9%; higher scores reflect greater intake during ML than IL). Stepwise regression illustrated that greater intakes during the ML-condition were predicted by the combination of: (1) higher infant age; (2) lower levels of infant rhythmicity and adaptability; (3) higher levels of infant positive mood; and (4) lower levels of maternal restrictive and responsive feeding styles. CONCLUSIONS This objective, experimental approach illustrated that variation in bottle-feeding outcomes is associated with characteristics of both members of the dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Ventura
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA
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78
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Savage JS, Rollins BY, Kugler KC, Birch LL, Marini ME. Development of a theory-based questionnaire to assess structure and control in parent feeding (SCPF). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28125997 PMCID: PMC5270355 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parents shape children’s eating environments and act as powerful socialization agents, impacting young children’s behavioral controls of food intake. Most feeding measures assess parents’ use of control to manage children’s intake of energy dense foods. The Structure and Control in Parent Feeding (SCPF) questionnaire was developed to assess more positive aspects of feeding practices with their young children —setting limits, providing routines—that promote self-regulation, as well as controlling feeding practices. Methods A mixed method approach was used to develop the SCPF. In 2013, cognitive interviews informed the modification, deletion and/or replacement of items. In 2014, the survey was distributed statewide to mothers of toddlers aged 12 to 36 months participating in the Women, Infants, and Children program. In 2016, exploratory factor analyses was conducted to test our theoretical parenting model and content validity and criterion validity were assessed (n = 334). Results Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and second-order EFA revealed a 2-factor, 22-item Structure model and a 2-factor, 12-item Control model. Internal consistencies for all factors exceeded 0.70. As predicted, the Structure superfactor was positivity associated with responsiveness, whereas the Control superfactor was positively associated with demandingness on the Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire. The Structure subscales were also positively associated with mealtime behaviors and Control subscales were positively associated with control-oriented feeding measures from the Control in Parent Feeding Practices questionnaire. Conclusion The SCPF questionnaire is a reliable tool that can be used to assess aspects of structure- and control-based feeding practices to better understand how parents feed their toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Brandi Y Rollins
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kari C Kugler
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 204 E. Calder Way, Suite 400, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Leann L Birch
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 176 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michele E Marini
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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79
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Pesch MH, Miller AL, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC. Low-income mothers' feeding goals predict observed home mealtime and child feeding practices. Child Care Health Dev 2016; 42:934-940. [PMID: 27558923 PMCID: PMC5071156 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mothers' goals are important for health behavior change, and engagement in child obesity interventions. It is unknown if maternal feeding goals are associated with observed home mealtime or feeding practices. The objective of this study was to examine the association of four common feeding goals (restrict junk food, promote fruit or vegetable intake, promote autonomy in eating and prevent obesity) with mothers' observed home mealtime and feeding practices. METHODS Low-income mothers (N = 265) of children (mean child age 70.8 months) participated in a semi-structured interview about child feeding. A coding scheme was developed and reliably applied to identify mothers' feeding goals from transcripts. Mothers' observed home mealtime and feeding practices were reliably coded from home mealtimes and a laboratory eating protocol. Mothers completed a questionnaire and reported demographics. Participant weights and heights were obtained. Regression models were used to test the association of each feeding goal with observed maternal practices, controlling for covariates. RESULTS The goal of restricting junk food was associated with the child always eating at a table (OR 2.87, 95% CI (1.39-5.96) p = 0.005), but not with the mother restricting junk food. The goal of promoting fruit or vegetable intake was associated with observationally promoting vegetables (OR 1.41, 95% CI (1.09-1.84), p = 0.01). The goals of promoting autonomy and preventing obesity were not associated with any observed maternal home mealtime or feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS While mothers' goals to restrict junk food and promote fruit or vegetable intake were associated with observed home mealtime and feeding practices, promoting autonomy and preventing obesity were not. Increased understanding of why low-income mothers may not translate certain feeding goals into practices may inform childhood obesity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Pesch
- Clinical and Post-doctoral fellow. Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street 1109 SE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5464. Phone: (734) 615-5951, fax: (734) 936-9288
| | - Alison L. Miller
- Research Associate Professor, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan. Assistant Professor, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, 3718 School of Public Health I, Ann Arbor MI, 48109-2029. Phone: (734)-615-7459, fax: (734) 936-9288
| | - Danielle P. Appugliese
- Appugliese Professional Advisors, 5 Piece Way, North Easton, MA 02334. Phone: (508) 243-7995, Fax: (508) 238-1510
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Research Scientist, Center for Human Growth and Development. Research Scientist, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. 300 North Ingalls 1027 NW, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0406. Phone: (734) 763-9714, fax: (734) 936-9288
| | - Katherine L. Rosenblum
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan. Associate Research Scientist, Center for Human Growth and Development. University of Michigan. 300 North Ingalls Street 1031 NW. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0406. Phone: (734) 764-2442, fax: (734) 936-9288
| | - Julie C. Lumeng
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Medical School, University of Michigan. Associate Professor of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Associate Professor of Research, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street 1031NW, Ann Arbor MI, 48109-0406. Phone: (734) 764-2443, fax: (734) 936-9288
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80
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Directive and non-directive food-related parenting practices: Associations between an expanded conceptualization of food-related parenting practices and child dietary intake and weight outcomes. Appetite 2016; 107:188-195. [PMID: 27486926 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines associations between an expanded conceptualization of food-related parenting practices, specifically, directive and non-directive control, and child weight (BMI z-score) and dietary outcomes [Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010, daily servings fruits/vegetables] within a sample of parent-child dyads (8-12 years old; n = 160). Baseline data from the Healthy Home Offerings via the Mealtime Environment (HOME Plus) randomized controlled trial was used to test associations between directive and non-directive control and child dietary outcomes and weight using multiple regression analyses adjusted for parental education. Overall variance explained by directive and non-directive control constructs was also calculated. Markers of directive control included pressure-to-eat and food restriction, assessed using subscales from the Child Feeding Questionnaire; markers of non-directive control were assessed with a parental role modeling scale and a home food availability inventory in which an obesogenic home food environment score was assigned based on the types and number of unhealthful foods available within the child's home food environment. DIRECTIVE CONTROL Food restriction and pressure-to-eat were positively and negatively associated with BMI z-scores, respectively, but not with dietary outcomes. NON-DIRECTIVE CONTROL An obesogenic home food environment was inversely associated with both dietary outcomes; parental role modeling of healthful eating was positively associated with both dietary outcomes. Neither non-directive behavioral construct was significantly associated with BMI z-scores. TOTAL VARIANCE Greater total variance in BMI-z was explained by directive control; greater total variance in dietary outcomes was explained by non-directive control. Including a construct of food-related parenting practices with separate markers for directive and non-directive control should be considered for future research. These concepts address different forms of parental control and, in the present study, yielded unique associations with child dietary and weight outcomes.
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81
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Pesch MH, Miller AL, Appugliese DP, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC. Affective tone of mothers' statements to restrict their children's eating. Appetite 2016; 103:165-170. [PMID: 27090342 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal restrictive feeding behaviors have been associated with child weight status. The affective tone of mothers' statements intended to restrict their children's eating has not been examined. The objectives of this study were to describe the affective tone of mothers' restrictive feeding behaviors (positive or negative), and to test the association of child and mother characteristics with rates of Restriction with Positive Affect, Restriction with Negative Affect and Total Restriction. A total of 237 low-income child-mother dyads (mean child age 5.9 years) participated in a videotaped standardized laboratory eating protocol, during which mothers and children were both presented with large servings of cupcakes. A coding scheme was developed to count each restrictive statement with a positive affective tone and each restrictive statement with a negative affective tone. To establish reliability, 20% of videos were double-coded. Demographics and anthropometrics were obtained. Poisson regression models were used to test the association between characteristics of the child and mother with counts of Restriction with Positive Affect, Restriction with Negative Affect, and Total Restriction. Higher rates of Restriction with Positive Affect and Total Restriction were predicted by child obese weight status, and mother non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity. Higher rates of Restriction with Negative Affect were predicted by older child age, child obese weight status, mother non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, and lower mother education level. In conclusion, in this study mothers of obese (vs. non-obese) children had higher rates of restriction in general, but particularly higher rates of Restriction with Negative Affect. Rather than being told not to restrict, mothers may need guidance on how to sensitively restrict their child's intake. Future studies should consider the contributions of maternal affect to children's responses to maternal restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Pesch
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 1109 SE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA.
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5406, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 3718 SPH Building I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | | | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 1109 SE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5406, USA
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82
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Maternal encouragement and discouragement: Differences by food type and child weight status. Appetite 2016; 101:15-22. [PMID: 26924561 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity prevention practice guidelines recommend that parents encourage the intake of certain types of foods and discourage the intake of others. It is unknown if parents of children of different weight statuses encourage or discourage their child's intake differently based on food type. The objective of this study was to determine the association of child weight status with maternal encouragement and discouragement of for four different types of food. A total of 222 mother-child dyads were video-taped during the standardized, sequential presentation of four foods to both participants: cupcakes (familiar dessert), green beans (familiar vegetable), halva (unfamiliar dessert) and artichoke (unfamiliar vegetable). Mother's encouragements and discouragements of child intake were reliably coded for each food type. Poisson regression models were used to test the independent association of child weight status (normal weight, overweight and obese) with encouragement and discouragement for each food type. Mothers of an obese, vs. normal or overweight child, had lower rates of encouragement for a familiar dessert (p = 0.02), and a higher rates of discouragements for a familiar dessert (p = 0.001), a familiar vegetable (p = 0.01), and an unfamiliar vegetable (p = 0.001). There were no differences in encouragements or discouragements between mothers of an overweight, vs. obese child, for any of the 4 food types. Mothers of obese children may alter their feeding behavior differentially based on food type. Future work should examine how interventions promoting maternal encouragement or discouragement of different food types impact child weight status.
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83
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Liang J, Matheson BE, Rhee KE, Peterson CB, Rydell S, Boutelle KN. Parental control and overconsumption of snack foods in overweight and obese children. Appetite 2016; 100:181-8. [PMID: 26911259 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The associations between snack food consumption, parent feeding practices and general parenting in overweight in obese children are largely unknown. Therefore, we examined these relationships in 117 treatment-seeking overweight and obese children (10.40 ± 1.35 years; 53% female; 52% Caucasian; BMI-z: 2.06 ± .39). Children consumed a dinner meal, completed an Eating in the Absence of Hunger (EAH) free access paradigm (total EAH intake = EAH%-total; sweet food intake = EAH%-sweet), and completed the Child Report of Parent Behavior Inventory. Parents completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Child EAH%-total and EAH%-sweet were positively associated with dinner consumption (p's < .01). Girls had significantly higher EAH%-total compared to boys (p < .05). In separate models, higher EAH%-total was associated with greater use of maternal psychological control (p < .05) and EAH%-sweet was positively associated with parent monitoring (p < .05). In analyses examining factors associated with the consumption of specific foods, EAH snack food, parent restriction, pressure to eat, monitoring, and maternal psychological control were positively correlated with intake of Hershey's(®) chocolate bars (p's < .05). In summary, parental monitoring is associated with child sweet snack food intake and maternal psychological control is associated with child total snack food consumption. Future research should evaluate the complex relationship between child eating and parenting, especially with regard to subgroups of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Brittany E Matheson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kyung E Rhee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Rydell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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