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Si J, Ma Y, Bi JW, Xiong Y, Lv C, Li S, Wu N, Yang Y. Shisa3 brakes resistance to EGFR-TKIs in lung adenocarcinoma by suppressing cancer stem cell properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:481. [PMID: 31801598 PMCID: PMC6894286 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Although EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are beneficial to lung adenocarcinoma patients with sensitive EGFR mutations, resistance to these inhibitors induces a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Here, we clarify the function and molecular mechanism of shisa3 as a suppressor that can reverse EGFR-TKI resistance and inhibit CSC properties. Methods The suppresser genes involved in EGFR-TKI resistance were identified and validated by transcriptome sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Biological function analyses, cell half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), self-renewal, and migration and invasion capacities, were detected by CCK8, sphere formation and Transwell assays. Tumorigenesis and therapeutic effects were investigated in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (nod-scid) mice. The underlying mechanisms were explored by Western blot and immunoprecipitation analyses. Results We found that low expression of shisa3 was related to EGFR-TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Ectopic overexpression of shisa3 inhibited CSC properties and the cell cycle in the lung adenocarcinoma cells resistant to gefitinib/osimertinib. In contrast, suppression of shisa3 promoted CSC phenotypes and the cell cycle in the cells sensitive to EGFR-TKIs. For TKI-resistant PC9/ER tumors in nod-scid mice, overexpressed shisa3 had a significant inhibitory effect. In addition, we verified that shisa3 inhibited EGFR-TKI resistance by interacting with FGFR1/3 to regulate AKT/mTOR signaling. Furthermore, combinational administration of inhibitors of FGFR/AKT/mTOR and cell cycle signaling could overcome EGFR-TKI resistance associated with shisa3-mediated CSC capacities in vivo. Conclusion Taken together, shisa3 was identified as a brake to EGFR-TKI resistance and CSC characteristics, probably through the FGFR/AKT/mTOR and cell cycle pathways, indicating that shisa3 and concomitant inhibition of its regulated signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing EGFR-TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Si
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
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Clara JA, Monge C, Yang Y, Takebe N. Targeting signalling pathways and the immune microenvironment of cancer stem cells - a clinical update. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:204-232. [PMID: 31792354 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have important roles in tumour development, relapse and metastasis; the intrinsic self-renewal characteristics and tumorigenic properties of these cells provide them with unique capabilities to resist diverse forms of anticancer therapy, seed recurrent tumours, and disseminate to and colonize distant tissues. The findings of several studies indicate that CSCs originate from non-malignant stem or progenitor cells. Accordingly, inhibition of developmental signalling pathways that are crucial for stem and progenitor cell homeostasis and function, such as the Notch, WNT, Hedgehog and Hippo signalling cascades, continues to be pursued across multiple cancer types as a strategy for targeting the CSCs hypothesized to drive cancer progression - with some success in certain malignancies. In addition, with the renaissance of anticancer immunotherapy, a better understanding of the interplay between CSCs and the tumour immune microenvironment might be the key to unlocking a new era of oncological treatments associated with a reduced propensity for the development of resistance and with enhanced antimetastatic activity, thus ultimately resulting in improved patient outcomes. Herein, we provide an update on the progress to date in the clinical development of therapeutics targeting the Notch, WNT, Hedgehog and Hippo pathways. We also discuss the interactions between CSCs and the immune system, including the potential immunological effects of agents targeting CSC-associated developmental signalling pathways, and provide an overview of the emerging approaches to CSC-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Clara
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Monge
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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53
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Giannone G, Attademo L, Scotto G, Genta S, Ghisoni E, Tuninetti V, Aglietta M, Pignata S, Valabrega G. Endometrial Cancer Stem Cells: Role, Characterization and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1820. [PMID: 31752447 PMCID: PMC6896186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer. In patients with relapsed and advanced disease, prognosis is still dismal and development of resistance is common. In this context, endometrial Cancer Stem Cells (eCSC), stem-like cells capable to self-renewal and differentiation in mature cancer cells, represent a potential field of expansion for drug development. The aim of this review is to characterize the role of eCSC in EC, their features and how they could be targeted. CSC are involved in progression, invasiveness and metastasis (though epithelial to mesenchimal transition, EMT), as well as chemoresistance in EC. Nevertheless, isolation of eCSC is still controversial. Indeed, CD133, Aldheyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD117, CD55 and CD44 are enriched in CSCs but there is no universal marker nowadays. The most frequently activated pathways in eCSC are Wingless-INT (Wnt)/β-catenin, Notch1, and Hedghog, with a high expression of self-renewal transcription factors like Octamer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT), B Lymphoma Mo-MLV Insertion Region 1 Homolog (BMI1), North American Network Operations Group Homebox protein (NANOG), and SRY-Box 2 (SOX2). These pathways have been targeted with selective drugs alone or in combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Unfortunately, although preclinical results are encouraging, few clinical data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Giannone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Laura Attademo
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Giulia Scotto
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Sofia Genta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Eleonora Ghisoni
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Valentina Tuninetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (V.T.); (M.A.); (G.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS - Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
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Atashzar MR, Baharlou R, Karami J, Abdollahi H, Rezaei R, Pourramezan F, Zoljalali Moghaddam SH. Cancer stem cells: A review from origin to therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:790-803. [PMID: 31286518 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), are elucidated as cells that can perpetuate themselves via autorestoration. These cells are highly resistant to current therapeutic approaches and are the main reason for cancer recurrence. Radiotherapy has made a lot of contributions to cancer treatment. However, despite continuous achievements, therapy resistance and tumor recurrence are still prevalent in most patients. This resistance might be partly related to the existence of CSCs. In the present study, recent advances in the investigation of different biological properties of CSCs, such as their origin, markers, characteristics, and targeting have been reviewed. We have also focused our discussion on radioresistance and adaptive responses of CSCs and their related extrinsic and intrinsic influential factors. In summary, we suggest CSCs as the prime therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Atashzar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Jafar Karami
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Department of Radiologic Sciences and Medical Physics, School of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ramazan Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourramezan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Brungs D, Lochhead A, Iyer A, Illemann M, Colligan P, Hirst NG, Splitt A, Liauw W, Vine KL, Pathmanandavel S, Carolan M, Becker TM, Aghmesheh M, Ranson M. Expression of cancer stem cell markers is prognostic in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2019; 51:474-480. [PMID: 31230819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is a common and highly lethal malignancy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have a key role in the development and progression of metastatic disease. While expression of CSC markers CD44, CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in locoregional gastroesophageal cancer is known to be associated with poorer clinical outcomes, the significance of CSC marker expression in distal metastatic disease is unknown. We investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic associations of the CSC markers, CD44, CD133, and ALDH1, on metastatic deposits from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas, and evaluated the association of CSC expression with urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression. Of the 36 patients included in the study, 16 (44%) were positive for CD44, 13 (36%) were positive for CD133, and 26 (72%) were positive for ALDH1. CD44 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in univariate [hazard ratio (HR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-6.9, p=0.008] and multivariate analyses (HR 2.5, 95%CI 1.1-6.2, p=0.04). ALDH1 expression was significantly associated with poorer OS in univariate (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.01-5.7, p=0.04) analysis but was not significant in multivariate analysis. Both CD44 and ALDH1 expression were significantly associated with uPAR expression. We found no association between CD133 expression and OS. CD44 expression on metastatic disease from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas is an independent prognostic marker associated with poorer OS. These results expand current evidence to support the role of CSCs as biomarkers in metastatic gastroesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Anita Iyer
- Southern IML Pathology, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Illemann
- Biotech Research Innovation Centre - BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ashleigh Splitt
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Winston Liauw
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Martin Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia; Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
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Schulten HJ, Hussein D. Array expression meta-analysis of cancer stem cell genes identifies upregulation of PODXL especially in DCC low expression meningiomas. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215452. [PMID: 31083655 PMCID: PMC6513070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumors, with a subset of cases bearing a progressive phenotype. The DCC netrin 1 receptor (DCC) is a candidate gene for early meningioma progression. Cancer stem cell (CSC) genes are emerging as cancer therapeutic targets, as their expression is frequently associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes. The main objective of the study was to identify deregulated CSC genes in meningiomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Interrogating two expression data repositories, significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined using DCC low vs. DCC high expression groups and WHO grade I (GI) vs. grade II + grade III (GII + GIII) comparison groups. Human stem cell (SC) genes were compiled from two published data sets and were extracted from the DEG lists. Biofunctional analysis was performed to assess associations between genes or molecules. RESULTS In the DCC low vs. DCC high expression groups, we assessed seven studies representing each between seven and 58 samples. The type I transmembrane protein podocalyxin like (PODXL) was markedly upregulated in DCC low expression meningiomas in six studies. Other CSC genes repeatedly deregulated included, e.g., BMP/retinoic acid inducible neural specific 1 (BRINP1), prominin 1 (PROM1), solute carrier family 24 member 3 (SLC24A3), rRho GTPase activating protein 28 (ARHGAP28), Kruppel like factor 5 (KLF5), and leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4). In the GI vs. GII + GIII comparison groups, we assessed six studies representing each between nine and 68 samples. DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOP2A) was markedly upregulated in GII + GIII meningiomas in four studies. Other CSC genes repeatedly deregulated included, e.g., ARHGAP28 and PODXL. Network analysis revealed associations of molecules with, e.g., cellular development and movement; nervous system development and function; and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis on meningiomas identified a comprehensive list of deregulated CSC genes across different array expression studies. Especially, PODXL is of interest for functional assessment in progressive meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are crucial for tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. Immunologically targeting CSCs represents a promising strategy to improve efficacy of multimodal cancer therapy. Modulating the innate immune response involving Toll-like receptors, macrophages, natural killer cells, and γδT cells has therapeutic effects on CSCs. Antigens expressed by CSCs provide specific targets for immunotherapy. CSC-primed dendritic cell-based vaccines have induced significant antitumor immunity as an adjuvant therapy in experimental models of established tumors. Targeting the tumor microenvironment CSC niche with cytokines or checkpoint blockade provides additional strategies to eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Room 3410, 1150 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of the 2nd Thoracic Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 116 Zhuodaoquan South Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, 3520B MSRB-1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alfred E Chang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Room 3304, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Tumor mechanisms of resistance to immune attack. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:61-100. [PMID: 31383409 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the interactions between host and tumor. Immune selection pressure is a driving force behind the sculpting and evolution of malignant cancer cells to escape this immune attack. Several common tumor cell-based mechanisms of resistance to immune attack have been identified and can be broadly categorized into three main classes: loss of antigenicity, loss of immunogenicity, and creation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss in detail the relevant literature associated with each class of resistance and will describe the relevance of these mechanisms to human cancer patients. To conclude, we will outline the implications these mechanisms have for the treatment of cancer using currently available therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has been a successful addition to current treatment approaches, but many patients either do not respond or quickly become resistant. This reflects the ability of tumors to continue to adapt to immune selection pressure at all stages of development. Additional study of immune escape mechanisms and immunotherapy resistance mechanisms will be needed to inform future treatment approaches.
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Badrinath N, Yoo SY. Recent Advances in Cancer Stem Cell-Targeted Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030310. [PMID: 30841635 PMCID: PMC6468501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are one of the reasons for the relapse of cancer cells and metastasis. They have drug resistance against most chemotherapeutic agents. CSCs are also responsible for tumor cell heterogeneity and cause minimal residual disease. In order to achieve complete regression of tumors, CSCs have to be targeted. Recent advances in immunotherapies have shown promising outcomes in curing cancer, which are also applicable to target CSCs. CSCs express immune markers and exhibit specific immune characteristics in various cancers, which can be used in immunotherapies to target CSCs in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, various strategies have been used to target CSCs. Adaptive T-cells, dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and combination therapies are now being used to target CSCs. Here, we discuss the feasibility of these immunological approaches and the recent trends in immunotherapies to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanasamy Badrinath
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - So Young Yoo
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Akamine T, Tagawa T, Ijichi K, Toyokawa G, Takamori S, Hirai F, Okamoto T, Oda Y, Maehara Y. The Significance of CD44 Variant 9 in Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma: Correlation with Pathological Early-Stage and EGFR Mutation. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:1544-1551. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-07137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Desai A, Yan Y, Gerson SL. Concise Reviews: Cancer Stem Cell Targeted Therapies: Toward Clinical Success. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:75-81. [PMID: 30328686 PMCID: PMC6312440 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells within tumors that possess the stem cell characteristics of self-renewal, quiescence, differentiation, and the ability to recapitulate the parental tumor when transplanted into a host. CSCs are correlated with poor clinical outcome due to their contribution to chemotherapy resistance and metastasis. Multiple cell surface and enzymatic markers have been characterized to identify CSCs within a heterogeneous tumor, and here we summarize ongoing preclinical and clinical efforts to therapeutically target these cells and improve patient outcomes. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:75-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Desai
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Stanton L. Gerson
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Heidarifard M, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Panahi Y, Hamishehkar H, Pouremamali F, Rahbarghazi R, Nouri M. Cancer stem cells-emanated therapy resistance: Implications for liposomal drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2018; 288:62-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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63
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the most serious diseases all over the world, and the cancer stem cell (CSC) model accounts for tumor initiation, metastasis, drug resistance, and relapse. The CSCs within tumor bulk have the capacity to self-renew, differentiate, and give rise to a new tumor. The self-renewal of CSCs is precisely regulated by various modulators, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Notch signaling, Hedgehog signaling, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and non-coding RNAs. CSCs reside in their niches that are also involved in the self-renewal maintenance of CSCs and protection of CSCs from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and even endogenous damages. Moreover, CSCs can also remodel their niches to initiate tumorigenesis. The mutual interactions between CSCs and their niches play a critical role in the regulation of CSC self-renewal and tumorigenesis as well. Many surface markers of CSCs have been identified, and these markers become first choices for CSC targeting. Due to heterogeneity and plasticity, targeting CSCs is still a big challenge for tumor elimination. In this review, we summarize recent progresses on the biological features of CSCs and targeting strategies against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhu
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zusen Fan
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Wefers C, Schreibelt G, Massuger LFAG, de Vries IJM, Torensma R. Immune Curbing of Cancer Stem Cells by CTLs Directed to NANOG. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1412. [PMID: 29971070 PMCID: PMC6018198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as the source of tumor growth and disease recurrence. Eradication of CSCs is thus essential to achieve durable responses, but CSCs are resistant to current anti-tumor therapies. Novel therapeutic approaches that specifically target CSCs will, therefore, be crucial to improve patient outcome. Immunotherapies, which boost the body's own immune system to eliminate cancerous cells, could be an alternative approach to target CSCs. Vaccines of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor antigens can evoke highly specific anti-tumor T cell responses. Importantly, DC vaccination also promotes immunological memory formation, paving the way for long-term cancer control. Here, we propose a DC vaccination that specifically targets CSCs. DCs loaded with NANOG peptides, a protein required for maintaining stem cell properties, could evoke a potent anti-tumor immune response against CSCs. We hypothesize that the resulting immunological memory will also control newly formed CSCs, thereby preventing disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wefers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Torensma
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Hou PF, Jiang T, Chen F, Shi PC, Li HQ, Bai J, Song J. KIF4A facilitates cell proliferation via induction of p21-mediated cell cycle progression and promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:477. [PMID: 29706624 PMCID: PMC5924760 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin family member 4A (KIF4A) was found to be implicated in the regulation of chromosome condensation and segregation during mitotic cell division, which is essential for eukaryotic cell proliferation. However, little is known about the role of KIF4A in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). This study explored the biological function of KIF4A in CRC progression and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we found that KIF4A was remarkably upregulated in primary CRC tissues and cell lines compared with paired non-cancerous tissues and normal colorectal epithelium. Elevated expression of KIF4A in CRC tissues was significantly correlated with clinicopathological characteristics in patients as well as with shorter overall and disease-free cumulative survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that KIF4A was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in human CRC patients. Functional assays, including a CCK-8 cell proliferation assay, colony formation analysis, cancer xenografts in nude mice, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis, indicated that KIF4A obviously enhanced cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis, Luciferase reporter assays, and ChIP assays revealed that KIF4A facilitates cell proliferation via regulating the p21 promoter, whereas KIF4A had no effect on cell apoptosis. In addition, Transwell analysis indicated that KIF4A promotes migration and invasion in CRC. Taken together, these findings not only demonstrate that KIF4A contributes to CRC proliferation via modulation of p21-mediated cell cycle progression but also suggest the potential value of KIF4A as a clinical prognostic marker and target for molecular treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fu Hou
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pei-Cong Shi
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Qing Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin Bai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Jun Song
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China. .,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, Xuzhou, China.
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66
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Díaz-Carballo D, Saka S, Klein J, Rennkamp T, Acikelli AH, Malak S, Jastrow H, Wennemuth G, Tempfer C, Schmitz I, Tannapfel A, Strumberg D. A Distinct Oncogenerative Multinucleated Cancer Cell Serves as a Source of Stemness and Tumor Heterogeneity. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2318-2331. [PMID: 29440172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of anticancer treatments on cell heterogeneity and their proliferative potential play an important role in tumor persistence and metastasis. However, little is known about de-polyploidization, cell fate, and physiologic stemness of the resulting cell populations. Here, we describe a distinctive cell type termed "pregnant" P1 cells found within chemotherapy-refractory ovarian tumors, which generate and gestate daughter generation Gn cells intracytoplasmically. Release of Gn cells occurred by ejection through crevices in the P1 cell membrane by body contractions or using a funiculus-like structure. These events characterized a not yet described mechanism of cell segregation. Maternal P1 cells were principally capable of surviving parturition events and continued to breed and nurture Gn progenies. In addition, P1 cells were competent to horizontally transmit offspring Gn cells into other specific proximal cells, injecting them to receptor R1 cells via cell-cell tunneling. This process represents a new mechanism used by tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues and ensure life cycles. In contrast to the pregnant P1 cells with low expression of stem cell markers despite their physiologic stemness, the first offspring generations of daughter G1 cells expressed high levels of ovarian cancer stem cell markers. Furthermore, both P1 and Gn cells overexpressed multiple human endogenous retroviral envelope proteins. Moreover, programmed death-ligand 1 and the immunosuppressive domain of the retroviral envelope proteins were also overexpressed in P1 cells, suggesting effective protection against the host immune system. Together, our data suggest that P1 oncogenerative cancer cells exhibit a not yet described cell biological mechanism of persistence and transmission of malignant cells in patients with advanced cancers.Significance: P1 oncogenerative cell entities express low levels of CSC markers, which are characteristic of their histological origin. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2318-31. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Carballo
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany.
| | - Sahitya Saka
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Klein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
| | - Tobias Rennkamp
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
| | - Ali H Acikelli
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
| | - Sascha Malak
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
| | - Holger Jastrow
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Clemens Tempfer
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
| | - Inge Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Strumberg
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics. Division of Haematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical School, Herne, Germany
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