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Indole-3-ethylsulfamoylphenylacrylamides: Potent histone deacetylase inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:468-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Salam MT. Asthma epigenetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 795:183-99. [PMID: 24162909 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8603-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, and a growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic variations may mediate the effects of environmental exposures on the development and natural history of asthma. Epigenetics is the study of mitotically or meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that occur without directly altering the DNA sequence. DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs are major epigenetic variations in humans that are currently being investigated for asthma etiology and natural history. DNA methylation results from addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of a cytosine ring and occurs almost exclusively on a cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide. Histone modifications involve posttranslational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination on the tails of core histones. MicroRNAs are short ~22 nucleotide long, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that binds to complementary sequences in the target mRNAs, usually resulting in gene silencing. While many studies have documented relationships of environmental exposures that have been implicated in asthma etiology with epigenetic alterations, to date, few studies have directly linked epigenetic variations with asthma development. There are several methodological challenges in studying the epigenetics of asthma. In this chapter, the influence of epigenetic variations on asthma pathophysiology, methodological concerns in conducting epigenetic research and future direction of asthma epigenetics research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto Street, Mail Code 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA,
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53
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Eom S, Kim Y, Park D, Lee H, Lee YS, Choe J, Kim YM, Jeoung D. Histone deacetylase-3 mediates positive feedback relationship between anaphylaxis and tumor metastasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12126-12144. [PMID: 24619412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic inflammation has been known to enhance the metastatic potential of tumor cells. The role of histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) in allergic skin inflammation was reported. We investigated HDAC3 involvement in the allergic inflammation-promotion of metastatic potential of tumor cells. Passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) induced HDAC3 expression and FcεRI signaling in BALB/c mice. PSA enhanced the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of mouse melanoma cells in HDAC3- and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-(MCP1)-dependent manner. The PSA-mediated enhancement of metastatic potential involved the induction of HDAC3, MCP1, and CD11b (a macrophage marker) expression in the lung tumor tissues. We examined an interaction between anaphylaxis and tumor growth and metastasis at the molecular level. Conditioned medium from antigen-stimulated bone marrow-derived mouse mast cell cultures induced the expression of HDAC3, MCP1, and CCR2, a receptor for MCP1, in B16F1 mouse melanoma cells and enhanced migration and invasion potential of B16F1 cells. The conditioned medium from B16F10 cultures induced the activation of FcεRI signaling in lung mast cells in an HDAC3-dependent manner. FcεRI signaling was observed in lung tumors derived from B16F10 cells. Target scan analysis predicted HDAC3 to be as a target of miR-384, and miR-384 and HDAC3 were found to form a feedback regulatory loop. miR-384, which is decreased by PSA, negatively regulated HDAC3 expression, allergic inflammation, and the positive feedback regulatory loop between anaphylaxis and tumor metastasis. We show the miR-384/HDAC3 feedback loop to be a novel regulator of the positive feedback relationship between anaphylaxis and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyung Eom
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701
| | - Deokbum Park
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701
| | - Hansoo Lee
- Departments of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701
| | - Yun Sil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701
| | - Young Myeong Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701.
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Jing Y, Ai Q, Lin L, Dai J, Jia M, Zhou D, Che Q, Wan J, Jiang R, Zhang L. Protective effects of garcinol in mice with lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced apoptotic liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:373-80. [PMID: 24560905 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Garcinol is a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative of Garcinia indica. Recent researches have revealed the antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of garcinol. In the present study, the pharmacological effects of garcinol in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury in D-galactosamine (D-Gal)-sensitized mice were investigated. We found that treatment with garcinol significantly decreased serum ALT and AST levels in LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice. These were accomplished with improved histological alterations in liver sections and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver homogenates. Garcinol significantly reduced the acetylation level of NF-κB, but it had no obvious effects on the elevation of TNF-α or IL-6 in plasma or liver tissue. Garcinol significantly attenuated LPS/D-Gal-induced hepatic apoptosis as evidenced by reduced number of TUNEL-positive cells in liver sections. Our experiments also showed that garcinol markedly suppressed the cleavage of caspase-3 and significantly decreased the activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in liver tissues. In addition, garcinol obviously reduced the induction of Bax but did not alter the level of Bcl-2. These results indicated that garcinol might provide protective benefits in LPS/D-Gal-induced liver injury through suppressing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Jing
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Hospital of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengying Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Che
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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55
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Poljak M, Lim R, Barker G, Lappas M. Class I to III histone deacetylases differentially regulate inflammation-induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in primary amnion cells. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:804-13. [PMID: 24429678 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113518990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix in fetal membranes, and pathological activation of MMP-9 can lead to preterm birth. In nongestational tissues, modulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulates MMP-9 expression. The aim of this study was to determine whether class I to III HDACs regulate MMP-9 expression and activity in primary amnion cells. Class I and II HDAC regulation of MMP-9 was assessed using the general class I and II HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), the class I HDACi MS-275, and the class II HDACi MC1568. Class III HDAC regulation of MMP-9 was assessed using the SIRT1 activators resveratrol and SRT1720 as well as SIRT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Primary amnion epithelial cells were incubated with 1 ng/mL interleukin (IL) 1β in the absence or presence of 0.3 μmol/L TSA, 5 μmol/L SAHA, 2.5 μmol/L MS-275, 2.5 μmol/L MC1568, 50 μmol/L resveratrol, or 10 μmol/L SRT1720 for 20 hours. We found that the class I and II HDACi TSA and SAHA and the class II HDACi MC1568 significantly decreased IL-β-induced MMP-9 gene and pro-MMP-9 expression in primary amnion cells. There was, however, no effect of the class I HDACi MS-275 on IL-β-induced MMP-9 expression. On the other hand, inhibition of class III HDAC SIRT1 using siRNA significantly augmented IL-1β-induced MMP-9, and SIRT1 activation using resveratrol and SRT1720 inhibited IL-1β-induced MMP-9 expression. In summary, class I to III HDACs differentially regulate inflammation-induced MMP-9 expression in primary amnion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Poljak
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Glauben R, Sonnenberg E, Wetzel M, Mascagni P, Siegmund B. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate interleukin 6-dependent CD4+ T cell polarization in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6142-51. [PMID: 24421314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been associated primarily with an anti-proliferative effect in vitro and in vivo. Recent data provide evidence for an anti-inflammatory potency of HDAC inhibitors in models of experimental colitis. Because the balance of T cell subpopulations is critical for the balance of the mucosal immune system, this study explores the regulatory potency of HDAC inhibitors on T cell polarization as a mechanistic explanation for the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Although HDAC inhibition suppressed the polarization toward the pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells, it enhanced forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)(+) regulatory T cell polarization in vitro and in vivo at the site of inflammation in the lamina propria. This was paralleled by a down-regulation of the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) on naïve CD4(+) T cells on the mRNA as well as on the protein level and changes in the chromatin acetylation at the IL6R gene and its promoter. Downstream of the IL-6R, HDAC inhibition was followed by a decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation as well as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γT (RORγT) expression, thus identifying the IL-6/STAT3/IL-17 pathway as an important target of HDAC inhibitors. These results directly translated to experimental colitis, where IL-6R expression was suppressed in naïve T cells, paralleled by a significant reduction of Th17 cells in the lamina propria of ITF2357-treated animals, resulting in the amelioration of disease. This study indicates that, in experimental colitis, inhibition of HDAC exerts an anti-inflammatory potency by directing T helper cell polarization via targeting the IL-6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Glauben
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medical Department I, 12200 Berlin, Germany and
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57
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The role of histone deacetylases in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:783-8. [PMID: 23697938 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RA (rheumatoid arthritis) is an inflammatory disease of synovial joints affecting approximately 1% of the population. One of the main cell types involved in damage to RA joint tissue is the FLSs (fibroblast-like synoviocytes). These have a semi-transformed, auto-aggressive phenotype typified by loss of contact inhibition, reduced apoptosis and the production of matrix-degrading enzymes. The mechanisms involved in the development of this phenotype are unclear; however, increasing evidence implicates alterations in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Reduced acetylation of amino acids in the tails of histone proteins is an epigenetic mark associated with transcriptional repression and is controlled by the HDAC (histone deacetylase) enzyme family. To date, evidence has implicated HDACs in the auto-aggressive phenotype of FLSs, and administration of HDAC inhibitors to both animal models of RA and individuals with juvenile arthritis has shown efficacy in attenuating inflammation and tissue damage. This highlights a role for HDACs in disease pathogenesis and, more importantly, that HDACs are potential novel therapeutic targets.
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58
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Jeong Y, Du R, Zhu X, Yin S, Wang J, Cui H, Cao W, Lowenstein CJ. Histone deacetylase isoforms regulate innate immune responses by deacetylating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:651-659. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1013565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe MAPK pathway mediates TLR signaling during innate immune responses. We discovered previously that MKP-1 is acetylated, enhancing its interaction with its MAPK substrates and deactivating TLR signaling. As HDACs modulate inflammation by deacetylating histone and nonhistone proteins, we hypothesized that HDACs may regulate LPS-induced inflammation by deacetylating MKP-1. We found that mouse macrophages expressed a subset of HDAC isoforms (HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3), which all interacted with MKP-1. Genetic silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC1, −2, and −3 increased MKP-1 acetylation in cells. Furthermore, knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC1, −2, and −3 decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of the MAPK member p38. Also, pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC did not decrease MAPK signaling in MKP-1 null cells. Finally, inhibition of HDAC1, −2, and −3 decreased LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS (NOS2), and nitrite synthesis. Taken together, our results show that HDAC1, −2, and −3 deacetylate MKP-1 and that this post-translational modification increases MAPK signaling and innate immune signaling. Thus, HDAC1, −2, and −3 isoforms are potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngtae Jeong
- Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ronghui Du
- Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hengmi Cui
- Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Charles J Lowenstein
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York, USA
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Ilmarinen P, Kankaanranta H. Eosinophil apoptosis as a therapeutic target in allergic asthma. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:109-17. [PMID: 24148899 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways manifesting in many different phenotypes. Allergic asthma, comprising approximately half of patients with asthma, is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils into the lungs. Eosinophils release factors that damage the surrounding cells and participate in the maintenance and exacerbation of inflammation. In the absence of any inflammatory survival-prolonging factors, eosinophils die by apoptosis in few days but in inflamed airways, eosinophil survival is thought to be prolonged due to the surrounding pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF. Resolution of eosinophilic inflammation is an important goal in the treatment of allergic asthma. Apoptosis is a physiological and non-inflammatory way to eliminate these harmful cells, and development of drugs targeting eosinophil apoptosis is one possible strategy for the therapy of allergic asthma. Importance of this strategy is supported by the fact that promotion of eosinophil apoptosis is a property of many anti-asthmatic agents such as glucocorticoids, the current main anti-inflammatory therapy of asthma, theophylline and leukotriene modifiers. β2 agonists have been shown to modulate eosinophil longevity by increasing survival. Also, anti-IL-5 antibody mesolizumab has shown efficacy in reducing asthma exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Many potential future anti-asthmatic agents, such as Siglec-8 activating antibody and novel humanized anti-IL-5 antibody MEDI-563, have the property of inducing eosinophil apoptosis. This MiniReview aims to present eosinophil apoptosis as a therapeutic target in the treatment of allergic asthma. We summarize the effects and mechanisms of current and potential future anti-asthmatic drugs on eosinophil apoptosis and additionally, discuss the potential factors that promote eosinophil longevity in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Ilmarinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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60
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Kim MH, Kim SH, Kim YK, Hong SJ, Min KU, Cho SH, Park HW. A polymorphism in the histone deacetylase 1 gene is associated with the response to corticosteroids in asthmatics. Korean J Intern Med 2013; 28:708-14. [PMID: 24307847 PMCID: PMC3846997 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2013.28.6.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent investigations suggest that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2 may be target molecules to predict therapeutic responses to corticosteroids. We evaluated the effects of variation in HDAC1 and HDAC2 on the response to corticosteroids in asthmatics. METHODS Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected after resequencing HDAC1 and HDAC2. For the first analysis, we evaluated the association between those SNPs and asthma severity in 477 asthmatics. For the second analysis, we evaluated the effects of these SNPs on lung function improvements in response to corticosteroid treatment in 35 independent adult asthmatics and 70 childhood asthmatics. RESULTS We found that one SNP in HDAC1 (rs1741981) was significantly related to asthma severity in a recessive model (corrected p = 0.036). Adult asthmatics who were homozygous for the minor allele of rs1741981 showed significantly lower % forced expiratory volume in 1 second (%FEV1) increases in response to systemic corticosteroids treatment compared with the heterozygotes or those homozygous for the major allele (12.7% ± 7.2% vs. 37.4% ± 33.7%, p = 0.018). Similarly, childhood asthmatics who were homozygous for the minor allele of rs1741981 showed significantly lower %FEV1 increases in response to inhaled corticosteroid treatment compared with the heterozygotes or those homozygous for the major allele (14.1% ± 5.9% vs. 19.4% ± 8.9%, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that rs1741981 in HDAC1 was significantly associated with the response to corticosteroid treatment in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yook-Keun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Up Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Royce SG, Moodley Y, Samuel CS. Novel therapeutic strategies for lung disorders associated with airway remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:250-60. [PMID: 24513131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine release, epithelial damage, airway/lung remodelling and fibrosis are central features of inflammatory lung disorders, which include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although the lung has some ability to repair itself from acute injury, in the presence of ongoing pathological stimuli and/or insults that lead to chronic disease, it no longer retains the capacity to heal, resulting in fibrosis, the final common pathway that causes an irreversible loss of lung function. Despite inflammation, genetic predisposition/factors, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mechanotransduction being able to independently contribute to airway remodelling and fibrosis, current therapies for inflammatory lung diseases are limited by their ability to only target the inflammatory component of the disease without having any marked effects on remodelling (epithelial damage and fibrosis) that can cause lung dysfunction independently of inflammation. Furthermore, as subsets of patients suffering from these diseases are resistant to currently available therapies (such as corticosteroids), novel therapeutic approaches are required to combat all aspects of disease pathology. This review discusses emerging therapeutic approaches, such as trefoil factors, relaxin, histone deacetylase inhibitors and stem cells, amongst others that have been able to target airway inflammation and airway remodelling while improving related lung dysfunction. A better understanding of the mode of action of these therapies and their possible combined effects may lead to the identification of their clinical potential in the setting of lung disease, either as adjunct or alternative therapies to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Royce
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Yuben Moodley
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Jung J, Kim SH, Lee HS, Choi GS, Jung YS, Ryu DH, Park HS, Hwang GS. Serum metabolomics reveals pathways and biomarkers associated with asthma pathogenesis. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:425-33. [PMID: 23517038 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by complex interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. For this reason, new approaches are required to clarify the pathogenesis of asthma by systemic review. OBJECTIVE We applied a (1)H-NMR metabolomics approach to investigate the altered metabolic pattern in sera from patients with asthma and sought to identify the mechanism underlying asthma and potential biomarkers. METHOD A global profile of sera from patients with asthma (n = 39) and controls (n = 26) was generated using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Endogenous metabolites in serum were rapidly measured using the target-profiling procedure. RESULTS Multivariate statistical analysis showed a clear distinction between patients with asthma and healthy subjects. Sera of asthma patients were characterized by increased levels of methionine, glutamine, and histidine and by decreased levels of formate, methanol, acetate, choline, O-phosphocholine, arginine, and glucose. The metabolites detected in the sera of patients with asthma are involved in hypermethylation, response to hypoxia, and immune reaction. Furthermore, the levels of serum metabolites from patients with asthma correlated with asthma severity; in particular, lipid metabolism was altered in patients with lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s percentage (FEV(1)%) predicted values. In addition, potential biomarkers showed strong predictive power in ROC analysis, and the presence of asthma in external validation models was predicted with high accuracy (90.9% for asthma and 100% for control subjects). CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data showed that (1)H-NMR-based metabolite profiling of serum may be useful for the effective diagnosis of asthma and a further understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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63
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Ciarlo E, Savva A, Roger T. Epigenetics in sepsis: targeting histone deacetylases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42 Suppl:S8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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64
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Chen S, El-Dahr SS. Histone deacetylases in kidney development: implications for disease and therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:689-98. [PMID: 22722820 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are an evolutionarily conserved group of enzymes that regulate a broad range of biological processes through removal of acetyl groups from histones as well as non-histone proteins. Recent studies using a variety of pharmacological inhibitors and genetic models of HDACs have revealed a central role of HDACs in control of kidney development. These findings provide new insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and implicate the potential of HDACs as therapeutic targets in kidney diseases, such as cystic kidney diseases and renal cell cancers. Determining the specific functions of individual HDAC members would be an important task of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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65
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Emerging targets for novel therapy of asthma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:324-30. [PMID: 23639507 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding the cell and molecular biology of inflammation and airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility have identified several potential novel targets for therapies of asthma. New agents targeting G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) including bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) agonists and prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonists elicit ASM relaxation. The cAMP/PKA pathway continues to be a promising drug target with the emergence of new PDE inhibitors and a novel PKA target protein, HSP20, which mediates smooth muscle relaxation via actin depolymerization. Smooth muscle relaxation can also be elicited by inhibitors of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway via inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation and actin depolymerization. Targeting epigenetic processes that control chromatin remodeling and RNA-induced gene silencing in airway cells also holds great potential for novel asthma therapy. Further investigation may identify agents that inhibit smooth muscle contraction and/or restrain or reverse obstructive remodeling of the airways.
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Abstract
HDACs (histone deacetylases) are a group of enzymes that deacetylate histones as well as non-histone proteins. They are known as modulators of gene transcription and are associated with proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types and the pathogenesis of some diseases. Recently, HDACs have come to be considered crucial targets in various diseases, including cancer, interstitial fibrosis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Pharmacological inhibitors of HDACs have been used or tested to treat those diseases. In the present review, we will examine the application of HDAC inhibitors in a variety of diseases with the focus on their effects of anti-cancer, fibrosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory activity and regulating metabolic disorders.
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Valproic acid: an anticonvulsant drug with potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:575-87. [PMID: 23584602 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VA) is a major antiepileptic drug, used for several therapeutic indications. It has a wide activity spectrum, reflecting on mechanisms of action that are not fully understood. The objectives of this work were to study the effects of VA on acute models of nociception and inflammation in rodents. VA (0.5, 1, 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) effects were evaluated on the carrageenan-induced paw edema, carrageenan-induced peritonitis, and plantar tests in rats, as well as by the formalin test in mice. The HE staining and immunohistochemistry assay for TNF-α in carrageenan-induced edema, from paws of untreated and VA-treated rats, were also carried out. VA decreased paw edema after carrageenan, and maximum effects were seen with doses equal to or higher than 10 mg/kg. VA also preserved the tissue architecture as assessed by the HE staining. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that VA significantly reduced TNF-α immunostaining in carrageenan-inflamed rat paws. In addition, the anti-inflammatory action of VA was potentiated by pentoxifylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, known to inhibit TNF-α production), but not by sodium butyrate or by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), nonspecific and specific inhibitors, respectively, of histone deacetylase. However, the decrease in the number of positive TNF-α cells in the rat paw was drastically potentiated in the VA + SAHA associated group. VA also reduced leukocytes and myeloperoxidase (MPO) releases to the peritoneal exudate, in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Although in the formalin test, VA inhibited both phases, the inhibition was mainly on the second phase. Furthermore, VA significantly increased the reaction time to thermal stimuli, as assessed by the plantar test. VA is a multi-target drug, presenting potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties at a lower dose range. These effects are partly dependent upon its inhibitory action on TNF-α-related pathways. However, the participation of the HDAC inhibition with the VA anti-inflammatory action cannot be ruled out. Inflammatory processes are associated with free radical damage and oxidative stress, and their blockade by VA could also explain the present results.
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Li CY, Peng J, Ren LP, Gan LX, Lu XJ, Liu Q, Gu W, Guo XJ. Roles of histone hypoacetylation in LAT expression on T cells and Th2 polarization in allergic asthma. J Transl Med 2013; 11:26. [PMID: 23360572 PMCID: PMC3598218 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linker for activation of T cells (LAT), a transmembrane adaptor protein, plays a role in T cell and mast cell function, while it remains unclear how histone modifications mediate LAT expression in allergic asthma. The present study aimed at understanding alterations of lymphocyte LAT in patients with asthma and potential mechanisms by which histone modulation may be involved in. METHOD The expression of LAT mRNA was checked by Quantitative real-time PCR and histone hypoacetylation on LAT promoter was detected by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the expression of LAT mRNA in peripheral blood T cells from patients with asthma decreased, as compared to healthy controls. Peripheral blood T cells were treated with pCMV-myc-LAT, pCMV-myc or LAT-siRNA plasmid. Over-expression of LAT mRNA and decrease of Th2 cytokine production were noted, which could be prevented by the inhibition of LAT. The further investigation of the role of histone was performed in an asthma model induced by allergen. Histone hypoacetylation on LAT promoter could inhibit LAT expression and enhanced Th2 differentiation, while trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, promoted LAT expression and inhibited Th2 cytokine production. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that histone hypoacetylation may regulate LAT expression on T cells and modify Th2 polarization in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-ye Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
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69
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Cho JS, Moon YM, Park IH, Um JY, Moon JH, Park SJ, Lee SH, Kang HJ, Lee HM. Epigenetic regulation of myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:872-82. [PMID: 22239687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis is a multi-factorial disease associated with chronic inflammatory condition of the paranasal sinuses. Myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation are involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the effect of trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM accumulation in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). METHODS Nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts were isolated from nasal polyps of patients who have chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. TSA was treated in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. Expression levels of HDAC2, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), TGF-β1, collagen type I, acetylated Histone H3, acetylated Histone H4, phosphorylated Smad2/3 and Smad7 were determined by RT-PCR, western blot and/or immunofluorescent staining. The total collagen amount production was analysed by Sircol soluble collagen assay and contractile activity was measured by collagen gel contraction assay. HDAC2 inhibition by TSA or HDAC2 silencing was established by RT-PCR and western blot. The epigenetic effect on α-SMA gene inactivation was examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Proliferation was determined by Ki67-positive cell staining and cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS The expression levels of HDAC2, α-SMA and TGF-β1 were increased in nasal polyp tissues compared to normal inferior turbinate tissues. TSA and HDAC2 silencing inhibited expression levels α-SMA, collagen and HDAC2. TSA induced hyperacetylation of histone and suppressed opening of α-SMA gene promoter in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. TSA inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad 2/3 and rescued TGF-β1-suppressed Smad7 signalling pathway. Finally, TSA blocked proliferation in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs and has no cytotoxic effect in NPDFs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that HDAC inhibition is associated with myofibroblast differentiation and extracelluar matrix accumulation in nasal polyposis. TSA may be useful as an inhibitor of nasal polyp growth, and thus has potential to be used as a novel treatment option for nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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70
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Kim Y, Kim K, Park D, Lee E, Lee H, Lee YS, Choe J, Kim YM, Jeoung D. DNA methyl transferase I acts as a negative regulator of allergic skin inflammation. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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71
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Katoch O, Dwarakanath BS, K Agrawala P. HDAC inhibitors: applications in oncology and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-0874-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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72
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Cho JS, Moon YM, Park IH, Um JY, Kang JH, Kim TH, Lee SH, Kang HJ, Lee HM. Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor on Extracellular Matrix Production in Human Nasal Polyp Organ Cultures. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27:18-23. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Nasal polyposis is associated with a chronic inflammatory condition of the sinonasal mucosa and involves myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors including trichostatin A (TSA) has been reported to have inhibitory effects on myofibroblast differentiation in lung and renal fibroblasts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of TSA on myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production in nasal polyp organ cultures. Methods Nasal polyp tissues from 18 patients were acquired during endoscopic sinus surgery. After organ culture, nasal polyps were stimulated with TGF-beta1 and then treated with TSA. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and collagen type I expression levels were examined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. HDAC2, HDAC4, and acetylated H4 expression levels were assayed by Western blot. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin–dUTP nick end labeling assay. Results The expression levels of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen type 1 were increased in nasal polyp after transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 treatment. TSA-inhibited TGF-beta1 induced these gene and protein expression levels. Furthermore, TSA suppressed protein expression levels of HDAC2 and HDAC4. However, TSA induced hyperacetylation of histones H4. Treatment with TGF-beta1 with or without TSA did not have cytotoxic effect. Conclusion These findings provide novel insights into the epigenetic regulation in myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production of nasal polyp. TSA could be a candidate of a therapeutic agent for reversing the TGF-beta1–induced ECM synthesis that leads to nasal polyp development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sun Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Mi Moon
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Um
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hag Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Joon Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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73
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Shi YL, Gu J, Park JJ, Xu YP, Yu FS, Zhou L, Mi QS. Histone deacetylases inhibitor Trichostatin A ameliorates DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis and reduces epidermal Langerhans cells in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 68:99-107. [PMID: 22999682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) influence chromatin organization, representing a key epigenetic regulatory mechanism in cells. Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory reaction in skin and is regulated by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if TSA treatment prevents 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ACD in mice and regulates epidermal LCs and other immune cells during ACD development. METHODS ACD was induced by sensitizing and challenging with DNFB topically. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with TSA or vehicle DMSO as a control every other day before and during induction of ACD. The ear swelling response was measured and skin biopsies from sensitized skin areas were obtained for histology. Epidermal cells, thymus, spleen and skin draining lymph nodes were collected for immune staining. RESULTS TSA treatment ameliorated skin lesion severity of DNFB-induced ACD. The percentages of epidermal LCs and splenic DCs as well as LC maturation were significantly reduced in TSA-treated mice. However, TSA treatment did not significantly affect the homeostasis of conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells, iNKT cells, and γδ T cells in thymus, spleen and draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in IL-4 and IFN-γ-producing T cells and iNKT cells between TSA- and DMSO-treated mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TSA may ameliorate ACD through the regulation of epidermal LCs and HDACs could serve as potential therapeutic targets for ACD and other LCs-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Shi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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74
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Salam MT, Zhang Y, Begum K. Epigenetics and childhood asthma: current evidence and future research directions. Epigenomics 2012; 4:415-29. [PMID: 22920181 PMCID: PMC3458510 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting one in eight children in the USA and worldwide. It is a complex disease, influenced by both environmental exposures and genetic factors. Although epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modification and miRNA) can affect transcriptional activity in multiple genetic pathways relevant for asthma development, very limited work has been carried out so far to examine the role of epigenetic variations on asthma development and management. This review provides a brief overview of epigenetic modifications, summarizes recent findings, and discusses some of the major methodological concerns that are relevant for asthma epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Licciardi PV, Kwa FAA, Ververis K, Di Costanzo N, Balcerczyk A, Tang ML, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC. Influence of natural and synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitors on chromatin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:340-54. [PMID: 22229817 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have emerged as a new class of anticancer therapeutics. The hydroxamic acid, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat, Zolinza™), and the cyclic peptide, depsipeptide (Romidepsin, Istodax™), were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in 2006 and 2009, respectively. At least 15 HDACIs are currently undergoing clinical trials either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities for the treatment of numerous hematological and solid malignancies. RECENT ADVANCES The potential utility of HDACIs has been extended to nononcologic applications, including autoimmune disorders, inflammation, diseases of the central nervous system, and malaria. CRITICAL ISSUES Given the promise of HDACIs, there is growing interest in the potential of dietary compounds that possess HDAC inhibition activity. This review is focused on the identification of and recent findings with HDACIs from dietary, medicinal plant, and microbial sources. We discuss the mechanisms of action and clinical potential of natural HDACIs. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Apart from identification of further HDACI compounds from dietary sources, further research will be aimed at understanding the effects on gene regulation on lifetime exposure to these compounds. Another important issue that requires clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Licciardi
- Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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76
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Impact of valproic acid on dendritic cells function. Immunobiology 2012; 217:704-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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77
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Guo X, Jie Y, Ren D, Zeng H, Zhang Y, He Y, Pan Z. Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote mice corneal allograft survival through alteration of CD4+ effector T cells and induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 277:8-13. [PMID: 22776176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA) is classical Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) II which is used in treatment of advanced cutaneous T-cells lymphoma. Our works focused on the roles of TSA on immuno-modulatory. We found that the TSA could induce resting Teff cells into apoptotic cell death and inhibit Teff cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed down-regulation effects of various costimulatory/adhesion molecules on Teff cells and up-regulation of Foxp3 expression on CD4+ CD25+ T cells. Treatment with TSA could improve mice corneal allograft survival by promoting the proportions and allosuppressive function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Our findings suggest that the use of TSA allows the beneficial pharmacological effect on CD4+ CD25- T activation in vitro and enhancement of Foxp3+ Treg cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Guo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmic and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
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78
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Royce SG, Dang W, Yuan G, Tran J, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC, Tang MLK. Effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, in a chronic allergic airways disease model in mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:295-306. [PMID: 22684086 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for new asthma therapies that can concurrently address airway remodeling, airway hyperresponsiveness and progressive irreversible loss of lung function, in addition to inhibiting inflammation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) alter gene expression by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones. The HDACi trichostatin A (TSA) has pleiotropic effects targeting key pathological processes in asthma including inflammation, proliferation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. The aim was to evaluate the effects of TSA treatment in a mouse model of chronic allergic airways disease (AAD). Wild-type BALB/c mice with AAD were treated intraperitoneally with 5 mg/kg TSA or vehicle control. Airway inflammation was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts and histological examination of lung tissue sections. Remodeling was assessed by morphometric analysis and airway hyperresponsiveness was assessed by invasive plethysmography. TSA-treated mice had a reduced number of total inflammatory cells and eosinophils within the BALF as compared to vehicle-treated mice (both p < 0.05). Furthermore, airway remodeling changes were significantly reduced with TSA compared to vehicle-treated mice, with fewer goblet cells (p < 0.05), less subepithelial collagen deposition (p < 0.05) and attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness at the highest methacholine dose. These findings demonstrate that treatment with an HDACi can concurrently reduce structural airway remodeling changes and airway hyperresponsiveness, in addition to attenuating airway inflammation in a chronic AAD model. This has important implications for the development of novel treatments for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Royce
- Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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79
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Kim Y, Kim K, Park D, Lee E, Lee H, Lee YS, Choe J, Jeoung D. Histone deacetylase 3 mediates allergic skin inflammation by regulating expression of MCP1 protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25844-59. [PMID: 22679019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown the induction of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells via NF-κB. We investigated the role of HDAC3 in allergic skin inflammation. We used a BALB/c mouse model of triphasic cutaneous anaphylaxis (triphasic cutaneous reaction; TpCR) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) to examine the role of HDAC3 in allergic skin inflammation. Triphasic cutaneous reaction involved induction of HDAC3 and was mediated by HDAC3. HDAC3 showed an interaction with FcεRIβ. Trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of HDAC(s), disrupted this interaction. Cytokine array analysis showed that the down-regulation of HDAC3 led to the decreased secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). FcεRI was necessary for induction of HDAC3 and MCP1. ChIP assays showed that HDAC3, in association with Sp1 and c-Jun, was responsible for induction of MCP1 expression. TSA exerted a negative effect on induction of MCP1. HDAC3 exerted a negative regulation on expression of HDAC2 via interaction with Rac1. The down-regulation of HDAC3 or inactivation of Rac1 induced binding of HDAC2 to MCP1 promoter sequences. TSA exerted a negative effect on HDAC3-mediated TpCR. The BALB/c mouse model of PCA involved induction of HDAC3 and MCP1. HDAC3 and MCP1 were necessary for PCA that involved ear swelling, enhanced vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. Recombinant MCP1 enhanced β-hexosaminidase activity and histamine release and also showed angiogenic potential. TSA exerted a negative effect on PCA. Our data show HDAC3 as a valuable target for the development of allergic skin inflammation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
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80
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Kelly-Sell MJ, Kim YH, Straus S, Benoit B, Harrison C, Sutherland K, Armstrong R, Weng WK, Showe LC, Wysocka M, Rook AH. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, suppresses cellular immune functions of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:354-60. [PMID: 22367792 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Romidepsin is the second histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) approved for the treatment of advanced stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Recent in vitro data suggest that HDACis suppress immune function although these findings have not been confirmed in patients. Thus, we serially examined the cellular immune function of eight CTCL patients undergoing treatment with three cycles of romidepsin. We measured the patients' natural killer (NK) and dendritic cell (DC) function and performed an in vitro terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay to measure cellular apoptosis. Patients' NK cell cytolytic activity decreased from baseline to the third cycle of treatment (P = 0.018) but stimulation with a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist increased this activity (P = 0.018). At baseline, a TLR agonist could both activate patients' DC (P = 0.043) and stimulate interleukin-12 protein production (P = 0.043) but both were suppressed after the first cycle of romidepsin. Finally, we observed increased specificity for romidepsin-induced CD4+ tumor cell apoptosis and dose-dependent increases in cellular apoptosis of healthy cells in multiple lineages (P < 0.05). These findings raise concern that HDACis suppress immune function in CTCL patients and they support the concurrent use of multiple immune stimulatory agents to preserve the host immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Depression, Chemical
- Depsipeptides/adverse effects
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Depsipeptides/therapeutic use
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Sezary Syndrome/drug therapy
- Sezary Syndrome/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 8/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kelly-Sell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA.
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81
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Banerjee A, Trivedi CM, Damera G, Jiang M, Jester W, Hoshi T, Epstein JA, Panettieri RA. Trichostatin A abrogates airway constriction, but not inflammation, in murine and human asthma models. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:132-8. [PMID: 22298527 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0276oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors may offer novel approaches in the treatment of asthma. We postulate that trichostatin A (TSA), a Class 1 and 2 inhibitor of HDAC, inhibits airway hyperresponsiveness in antigen-challenged mice. Mice were sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen (AF) and treated with TSA, dexamethasone, or vehicle. Lung resistance (R(L)) and dynamic compliance were measured, and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for numbers of leukocytes and concentrations of cytokines. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were treated with TSA and their agonist-induced bronchoconstriction was measured, and TSA-treated human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells were evaluated for the agonist-induced activation of Rho and intracellular release of Ca(2+). The activity of HDAC in murine lungs was enhanced by antigen and abrogated by TSA. TSA also inhibited methacholine (Mch)-induced increases in R(L) and decreases in dynamic compliance in naive control mice and in AF-sensitized and -challenged mice. Total cell counts, concentrations of IL-4, and numbers of eosinophils in BALF were unchanged in mice treated with TSA or vehicle, whereas dexamethasone inhibited the numbers of eosinophils in BALF and concentrations of IL-4. TSA inhibited the carbachol-induced contraction of PCLS. Treatment with TSA inhibited the intracellular release of Ca(2+) in ASM cells in response to histamine, without affecting the activation of Rho. The inhibition of HDAC abrogates airway hyperresponsiveness to Mch in both naive and antigen-challenged mice. TSA inhibits the agonist-induced contraction of PCLS and mobilization of Ca(2+) in ASM cells. Thus, HDAC inhibitors demonstrate a mechanism of action distinct from that of anti-inflammatory agents such as steroids, and represent a promising therapeutic agent for airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audreesh Banerjee
- Translational Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 125 South 31st St., Translational Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA.
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82
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Licciardi PV, Karagiannis TC. Regulation of immune responses by histone deacetylase inhibitors. ISRN HEMATOLOGY 2012; 2012:690901. [PMID: 22461998 PMCID: PMC3313568 DOI: 10.5402/2012/690901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both genetic and epigenetic factors are important regulators of the immune system. There is an increasing body of evidence attesting to epigenetic modifications that influence the development of distinct innate and adaptive immune response cells. Chromatin remodelling via acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of histone proteins as well as DNA, methylation is epigenetic mechanisms by which immune gene expression can be controlled. In this paper, we will discuss the role of epigenetics in the regulation of host immunity, with particular emphasis on histone deacetylase inhibitors. In particular, the role of HDAC inhibitors as a new class of immunomodulatory therapeutics will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Licciardi
- Allergy and Immune Disorders Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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83
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Royce SG, Ververis K, Karagiannis TC. Controversies Surrounding the Potential Use of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/452307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Management of asthma with long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists and corticosteroids is exceptionally effective for the majority of asthma patients. However, corticosteroid insensitivity or resistance remains a significant clinical problem for a significant proportion of patients, requiring the investigation of new potential therapeutics for asthma. Histone deacetylase inhibitors represent a different class of compounds that have been evaluated for their potential antiasthmatic effects. Although accumulating evidence is indicating beneficial effects in rodent models of allergic airways disease, the potential use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in asthma remains controversial given their mechanisms of action. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of histone deacetylases and pharmacological modifiers of these enzymes. The discussion represents a balanced account of the emerging evidence indicating the beneficial effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors in inflammatory lung diseases. The potential problems associated with the use of this class of compounds in asthma are also carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G. Royce
- Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Ververis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom C. Karagiannis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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84
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Karagiannis TC, Ververis K. Potential of chromatin modifying compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2012; 2:PBA-2-14980. [PMID: 22953035 PMCID: PMC3417541 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v2i0.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a very common progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the learning and memory centers in the brain. The hallmarks of disease are the accumulation of β-amyloid neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated tau protein. Alzheimer's disease is currently incurable and there is an intense interest in the development of new potential therapies. Chromatin modifying compounds such as sirtuin modulators and histone deacetylase inhibitors have been evaluated in models of Alzheimer's disease with some promising results. For example, the natural antioxidant and sirtuin 1 activator resveratrol has been shown to have beneficial effects in animal models of disease. Similarly, numerous histone deacetylase inhibitors including Trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, valproic acid and phenylbutyrate reduction have shown promising results in models of Alzheimer's disease. These beneficial effects include a reduction of β-amyloid production and stabilization of tau protein. In this review we provide an overview of the histone deacetylase enzymes, with a focus on enzymes that have been identified to have an important role in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Further, we discuss the potential for pharmacological intervention with chromatin modifying compounds that modulate histone deacetylase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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85
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Ververis K, Karagiannis TC. Overview of the Classical Histone Deacetylase Enzymes and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/130360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The important role of histone deacetylase enzymes in regulating gene expression, cellular proliferation, and survival has made them attractive targets for the development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat, Zolinza), a structural analogue of the prototypical Trichostatin A, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in 2006. This was followed by approval of the cyclic peptide, depsipeptide (Romidepsin, Istodax) for the same disease in
2009. Currently numerous histone deacetylase inhibitors are undergoing preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of hematological and solid malignancies. Most of these studies are focused on combinations of histone deacetylase inhibitors with other therapeutic modalities, particularly conventional chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the classical histone deacetylase enzymes and histone deacetylase inhibitors with an emphasis on potential combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ververis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 8008, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tom C. Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 8008, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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86
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the classical histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes and HDAC inhibitors. The discussion is focused on the potential anti-asthmatic effects of this group of compounds. METHODS Medline was used with the search terms, "asthma and HDAC," "asthma and Trichostatin A," "asthma and valproic acid," "allergic airways disease and HDAC," "allergic airways disease and Trichostatin A," and "allergic airways disease and valproic acid." Manuscripts from the past decade were accessed. Historical literature dating from the 1960s was accessed for the use of anti-epileptics in the treatment of asthma. RESULTS Preliminary clinical trials with anti-epileptic drugs including the well-known HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid, have shown long-lasting anti-asthmatic effects providing the basis for the evaluation of this class of compounds in asthma. Studies using the prototypical HDAC inhibitor, Trichostatin A, in well-established murine models of allergic airways disease have also indicated beneficial effects. CONCLUSION Although the precise mechanisms are still controversial, inhibition of airway hyperresponsiveness and agonist-induced contraction as well as anti-inflammatory effects have been described for HDAC inhibitors in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Royce
- Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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87
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HDAC inhibitors: modulating leukocyte differentiation, survival, proliferation and inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:14-22. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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88
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Hanania NA, King MJ, Braman SS, Saltoun C, Wise RA, Enright P, Falsey AR, Mathur SK, Ramsdell JW, Rogers L, Stempel DA, Lima JJ, Fish JE, Wilson SR, Boyd C, Patel KV, Irvin CG, Yawn BP, Halm EA, Wasserman SI, Sands MF, Ershler WB, Ledford DK. Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs--a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:S4-24. [PMID: 21872730 PMCID: PMC3164961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma in the elderly is underdiagnosed and undertreated, and there is a paucity of knowledge on the subject. The National Institute on Aging convened this workshop to identify what is known and what gaps in knowledge remain and suggest research directions needed to improve the understanding and care of asthma in the elderly. Asthma presenting at an advanced age often has similar clinical and physiologic consequences as seen with younger patients, but comorbid illnesses and the psychosocial effects of aging might affect the diagnosis, clinical presentation, and care of asthma in this population. At least 2 phenotypes exist among elderly patients with asthma; those with longstanding asthma have more severe airflow limitation and less complete reversibility than those with late-onset asthma. Many challenges exist in the recognition and treatment of asthma in the elderly. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of asthma in the elderly are likely to be different from those seen in young asthmatic patients, and these differences might influence the clinical course and outcomes of asthma in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asthma Clinical Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA
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89
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Orecchia A, Scarponi C, Di Felice F, Cesarini E, Avitabile S, Mai A, Mauro ML, Sirri V, Zambruno G, Albanesi C, Camilloni G, Failla CM. Sirtinol treatment reduces inflammation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24307. [PMID: 21931678 PMCID: PMC3171404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are key enzymes in the epigenetic control of gene expression. Recently, inhibitors of class I and class II HDAC have been successfully employed for the treatment of different inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, airway inflammation and asthma. So far, little is known so far about a similar therapeutic effect of inhibitors specifically directed against sirtuins, the class III HDAC. In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of endogenous sirtuins in primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC), a cell type playing a key role in the development and maintenance of skin inflammation. We then examined the biological activity of sirtinol, a specific sirtuin inhibitor, in HDMEC response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. We found that, even though sirtinol treatment alone affected only long-term cell proliferation, it diminishes HDMEC inflammatory responses to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)-1β. In fact, sirtinol significantly reduced membrane expression of adhesion molecules in TNFã- or IL-1β-stimulated cells, as well as the amount of CXCL10 and CCL2 released by HDMEC following TNFα treatment. Notably, sirtinol drastically decreased monocyte adhesion on activated HDMEC. Using selective inhibitors for Sirt1 and Sirt2, we showed a predominant involvement of Sirt1 inhibition in the modulation of adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion on activated HDMEC. Finally, we demonstrated the in vivo expression of Sirt1 in the dermal vessels of normal and psoriatic skin. Altogether, these findings indicated that sirtuins may represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases characterized by a prominent microvessel involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Orecchia
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Cesarini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘C. Darwin’, University di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, University di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mauro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘C. Darwin’, University di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sirri
- RNA Biology, FRE3402 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Giorgio Camilloni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘C. Darwin’, University di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, CNR, Rome, Italy
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90
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Bosnjak B, Stelzmueller B, Erb KJ, Epstein MM. Treatment of allergic asthma: modulation of Th2 cells and their responses. Respir Res 2011; 12:114. [PMID: 21867534 PMCID: PMC3179723 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezy, laboured breathing with an underlying Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory response in the airways. It is currently treated and, more or less, controlled depending on severity, with bronchodilators e.g. long-acting beta agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists or anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids (inhaled or oral), leukotriene modifiers, theophyline and anti-IgE therapy. Unfortunately, none of these treatments are curative and some asthmatic patients do not respond to intense anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, the use of long-term oral steroids has many undesired side effects. For this reason, novel and more effective drugs are needed. In this review, we focus on the CD4+ Th2 cells and their products as targets for the development of new drugs to add to the current armamentarium as adjuncts or as potential stand-alone treatments for allergic asthma. We argue that in early disease, the reduction or elimination of allergen-specific Th2 cells will reduce the consequences of repeated allergic inflammatory responses such as lung remodelling without causing generalised immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bosnjak
- Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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91
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Oh SW, Cha JY, Jung JE, Chang BC, Kwon HJ, Lee BR, Kim DY. Curcumin attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice through NF-κB inhibition. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 136:414-421. [PMID: 20643202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcumin, a polyphenol compound from Curcuma longa L. has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory remedy including asthma. Curcumin has been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory effect, in part, through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. AIM OF THE STUDY The purposes of this study were to determine whether curcumin inhibits NF-κB-dependent transcription in vitro, and test whether treatment with curcumin reduces allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma through inhibition of NF-κB pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of curcumin on NF-κB transcriptional activity was investigated using a cell-based luciferase reporter assay in A549 cells and by measuring inhibitory κBα (IκBα), p65, and p50 levels after exposure of Raw264.7 cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal injection, and challenged with repeated exposure to aerosolized OVA. The effects of daily administered curcumin (200mg/kg body weight, i.p.) on airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), inflammatory cell number, and IgE levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were analyzed. NF-κB activation in lung tissue was also assessed by Western blot analyses. RESULTS Curcumin inhibited NF-κB-dependent transcription in reporter assays in A549 cells with an IC(50) of 21.50±1.25μM. Curcumin stabilized IκBα and inhibited nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 in LPS-activated Raw264.7 cells, and curcumin-treated mice showed reduced nuclear translocation of p65 in lung tissue. Treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated AHR and reduced the numbers of total leukocytes and eosinophils in BAL fluid. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and mucus occlusions in lung tissue were significantly ameliorated by treatment with curcumin, which also markedly decreased the level of IgE in BAL fluid. CONCLUSION Curcumin attenuates the development of allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness, possibly through inhibition of NF-κB activation in the asthmatic lung tissue. Our results indicate that curcumin may attenuate development of asthma by inhibition of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woong Oh
- Central Research Institute, Choongwae Pharma Corp., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
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92
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors attenuate acute lung injury during cecal ligation and puncture-induced polymicrobial sepsis. World J Surg 2011; 34:1676-83. [PMID: 20177680 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as the useful reagents that epigenetically modulate the expression of various genes. In the present study, the effects of HDAC inhibitors on the expression of inflammation-related genes and lung injury during sepsis were investigated. METHODS Mice were pretreated with two structurally unrelated HDAC inhibitors, Trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (SB). Thirty minutes later, mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Lung injury and the expression of inflammation-related molecules were determined. In addition, survival was assessed post-CLP. RESULTS Our results indicated that administration of TSA or SB alleviated sepsis-induced lung injury. This was accompanied by reduced neutrophil infiltration, decreased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin expression in lung tissue, and lower interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in plasma. In addition, treatment with HDAC inhibitors significantly prolonged the survival time of CLP mice. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that the HDAC inhibitors, based on modulating the key enzymes linked to acetylation modification, effectively attenuate intrapulmonary inflammatory response, thus significantly alleviating lung injury during sepsis.
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93
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Chromatin remodeling resets the immune system to protect against autoimmune diabetes in mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:640-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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94
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Hancock WW. Rationale for HDAC inhibitor therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011; 206:103-23. [PMID: 21879448 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21631-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While there are currently more than 70 ongoing clinical trials of inhibitors of so-called classical HDACs (HDACi) as anticancer therapies, given their potency as antiproliferative and angiostatic agents, HDACi also have considerable therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. The utility of HDACi as anti-inflammatory agents is dependent upon their proving safe and effective in experimental models. Current pan-HDACi compounds are not well suited to this role, given the broad distribution of target HDACs and their complex and multifaceted mechanisms of action. In contrast, the development of isoform-selective HDACi may provide important new tools for therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation. This chapter discusses which HDACs are worthwhile targets in inflammation and progress toward their therapeutic inhibition, including the use of HDAC subclass and isoform-selective HDACi to promote the functions of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 916B Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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95
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Mizuno S, Yasuo M, Bogaard HJ, Kraskauskas D, Natarajan R, Voelkel NF. Inhibition of histone deacetylase causes emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L402-13. [PMID: 21224215 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00207.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression and activity are reduced in the lung tissue. However, whether HDAC activity controls the maintenance of the lung alveolar septal structures has not been investigated. To explore the consequences of HDAC inhibition and address the question of whether HDAC inhibition causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema, male Sprague-Dawley rats and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC) were treated with trichostatin A (TSA), a specific inhibitor of HDACs. Chronic TSA treatment increased the alveolar air space area, mean linear intercept, and the number of caspase-3-positive cells in rat lungs. TSA suppressed hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), VEGF, and lysyl oxidase (LOX) and increased microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 (LC3), p53, and miR34a microRNA expression in both rat lungs and cultured HPMVEC. Gene silencing of HDAC2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cultured HPMVEC resulted in the suppression of HIF-1α, VEGF, and LOX and an increase of p53 expression. These data indicate that HDAC inhibition causes emphysema and that HDAC-dependent mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of the adult lung structure. Our results also suggest that the increase in apoptosis, as a consequence of HDAC inhibition, is associated with decreased VEGF and HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mizuno
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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96
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HDAC inhibition by LBH589 affects the phenotype and function of human myeloid dendritic cells. Leukemia 2010; 25:161-8. [PMID: 21102427 PMCID: PMC3839585 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
LBH589 is a novel pan-HDAC inhibitor which has potent antitumor activity in multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies. However, its impact on immune system has not been defined. We here evaluated the effects of LBH589 on human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) at clinically relevant concentrations. Exposure to LBH589 affected the surface molecule expression on immature and mature DCs, associated with DC maturation (CD83↓), antigen presentation (HLA-ABC↓), and T cell co-stimulation (CD40↓ and CD86↑). LBH589 decreased both protein and polysaccharide antigen uptake capacities by DCs. Importantly, LBH589 impaired DCs function to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses, resulting in the significant reduction of invariant NKT cell (CD1d-restricted) and T cell (MHC-restricted) activation in innate and adaptive immunity. LBH589 also significantly repressed the production of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-23 and TNF-α by TLR3 and TLR4-induced DCs activation, indicating an important role of HDAC activity in immune regulation and inflammation. RelB, a component of NF-κB signaling pathway, was the key component regulated by HDAC inhibition in DCs. Together, our preclinical study demonstrates that LBH589 significantly impairs phenotype and function of DCs, indicating a need for monitoring the immune status in patients receiving HDAC inhibitor therapy. It also provides a rationale to evaluate LBH589 activity for the treatment of inflammation.
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97
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Suen JY, Gardiner B, Grimmond S, Fairlie DP. Profiling gene expression induced by protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation in human kidney cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13809. [PMID: 21072196 PMCID: PMC2970545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated through genetic knockout mice with cytokine regulation and arthritis development. Many studies have associated PAR2 with inflammatory conditions (arthritis, airways inflammation, IBD) and key events in tumor progression (angiogenesis, metastasis), but they have relied heavily on the use of single agonists to identify physiological roles for PAR2. However such probes are now known not to be highly selective for PAR2, and thus precisely what PAR2 does and what mechanisms of downstream regulation are truly affected remain obscure. Effects of PAR2 activation on gene expression in Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293), a commonly studied cell line in PAR2 research, were investigated here by comparing 19,000 human genes for intersecting up- or down-regulation by both trypsin (an endogenous protease that activates PAR2) and a PAR2 activating hexapeptide (2f-LIGRLO-NH(2)). Among 2,500 human genes regulated similarly by both agonists, there were clear associations between PAR2 activation and cellular metabolism (1,000 genes), the cell cycle, the MAPK pathway, HDAC and sirtuin enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and anti-complement function. PAR-2 activation up-regulated four genes more than 5 fold (DUSP6, WWOX, AREG, SERPINB2) and down-regulated another six genes more than 3 fold (TXNIP, RARG, ITGB4, CTSD, MSC and TM4SF15). Both PAR2 and PAR1 activation resulted in up-regulated expression of several genes (CD44, FOSL1, TNFRSF12A, RAB3A, COPEB, CORO1C, THBS1, SDC4) known to be important in cancer. This is the first widespread profiling of specific activation of PAR2 and provides a valuable platform for better understanding key mechanistic roles of PAR2 in human physiology. Results clearly support the development of both antagonists and agonists of human PAR2 as potential disease modifying therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Y. Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brooke Gardiner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean Grimmond
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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98
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Engin F, Hotamisligil GS. Restoring endoplasmic reticulum function by chemical chaperones: an emerging therapeutic approach for metabolic diseases. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12 Suppl 2:108-15. [PMID: 21029307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a eukaryotic organelle that plays important roles in protein synthesis, folding and trafficking, calcium homoeostasis and lipid and steroid synthesis. It is the major protein synthesis compartment for secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins. Perturbations of ER homeostasis such as the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins cause ER stress. To alleviate this stress, ER triggers an evolutionarily conserved signalling cascade called the unfolded protein response (UPR). As an initial response, the UPR aims at adapting and restoring ER function by translational attenuation, upregulation of ER chaperones and degradation of unfolded proteins. However, if the ER function is severely impaired because of excessive or prolonged exposure to stress, then the inflicted cells may undergo programmed cell death. During ER stress, unstable or partially folded mutant proteins are prevented from trafficking to their proper subcellular localizations and usually rapidly degraded. The small molecules named chemical chaperones help to stabilize these mutant proteins and facilitate their folding and proper trafficking from the ER to their final destinations. Because increasing number of studies suggest that ER stress is involved in a number of disease pathogenesis including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis, promoting ER folding capacity through chemical chaperones emerges as a novel therapeutic approach. In this review, we provide insight into the many important functions of chemical chaperones during ER stress, their impact on the ER-stress-related pathologies and their potential as a new drug targets, especially in the context of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Engin
- Department of Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kim TH, Jung JA, Kim GD, Jang AH, Cho JJ, Park YS, Park CS. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, inhibits the development of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1310-5. [PMID: 20728595 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive skin contact with a chemical hapten like 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) evokes an atopic dermatitis (AD)-like dermatitis reaction in NC/Nga mice maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), modulates the expression of several genes by inhibiting the activity of HDACs. Furthermore, TSA has been reported to suppress inflammatory cytokine expression and to induce T cell-suppression by increasing regulatory T cell (T reg cell) numbers. In addition, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. In the present study, we examined whether treatment with TSA suppresses AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice treated with DNFB under SPF conditions. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of TSA to DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice was found to inhibit ear thickness increases and the skin lesions induced by DNFB. Furthermore, IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells from the lymph nodes of DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice was significantly inhibited by TSA, although levels of IFN-γ were not. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes showed an increase in CD4+ CD25+ T cell proportions in mice given TSA-i.p. These findings suggest that TSA suppresses the development of AD-like dermatitis in DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice by reducing IL-4 production and increasing the T reg cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Kim
- Department of Microbiology (BK21), College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130701, Republic of Korea
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Grausenburger R, Bilic I, Boucheron N, Zupkovitz G, El-Housseiny L, Tschismarov R, Zhang Y, Rembold M, Gaisberger M, Hartl A, Epstein MM, Matthias P, Seiser C, Ellmeier W. Conditional deletion of histone deacetylase 1 in T cells leads to enhanced airway inflammation and increased Th2 cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3489-97. [PMID: 20702731 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin modifications, such as reversible histone acetylation, play a key role in the regulation of T cell development and function. However, the role of individual histone deacetylases (HDACs) in T cells is less well understood. In this article, we show by conditional gene targeting that T cell-specific loss of HDAC1 led to an increased inflammatory response in an in vivo allergic airway inflammation model. Mice with HDAC1-deficient T cells displayed an increase in all critical parameters in this Th2-type asthma model, such as eosinophil recruitment into the lung, mucus hypersecretion, parenchymal lung inflammation, and enhanced airway resistance. This correlated with enhanced Th2 cytokine production in HDAC1-deficient T cells isolated from diseased mice. In vitro-polarized HDAC1-deficient Th2 cells showed a similar enhancement of IL-4 expression, which was evident already at day 3 of Th2 differentiation cultures and restricted to T cell subsets that underwent several rounds of cell divisions. HDAC1 was recruited to the Il4 gene locus in ex vivo isolated nonstimulated CD4(+) T cells, indicating a direct control of the Il4 gene locus. Our data provide genetic evidence that HDAC1 is an essential HDAC that controls the magnitude of an inflammatory response by modulating cytokine expression in effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Grausenburger
- Department of Medical Biochecmistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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