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Gao J, Wang H, Liu Y, Li YY, Chen C, Liu LM, Wu YM, Li S, Yang C. Glutamate and GABA imbalance promotes neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus after stress. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:499-512. [PMID: 24675061 PMCID: PMC3976216 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People who experience traumatic events have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, PTSD-related pathological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex remain poorly understood. Material/Methods We investigated the effect of a PTSD-like animal model induced by severe stress. The experimental rats received 20 inescapable electric foot shocks in an enclosed box for a total of 6 times in 3 days. The physiological state (body weight and plasma corticosterone concentrations), emotion, cognitive behavior, brain morphology, apoptosis, and balance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were observed. Cell damages were examined with histological staining (HE, Nissl, and silver impregnation), while apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry using an Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Results In comparison with the sham litter-mates, the stressed rats showed decreased body weight, inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, increase in freezing response to trauma reminder, hypoactivity and anxiety-like behaviors in elevated plus maze and open field test, poor learning in Morris water maze, and shortened latency in hot-plate test. There were significant damages in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. Imbalance between glutamate and GABA was more evident in the hippocampus than in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after severe traumatic stress is related to the imbalance between glutamate and GABA. Such modifications may resemble the profound changes observed in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ying-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Liang-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ya-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Bristot G, Ascoli B, Gubert C, Panizzutti B, Kapczinski F, Rosa AR. Progesterone and its metabolites as therapeutic targets in psychiatric disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:679-90. [PMID: 24654651 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.897329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurosteroids are molecules that regulate physiological functions of the CNS. There is increasing evidence suggesting that impaired neurosteroid biosynthesis has been associated with distinct psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes data from studies that have investigated the relationship between progesterone (PROG) and psychiatric disorders as well as the mechanisms potentially involved in PROG-induced neuroprotection. AREAS COVERED The review covers the role of PROG and its metabolites in psychiatric disorders, focusing on results from preclinical and some clinical studies that support the relationship between alterations on PROG levels and pathophysiology of psychiatric illness. We also discussed the main mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of PROG metabolites. EXPERT OPINION Our review points out the possible relationship between PROG and its metabolites and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, both preclinical and clinical studies show that certain treatments (antidepressants or antipsychotics) may normalize the levels of PROG, suggesting that the amelioration of psychiatric symptoms may occur due to upregulation of PROG metabolites. Therefore, these results give support to new possibilities of treatment for patients with psychiatric symptoms from anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors to aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bristot
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) , Porto Alegre , Brazil +55 51 33598845 ; +55 51 33598846 ;
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Koonce CJ, Frye CA. Female mice with deletion of Type One 5α-reductase have reduced reproductive responding during proestrus and after hormone-priming. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:20-9. [PMID: 24650589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to form progesterone (P₄)'s 5α-reduced metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP; a.k.a. allopregnanolone), in the brain may be related to facilitation of lordosis among estrogen-primed (E₂) mice. We investigated this idea further by comparing effects of endogenous and exogenous progestogens in mice that are deficient in the Type One 5α-reductase enzyme (5α-reductase knockout mice; 5α-RKO), and their wildtype counterparts for sexual behavior. Comparisons were made following administration of progestogens that are expected to increase 3α,5α-THP or not. Sexual receptivity of 5α-RKO mice and their wildtype counterparts was examined when mice were naturally-cycling (Experiment 1); ovariectomized (OVX), E₂-primed (10 μg, subcutaneous; SC) and administered P₄ (0, 125, 250, or 500 μg SC; Experiment 2); and OVX, E₂-primed and administered P₄, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 4 mg/kg, SC, which does not convert to 3α,5α-THP) or 3α,5α-THP (4 mg/kg, SC; Experiment 3). The percentage of mounts that elicited lordosis (lordosis quotient) or aggression/rejection behavior (aggression quotient), as well as the quality of lordosis (lordosis rating), was scored. Wildtype, but not 5α-RKO, mice in behavioral estrus demonstrated significantly greater lordosis quotients and lordosis ratings, but similar aggression quotients, compared to their diestrous counterparts. Among OVX and E₂-primed mice, P₄ facilitated lordosis of wildtype, but not 5α-RKO, mice. MPA neither facilitated lordosis of wildtype, nor 5α-RKO mice. 3α,5α-THP administered to wildtype or 5α-RKO mice increased lordosis quotients and lordosis ratings and decreased aggression quotients. 3α,5α-THP levels in the midbrain, one brain region important for sexual behavior, were increased during behavioral estrus, with P4 administered to WT, but not 5α-RKO mice, and 3α,5α-THP administered to WT and 5α-RKO mice. MPA did not increase 3α,5α-THP. Thus, deletion of Type One 5α-reductase among female mice may attenuate reproductive responding during the estrous cycle and after hormone-priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Koonce
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; The Centers for Neuroscience and Life Sciences Research, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States.
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Pinna G. Targeting neurosteroidogenesis as therapy for PTSD. Front Pharmacol 2014; 4:166. [PMID: 24432002 PMCID: PMC3880842 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Pinna
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Goeders NE, Guerin GF, Schmoutz CD. The combination of metyrapone and oxazepam for the treatment of cocaine and other drug addictions. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:419-79. [PMID: 24484984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although scientists have been investigating the neurobiology of psychomotor stimulant reward for many decades, there is still no FDA-approved treatment for cocaine or methamphetamine abuse. Research in our laboratory has focused on the relationship between stress, the subsequent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and psychomotor stimulant reinforcement for almost 30 years. This research has led to the development of a combination of low doses of the cortisol synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, and the benzodiazepine, oxazepam, as a potential pharmacological treatment for cocaine and other substance use disorders. In fact, we have conducted a pilot clinical trial that demonstrated that this combination can reduce cocaine craving and cocaine use. Our initial hypothesis underlying this effect was that the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam reduced cocaine seeking and taking by decreasing activity within the HPA axis. Even so, doses of the metyrapone and oxazepam combination that consistently reduced cocaine taking and seeking did not reliably alter plasma corticosterone (or cortisol in the pilot clinical trial). Furthermore, subsequent research has demonstrated that this drug combination is effective in adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that these effects must be mediated above the level of the adrenal gland. Our evolving hypothesis is that the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam produces its effects by increasing the levels of neuroactive steroids, most notably tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Additional research will be necessary to confirm this hypothesis and may lead to the development of improved and specific pharmacotherapies for the treatment of psychomotor stimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Glenn F Guerin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher D Schmoutz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Zhang LM, Zhao N, Guo WZ, Jin ZL, Qiu ZK, Chen HX, Xue R, Zhang YZ, Yang RF, Li YF. Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of YL-IPA08, a potent ligand for the translocator protein (18 kDa). Neuropharmacology 2013; 81:116-25. [PMID: 24067925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) plays an important role in stress-response and stress-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression, by affecting the production of neurosteroids, supporting the potential use of selective TSPO ligands as antidepressant or anxiolytic drugs. N-ethyl-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)- 2-(3,4-ichlorophenyl)- 7-methylimidazo [1,2-a] pyridine-3-acetamide hydrochloride (YL-IPA08), a novel TSPO ligand that has been synthesized at our institute, exerted a high affinity for TSPO in a crude mitochondrial fraction prepared from rat cerebellum but exhibited only a negligible affinity for the central benzodiazepine receptor. As expected, YL-IPA08 incubation with the cultured rat astrocyte cells increased the pregnenolone and progesterone concentration from the cultured medium. Moreover, YL-IPA08 produced significant antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects in a series of mouse and rat behavior models. In addition, the antidepressant-like behavior of YL-IPA08 was totally blocked by the TSPO antagonist PK11195 in a tail suspension test, and the anxiolytic effect was blocked by PK11195 but not by a CBR antagonist in the elevated plus-maze test. Furthermore, compared with the CBR agonist diazepam, YL-IPA08 had no myorelaxant effects and did not affect the motor coordination, memory or hexobarbitone-induced sleep in mice. Overall, these results indicate that YL-IPA08 is a more potent and selective TSPO ligand, which exerts antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects on behaviors that are mediated by TSPO but does not cause the side effects that are typically associated with conventional benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Zhang
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing 100007, China
| | - Zeng-Liang Jin
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Xia Chen
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - You-Zhi Zhang
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ri-Fang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China.
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Qiu ZK, Zhang LM, Zhao N, Chen HX, Zhang YZ, Liu YQ, Mi TY, Zhou WW, Li Y, Yang RF, Xu JP, Li YF. Repeated administration of AC-5216, a ligand for the 18 kDa translocator protein, improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 45:40-6. [PMID: 23624119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severely disabling anxiety disorder that may occur following exposure to a serious traumatic event. It is a psychiatric condition that can afflict anyone who has experienced a life-threatening or violent event. Previous studies have shown that changes in 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression (or function), a promising target for treating neurological disorders without benzodiazepine-like side effects, may correlate with PTSD. However, few studies have investigated the anti-PTSD effects of TSPO ligands. AC-5216, a ligand for TSPO, induces anxiolytic- and anti-depressant-like effects in animal models. The present study aimed to determine whether AC-5216 ameliorates PTSD behavior in mice. Following the training session consisting of exposure to inescapable electric foot shocks, animals were administered AC-5216 daily during the behavioral assessments, i.e., situational reminders (SRs), the open field (OF) test, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, and the staircase test (ST). The results indicated that exposure to foot shocks induced long-term behavioral deficiencies in the mice, including freezing and anxiety-like behavior, which were significantly ameliorated by repeated treatment with AC-5216 but without any effect on spontaneous locomotor activity or body weight. In summary, this study demonstrated the anti-PTSD effects of AC-5216 treatment, suggesting that TSPO may represent a therapeutic target for anti-PTSD drug discovery and that TSPO ligands may be a promising new class of drugs for the future treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Sripada RK, Marx CE, King AP, Rampton JC, Ho S, Liberzon I. Allopregnanolone elevations following pregnenolone administration are associated with enhanced activation of emotion regulation neurocircuits. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:1045-53. [PMID: 23348009 PMCID: PMC3648625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurosteroid allopregnanolone is a potent allosteric modulator of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor with anxiolytic properties. Exogenous administration of allopregnanolone reduces anxiety, and allopregnanolone blockade impairs social and affective functioning. However, the neural mechanism whereby allopregnanolone improves mood and reduces anxiety is unknown. In particular, brain imaging has not been used to link neurosteroid effects to emotion regulation neurocircuitry. METHODS To investigate the brain basis of allopregnanolone's impact on emotion regulation, participants were administered 400 mg of pregnenolone (n=16) or placebo (n=15) and underwent 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the shifted-attention emotion appraisal task, which probes emotional processing and regulation. RESULTS Compared with placebo, allopregnanolone was associated with reduced activity in the amygdala and insula across all conditions. During the appraisal condition, allopregnanolone increased activity in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and enhanced connectivity between the amygdala and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, an effect that was associated with reduced self-reported anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that in response to emotional stimuli, allopregnanolone reduces activity in regions associated with generation of negative emotion. Furthermore, allopregnanolone may enhance activity in regions linked to regulatory processes. Aberrant activity in these regions has been linked to anxiety psychopathology. These results thus provide initial neuroimaging evidence that allopregnanolone may be a target for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders and suggest potential future directions for research into neurosteroid effects on emotion regulation neurocircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Sripada
- Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Corresponding author: Rebecca K. Sripada, 4250 Plymouth Road, 2702 Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, , Tel : (734) 232-0190, Fax : (734) 936-7868
| | - Christine E. Marx
- Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC,Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Anthony P. King
- Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Shaun Ho
- Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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Wong RY, Oxendine SE, Godwin J. Behavioral and neurogenomic transcriptome changes in wild-derived zebrafish with fluoxetine treatment. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:348. [PMID: 23706039 PMCID: PMC3667115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress and anxiety-related behaviors are seen in many organisms. Studies have shown that in humans and other animals, treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. fluoxetine) can reduce anxiety and anxiety-related behaviors. The efficacies and side effects, however, can vary between individuals. Fluoxetine can modulate anxiety in a stereospecific manner or with equal efficacy regardless of stereoisomer depending on the mechanism of action (e.g. serotonergic or GABAergic effects). Zebrafish are an emerging and valuable translational model for understanding human health related issues such as anxiety. In this study we present data showing the behavioral and whole brain transcriptome changes with fluoxetine treatment in wild-derived zebrafish and suggest additional molecular mechanisms of this widely-prescribed drug. Results We used automated behavioral analyses to assess the effects of racemic and stereoisomeric fluoxetine on male wild-derived zebrafish. Both racemic and the individual isomers of fluoxetine reduced anxiety-related behaviors relative to controls and we did not observe stereospecific fluoxetine effects. Using RNA-sequencing of the whole brain, we identified 411 genes showing differential expression with racemic fluoxetine treatment. Several neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, isotocin, urocortin 3, prolactin) showed consistent expression patterns with the alleviation of stress and anxiety when anxiety-related behavior was reduced with fluoxetine treatment. With gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses, we identified lipid and amino acid metabolic processes, and steroid biosynthesis among other terms to be over-enriched. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that fluoxetine reduces anxiety-related behaviors in wild-derived zebrafish and alters their neurogenomic state. We identify two biological processes, lipid and amino acid metabolic synthesis that characterize differences in the fluoxetine treated fish. Fluoxetine may be acting on several different molecular pathways to reduce anxiety-related behaviors in wild-derived zebrafish. This study provides data that could help identify common molecular mechanisms of fluoxetine action across animal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Y Wong
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA.
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Temporal association of elevated cholecystokininergic tone and adolescent trauma is critical for posttraumatic stress disorder-like behavior in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6589-94. [PMID: 23576730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219601110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent trauma (AT) is a common risk factor for adult-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the vulnerability to AT among different individuals varies dramatically, indicating that other cofactors are important. Despite extensive studies, the identification of those cofactors has had little success. Here, we found that after subjected to traumatic stress at postnatal day 25 (P25), a stage that is comparable to the human adolescent period, inducible/reversible forebrain-specific cholecystokinin receptor-2 transgenic (IF-CCKR-2 tg) mice exhibited a significantly higher level of PTSD-like behavior at a later life (adult) stage compared with their wild-type littermates. Moreover, in these traumatized IF-CCKR-2 tg mice, both the glucocorticoid negative feedback inhibition and spatial learning and memory were impaired. Interestingly, if the CCKR-2 transgene was specifically suppressed during the time of AT exposure, these observations were largely diminished, indicating that a temporal association of the elevated CCKergic tone and AT is pathogenically critical. Treatment of traumatized IF-CCKR-2 tg mice with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, for a period of 4 wk significantly attenuated the PTSD-like behavior and the impaired glucocorticoid negative feedback inhibition, but not the memory deficit, implying that the memory deficit is an independent post-AT clinical entity and not a consequence of PTSD. Taken together, these results reveal a dynamic role of the CCKergic system in the development of post-AT psychopathologies and suggest that a timely antagonism of CCKR-2 activity during AT exposure is a potential preventive strategy for post-AT psychopathologies including PTSD and cognitive dysfunction.
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Graf A, Trofimova L, Loshinskaja A, Mkrtchyan G, Strokina A, Lovat M, Tylicky A, Strumilo S, Bettendorff L, Bunik VI. Up-regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase as a stress response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:175-89. [PMID: 22814169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHC) operates at a metabolic cross-road, mediating Ca(2+)- and ADP-dependent signals in mitochondria. Here, we test our hypothesis that OGDHC plays a major role in the neurotransmitter metabolism and associated stress response. This possibility was assessed using succinyl phosphonate (SP), a highly specific and efficient in vivo inhibitor of OGDHC. Animals exposed to toxicants (SP, ethanol or MnCl(2)), trauma or acute hypoxia showed intrinsic up-regulation of OGDHC in brain and heart. The known mechanism of the SP action as OGDHC inhibitor pointed to the up-regulation triggered by the enzyme impairment. The animal behavior and skeletal muscle or heart performance were tested to correlate physiology with the OGDHC regulation and associated changes in the glutamate and cellular energy status. The SP-treated animals exhibited interdependent changes in the brain OGDHC activity, glutamate level and cardiac autonomic balance, suggesting the neurotransmitter role of glutamate to be involved in the changed heart performance. Energy insufficiency after OGDHC inhibition was detectable neither in animals up to 25 mg/kg SP, nor in cell culture during 24 h incubation with 0.1 mM SP. However, in animals subjected to acute ethanol intoxication SP did evoke energy deficit, decreasing muscular strength and locomotion and increasing the narcotic sleep duration. This correlated with the SP-induced decrease in NAD(P)H levels of the ethanol-exposed neurons. Thus, we show the existence of natural mechanisms to up-regulate mammalian OGDHC in response to stress, with both the glutamate neurotransmission and energy production potentially involved in the OGDHC impact on physiological performance. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Graf
- Department of Physiology of Biology Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskije Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Balaban H, Semiz M, Şentürk IA, Kavakçı Ö, Cınar Z, Dikici A, Topaktaş S. Migraine prevalence, alexithymia, and post-traumatic stress disorder among medical students in Turkey. J Headache Pain 2012; 13:459-67. [PMID: 22535148 PMCID: PMC3464464 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-012-0452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of migraine, alexithymia, and post-traumatic stress disorder among medical students at Cumhuriyet University of Sivas in Turkey. A total of 250 medical students participated in this study and answered the questionnaires. The study was conducted in three stages: the self-questionnaire, the neurological evaluation, and the psychiatric evaluation. In the first stage, the subjects completed a questionnaire to assess migraine symptoms and completed the three-item Identification of Migraine Questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version Scale. The subjects who reported having a migraine underwent a detailed neurological evaluation conducted by a neurologist to confirm the diagnosis. In the final stage, the subjects with a migraine completed a psychiatric examination using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-R Axis I. The actual prevalence of migraine among these medical students was 12.6 %. The students with a migraine were diagnosed with alexithymia and post-traumatic stress disorder more frequently than those without migraine. The Migraine Disability Assessment Scale scores correlated with the post-traumatic stress disorder scores. The results of this study indicate that migraine was highly prevalent among medical students in Turkey and was associated with the alexithymic personality trait and comorbid psychiatric disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. Treatment strategies must be developed to manage these comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Balaban
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
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Panzica GC, Balthazart J, Frye CA, Garcia-Segura LM, Herbison AE, Mensah-Nyagan AG, McCarthy MM, Melcangi RC. Milestones on Steroids and the Nervous System: 10 years of basic and translational research. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1-15. [PMID: 22188420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last 10 years, the conference on 'Steroids and Nervous System' held in Torino (Italy) has been an important international point of discussion for scientists involved in this exciting and expanding research field. The present review aims to recapitulate the main topics that have been presented through the various meetings. Two broad areas have been explored: the impact of gonadal hormones on brain circuits and behaviour, as well as the mechanism of action of neuroactive steroids. Relationships among steroids, brain and behaviour, the sexual differentiation of the brain and the impact of gonadal hormones, the interactions of exogenous steroidal molecules (endocrine disrupters) with neural circuits and behaviour, and how gonadal steroids modulate the behaviour of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones, have been the topics of several lectures and symposia during this series of meetings. At the same time, many contributions have been dedicated to the biosynthetic pathways, the physiopathological relevance of neurosteroids, the demonstration of the cellular localisation of different enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis, the mechanisms by which steroids may exert some of their effects, both the classical and nonclassical actions of different steroids, the role of neuroactive steroids on neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and the response of the neural tissue to injury. In these 10 years, this field has significantly advanced and neuroactive steroids have emerged as new potential therapeutic tools to counteract neurodegenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Panzica
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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