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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Sitovs A, Giorgi M. Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in geese. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:975-981. [PMID: 34318509 PMCID: PMC9291109 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after a single intravenous and oral dose (20 mg/kg) in geese. In addition, two multiple‐dose simulations have been performed to investigate the predicted plasma concentration after either a 10 or 20 mg/kg daily administration repeated consecutively for 5 days. Ten geese were enrolled in a two‐phase cross‐over study with a washout period of two weeks. All animals were treated intravenously and orally with doxycycline, and blood samples were collected up to 48 h after drug administration. Sample analysis was performed using a validated HPLC‐UV method. A non‐compartmental approach was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. A long elimination half‐life was observed (13 h). The area under the curve was statistically different between the two treatments, with the oral bioavailability being moderate (43%). The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (%T>MIC) during the 48 h treatment period in the present study (71%) suggests that doxycycline appears to have therapeutic efficacy against some Mycoplasma species in the goose. The multiple‐dose simulations showed a low accumulation index. A dosage of 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days seemed to be adequate for a good therapeutic efficacy without reaching unnecessarily high plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Sadati NY, Youssefi MR, Hosseinifard SM, Tabari MA, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple-dose levamisole in belugas (Huso huso): Main focus on immunity responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:152-160. [PMID: 33915293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of levamisole were determined in the belugas after single intravascular (IV), and single and multiple-dose oral by feed administrations. Also, the effect of levamisole (LVM) on the stress and immune responses of belugas were assessed. One hundred-fourteen healthy belugas in 4 different groups received single LVM administration at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg via IV and oral routes. A separate group of 24 belugas were administered oral LVM at the dose of 100 mg/kg for 5 days. Blood samples were collected at different time points after administrations to measure plasma concentrations of LVM by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. For immunological evaluations, a total of 126 belugas received 50 and 100 mg/kg LVM via medicated feed for 5 days or served as the control without any medication; blood samples were recovered on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 to measure hemolytic activity of the complement system (HAC50), serum lysozyme activity, serum antibacterial activity, glucose, cortisol, total protein, albumin and C3 contents. In the single-dose administration, quantified LVM concentrations were dose-dependent and the oral bioavailability was in the range of 43.2-49.6%. In the multiple-dose administration, the peak plasma concentration at the steady state was 45.2 mg/ml, and accumulation ratio was calculated as 3.6. In the immunological study, LVM especially at the dose of 100 mg/kg increased HAC50, lysozyme and antibacterial activity in the sera of treated fish. No significant effect of LVM on glucose and albumin content was observed, but cortisol levels decreased and C3 content was increased, more significantly by LVM at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Our results indicate that LVM is well absorbed after oral administration and reached to concentrations that can affect stress indicators and improve immune responses in belugas.
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Affiliation(s)
- NadAli Yousefi Sadati
- Department of Aquaculture and Animal Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Hosseinifard
- Department of Aquaculture and Animal Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran.
| | | | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Llewelyn V, Giorgi M. Single intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in the goat. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schenk I, Machnik M, Broussou D, Meuly A, Roques BB, Lallemand E, Düe M, Röttgen H, Lagershausen H, Toutain PL, Thevis M. Kinetic disposition of diazepam and its metabolites after intravenous administration of diazepam in the horse: Relevance for doping control. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:733-744. [PMID: 34115414 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In horses, the benzodiazepine diazepam (DIA) is used as sedative for pre-medication or as an anxiolytic to facilitate horse examinations. As the sedative effects can also be abused for doping purposes, DIA is prohibited in equine sports. DIA is extensively metabolized to several active metabolites such as nordazepam, temazepam and oxazepam (OXA). For veterinarians, taking into account the detection times of DIA and its active metabolites is needed for minimizing the risk of an anti-doping rule violation. Therefore, a pharmacokinetic study on 6 horses was conducted using a single intravenous (IV) dose of 0.2 mg/kg DIA Plasma and urine samples were collected at specified intervals until 16 and 26 days post-administration, respectively. Samples were analysed by a sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry method. DIA showed a triphasic elimination pattern in the horse. The mean plasma clearance of DIA was 5.9 ml/min/kg, and the plasma elimination half-life in the terminal phase was 19.9 h. Applying the Toutain model approach, an effective plasma concentration of DIA was estimated at 24 ng/ml, and irrelevant plasma concentration (IPC) and irrelevant urine concentration (IUC) were computed to 0.047 and 0.1 ng/ml, respectively. The detection time according to the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee (EHSLC), that is the time for which observed DIA plasma concentrations of all investigated horses were below the IPC was 10 days. Using Monte Carlo Simulations, it was estimated that concentrations of DIA in plasma would fall below the IPC 18 days after the DIA administration for 90% of horses. However, in the present study, a single administration of DIA could be detected for 24 days in urine via the presence of OXA, its dominant metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schenk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Machnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Diane Broussou
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Astrid Meuly
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Helma Röttgen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kanwal U, Mukhtar S, Waheed M, Mehreen A, Abbas N, Shamim R, Hussain K, Rasool F, Hussain A, Bukhari NI. Fixed Dose Single Tablet Formulation with Differential Release of Amlodipine Besylate and Simvastatin and Its Pharmacokinetic Profile: QbD and Risk Assessment Approach. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:2193-2210. [PMID: 34079222 PMCID: PMC8164448 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s240506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A differential release fixed dose matrix tablet of amlodipine besylate (AML-B) and simvastatin (SIM) was formulated to enhance patient compliance. Material and Method In the first phase, release controlling parameters of AML-B and SIM granules were identified and in the second phase a fixed dose AML-B and SIM tablet formulation was prepared and optimized for a differential release of the drugs using a quality by design (QbD) and risk assessment approach. A validated HPLC method was employed for simultaneous determination of AML-B and SIM for FDC formulation. A pharmacokinetics of the above drugs was studied in healthy dogs in the third phase. Results In QbD-based optimized formulation, Eudragit® RSPO-dicalcium phosphate (DCP) blend controlled the release of AML-B over 8 h, though this diffusion-controlled release assumed first order kinetics. DCP and Eudragit® RS 100 also retarded release of SIM causing SIM release over 8 h after AML-B release from the optimized FDC tablet formulation. The HPLC retention times of AML-B and SIM were 2.10 and 15.52 min, respectively. Linearity for AML-B was 5.0–50 ng/mL and 0.01–2.0 µg/mL for SIM with percent recoveries of 92.85–101.53% and 94.51–117.75% for AML-B and SIM. AUC0-∞ of AML-B was increased 3 fold, while AUC0-∞ of SIM was decreased 2 fold. The tmax values for AML-B and SIM were 12 and 6 h, respectively. AML-B was absorbed without any lag time (tlag) while tlag was 6.33 ± 0.81 h for SIM, thus met the study objective. Conclusion The pharmacokinetic study showed an immediate absorption of AML-B while that of SIM was withheld for 6 h, close to the desired delay time of 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummarah Kanwal
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mukhtar
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Nasir Abbas
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rahat Shamim
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rasool
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Irfan Bukhari
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nayak S, Tammara B, Harnisch LO. Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rivipansel in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Sickle Cell Disease. Drugs R D 2021; 21:217-229. [PMID: 33993463 PMCID: PMC8206303 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-021-00346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder with reduced blood-carrying capacity. It is associated with a tendency to form microclots in blood vessels, leading to painful episodes known as a vaso-occlusive crisis. Rivipansel is a pan-selectin inhibitor being studied for the treatment of a vaso-occlusive crisis in patients with sickle cell disease. Methods A population pharmacokinetic model of rivipansel plasma and urine concentrations was constructed using a two-compartment model and data from nine different clinical studies. Creatinine clearance was calculated using the Schwartz formula for children and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula for adults. Urine volume and concentration of the study drug in urine from subjects in five clinical studies were used to estimate renal and nonrenal clearance. Results Rivipansel drug concentrations were well described by the model. The post hoc estimates of average steady-state concentrations were predicted to be similar for the adult and pediatric cohorts of the pivotal phase III study. Parameter estimates showed almost exclusively renal excretion of rivipansel, which is consistent with the known properties of the drug. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of rivipansel was well characterized by a two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model. Our results illustrate the important role of simulations in optimizing a potential drug dosing regimen for patients with sickle cell disease and progressive renal impairment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40268-021-00346-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lutz O Harnisch
- Pfizer Ltd, London, UK. .,Global Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., IPC096, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK.
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Fernández-Varón E, García-Romero E, Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Cárceles CM, García-Galán A, Cárceles-García C, Fernández R, Muñoz C, de la Fe C. PK/PD Analysis of Marbofloxacin by Monte Carlo Simulation against Mycoplasmaagalactiae in Plasma and Milk of Lactating Goats after IV, SC and SC-Long Acting Formulations Administration. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041104. [PMID: 33921496 PMCID: PMC8069869 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In some countries like Spain and France, contagious agalactia (CA) is a highly relevant issue. CA is a mycoplasmosis affecting small ruminants and it is associated with a relevant economic impact on dairy. The poor efficacy of vaccines and their inability to prevent disease transmission is conducive to the use of antibiotics to control CA. However, only a few groups of antimicrobial agents are effective against these species, and selecting an adequate antimicrobial agent following the categorization of antibiotics made by the different international organisms (European Medicine Agency, World Health Organization) in veterinary medicine becomes a difficult task. The PK/PD approach is a useful tool to guide veterinarians on the appropriate targets through a rational selection of the best dose regimen of antimicrobial agents. In this study, marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics was studied after three routes of administration with two long-acting formulations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of Mycoplasma agalactia isolated from goats affected by CA in Spain were calculated. The results show that systemic exposure achieved in lactating goats following these formulations provides rate of drug release that could be adequate to maintain effective plasma concentrations against M. agalactiae. The PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation showed that a dosage regimen from 8.47 to 11.57 mg/kg every 24 h could effectively treat goats affected by CA. Abstract Contagious agalactia is a mycoplasmosis affecting small ruminants that have become an important issue in many countries. However, PK/PD studies of antibiotics to treat this problem in lactating goats affected by Mycoplasma (M.) agalactiae, the main CA-causing mycoplasma are almost non-existent. The aims of this study were to evaluate the plasma and milk disposition of marbofloxacin in lactating goats after intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC) and subcutaneous poloxamer P407 formulations with and without carboxy-methylcellulose (SC-P407-CMC and SC-P407) administration. Marbofloxacin concentrations were analysed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of M. agalactiae field isolates from mastitic goat’s milk were used to calculate surrogate markers of efficacy. Terminal half-lives of marbofloxacin after IV, SC, SC-P407 and SC-P407-CMC administration were 7.12, 6.57, 13.92 and 12.19 h in plasma, and the half-lives of elimination of marbofloxacin in milk were 7.22, 7.16, 9.30 and 7.74 h after IV, SC, SC-P407 and SC-P407-CMC administration, respectively. Marbofloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was extensive, with Area Under the Curve (AUCmilk/AUCplasma) ratios ranged 1.04–1.23, and maximum concentrations (Cmax-milk/Cmax-plasma) ratios ranged 0.72–1.20. The PK/PD surrogate markers of efficacy fAUC24/MIC and the Monte Carlo simulation show that marbofloxacin ratio (fAUC24/MIC > 125) using a 90% of target attainment rate (TAR) need a dose regimen between 8.4 mg/kg (SC) and 11.57 mg/kg (P407CMC) and should be adequate to treat contagious agalactia in lactating goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernández-Varón
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Romero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
| | - Juan M. Serrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos M. Cárceles
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Ana García-Galán
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
| | - Carlos Cárceles-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Rocío Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Cristina Muñoz
- Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Parque Empresarial Las Mercedes, 28022 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
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Extracorporeal Therapies in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 50:1215-1236. [PMID: 32981594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal treatments create opportunity for removing disease causing solutes within blood. Intoxications, renal failure, and immune-mediated diseases may be managed with these treatments, often providing new hope for patients with severe or refractory disease. Understanding solute pharmacokinetics and the limitations of each type of extracorporeal technique can allow for the selection of the optimal treatment modality.
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Nosal DG, Feinstein DL, van Breemen RB. Chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of superwarfarin rodenticide stereoisomers - Bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum - In human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1165:122529. [PMID: 33486217 PMCID: PMC7875153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Superwarfarins are second-generation long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides that can cause unintended human and wildlife toxicity due, in part, to their prolonged half-lives. Commercially available superwarfarin rodenticides are synthesized as racemates with two asymmetric carbons, producing four stereoisomers. To support studies of human plasma half-lives of individual superwarfarin stereoisomers, a method was developed based on LC-MS/MS to separate and quantify stereoisomers of the commercially important superwarfarins bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum. Human plasma samples were prepared using protein precipitation and centrifugation. Chiral-phase HPLC separation was carried out on-line with tandem mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of the eluting stereoisomers using selected-reaction monitoring with positive ion electrospray on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. All four stereoisomers of each superwarfarin were resolved within 12.5 min with calibration curves spanning 2-3 orders of magnitude and lower limits of quantitation between 0.87 and 2.55 ng/mL. This method was used to determine the half-lives of superwarfarin stereoisomers in plasma from patients who had inhaled synthetic cannabinoid products contaminated with superwarfarins. These data may be used to guide the development of safer next generation anticoagulant rodenticides stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Ave, MC513, E720, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Bencycloquidium Bromide, a Novel Inhaled Anticholinergic Bronchodilator, in Healthy Subjects: Results from Phase I Studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 157:105646. [PMID: 33220462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bencycloquidium bromide (BCQB) is a novel inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator with high selectivity for muscarinic M3 receptor. BCQB's potential utility of for therapy in Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been indicated in pre-clinical studies. PURPOSE To investigate the initial safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BCQB delivered via pressurised Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) in healthy subjects. METHODS This study consisted of single-ascending-dose (SAD), multiple-ascending-dose (MAD) tolerability study periods, and single- plus multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study periods. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating tolerability and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted. Seventy-two healthy subjects were assigned 3:1 (BCQB: placebo) to 7 single-dose cohorts (125, 250, 500, 750, 1125, 1500 and 2000 μg) and 2 multiple-dose cohorts (1500 μg/d and 2000 μg/d). In the pharmacokinetic periods, 12 subjects were allocated three-way crossover to receive single dose of 250, 750 or 2000 μg BCQB, respectively. Subsequently, the same 12 subjects received multiple dose of 750 μg/d and 1000 μg/d for 7 days. Pharmacokinetic, safety and tolerability assessments were performed. RESULTS BCQB administered by inhalation was well tolerated, especially with favorable cardiovascular safety profile. BCQB was rapidly absorbed into plasma after inhalation through pMDI, with peak concentrations achieved within 5 to 10 minutes. Repeated inhalation caused certain degree of accumulation with the accumulation ratio RCmax 2.50, RAUC 3.49 for 3 times-a-day and RCmax 2.23, RAUC 3.44 for 4 times-a-day, respectively. Twice-a-day or even once-a-day dosage could be suggested in phase II study. Sex didn't affect the pharmacokinetics of BCQB and dose adjustments based on sex is not anticipated in clinical use. Approximately 4% of the BCQB dose excreted unchanged in urine and liver metabolism is the main biotransformation route of BCQB in human. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study provided the initial safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic profiles of BCQB inhalation, and could enable further clinical development in COPD patients.
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Danofloxacin pharmacokinetics and tissue residues in Bilgorajska geese. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:11-17. [PMID: 33556838 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine and used in avian species for the treatment of numerous bacterial infections. However, no pharmacokinetic data have been reported in geese. The aim of the study was three-fold: (i) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in geese after single oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administrations; (ii) to define its residue depletion profile in different goose tissues, and (iii) to recreate a multiple-dose simulation in the practical context of large-scale breeding. Twenty-four healthy geese were randomly divided in three groups each composed of eight animals. Group 1 received danofloxacin IV (5 mg/kg) and groups 2 and 3 were treated PO with the same dose. Blood was collected until 24 h (IV; group 1) and 48 h (PO; group 2) after administration. Two animals from group 3 were sacrificed at 6, 10, 24 and 48 h to collect samples of muscle, heart, kidney, liver, and lung. Danofloxacin was quantified in each matrix using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with spectrofluorimetric detection and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-compartmental and compartmental approaches. Danofloxacin showed a moderate elimination half-life (6.61 h), a slow clearance (0.35 mL/g*h) and a large volume of distribution (1.46 mL/g). The peak plasma concentration after PO administration and the time to reach it were 0.96 μg/mL and 1.70 h, respectively. The oral bioavailability was moderate (58%). Higher residue concentration was found in liver and kidney, compared to the other tissues. If the AUC(0-24) value found in the present study is included in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (AUC(0-24)/MIC) for the prediction of fluoroquinolones' efficacy, danofloxacin seems to be effective in geese against gram-negative bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 0.076 μg/mL and against S. pneumoniae with a MIC < 0.29 μg/mL after a single PO dose of 5 mg/kg. Liver and kidney showed the highest drug tissue penetration value, with an explorative withdrawal time of 2.6 and 3.8 days, respectively. A practical multiple-dose regimen simulation does not lead to significant plasma drug accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Blanchette VS, Zunino L, Grassmann V, Barnes C, Carcao MD, Curtin J, Jackson S, Khoo L, Komrska V, Lillicrap D, Morfini M, Romanova G, Stephens D, Zapotocka E, Rand ML, Blatny J. A Practical, One-Clinic Visit Protocol for Pharmacokinetic Profile Generation with the ADVATE myPKFiT Dosing Tool in Severe Hemophilia A Subjects. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1326-1336. [PMID: 33506480 PMCID: PMC8494515 DOI: 10.1055/a-1376-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Standard pharmacokinetic (PK) assessments are demanding for persons with hemophilia A, requiring a 72-hour washout and 5 to 11 timed blood samples. A no-washout, single-clinic visit, sparse sampling population PK (PPK) protocol is an attractive alternative. Here, we compared PK parameters obtained with a traditional washout, 6-sampling time point PPK protocol with a no-washout, single-clinic visit, reverse 2-sampling time point PPK protocol in persons with severe hemophilia A (SHA) receiving ADVATE. A total of 39 inhibitor-negative males with SHA (factor VIII activity [FVIII:C] < 2%) were enrolled in a prospective sequential design PK study. Participants completed a washout, 6-sampling time point PPK protocol as well as a no-washout, reverse 2-sampling time point protocol, with samples taken during a single 3-hour clinic visit 24 hours post home infusion of FVIII and then 3 hours post infusion in clinic. FVIII:C levels were analyzed by one-stage and chromogenic assays; blood group and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) were determined; and PK parameters were analyzed using the ADVATE myPKFiT dosing tool. There was moderate to almost perfect agreement for the PK parameters obtained with the 2- and the 6- point PPK protocols using a one-stage FVIII:C assay and a substantial to almost perfect agreement using a chromogenic FVIII:C assay. Significant associations between specific PK parameters and blood group and VWF:Ag were observed. The no-washout, single-clinic visit, reverse 2-sampling time point PPK protocol can be used in the routine clinical setting since it demonstrates sufficient accuracy compared with the more demanding and less practical washout, 6-sampling time point PPK protocol in persons with SHA receiving ADVATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Blanchette
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Zunino
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Viviane Grassmann
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Barnes
- Haematology Department, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manuel D Carcao
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Curtin
- Department of Haematology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shannon Jackson
- Division of Haematology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liane Khoo
- Haematology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vladimir Komrska
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gabriela Romanova
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Stephens
- Department of Clinical Research Services, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ester Zapotocka
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margaret L Rand
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Blatny
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Paediatric Haematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Gajda A, Sartini I, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Cebranopadol, a novel first-in-class drug candidate: Method validation and first exploratory pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:516-521. [PMID: 33491237 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cebranopadol is a novel, centrally acting, potent, first-in-class analgesic drug candidate with a unique mode of action that combines nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor and opioid peptide receptor agonism. The present study aimed to develop and validate a novel UHPLC-MS/MS method to quantify cebranopadol in rabbit plasma and to assess its pharmacokinetics in rabbits after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. Twelve adult females were administered with 200 µg/kg s.c. injection. Blood samples were withdrawn at 15, 30 and 45 min and 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 hr after administration. The plasma samples were extracted with a liquid/liquid extraction. The new analytical method complied with the EMA requirements for the bioanalytical method validation. The method was selective, repeatable, accurate, precise and robust with a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 ng/ml. In all the rabbits, cebranopadol was quantifiable from 0.25 to 10 hr. Mean Cmax and Tmax were 871 ng/ml and 0.25 hr, respectively. Further studies including the i.v. administration are necessary to fully evaluate the pharmacokinetic features of this novel active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,PhD school, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Tisotti T, Valverde A, Hopkins A, O'Sullivan ML, Hanna B, Arroyo L. Use of intravenous lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in sedated and anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:174-186. [PMID: 33485784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cardiopulmonary function in sedated and anesthetized dogs administered intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine and subsequently administered IV lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of six purpose-bred female Beagle dogs, weighing 9.1 ± 0.6 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1 IV) administered to conscious (treatments SED1 and SED2) or isoflurane-anesthetized dogs (end-tidal isoflurane concentration 1.19 ± 0.04%; treatment ISO). After 30 minutes, a lidocaine bolus (2 mg kg-1) IV was administered in treatments SED1 and ISO, followed 20 minutes later by a second bolus (2 mg kg-1) and a 30 minute lidocaine constant rate infusion (L-CRI) at 50 (SED1) or 100 μg kg-1 minute-1 (ISO). In SED2, lidocaine bolus and L-CRI (50 μg kg-1 minute-1) were administered 5 minutes after dexmedetomidine. Cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained after dexmedetomidine, after lidocaine bolus, during L-CRI and 30 minutes after discontinuing L-CRI. A mixed linear model was used for comparisons within treatments (p < 0.05). RESULTS When administered after a bolus of dexmedetomidine, lidocaine bolus and L-CRI significantly increased heart rate and cardiac index, decreased mean blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance index and oxygen extraction ratio, and did not affect stroke volume index in all treatments. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine was an effective treatment for dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in healthy research dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainor Tisotti
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Valverde
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Ashley Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | - Brad Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Kuroda T, Minamijima Y, Niwa H, Tamura N, Mita H, Fukuda K, Kaimachi M, Suzuki Y, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Toutain PL, Bousquet-Melou A, Kasashima Y. Rational dosage regimens for cephalothin and cefazolin using pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics analysis in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1239-1249. [PMID: 33341979 PMCID: PMC8518962 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First-generation cephalosporins have good activity against gram-positive bacteria and are extensively used in horses. There are few reports of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis of cephalosporins in horses. OBJECTIVE To optimise the dosages of the two first-generation cephalosporins cephalothin (CET) and cefazolin (CEZ) in horses using PK/PD concepts. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study with single administration. METHODS Drug plasma concentrations following a single intravenous (i.v.) administration of 22 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) CET in 12 horses and of 10 mg/kg bwt CEZ in six horses were measured using LC-MS/MS. Data were modelled using a nonlinear mixed effect modelling followed by Monte Carlo simulations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from horses were determined by the microbroth dilution method. RESULTS The percentages of CET and CEZ binding to serum proteins were 19.9% ± 8.4% and 15.2% ± 8.5% respectively. For both CET and CEZ, the MIC90 against S. zooepidemicus was 0.12 mg/L and against S. aureus was 0.5 mg/L. For CET, to achieve a probability of target attainment (PTA) of 90% for a PK/PD target of a free serum plasma concentration exceeding the MIC90 for 40% of the dosing interval, an empirical CET dosage regimen of 22 mg/kg bwt q8h and 22 mg/kg bwt q4h i.v. administration were required for S. zooepidemicus and S. aureus respectively. For CEZ, the corresponding dosage regimens were 10 mg/kg bwt q12h and 10 mg/kg bwt q8h. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size only in healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS For CET, more frequent administration than that currently recommended (22 mg/kg bwt q6-12h) is required to empirically control S. aureus infection in horses. For CEZ, less frequent administration compared to the dosage regimen currently proposed (10-22 mg/kg bwt q6h) could control S. zooepidemicus and S. aureus infections in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yohei Minamijima
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mita
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukuda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaimachi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshinori Kasashima
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
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66
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Ruiz S, Concordet D, Lanot T, Georges B, Goudy P, Baklouti S, Mané C, Losha E, Vinour H, Rousset D, Lavit M, Minville V, Conil JM, Gandia P. Hydroxychloroquine lung pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 57:106247. [PMID: 33259916 PMCID: PMC7698654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HCQ pharmacokinetics in COVID-19 patients cannot be predicted using data from lupus or rheumatoid arthritis patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may be a more instructive matrix than plasma on the degree of HCQ lung exposure. Low plasma concentrations should not induce an increase in drug dosage because lung exposure could already be high.
Different dosage regimens of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used to manage COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients, with no information on lung exposure in this population. The aim of our study was to evaluate HCQ concentrations in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the virus that causes COVID-19. This was a retrospective, observational, multicentre, pharmacokinetic study of HCQ in critically ill COVID-19 patients. No additional interventions or additional samples compared with standard care of these patients were conducted in our teaching hospital. We included all intubated COVID-19 patients treated with crushed HCQ tablets, regardless of the dosage administered by nasogastric tube. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples (n = 28) were collected from 22 COVID-19 patients and total HCQ concentrations in ELF were estimated. Median (interquartile range) HCQ plasma concentrations were 0.09 (0.06–0.14) mg/L and 0.07 (0.05–0.08) mg/L for 400 mg × 1/day and 200 mg × 3/day, respectively. Median HCQ ELF concentrations were 3.74 (1.10–7.26) mg/L and 1.81 (1.20–7.25) for 400 mg × 1/day and 200 mg × 3/day, respectively. The median ratio of ELF/plasma concentrations was 40.0 (7.3–162.7) and 21.2 (18.4–109.5) for 400 mg × 1/day and 200 mg × 3/day, respectively. ELF exposure is likely to be underestimated from HCQ concentrations in plasma. In clinical practice, low plasma concentrations should not induce an increase in drug dosage because lung exposure may already be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruiz
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Polyvalente Hôpital Rangueil, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - D Concordet
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - T Lanot
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie Clinique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - B Georges
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Polyvalente Hôpital Rangueil, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - P Goudy
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Polyvalente Hôpital Rangueil, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - S Baklouti
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie Clinique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - C Mané
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie Clinique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - E Losha
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie Clinique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - H Vinour
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Polyvalente URM, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - D Rousset
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Neurochirurgicale, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - M Lavit
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie Clinique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - V Minville
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Polyvalente Hôpital Rangueil, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - J-M Conil
- CHU de Toulouse, Réanimation Polyvalente Hôpital Rangueil, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - P Gandia
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse cedex 3, France; CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie Clinique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
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Chaudhari VS, Malakar TK, Murty US, Banerjee S. Extruded filaments derived 3D printed medicated skin patch to mitigate destructive pulmonary tuberculosis: design to delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:301-313. [PMID: 33131339 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1845648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Quercetin in combination with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was found to limit the spreading of necrosis to unaffected tissues in tuberculosis-infected mice. Therefore, we hypothesized that 3D printed medicated skin patch incorporated with a quercetin-PVP combination would provide an appropriate therapeutic drug concentration with desired sustained release profile.Research design and methods: We fabricated quercetin-PVP 40 extruded-filaments by hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique along with Eudragit® RSPO and tri-ethyl citrate and further printed it to make medicated skin patches using fused deposition modeling (FDM) based 3D Printing technology. Various characterizations were performed to optimize the 3D-printed patch formulation.Results: Patch formulation has been optimized for several characterization parameters and was further assessed using SEM, DSC, and XRD studies to confirm the conversion of crystalline quercetin into an amorphous form. Finally, the pharmacokinetic profile of an optimized patch was studied in rats showing prolonged Tmax, lowered Cmax, and reduced fluctuations in plasma concentrations till 18 days with single skin application of 3D-printed medicated patch.Conclusion: Overall data confirmed the feasibility of developing 3D printed medicated skin patches to provide plasma levels for continued 18 days in rats after a single application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharad Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Niper)-guwahati, Changsari, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Malakar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Niper)-guwahati, Changsari, India
| | | | - Subham Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Niper)-guwahati, Changsari, India
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Pierini A, Sartini I, Giorgi M, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Marchetti V. Pharmacokinetics of thalidomide in dogs: can feeding affect it? A preliminary study. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e60. [PMID: 33016014 PMCID: PMC7533387 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated neoangiogenesis is a crucial target for antitumor therapies. Thalidomide (TAL) is a promising anti-neoangiogenetic drug that has recently been used in the treatment of several malignancies in dogs. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of TAL after single oral administration in dogs. Additionally, the influence of feeding on the pharmacokinetic profile of TAL in dogs has been preliminarily investigated. METHODS Six healthy adult female Labradors were enrolled according to a randomized single-dose, 2-treatment, 2-phase, paired 2 × 2 cross-over study design. The dogs were administered a single 400 mg capsule of TAL in fasted and fed conditions. Blood was collected from 15 min to 48 h after dosing, and TAL quantified in plasma by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The pharmacokinetics of TAL were analyzed using a non-compartmental approach. RESULTS TAL concentration was quantifiable up to 10 h and 24 h after fasted and fed conditions, respectively. Cmax (fasted, 1.34 ± 0.12 μg/mL; fed, 2.47 ± 0.19 μg/mL) and Tmax (fasted, 3 h; fed, 10 h) differed substantially between the 2 groups. AUC and t1/2λz were significantly higher in fed (42.46 ± 6.64 mg × h/L; 17.14 ± 4.68 h) compared to fasted (12.38 ± 1.13 mg × h/L; 6.55 ± 1.25 h) dogs. The relative oral bioavailability of TAL for the fasted group was low (36.92% ± 3.28%). CONCLUSIONS Feeding affects the pharmacokinetics of oral TAL in dogs, showing a delayed, but higher absorption with different rate of elimination. These findings are of importance in clinical veterinary settings, and represent a starting point for further related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Poapolathep S, Chomcheun T, Giorgi M, Jualaong S, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Udomkusonsri P, Marin P, Poapolathep A. Enrofloxacin and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas): An explorative pharmacokinetic study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:575-582. [PMID: 33107624 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic features of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIP) in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) after single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at two dosages of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The study used 10 animals randomly divided into equal groups. Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in turtle plasma were quantified by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The concentration of ENR in the experimental turtles with respect to time was pharmacokinetically analyzed using a noncompartment model. The concentrations of ENR in the plasma were quantified up to 144 hr after i.v. and i.m. administrations at dosages of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg b.w., whereas CIP was quantified up to 96 and 144 hr, respectively. The elimination half-life values of ENR were 38.7 and 50.4 hr at dose rates of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg b.w. after i.v. administration, whereas CIP was 33.6 and 22.6 hr, respectively. The maximum concentration (Cmax ) values of ENR were 2.07 and 2.59 μg/ml at dose rates of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The value of area under the curve from 0 to 24 hr (AUC0-24 )/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio of ENR was >125 for bacteria with MIC of 0.12 and 0.13 μg/ml after the administration of 5 mg/kg by i.m. and i.v. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break-point and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices, i.m. single administration of ENR at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w. might be clinically appropriate for treatment of susceptible bacteria in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphan Chomcheun
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy.,PhD school of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Suthep Jualaong
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pedro Marin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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70
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Tikhomirov M, Poźniak B, Smutkiewicz A, Świtała M. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and thiamphenicol after single oral and intravenous, as well as multiple oral administrations to geese. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:25-31. [PMID: 32933318 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1824290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TP), which are synthetic bacteriostatic antimicrobial drugs, in geese after a single intravenous or oral administration, as well as seven oral doses administered at 12 h intervals. For all treatments, the dose was 30 mg/kg. 2. After single IV administration, clearance and volume of distribution were low (0.23 ± 0.03 l/h/kg and 0.57 ± 0.08 l/kg for FF, and 0.23 ± 0.04 l/h/kg and 0.59 ± 0.08 l/kg for TP, respectively). The elimination half-life was similar between products and short (2.91 ± 0.41 and 2.84 ± 0.64 h for FF and TP, respectively). 3. The single oral administration resulted in efficient absorption (bioavailability of 83.15 ± 11.48 for FF and 75.21 ± 19.56% for TP) with high maximal concentrations of 30.47 ± 2.47 and 20.02 ± 3.87 μg/ml for FF and TP, respectively. The area under the curve was 108.36 ± 14.96 and 101.81 ± 26.48 mg×h/l for FF and TP, respectively. 4. For both drugs, the two latter parameters were found to be higher compared to earlier studies on terrestrial birds. This suggested that FF and TP may be efficient in treating infections in geese caused by certain bacteria sensitive to chloramphenicol. 5. Neither drug accumulated in tissues following the oral seven doses and no adverse effects were noted in any treated animals. Thus, the selected FF and TP dosage may be considered as a safe treatment for geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
| | - B Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Smutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Świtała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
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71
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Smith BJ, Kirschner SM, Kendall LV. Pharmacokinetics of Sustained-release, Oral, and Subcutaneous Meloxicam over 72 Hours in Male Beagle Dogs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:737-741. [PMID: 32878683 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In cynomolgus macaques, plasma levels of sustained-release formulations of meloxicam meet or exceed efficacious concentrations for 48 to 72 h, thereby allowing less animal handling and providing more consistent efficacy than standard formulations of meloxicam. The goal of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous dose of a sustained-release formulation of meloxicam (Melox-SR) with those of oral (Melox-PO) and standard subcutaneous (Melox-SC) formulations dosed every 24 h for 3 consecutive days. Dogs (5 or 6 adult male Beagles) each received the following 3 treat- ments: first, Melox-SR (10 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/kg SC once), next Melox-SC (0.2 mg/kg SC once, followed by 0.1 mg/kg SC every 24 h), and finally Melox-PO (same dosage as Melox-SC), with a washout period of at least 2 wk between formulations. Blood was collected at 0 (baseline), 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the initial administration of each formulation for comparison of meloxicam plasma concentrations. Blood was also collected before administration and at 48 h after Melox-SR injection for CBC and chemistry analysis. Plasma concentrations (mean ± 1 SD) of Melox-SR peaked at the 1-h time point (2180 ± 359 ng/ mL), whereas those of Melox-PO (295 ± 55 ng/mL) and Melox-SC (551 ± 112 ng/mL) peaked at the 4-h time point. Melox-SR yielded significantly higher plasma concentrations than Melox-PO and Melox-SC until the 48 and 72-h time points, respec- tively. Melox-SC plasma concentrations were significantly higher than those of Melox-PO at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. No lesions were noted at the Melox-SR injection sites, and Melox-SR administration was not associated with changes in the CBC and serum chemistry panels. A single 0.6-mg/kg dose of Melox-SR can yield plasma concentrations that exceed 350 ng/mL for at least 72 h in adult male dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado;,
| | | | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado
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72
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Ferran AA, Lacroix MZ, Bousquet-Mélou A, Duhil I, Roques BB. Levers to Improve Antibiotic Treatment of Lambs via Drinking Water in Sheep Fattening Houses: The Example of the Sulfadimethoxine/Trimethoprim Combination. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090561. [PMID: 32878175 PMCID: PMC7559794 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To limit the spread of bacterial diseases in sheep fattening houses, antibiotics are often administered collectively. Collective treatments can be delivered by drinking water but data on the drug’s solubility in water or on plasma exposure of the animals are lacking. We first assessed the solubility of products containing sulfadimethoxine (SDM), associated or not with trimethoprim (TMP), in different waters. We then compared in lambs the SDM and TMP pharmacokinetic profiles after individual intravenous (IV) and oral administrations of SDM-TMP in experimental settings (n = 8) and after a collective treatment by drinking water with SDM-TMP or SDM alone in a sheep fattening house (n = 100 for each treatment). The individual water consumption during the collective treatments was also monitored to characterize the ingestion variability. We showed that TMP had a short terminal half-life and very low oral bioavailability, demonstrating that it would be unable to potentiate SDM by oral route. Conversely, SDM had a long terminal half-life of 18 h and excellent oral bioavailability. However, delivery by drinking water resulted in a very high interindividual variability of SDM plasma concentrations, meaning that although disease spread could be controlled at the group level, some individuals would inevitably be under- or over-exposed to the antibiotic.
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73
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Poapolathep S, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairoj T, Giorgi M, Chaiyabutr N, Trott DJ, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of a Long-Acting Formulation of Oxytetracycline in Freshwater Crocodiles ( Crocodylus siamensis) after Intramuscular Administration at Three Different Dosages. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081281. [PMID: 32727082 PMCID: PMC7459987 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The oxytetracycline long-acting formulation (OTC-LA) is used to treat sensitive pathogenic bacteria in the freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus siamensis. The pharmacokinetic profiles of differential dosages of OTC after intramuscular administration were investigated to determine the appropriate dosage for the treatment of bacterial infections in freshwater crocodiles. In freshwater crocodiles, dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg produced OTC plasma concentrations higher than 2.0 µg/mL as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 192 h and 216 h after intramuscular administration, respectively, while the OTC plasma concentration remained below the MIC of 2.0 µg/mL at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). When considering plasma protein binding of 32%, an intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.w. might be effective for two weeks to treat sensitive pathogenic bacteria in freshwater crocodiles. Abstract To date, the necessary pharmacokinetic information has been limited to establish suitable therapeutic plans for freshwater crocodiles. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of the oxytetracycline long-acting formulation (OTC-LA) in the freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus siamensis, following a single intramuscular (i.m.) administration at three different dosages of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 216 h after i.m. administration at the three different dosages. The plasma concentrations of OTC were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The Cmax (± SD) values of OTC were 2.15 ± 0.51 µg/mL, 7.68 ± 1.08 µg/mL and 17.08 ± 2.09 µg/mL at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The elimination half-life values were 33.59 ± 2.51 h, 38.42 ± 5.47 h and 38.04 ± 1.98 h at dosages of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index, the susceptibility break-point and plasma protein binding, a dosage once every two weeks of 10 mg/kg b.w. OTC intramuscularly might be suitable for initiating the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in freshwater crocodiles. However, further PK/PD studies are warranted to confirm whether the dose rates used in this study can produce longer-term antimicrobial success for diseases caused by susceptible bacteria in freshwater crocodiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.); (N.P.)
| | | | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56112 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Darren J. Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia;
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-579-7537
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74
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Sartini I, Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Cuniberti B, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen after intravenous and oral administration in fasted and fed Labrador Retriever dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:28-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | | | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation University of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari Sassari Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Pisa Pisa San Piero a Grado Italy
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75
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Krause A, Lott D, Dingemanse J. Estimation of Attainment of Steady-State Conditions for Compounds With a Long Half-Life. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 61:82-89. [PMID: 32656870 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Half-life is a standard result reported with analysis of pharmacokinetic data. Different definitions such as noncompartmental half-life, terminal half-life, effective half-life, and context-sensitive half-life can yield substantially different estimates of the quantity "half-life." Time to attainment of steady-state conditions is generally derived from (terminal) half-life and therefore sensitive toward the definition of half-life. Thus, estimates of the time to attain steady state must be provided with a precise definition of steady state and the method used for estimation, particularly for drugs with long (terminal) half-life. For clinical purposes, terminal half-life can have limited relevance if drug concentrations in the terminal elimination phase are low. A general rule for which half-life to use is infeasible. While limited accumulation can be negligible if a plateau in pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics is reached or with a wide therapeutic window (ie, exposure range), small additional drug accumulation can be highly relevant for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Beyond the average, estimation of individual time to attainment of steady state can add highly relevant information about the variability between subjects. Simulations from population models and the use of different definitions of steady state provide an assessment of robustness of the results. The relevance of accurate estimation of time to attainment of steady state is illustrated with cenerimod, an sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor modulator with long half-life currently in clinical development for which estimates of time to steady state ranged from 35 to 110 days with different calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Krause
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Lott
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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76
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Raweewan N, Chomcheun T, Laovechprasit W, Jongkolpath O, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Giorgi M, Poapolathep A, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:527-532. [PMID: 32524632 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic features of tolfenamic acid (TA) in green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas. Green sea turtles were administered single either intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection of TA, at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at preassigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of TA were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Tolfenamic acid plasma concentrations were quantifiable for up to 168 hr after i.v. and i.m. administration. The concentration of TA in the experimental green sea turtles with respect to time was pharmacokinetically analyzed using a noncompartment model. The Cmax values of TA were 55.01 ± 8.34 µg/ml following i.m. administration. The elimination half-life values were 32.76 ± 4.68 hr and 53.69 ± 3.38 hr after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 72.02 ± 10.23%, and the average binding percentage of TA to plasma protein was 19.43 ± 6.75%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, the i.m. administration of TA at a dosage of 4 mg/kg b.w. might be sufficient to produce a long-lasting anti-inflammatory effect (7 days) for green sea turtles. However, further studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of TA for treatment of inflammatory disease after single and multiple dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuda Raweewan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphan Chomcheun
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | | | - Oranee Jongkolpath
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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77
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Foissac F, Zheng Y, Hirt D, Lui G, Bouazza N, Ville Y, Goffinet F, Rozenberg P, Kayem G, Mandelbrot L, Benaboud S, Jarreau PH, Tréluyer JM. Maternal Betamethasone for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates: Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:1026-1035. [PMID: 32394434 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite antenatal corticosteroids therapy, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is still a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. To date, the relationship between in utero fetal drug exposure and occurrence of RDS remains poorly evaluated. This study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of betamethasone in pregnant women and to evaluate the transplacental drug transfer and administration scheme for the prevention of RDS. Pregnant women > 27 weeks' gestation and who received at least a single dose of betamethasone for prevention of RDS were enrolled. Maternal, cord blood, and amniotic fluid betamethasone time-courses were analyzed using the Monolix software. A total of 220 maternal blood, 56 cord blood, and 26 amniotic fluid samples were described by a two-compartment model with two effect compartments linked by rate transfer constants. Apparent clearances and volumes of distribution parameters were allometrically scaled for a 70 kg third trimester pregnant woman. The impact of a twin pregnancy was found to increase maternal clearance by 28%. Using a fetal-to-mother exposure ratio, the median (95% confidence interval (CI)) transplacental transfer of betamethasone was estimated to 35% (95% CI 0.11-0.67). After adjustment for gestational age and twin pregnancy, RDS was found to be associated to the time spent in utero below quantifiable concentrations (i.e., < 1 ng/mL): odds ratio of 1.10 (95% CI 1.01-1.19) per day increase (P < 0.05). Trying to take into account both efficacy and safety, we simulated different dosing schemes in order to maintain a maximum of fetuses above 1 ng/mL without exceeding the total standard dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantz Foissac
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,URC/CIC Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Yi Zheng
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, AP-HP Paris Centre Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Hirt
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, AP-HP Paris Centre Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Lui
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, AP-HP Paris Centre Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Naïm Bouazza
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,URC/CIC Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Yves Ville
- Maternity, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,EA 7328, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Goffinet
- Port-Royal Maternity Unit, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center (U1153), INSERM and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Rozenberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Poissy-Saint Germain Hospital, Poissy, France.,EA 7285, Paris Saclay University, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Gilles Kayem
- Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center (U1153), INSERM and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louis Mourier Hospital, AP-HP, Colombes, France.,INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sihem Benaboud
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, AP-HP Paris Centre Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Jarreau
- Université de Paris, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Port-Royal, Paris Centre University Hospitals, APHP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, CRESS, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tréluyer
- Pediatric and Perinatal Drug Evaluation and Pharmacology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,URC/CIC Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, AP-HP Paris Centre Hospital Group, Paris, France
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78
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Delavenne X, Dargaud Y. Pharmacokinetics for haemophilia treaters: Meaning of PK parameters, interpretation pitfalls, and use in the clinic. Thromb Res 2020; 192:52-60. [PMID: 32450448 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Replacement therapy with concentrates of factor VIII or IX remains the gold standard for severe haemophilia management. The recent development of clotting factor products with extended half-life, widely available on the market since 2 years, facilitates adherence, improves considerably the patients' quality of life, and simplifies the management of breakthrough bleedings or surgery. These molecules have also brought to the limelight the concepts of optimization and personalization of anti-haemophilic prophylaxis. Pharmacokinetics (PK) is one of the tools that can help haematologists to adapt in a more objective and precise manner the prophylaxis regimen to each individual patient's specific needs. For many years, clinicians at haemophilia centres have been using some simple PK parameters, such as recovery and residual level. However, recently, they have been confronted with an important number of new PK parameters they were not familiar with, but that can be used to improve patient management. Due to the accumulation of PK data and their relative complexity, it is now necessary to analyse the relevance of the different PK parameters relative to haemophilia specificities, and also to know their limits to better use them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, UMR 1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et de l'Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Saint Etienne, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie - Toxicologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Yesim Dargaud
- Unité d'Hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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79
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Sassen SDT, Zwaan CM, van der Sluis IM, Mathôt RAA. Pharmacokinetics and population pharmacokinetics in pediatric oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28132. [PMID: 31876123 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic research has become increasingly important in pediatric oncology as it can have direct clinical implications and is a crucial component in individualized medicine. Population pharmacokinetics has become a popular method especially in children, due to the potential for sparse sampling, flexible sampling times, computing of heterogeneous data, and identification of variability sources. However, population pharmacokinetic reports can be complex and difficult to interpret. The aim of this article is to provide a basic explanation of population pharmacokinetics, using clinical examples from the field of pediatric oncology, to facilitate the translation of pharmacokinetic research into the daily clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan D T Sassen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Michel Zwaan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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80
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Alia JD, Karl S, Kelly TD. Quantum Chemical Lipophilicities of Antimalarial Drugs in Relation to Terminal Half-Life. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6500-6515. [PMID: 32258886 PMCID: PMC7114756 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the WHO, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been integral to the recent reduction in deaths due to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. ACT-resistant strains are an emerging problem and have evolved altered developmental stages, reducing exposure of the most susceptible stages to artemisinin drugs in popular ACTs. Lipophilicity, log K ow, is a guide in understanding and predicting pharmacokinetic properties such as terminal half-life which alters drug exposure. Consistent log K ow values are not necessarily available for artemisinin derivatives designed to extend terminal half-life, increase bioavailability, and reduce neurotoxicity. For other drugs used in ACTs, an assortment of experimental and computational log K ow values are available in the literature and in some cases, do not account for subtle but important differences between closely related structures such as between diastereomers. Quantum chemical methods such as density functional theory (DFT) used with an implicit solvent model allow for consistent comparison of physical properties including log K ow and distinguish between closely related structures. To this end, DFT, B3LYP/6-31G(d), with an implicit solvent model (SMD) was used to compute ΔG ow o and ΔG vow o for 1-octanol-water and olive oil-water partitions, respectively, for 21 antimalarial drugs: 12 artemisinin-based, 4 4-aminoquinolines and structurally similar pyronaridine, and 4 amino alcohols. The computed ΔG ow o was close to ΔG ow o calculated from experimental log K ow values from the literature where available, with a mean signed error of 2.3 kJ/mol and mean unsigned error of 3.7 kJ/mol. The results allow assignment of log K ow for α-and β-diastereomers of arteether, and prediction of log K ow for β-DHA and five experimental drugs. Linear least square analysis of log K ow and log K vow versus terminal elimination half-life showed strong linear relationships, once the data points for the 4-aminoquinoline drugs, mefloquine and pyronaridine were found to follow their own linear relationship, which is consistent with their different plasma protein binding. The linear relationship between the computed log K vow and terminal elimination half-life was particularly strong, R 2 = 0.99 and F = 467, and can be interpreted in terms of a simple pharmacokinetic model. Terminal elimination half-life for β-DHA and four experimental artemisinin drugs were estimated based on this linear relationship between log K vow and terminal t 1/2. The computed log K ow and log K vow values for epimers α- and β-DHA and α and β-arteether provide physical data that may be helpful in understanding their different pharmacokinetics and activity based on their different molecular geometries. Relative solubility of quinine and quinidine are found to be sensitive to thermal corrections to enthalpy and to vibrational entropy and do not follow the general trend of longer terminal t 1/2 with greater predicted log K ow. Geometric relaxation of α- and β-DHA in solvent and inclusion of thermal correction for enthalpy and entropy results in correct prediction that α-DHA is favored in aqueous environments compared to β-DHA. Predictions made regarding experimental drugs have implications regarding their potential use in response to artemisinin drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Alia
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota Morris, 600 E 4th Street, Morris, Minnesota 56267, United States
| | - Sheila Karl
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota Morris, 600 E 4th Street, Morris, Minnesota 56267, United States
| | - Tyler D. Kelly
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota Morris, 600 E 4th Street, Morris, Minnesota 56267, United States
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81
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Wang J, Qiu J, Xiao H, Gong X, Sun P, Li J, Zhang S, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics of three formulations of vitacoxib in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:364-368. [PMID: 32162352 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of three formulations of vitacoxib were investigated in horses. To describe plasma concentrations and characterize the pharmacokinetics, 6 healthy adult Chinese Mongolian horses were administered a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenous (i.v.), oral paste, or oral tablet vitacoxib in a 3-way, randomized, parallel design. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various times up to 72 hr postadministration. Plasma vitacoxib concentrations were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. No complications resulting from the vitacoxib administration were noted on subsequent administrations, and all procedures were tolerated well by the horses throughout the study. The elimination half-life (T1/2λz ) was 4.24 ± 1.98 hr (i.v.), 8.77 ± 0.91 hr (oral paste), and 8.12 ± 4.24 hr (oral tablet), respectively. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) was 28.61 ± 9.29 ng/ml (oral paste) and 19.64 ± 9.26 ng/ml (oral tablet), respectively. Area under the concentration-versus-time curve (AUClast ) was 336 ± 229 ng hr/ml (i.v.), 221 ± 94 ng hr/ml (oral paste), and 203 ± 139 ng hr/ml, respectively. The results showed statistically significant differences between the 2 oral vitacoxib groups in Tmax value. T1/2λz (hr), AUClast (ng hr/ml), and MRT (hr) were significantly different between i.v. and oral groups. The longer half-life observed following oral administration was consistent with the flip-flop phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jicheng Qiu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
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82
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Alihodzic D, Broeker A, Baehr M, Kluge S, Langebrake C, Wicha SG. Impact of Inaccurate Documentation of Sampling and Infusion Time in Model-Informed Precision Dosing. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:172. [PMID: 32194411 PMCID: PMC7063976 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Routine clinical TDM data is often used to develop population pharmacokinetic (PK) models, which are applied in turn for model-informed precision dosing. The impact of uncertainty in documented sampling and infusion times in population PK modeling and model-informed precision dosing have not yet been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate uncertain documentation of (i) sampling times and (ii) infusion rate exemplified with two anti-infectives. Methods A stochastic simulation and estimation study was performed in NONMEM® using previously published population PK models of meropenem and caspofungin. Uncertainties, i.e. deviation between accurate and planned sampling and infusion times (standard deviation (SD) ± 5 min to ± 30 min) were added randomly in R before carrying out the simulation step. The estimation step was then performed with the accurate or planned times (replacing real time points by scheduled study values). Relative bias (rBias) and root mean squared error (rRMSE) were calculated to determine accuracy and precision of the primary and secondary PK parameters on the population and individual level. The accurate and the misspecified (using planned sampling times) model were used for Bayesian forecasting of meropenem to assess the impact on PK/PD target calculations relevant to dosing decisions. Results On the population level, the estimates of the proportional residual error (prop.-err.) and the interindividual variability (IIV) on the central volume of distribution (V1) were most affected by erroneous records in the sampling and infusion time (e.g. rBias of prop.-err.: 75.5% vs. 183% (meropenem) and 10.1% vs. 109% (caspofungin) for ± 5 vs. ± 30 min, respectively). On the individual level, the rBias of the planned scenario for the typical values V1, Q and V2 increased with increasing uncertainty in time, while CL, AUC and elimination half-life were least affected. Meropenem as a short half-life drug (~1 h) was more affected than caspofungin (~ 9-11 h). The misspecified model provided biased PK/PD target information (e.g. falsely overestimated time above MIC (T > MIC) when true T > MIC was <0.4 and thus patients at risk of undertreatment), while the accurate model gave precise estimates of the indices across all simulated patients. Conclusions Even 5-minute-uncertainties caused bias and significant imprecision of primary population and individual PK parameters. Thus, our results underline the importance of accurate documentation of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzenefa Alihodzic
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Broeker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Baehr
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Langebrake
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Georg Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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83
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Sitovs A, Voiko L, Kustovs D, Kovalcuka L, Bandere D, Purvina S, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetic profiles of levofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e32. [PMID: 32233138 PMCID: PMC7113567 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Levofloxacin pharmacokinetic profiles were evaluated in 6 healthy female rabbits after intravenous (I/V), intramuscular (I/M), or subcutaneous (S/C) administration routes at a single dose of 5 mg/kg in a 3 × 3 cross-over study. Plasma levofloxacin concentrations were detected using a validated Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography method with a fluorescence detector. Levofloxacin was quantifiable up to 10 h post-drug administration. Mean AUC0-last values of 9.03 ± 2.66, 9.07 ± 1.80, and 9.28 ± 1.56 mg/h*L were obtained via I/V, I/M, and S/C, respectively. Plasma clearance was 0.6 mL/g*h after I/V administration. Peak plasma concentrations using the I/M and S/C routes were 3.33 ± 0.39 and 2.91 ± 0.56 μg/mL. Bioavailability values, after extravascular administration were complete, - 105% ± 27% (I/M) and 118% ± 40% (S/C). Average extraction ratio of levofloxacin after I/V administration was 7%. Additionally, levofloxacin administration effects on tear production and osmolarity were evaluated. Tear osmolarity decreased within 48 h post-drug administration. All 3 levofloxacin administration routes produced similar pharmacokinetic profiles. The studied dose is unlikely to be effective in rabbits; however, it was calculated that a daily dose of 29 mg/kg appears effective for I/V administration for pathogens with MIC < 0.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Laura Voiko
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia
| | - Dmitrijs Kustovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Liga Kovalcuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Santa Purvina
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
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84
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Chaiyabutr N, Wongwaipairoj T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetic profiles of amoxicillin trihydrate in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intramuscular administration at two doses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:307-312. [PMID: 32112576 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetic profiles of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) in Siamese freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Crocodiles were administered a single intramuscular injection of AMX, at a dose of either 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at preassigned times up to 120 hr. The plasma concentrations of AMX were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry method. AMX plasma concentrations were quantifiable for up to 72 hr (5 mg/kg b.w.) and 96 hr (10 mg/kg b.w.). The elimination half-life (t1/2λ z ) of AMX following dosing at 5 mg/kg b.w. (8.72 ± 0.61 hr) was almost identical to that following administration at 10 mg/kg b.w (8.98 ± 1.13 hr). The maximum concentration and area under the curve from zero to the last values of AMX increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The average binding percentage of AMX to plasma protein was 21.24%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break point, and the surrogate PK-PD index (T > MIC, 0.25 μg/ml), intramuscular administration of AMX at dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. every 4 days might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in freshwater crocodiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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85
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Species Differences in Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics of HSG4112, A New Anti-Obesity Agent. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020127. [PMID: 32028738 PMCID: PMC7076457 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HSG4112, a racemic drug, is a new anti-obesity agent. In this study, the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of HSG4112 were investigated in rats and dogs, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. The plasma concentrations of HSG4112(S) and HSG4112(R) were quantitated in plasma from rats and beagle dogs after IV and/or oral administration of racemic HSG4112. The concentration of HSG4112(S) was significantly higher than that of HSG4112(R) in rat plasma. Contrarily, the concentration of HSG4112(R) was significantly higher than HSG4112(S) in dog plasma. A metabolic stability test with liver microsomes showed that HSG4112(S) was more stable than HSG4112(R) in rat liver microsomes, but the difference between stereoisomers did not appear in dog liver microsomes. However, the stereoselectivity was observed in dog liver and intestinal microsomes after uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronic acid was added. Thus, stereoselective metabolism by uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases is mainly responsible for the stereoselective pharmacokinetics in dogs. These results suggest that the species difference in the stereoselective plasma pharmacokinetics of HSG4112 is due to the stereoselective metabolism.
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86
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Dos Santos Martins E, Oliveira JA, Franchin TB, Silva BCU, Cândido CD, Peccinini RG. Simple and Rapid Method by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) with Ultraviolet Detection for Determination of Efavirenz in Plasma: Application in a Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 57:874-880. [PMID: 31602469 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method for determination of efavirenz (EFV) in plasma was developed and applied in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. The method involves only addition of acetonitrile to precipitation of plasma proteins followed by solvent evaporation. The mobile phase consisted of methanol, acetonitrile and 0.1 M formic acid (20:50:30) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min with run time of 5 min. A CSH C18 column and a UHPLC-UV system operating at 245 nm were used. There was a linear response in the range of 0.078 to 10 μg/mL, and the equation was obtained by weighting (1/x2) with r2 = 0.9965. The pharmacokinetic disposition of EFV was investigated in rabbits (two groups, n = 7) following a single intravenous administration (IV group) at a dose of 2.7 mg/kg and a single oral administration (oral group) of EFV co-administered with lamivudine (3TC) and tenofovir (TNF) at a dose of 50, 25 and 25 mg, respectively. The study demonstrated the applicability of the method for determination of EFV in plasma without interference from other co-administered drugs, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The method showed advantages over other methods in the literature, such as simplicity of sample processing and fast results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Dos Santos Martins
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista ``Júlio de Mesquita Filho''-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonata Augusto Oliveira
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista ``Júlio de Mesquita Filho''-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taísa Busaranho Franchin
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista ``Júlio de Mesquita Filho''-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Ulian Silva
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista ``Júlio de Mesquita Filho''-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Damico Cândido
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista ``Júlio de Mesquita Filho''-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Gonçalves Peccinini
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista ``Júlio de Mesquita Filho''-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Comparison of the gamma-Pareto convolution with conventional methods of characterising metformin pharmacokinetics in dogs. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 47:19-45. [PMID: 31865474 PMCID: PMC7040082 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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\begin{document}$$t_{1/2}$$\end{document}t1/2 ratio of M/C averaging 7.0 times, a result in keeping with prior simultaneous \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ M $$\end{document}M collection studies and exhibiting a rate of apparent volume growth of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$V_d$$\end{document}Vd that achieved limiting constant values. A simulated constant average drug mass multidosing protocol exhibited increased \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$V_d$$\end{document}Vd and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t_{1/2}$$\end{document}t1/2 with elapsing time, effects that have been observed experimentally during same-dose multidosing. The GPC heavy-tailed models explained multiple documented phenomena that were unexplained with lighter-tailed models.
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88
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Karna SR, Singh P, Chambers P, Kongara K. Pharmacokinetics of morphine in combination with dexmedetomidine and maropitant following intramuscular injection in dogs anaesthetized with halothane. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:153-161. [PMID: 31856324 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of morphine in combination with dexmedetomidine and maropitant injected intramuscularly in dogs under general anaesthesia. Eight healthy dogs weighing 25.76 ± 3.16 kg and 3.87 ± 1.64 years of age were used in a crossover study. Dogs were randomly allocated to four groups: (1) morphine 0.6 mg/kg; (2) morphine 0.3 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg; (3) morphine 0.3 mg/kg + maropitant 1 mg/kg; (4) morphine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 3 μg/kg + maropitant 0.7 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected before, 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 3 4, 6 and 8 hr after injection of the test drugs. Plasma concentration of the drugs was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The elimination half-life (T1/2 ) of morphine was higher and the clearance rate (CL) was lower when combined with dexmedetomidine (T1/2 = 77.72 ± 20.27 min, CL = 119.41 ± 23.34 ml kg-1 min-1 ) compared to maropitant (T1/2 = 52.73 min ± 13.823 ml kg-1 min-1 , CL = 178.57 ± 70.55) or morphine alone at higher doses (T1/2 = 50.53 ± 12.55 min, CL = 187.24 ± 34.45 ml kg-1 min-1 ). Combining morphine with dexmedetomidine may increase the dosing interval of morphine and may have a clinical advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Raj Karna
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Preet Singh
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Chambers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kavitha Kongara
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Dent BT, Aarnes TK, Wavreille VA, Lakritz J, Lerche P, KuKanich B, Riccó Pereira CH, Bednarski RM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:969-975. [PMID: 31556717 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.10.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine administered via the oral transmucosal (OTM) route to healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Injectable dexmedetomidine was administered IV (5 μg/kg) or via the OTM route (20 μg/kg) in a blinded, single-observer, randomized crossover study. Dogs received dexmedetomidine and a sham treatment at each administration. Serial blood samples were collected from a catheter in a saphenous vein. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and subjective sedation score were assessed for 24 hours after administration. Plasma samples were analyzed for dexmedetomidine concentrations by use of ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS For the OTM route, the mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration was 3.8 ± 1.3 ng/mL, which was detected 73 ± 33 minutes after administration. The mean maximum concentration for the IV dose, when extrapolated to the time of administration, was 18.6 ± 3.3 ng/mL. The mean terminal-phase half-life was 152 ± 146 minutes and 36 ± 6 minutes for OTM and IV administration, respectively. After IV administration, total clearance was 8.0 ± 1.6 mL/min/kg and volume of distribution at steady state was 371 ± 72 mL/kg. Bioavailability for OTM administration of dexmedetomidine was 11.2 ± 4.5%. Peak sedation scores did not differ significantly between routes of administration. Decreases in heart rate, respiratory rate, and peak sedation score were evident sooner after IV administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE OTM administration of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine resulted in a similar degree of sedation and prolonged duration of action, compared with results for IV administration, despite relatively low bioavailability.
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90
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Tiede A, Allen G, Bauer A, Chowdary P, Collins P, Goldstein B, Jiang HJ, Kӧck K, Takács I, Timofeeva M, Wolfsegger M, Srivastava S. SHP656, a polysialylated recombinant factor VIII (PSA-rFVIII): First-in-human study evaluating safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in patients with severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2019; 26:47-55. [PMID: 31778283 PMCID: PMC7027936 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction SHP656 is the first factor VIII (FVIII) product developed using polysialylation (PSA) technology, in which full‐length recombinant (r) FVIII (anti‐haemophilic factor [recombinant]) is conjugated with a 20 kDa PSA polymer. Aim To compare the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of SHP656 vs the parent rFVIII (octocog alfa) after single infusions of 25‐75 IU/kg in patients with severe haemophilia A (FVIII activity <1%). Methods Multinational, phase 1, prospective, open‐label, two‐period, fixed‐sequence, dose‐escalation trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02716194). Patients received single doses of rFVIII and then SHP656 sequentially at the same dose: 25 ± 3 IU/kg (Cohort 1), 50 ± 5 IU/kg (Cohort 2) and 75 ± 5 IU/kg (Cohort 3). Results Forty patients received rFVIII: 11 in Cohort 1, 16 in Cohort 2 and 13 in Cohort 3. Two patients withdrew before receiving SHP656, leaving 38 patients who completed the study and received both treatments. No treatment‐related adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, deaths, study withdrawals, thrombotic events or allergic reactions were reported; and no significant treatment‐related changes in laboratory parameters or vital signs. No patients developed FVIII inhibitors or antibodies to PSA. FVIII activity was significantly prolonged following SHP656 administration vs rFVIII with an approximately 1.5‐fold extension in mean residence time (P < .05). Exposure increased proportional to the SHP656 dose over the 25‐75 IU/kg dose range. Conclusion Polysialylation of rFVIII confers a half‐life extension similar to that of approved extended half‐life products that use either PEGylation or Fc fusion technology and was not associated with any treatment‐related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey Allen
- Baxalta US Inc, a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a member of the Takeda group of companies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pratima Chowdary
- Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Collins
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brahm Goldstein
- Baxalta US Inc, a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hongyu Jeanne Jiang
- Baxalta US Inc, a member of the Takeda group of companies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Margarita Timofeeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Kirov Scientific and Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion of Federal Medico-Biological Agency", Kirov, Russian Federation
| | - Martin Wolfsegger
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a member of the Takeda group of companies, Vienna, Austria
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91
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Asai K, Yamamoto T, Nagashima S, Ogata G, Hibino H, Einaga Y. An electrochemical aptamer-based sensor prepared by utilizing the strong interaction between a DNA aptamer and diamond. Analyst 2019; 145:544-549. [PMID: 31764923 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01976f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable and continuous biosensing of electroactive species in vivo has been achieved by using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes owing to their outstanding electrochemical properties. However, the present problem in biosensing using BDD electrodes is how to specifically measure/detect the target molecules, including electrochemically inactive species. A possible solution is to fabricate an electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor using a BDD electrode. In a preliminary investigation, we found that DNA aptamers strongly adsorb on the BDD surface and the aptamer-adsorbed BDD apparently worked as an E-AB sensor. The present study reports the performance of the aptamer-adsorbed BDD electrode as an E-AB sensor. Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used chemotherapeutic, was chosen as a target molecule. The sensor could be prepared by just dipping BDD in an aptamer solution for only 30 min, and the electrochemical signals were dependent on the DOX concentration. The adsorption of DNA was strong enough for continuous measurements and even a sonication treatment. Such behaviors were not observed when using gold and glassy carbon electrodes. In a kinetic measurement, distortion by a sluggish response was observed for both association and dissociation phases, indicating that the interaction between DOX and the aptamer involves several kinetic processes. By fitting to a Langmuir isotherm, a limit of detection of 49 nM and a maximum detectable concentration of 2.3 μM were obtained. Although the sensitivity was lower than those of the well-established E-AB sensors of gold, the values are within a drug's therapeutic range. Overall, the present work demonstrates that a DNA aptamer and a BDD electrode is an effective combination for an E-AB sensor with stable sensitivity, and a wide variety of DNA aptamers can be applied without any special treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Nagashima
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan. and ACCEL, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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92
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Kim TW, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetic and tissue analyses of levofloxacin in sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus) after multiple-dose administration. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:124-128. [PMID: 31778853 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of LFX in sheep after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of 2 mg/kg LFX once a day for 5 days and to evaluate its tissue depletion in the muscles, heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Twenty healthy female sheep were randomly divided into two equal groups. Each group was further randomly subdivided into two equal subgroups (n = 5). Group 1 was used for blood collection and underwent a crossover design (2 × 2 Latin square). Group 2 was randomly subdivided into two equal subgroups (n = 5) for IV and PO route respectively, and used for tissue collection. A single sheep was sacrificed at each time point and the organs were harvested. Samples were analyzed using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection. LFX administered orally was rapidly absorbed with a peak plasma concentration of 2866 ± 239 ng/mL and an absolute oral bioavailability of 114 ± 27.7%. The pharmacokinetic estimates were comparable between PO and IV administration. According to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogate index (area under the curve / minimum inhibitory concentration) of 100-125, LFX has the potential to be an effective treatment for infections caused by bacteria with a MIC of 0.049-0.061 μg/mL. LFX was detected for up to 48 h in all the tissues samples. The kidney had the highest LFX concentration after IV and PO administration. The AUCtissue/plasma ratio was lower than 1 in all tissues indicating absence of LFX tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tae Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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93
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Raweewan N, Laovechprasit W, Giorgi M, Chomcheun T, Klangkaew N, Imsilp K, Poapolathep A, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) after single intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:135-140. [PMID: 31705691 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, limited pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans is available for Hawksbill turtles. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic features of tolfenamic acid (TA) in Hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, after single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at dosage 4 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The study (parallel design) used 10 Hawksbill turtles randomly divided into equal groups. Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 144 hr. The concentrations of TA in plasma were quantified by a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The concentration of TA in the experimental turtles with respect to time was pharmacokinetically analyzed using a noncompartment model. The Cmax values of TA were 89.33 ± 6.99 µg/ml following i.m. administration. The elimination half-life values were 38.92 ± 6.31 hr and 41.09 ± 9.32 hr after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 94.46%, and the average binding percentage of TA to plasma protein was 31.39%. TA demonstrated a long half-life and high bioavailability following i.m. administration. Therefore, the i.m. administration is recommended for use in clinical practice because it is both easier to perform and provides similar plasma concentrations to the i.v. administration. However, further studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of TA for treatment of inflammatory disease after single and multiple dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuda Raweewan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Thanaphan Chomcheun
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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94
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Canini L, Lemenuel-Diot A, Brennan BJ, Smith PF, Perelson AS. A pharmacokinetic/viral kinetic model to evaluate treatment of chronic HCV infection with a non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:353-361. [PMID: 29317572 DOI: 10.3851/imp3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral kinetic models have proven useful in characterizing treatment effectiveness during HCV therapy with interferon (IFN) as well as with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). METHODS Here we use a pharmacokinetic/viral kinetic (PK/VK) model to describe HCV RNA kinetics during treatment with setrobuvir, a non-nucleosidic inhibitor of the HCV NS5B polymerase enzyme. Using PK data from three studies in healthy volunteers and PK and VK data from a Phase I study, where setrobuvir was administered for 3 days, we fitted a two-compartment PK model with first-order absorption and lag-time, an Emax pharmacodynamics model and a standard biphasic VK model. RESULTS Setrobuvir's EC50 and Hill coefficient and the viral clearance rate were significantly different (P=0.014, P<0.001 and P=0.004, respectively) between patients infected with HCV subtypes 1b and 1a, leading to an increased viral load decline in patients infected with genotype 1b virus. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the combined effects of PK/VK on the performance of a non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor such as setrobuvir could provide valuable insights into their use in combination with other DAAs as well as to optimize future therapy. Further, our work suggests that patients infected with subtype 1a would need higher doses than those infected with subtype 1b to achieve the same effectiveness. Whether this is true for other non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors needs to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Canini
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.,Present address: Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Barbara J Brennan
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Patrick F Smith
- d3 Medicine, a Certara Company, Parsippany, NJ, USA.,University at Buffalo, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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95
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Sousa AA. Impact of soft protein interactions on the excretion, extent of receptor occupancy and tumor accumulation of ultrasmall metal nanoparticles: a compartmental model simulation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26927-26941. [PMID: 35528561 PMCID: PMC9070572 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasmall metal nanoparticles (NPs) are next-generation nano-based platforms for in vivo disease diagnosis and treatment. Due to their small size below the kidney filtration threshold and marked resistance to nonspecific serum protein adsorption, ultrasmall NPs can be rapidly excreted through the kidneys and escape liver uptake. However, although ultrasmall particles may be deemed highly resistant to protein adsorption, the real extent of this resistance is not known. Here, a simple compartmental model simulation was therefore implemented to understand how NP behavior in vivo could be modulated by soft, transient NP-plasma protein interactions characterized by dissociation constants in the millimolar range. In Model 1, ultrasmall NPs functionalized with a targeting probe, plasma proteins and target receptors were assumed to co-exist within a single compartment. Simulations were performed to understand the synergistic effect of soft interactions, systemic clearance and NP size on receptor occupancy in the single compartment. The results revealed the existence of a narrow range of ultraweak affinities and optimal particle sizes leading to greater target occupancy. In Model 2, simulations were performed to understand the impact of soft interactions on NP accumulation into a peripheral (tumor) compartment. The results revealed that soft interactions - but not active targeting - enhanced tumor uptake levels when tumor accumulation was limited by 'fast' plasma clearance and 'slow' vascular extravasation. The simple model presented here provides a basic framework to quantitatively understand the blood and tumor pharmacokinetics of ultrasmall NPs under the influence of transient protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alioscka A Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
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96
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Wang Y, Liu H, Fan Y, Chen X, Yang Y, Zhu L, Zhao J, Chen Y, Zhang Y. In Silico Prediction of Human Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters with Improved Accuracy. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3968-3980. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Haichun Liu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yuanrong Fan
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xingye Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Junnan Zhao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
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97
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Sartini I, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Gajda A, Lisowski A, Kowalski CJ, Posyniak A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetics of vilazodone in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:309-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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98
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Chaiyabutr N, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairote T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intramuscular administration at two dosages. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:141-146. [PMID: 31353505 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to the successful treatment of infectious disease in freshwater crocodile species is incorrect dosing of antibiotics. There are few reports on pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens of antimicrobial drugs in crocodiles. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ceftriaxone (CEF) in Siamese freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, in breeding farms were treated with a single intramuscular administration of CEF at two dosages, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at preassigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of CEF were measured by a validated method through liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. CEF plasma concentrations were quantified up to 72 and 96 hr after low- and high-dose administration, respectively. The Cmax values of CEF were 24.61 ± 5.15 µg/ml and 26.39 ± 2.81 µg/ml at dosages of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The half-life values were not statistically different between the groups (around 20 hr). The average binding percentage of CEF to plasma protein was 53.78 ± 2.11%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break-point and the surrogate PK-PD index (T > MIC, 0.2 μg/ml), i.m. administration of CEF at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for initiating treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in freshwater crocodiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Chaiyabutr N, Chokejaroenrat C, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairote T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:19-25. [PMID: 31271466 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To the best of the authors' knowledge, pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans for freshwater crocodiles is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, following single intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were measured by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in the plasma were quantified up to 144 hr after both the administrations. The half-life was long (43-44 hr) and similar after both administrations. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 82.65% and the binding percentage of ENR to plasma protein ranged from 9% to 18% with an average of 10.6%. Percentage of CIP (plasma concentrations) was 15.9% and 19.9% after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break point and PK-PD indexes, i.m. single administration of ENR at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for treatment of susceptible bacteria (MIC > 1 μg/mL) in freshwater crocodiles, C. siamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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100
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Rendle DI, Doran G, Ireland J, Edwards S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pergolide mesylate after oral administration in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:135-141. [PMID: 31082785 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Published information on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of pergolide is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral pergolide in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). The study design was a nonrandomized clinical trial. Six horses with PPID diagnosed by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests received pergolide at 4 μg/kg for 18 d. Plasma samples for determination of pergolide and ACTH concentration were collected 0.5 h before and 2 and 12 h after each administration of pergolide. Maximum plasma concentrations after the first oral dose of pergolide (0.104-0.684 ng/mL; median 0.261 ng/mL; interquartile range [IQR] 0.184-0.416 ng/mL) were not significantly different to the maximum steady-state concentration at day 18 (0.197-0.628 ng/mL; median 0.274; IQR 0.232-0.458 ng/mL). Chronic administration was not associated with drug accumulation (R = 1.09) and pergolide concentration reached steady state within 3 d. Throughout, concentrations of pergolide fluctuated considerably, with median plasma peak concentrations more than four times higher than median trough concentrations. Plasma ACTH concentration reduced significantly within 12 h of administration with further reductions occurring up to 10 d after the initiation of treatment. Although there were parallel fluctuations in the concentrations of pergolide and ACTH, timing of ACTH measurement in relation to the administration of pergolide did not have a significant effect. Alterations in the response to TRH were identified at 8 d with no further change being identified at 18 d. A small number of horses were studied. Oral pergolide results in significant suppression of pars intermedia activity within hours. Pergolide and ACTH concentrations fluctuated in tandem although correlation was poor. Fluctuations in pergolide concentration were consistent with a terminal elimination half-life of less than 12 h. To reduce the level of fluctuation of ACTH, twice-daily dosing of pergolide may be more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Rendle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia.
| | - G Doran
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - J Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
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