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Determination of n-alkanes in C. annuum (bell pepper) fruit and seed using GC-MS: comparison of extraction methods and application to samples of different geographical origin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5729-38. [PMID: 26018628 PMCID: PMC4498245 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient extraction and analysis method was developed for the isolation and quantification of n-alkanes from bell peppers of different geographical locations. Five extraction techniques, i.e., accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ball mill extraction, ultrasonication, rinsing, and shaking, were quantitatively compared using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Rinsing of the surface wax layer of freeze-dried bell peppers with chloroform proved to be a relatively quick and easy method to efficiently extract the main n-alkanes C27, C29, C31, and C33. A combined cleanup and fractionation approach on Teflon-coated silica SPE columns resulted in clean chromatograms and gave reproducible results (recoveries 90-95 %). The GC-MS method was reproducible (R(2) = 0.994-0.997, peak area standard deviation = 2-5%) and sensitive (LODs, S/N = 3, 0.05-0.15 ng/μL). The total main n-alkane concentrations were in the range of 5-50 μg/g dry weight. Seed extractions resulted in much lower total amounts of extracted n-alkanes compared to flesh and surface extractions, demonstrating the need for further improvement of pre-concentration and cleanup. The method was applied to 131 pepper samples from four different countries, and by using the relative n-alkane concentration ratios, Dutch peppers could be discriminated from those of the other countries, with the exception of peppers from the same cultivar. Graphical Abstract Procedure for pepper origin determination.
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52
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Wang L, Jin P, Wang J, Jiang L, Shan T, Zheng Y. Effect of β-aminobutyric acid on cell wall modification and senescence in sweet cherry during storage at 20°C. Food Chem 2015; 175:471-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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53
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Lara I, Belge B, Goulao LF. A focus on the biosynthesis and composition of cuticle in fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4005-19. [PMID: 25850334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles are plant structures, composed mostly by lipidic layers, synthesized by nonwoody aerial plant organs and deposited on the surface of outer epidermal cell walls. Although its significance has been often disregarded, cuticle deposition modifies organ chemistry, influences mechanical properties, and plays a central role in sensing and interacting with the surrounding environment. Even though some research has been undertaken addressing cuticle biosynthesis and composition in vegetative plant tissues, comparatively less information is available regarding cuticle composition in the epidermis of fruits. However, recent work points to a role for cuticles in the modulation of fruit quality and postharvest performance, indicating that current models for the investigation of fruit development, metabolism, and quality need to integrate a comprehensive knowledge of the cuticle layer. This paper provides an overview of recent findings and observations regarding cuticle biosynthesis and composition in fruits from species of agronomic and economic relevance. Important, but often neglected differences in cuticle composition and biosynthesis patterns among diverse fruit species are described herein to generate an atlas of what is currently known about fruit cuticles and to highlight what remains to be explored. Emphasis is placed on the need to investigate each genetic background considering its own specificities, to permit correlations with the particular physiology of each species considered. Both specific composition and changes during maturation and ripening are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- †Departament de Quı́mica, Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Burcu Belge
- †Departament de Quı́mica, Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Luis F Goulao
- §Agri4Safe/BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Cientı́fica Tropical (IICT), Polo Mendes Ferrão - Pavilhão de Agro-Indústrias e Agronomia Tropical, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Lee K, Nah SY, Kim ES. Micromorphology and development of the epicuticular structure on the epidermal cell of ginseng leaves. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:135-40. [PMID: 26045686 PMCID: PMC4452526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A leaf cuticle has different structures and functions as a barrier to water loss and as protection from various environmental stressors. METHODS Leaves of Panax ginseng were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the characteristics and development of the epicuticular structure. RESULTS Along the epidermal wall surface, the uniformly protuberant fine structure was on the adaxial surface of the cuticle. This epicuticular structure was highly wrinkled and radially extended to the marginal region of epidermal cells. The cuticle at the protuberant positions maintained the same thickness. The density of the wall matrix under the structures was also similar to that of the other wall region. By contrast, none of this structure was distributed on the abaxial surface, except in the region of the stoma. During the early developmental phase of the epicuticular structure, small vesicles appeared on wall-cuticle interface in the peripheral wall of epidermal cells. Some electron-opaque vesicles adjacent to the cuticle were fused and formed the cuticle layer, whereas electron-translucent vesicles contacted each other and progressively increased in size within the epidermal wall. CONCLUSION The outwardly projected cuticle and epidermal cell wall (i.e., an epicuticular wrinkle) acts as a major barrier to block out sunlight in ginseng leaves. The small vesicles in the peripheral region of epidermal cells may suppress the cuticle and parts of epidermal wall, push it upward, and consequently contribute to the formation of the epicuticular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghwan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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55
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Alseekh S, Tohge T, Wendenberg R, Scossa F, Omranian N, Li J, Kleessen S, Giavalisco P, Pleban T, Mueller-Roeber B, Zamir D, Nikoloski Z, Fernie AR. Identification and mode of inheritance of quantitative trait loci for secondary metabolite abundance in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:485-512. [PMID: 25770107 PMCID: PMC4558650 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTL) analysis was performed on the well-characterized Solanum pennellii introgression lines to investigate the genomic regions associated with secondary metabolism in tomato fruit pericarp. In total, 679 mQTLs were detected across the 76 introgression lines. Heritability analyses revealed that mQTLs of secondary metabolism were less affected by environment than mQTLs of primary metabolism. Network analysis allowed us to assess the interconnectivity of primary and secondary metabolism as well as to compare and contrast their respective associations with morphological traits. Additionally, we applied a recently established real-time quantitative PCR platform to gain insight into transcriptional control mechanisms of a subset of the mQTLs, including those for hydroxycinnamates, acyl-sugar, naringenin chalcone, and a range of glycoalkaloids. Intriguingly, many of these compounds displayed a dominant-negative mode of inheritance, which is contrary to the conventional wisdom that secondary metabolite contents decreased on domestication. We additionally performed an exemplary evaluation of two candidate genes for glycolalkaloid mQTLs via the use of virus-induced gene silencing. The combined data of this study were compared with previous results on primary metabolism obtained from the same material and to other studies of natural variance of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Wendenberg
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Nooshin Omranian
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Kleessen
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tzili Pleban
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics and Otto Warburg Centre for Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dani Zamir
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics and Otto Warburg Centre for Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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56
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Guzmán P, Fernández V, Graça J, Cabral V, Kayali N, Khayet M, Gil L. Chemical and structural analysis of Eucalyptus globulus and E. camaldulensis leaf cuticles: a lipidized cell wall region. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:481. [PMID: 25278953 PMCID: PMC4165216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle has traditionally been conceived as an independent hydrophobic layer that covers the external epidermal cell wall. Due to its complexity, the existing relationship between cuticle chemical composition and ultra-structure remains unclear to date. This study aimed to examine the link between chemical composition and structure of isolated, adaxial leaf cuticles of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus by the gradual extraction and identification of lipid constituents (cutin and soluble lipids), coupled to spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. The soluble compounds and cutin monomers identified could not be assigned to a concrete internal cuticle ultra-structure. After cutin depolymerization, a cellulose network resembling the cell wall was observed, with different structural patterns in the regions ascribed to the cuticle proper and cuticular layer, respectively. Our results suggest that the current cuticle model should be revised, stressing the presence and major role of cell wall polysaccharides. It is concluded that the cuticle may be interpreted as a modified cell wall region which contains additional lipids. The major heterogeneity of the plant cuticle makes it difficult to establish a direct link between cuticle chemistry and structure with the existing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guzmán
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - José Graça
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Cabral
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Nour Kayali
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Mohamed Khayet
- Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
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57
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Bolger A, Scossa F, Bolger ME, Lanz C, Maumus F, Tohge T, Quesneville H, Alseekh S, Sørensen I, Lichtenstein G, Fich EA, Conte M, Keller H, Schneeberger K, Schwacke R, Ofner I, Vrebalov J, Xu Y, Osorio S, Aflitos SA, Schijlen E, Jiménez-Goméz JM, Ryngajllo M, Kimura S, Kumar R, Koenig D, Headland LR, Maloof JN, Sinha N, van Ham RCHJ, Lankhorst RK, Mao L, Vogel A, Arsova B, Panstruga R, Fei Z, Rose JKC, Zamir D, Carrari F, Giovannoni JJ, Weigel D, Usadel B, Fernie AR. The genome of the stress-tolerant wild tomato species Solanum pennellii. Nat Genet 2014. [PMID: 25064008 DOI: 10.1038/ng3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Solanum pennellii is a wild tomato species endemic to Andean regions in South America, where it has evolved to thrive in arid habitats. Because of its extreme stress tolerance and unusual morphology, it is an important donor of germplasm for the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum. Introgression lines (ILs) in which large genomic regions of S. lycopersicum are replaced with the corresponding segments from S. pennellii can show remarkably superior agronomic performance. Here we describe a high-quality genome assembly of the parents of the IL population. By anchoring the S. pennellii genome to the genetic map, we define candidate genes for stress tolerance and provide evidence that transposable elements had a role in the evolution of these traits. Our work paves a path toward further tomato improvement and for deciphering the mechanisms underlying the myriad other agronomic traits that can be improved with S. pennellii germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bolger
- 1] Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Institute for Biology I, Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Federico Scossa
- 1] Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Marie E Bolger
- 1] Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften 2 (IBG-2) Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christa Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Maumus
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), UR1164 Research Unit in Genomics Info (URGI), INRA de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hadi Quesneville
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), UR1164 Research Unit in Genomics Info (URGI), INRA de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Lichtenstein
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Castelar, Argentina
| | - Eric A Fich
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mariana Conte
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Castelar, Argentina
| | - Heike Keller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- 1] Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany. [2] Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer Schwacke
- 1] Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften 2 (IBG-2) Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Itai Ofner
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Vrebalov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sonia Osorio
- 1] Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Saulo Alves Aflitos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elio Schijlen
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - José M Jiménez-Goméz
- 1] Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany. [2] INRA, UMR 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - Malgorzata Ryngajllo
- Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel Koenig
- 1] Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany. [2] Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lauren R Headland
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julin N Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Neelima Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Roeland C H J van Ham
- 1] Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands. [2]
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Linyong Mao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute for Biology I, Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Entwicklungs und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- 1] Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. [3] US Department of Agriculture Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dani Zamir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Castelar, Argentina
| | - James J Giovannoni
- 1] Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. [2] US Department of Agriculture Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- 1] Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. [2] Institute for Biology I, Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. [3] Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften 2 (IBG-2) Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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58
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Tohge T, Alseekh S, Fernie AR. On the regulation and function of secondary metabolism during fruit development and ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4599-611. [PMID: 24446507 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The maturation and development of tomato fruit has received much attention due both to the complexity and intricacy of the changes which occur during this process and to the importance of these fruits as a component of the human diet. Whilst great advances have been made in understanding molecular genetic aspects of fruit development, our knowledge concerning the metabolic shifts underpinning this process remains largely confined to primary metabolism. Conversely, the majority of the metabolites considered to have health benefits are secondary or specialized metabolites. Prior to assessing the role (if any) of these metabolites in tomato fruit development, considerable effort will be required in order to better describe the complement of secondary metabolites in the tomato and to elucidate the metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis and degradation. Advances in tomato secondary metabolism will be reviewed here focusing on the use of metabolomics strategies and, where applicable, the enabling of these strategies by their coupling to information resident in the tomato genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1. Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1. Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1. Potsdam 14476, Germany
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59
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Martin LBB, Rose JKC. There's more than one way to skin a fruit: formation and functions of fruit cuticles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4639-51. [PMID: 25028557 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As with all aerial plant organs, fleshy fruits are encased in a hydrophobic cuticle that must fulfil multiple functions, including limiting desiccation and preventing microbial infection, which in the case of fruits maintains palatability and promotes seed dispersal. Fruit cuticles have many features in common with those of vegetative organs, but also have unique characteristics, including the fact that they are often astomatous, thicker than those of most leaves, and can be relatively easily isolated. These attributes provide a valuable experimental system to address questions related to cuticle structure, function, and the relationships between composition, architecture, permeability, and biomechanical properties. Here we provide an overview of insights into cuticle biology that have resulted from studies of those of fleshy fruits, as well as the diversity and dynamic nature of fruit cuticle composition and architecture, the environmental factors that influence those features, and the roles that they play in fruit ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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60
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The genome of the stress-tolerant wild tomato species Solanum pennellii. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1034-8. [PMID: 25064008 PMCID: PMC7036041 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Björn Usadel and colleagues report the genome sequence of the wild tomato species Solanum pennellii. The authors identify genes important for stress tolerance, metabolism and fruit maturation and suggest that transposable elements have had an important role in the evolution of the S. penellii stress response. Solanum pennellii is a wild tomato species endemic to Andean regions in South America, where it has evolved to thrive in arid habitats. Because of its extreme stress tolerance and unusual morphology, it is an important donor of germplasm for the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum1. Introgression lines (ILs) in which large genomic regions of S. lycopersicum are replaced with the corresponding segments from S. pennellii can show remarkably superior agronomic performance2. Here we describe a high-quality genome assembly of the parents of the IL population. By anchoring the S. pennellii genome to the genetic map, we define candidate genes for stress tolerance and provide evidence that transposable elements had a role in the evolution of these traits. Our work paves a path toward further tomato improvement and for deciphering the mechanisms underlying the myriad other agronomic traits that can be improved with S. pennellii germplasm.
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61
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Petit J, Bres C, Just D, Garcia V, Mauxion JP, Marion D, Bakan B, Joubès J, Domergue F, Rothan C. Analyses of tomato fruit brightness mutants uncover both cutin-deficient and cutin-abundant mutants and a new hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:888-906. [PMID: 24357602 PMCID: PMC3912114 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective layer synthesized by epidermal cells of the plants and consisting of cutin covered and filled by waxes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the thick cuticle embedding epidermal cells has crucial roles in the control of pathogens, water loss, cracking, postharvest shelf-life, and brightness. To identify tomato mutants with modified cuticle composition and architecture and to further decipher the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle in tomato, we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant collection in the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for mutants with altered fruit brightness. Our screen resulted in the isolation of 16 glossy and 8 dull mutants displaying changes in the amount and/or composition of wax and cutin, cuticle thickness, and surface aspect of the fruit as characterized by optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The main conclusions on the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle features were as follows: (1) screening for fruit brightness is an effective way to identify tomato cuticle mutants; (2) fruit brightness is independent from wax load variations; (3) glossy mutants show either reduced or increased cutin load; and (4) dull mutants display alterations in epidermal cell number and shape. Cuticle composition analyses further allowed the identification of groups of mutants displaying remarkable cuticle changes, such as mutants with increased dicarboxylic acids in cutin. Using genetic mapping of a strong cutin-deficient mutation, we discovered a novel hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase carrying a splice junction mutation, thus highlighting the potential of tomato brightness mutants for advancing our understanding of cuticle formation in plants.
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Bassolino L, Zhang Y, Schoonbeek HJ, Kiferle C, Perata P, Martin C. Accumulation of anthocyanins in tomato skin extends shelf life. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:650-655. [PMID: 24102530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shelf life is one of the most important traits for the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) industry. Two key factors, post-harvest over-ripening and susceptibility to post-harvest pathogen infection, determine tomato shelf life. Anthocyanins accumulate in the skin of Aft/Aft atv/atv tomatoes, the result of introgressing alleles affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruit from two wild relatives of tomato, which results in extended fruit shelf life. Compared with ordinary, anthocyanin-less tomatoes, the fruits of Aft/Aft atv/atv keep longer during storage and are less susceptible to Botrytis cinerea, a major tomato pathogen, post-harvest. Using genetically modified tomatoes over-producing anthocyanins, we confirmed that skin-specific accumulation of anthocyanins in tomato is sufficient to reduce the susceptibility of fruit to Botrytis cinerea. Our data indicate that accumulation of anthocyanins in tomato fruit, achieved either by traditional breeding or genetic engineering can be an effective way to extend tomato shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bassolino
- Plant Lab, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Yang Zhang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Claudia Kiferle
- Plant Lab, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Plant Lab, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
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63
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Buda GJ, Barnes WJ, Fich EA, Park S, Yeats TH, Zhao L, Domozych DS, Rose JK. An ATP binding cassette transporter is required for cuticular wax deposition and desiccation tolerance in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4000-13. [PMID: 24163310 PMCID: PMC3877811 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is thought to be a critical evolutionary adaptation that allowed the first plants to colonize land, because of its key roles in regulating plant water status and providing protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. Much has been learned about cuticle composition and structure through genetic and biochemical studies of angiosperms, as well as underlying genetic pathways, but little is known about the cuticles of early diverging plant lineages. Here, we demonstrate that the moss Physcomitrella patens, an extant relative of the earliest terrestrial plants, has a cuticle that is analogous in both structure and chemical composition to those of angiosperms. To test whether the underlying cuticle biosynthetic pathways were also shared among distant plant lineages, we generated a genetic knockout of the moss ATP binding cassette subfamily G (ABCG) transporter Pp-ABCG7, a putative ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana ABCG transporters involved in cuticle precursor trafficking. We show that this mutant is severely deficient in cuticular wax accumulation and has a reduced tolerance of desiccation stress compared with the wild type. This work provides evidence that the cuticle was an adaptive feature present in the first terrestrial plants and that the genes involved in their formation have been functionally conserved for over 450 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Buda
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - William J. Barnes
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Eric A. Fich
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Trevor H. Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Jocelyn K.C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Address correspondence to
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64
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Parsons EP, Popopvsky S, Lohrey GT, Alkalai-Tuvia S, Perzelan Y, Bosland P, Bebeli PJ, Paran I, Fallik E, Jenks MA. Fruit cuticle lipid composition and water loss in a diverse collection of pepper (Capsicum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:160-174. [PMID: 23496056 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits are covered by a relatively thick coating of cuticle that limits fruit water loss, a trait previously associated with maintenance of postharvest fruit quality during commercial marketing. To shed light on the chemical-compositional diversity of cuticles in pepper, the fruit cuticles from 50 diverse pepper genotypes from a world collection were screened for both wax and cutin monomer amount and composition. These same genotypes were also screened for fruit water loss rate and this was tested for associations with cuticle composition. Our results revealed an unexpectedly large amount of variation for the fruit cuticle lipids, with a more than 14-fold range for total wax amounts and a more than 16-fold range for cutin monomer amounts between the most extreme accessions. Within the major wax constituents fatty acids varied from 1 to 46%, primary alcohols from 2 to 19%, n-alkanes from 13 to 74% and triterpenoids and sterols from 10 to 77%. Within the cutin monomers, total hexadecanoic acids ranged from 54 to 87%, total octadecanoic acids ranged from 10 to 38% and coumaric acids ranged from 0.2 to 8% of the total. We also observed considerable differences in water loss among the accessions, and unique correlations between water loss and cuticle constituents. The resources described here will be valuable for future studies of the physiological function of fruit cuticle, for the identification of genes and QTLs associated with fruit cuticle synthesis in pepper fruit, and as a starting point for breeding improved fruit quality in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Parsons
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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65
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Yeats TH, Rose JK. The formation and function of plant cuticles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:5-20. [PMID: 23893170 PMCID: PMC3762664 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. The past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. Most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin. Concurrently, a complex regulatory network controlling the synthesis of the cuticle is emerging. It has also become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes. Here, we review recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function and highlight some of the major questions that will drive future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn K.C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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66
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Yeats TH, Rose JKC. The formation and function of plant cuticles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:5-20. [PMID: 23893170 DOI: 10.2307/23598549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. The past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. Most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin. Concurrently, a complex regulatory network controlling the synthesis of the cuticle is emerging. It has also become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes. Here, we review recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function and highlight some of the major questions that will drive future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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67
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Gapper NE, McQuinn RP, Giovannoni JJ. Molecular and genetic regulation of fruit ripening. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23585213 DOI: 10.1007/s1103-013-0050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit undergo a novel developmental program that ends in the irreversible process of ripening and eventual tissue senescence. During this maturation process, fruit undergo numerous physiological, biochemical and structural alterations, making them more attractive to seed dispersal organisms. In addition, advanced or over-ripening and senescence, especially through tissue softening and eventual decay, render fruit susceptible to invasion by opportunistic pathogens. While ripening and senescence are often used interchangeably, the specific metabolic activities of each would suggest that ripening is a distinct process of fleshy fruits that precedes and may predispose the fruit to subsequent senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Gapper
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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68
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Gapper NE, McQuinn RP, Giovannoni JJ. Molecular and genetic regulation of fruit ripening. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:575-91. [PMID: 23585213 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit undergo a novel developmental program that ends in the irreversible process of ripening and eventual tissue senescence. During this maturation process, fruit undergo numerous physiological, biochemical and structural alterations, making them more attractive to seed dispersal organisms. In addition, advanced or over-ripening and senescence, especially through tissue softening and eventual decay, render fruit susceptible to invasion by opportunistic pathogens. While ripening and senescence are often used interchangeably, the specific metabolic activities of each would suggest that ripening is a distinct process of fleshy fruits that precedes and may predispose the fruit to subsequent senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Gapper
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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69
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Ruiz-May E, Rose JKC. Progress toward the tomato fruit cell wall proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:159. [PMID: 23755055 PMCID: PMC3665905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) compartment, or apoplast, is host to a highly dynamic proteome, comprising large numbers of both enzymatic and structural proteins. This reflects its importance as the interface between adjacent cells and the external environment, the presence of numerous extracellular metabolic and signaling pathways, and the complex nature of wall structural assembly and remodeling during cell growth and differentiation. Tomato fruit ontogeny, with its distinct phases of rapid growth and ripening, provides a valuable experimental model system for CW proteomic studies, in that it involves substantial wall assembly, remodeling, and coordinated disassembly. Moreover, diverse populations of secreted proteins must be deployed to resist microbial infection and protect against abiotic stresses. Tomato fruits also provide substantial amounts of biological material, which is a significant advantage for many types of biochemical analyses, and facilitates the detection of lower abundance proteins. In this review, we describe a variety of orthogonal techniques that have been applied to identify CW localized proteins from tomato fruit, including approaches that: target the proteome of the CW and the overlying cuticle; functional "secretome" screens; lectin affinity chromatography; and computational analyses to predict proteins that enter the secretory pathway. Each has its merits and limitations, but collectively they are providing important insights into CW proteome composition and dynamics, as well as some potentially controversial issues, such as the prevalence of non-canonical protein secretion.
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70
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Khayet M, Fernández V. Estimation of the solubility parameters of model plant surfaces and agrochemicals: a valuable tool for understanding plant surface interactions. Theor Biol Med Model 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 23151272 PMCID: PMC3760451 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most aerial plant parts are covered with a hydrophobic lipid-rich cuticle, which is the interface between the plant organs and the surrounding environment. Plant surfaces may have a high degree of hydrophobicity because of the combined effects of surface chemistry and roughness. The physical and chemical complexity of the plant cuticle limits the development of models that explain its internal structure and interactions with surface-applied agrochemicals. In this article we introduce a thermodynamic method for estimating the solubilities of model plant surface constituents and relating them to the effects of agrochemicals. Results Following the van Krevelen and Hoftyzer method, we calculated the solubility parameters of three model plant species and eight compounds that differ in hydrophobicity and polarity. In addition, intact tissues were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the surface free energy, polarity, solubility parameter and work of adhesion of each were calculated from contact angle measurements of three liquids with different polarities. By comparing the affinities between plant surface constituents and agrochemicals derived from (a) theoretical calculations and (b) contact angle measurements we were able to distinguish the physical effect of surface roughness from the effect of the chemical nature of the epicuticular waxes. A solubility parameter model for plant surfaces is proposed on the basis of an increasing gradient from the cuticular surface towards the underlying cell wall. Conclusions The procedure enabled us to predict the interactions among agrochemicals, plant surfaces, and cuticular and cell wall components, and promises to be a useful tool for improving our understanding of biological surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khayet
- Genetics and Eco-physiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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71
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Serra O, Chatterjee S, Huang W, Stark RE. Mini-review: what nuclear magnetic resonance can tell us about protective tissues. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 195:120-4. [PMID: 22921005 PMCID: PMC3428714 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis and periderm protect plants from water and solute loss, pathogen invasion, and UV radiation. The cell walls of these protective tissues deposit the insoluble lipid biopolyesters cutin and suberin, respectively. These biopolymers interact in turn with polysaccharides, waxes and aromatic compounds to create complex assemblies that are not yet well defined at the molecular level. Non-destructive approaches must be tailored to the insoluble and noncrystalline character of these assemblies to establish the polymer and inter-component interactions needed to create functional barriers and structural supports. In the present mini-review, we illustrate the contribution of solid-state NMR methodology to compare the architecture of intact fruit cuticular polymers in wild-type and single-gene mutant tomatoes. We also show the potential of NMR-based metabolomics to identify the soluble metabolites that contribute to barrier formation in different varieties of potato tubers. Finally, we outline the challenges of these spectroscopic approaches, which include limited spectral resolution in solid state, differential swelling capabilities in solution, and incomplete dissolution in ionic liquids. Given the many genetically modified plants with altered suberin and cutin polymers that are now available, NMR nonetheless offers a promising tool to gain molecular insight into the complexity of these protective materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- Cork Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ruth E. Stark
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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72
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Szakiel A, Pączkowski C, Pensec F, Bertsch C. Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2012; 11:263-284. [PMID: 23519009 PMCID: PMC3601259 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits associated with a diet rich in fruit and vegetables include reduction of the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer, that are becoming prevalent in the aging human population. Triterpenoids, polycyclic compounds derived from the linear hydrocarbon squalene, are widely distributed in edible and medicinal plants and are an integral part of the human diet. As an important group of phytochemicals that exert numerous biological effects and display various pharmacological activities, triterpenoids are being evaluated for use in new functional foods, drugs, cosmetics and healthcare products. Screening plant material in the search for triterpenoid-rich plant tissues has identified fruit peel and especially fruit cuticular waxes as promising and highly available sources. The chemical composition, abundance and biological activities of triterpenoids occurring in cuticular waxes of some economically important fruits, like apple, grape berry, olive, tomato and others, are described in this review. The need for environmentally valuable and potentially profitable technologies for the recovery, recycling and upgrading of residues from fruit processing is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Flora Pensec
- UFR Pluridisciplinaire Enseignement Professionnalisant Supérieur, Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologie et Environnement EA 3391, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33, rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- UFR Pluridisciplinaire Enseignement Professionnalisant Supérieur, Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologie et Environnement EA 3391, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33, rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
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73
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Seo E, Yeom SI, Jo S, Jeong H, Kang BC, Choi D. Ectopic expression of Capsicum-specific cell wall protein Capsicum annuum senescence-delaying 1 (CaSD1) delays senescence and induces trichome formation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mol Cells 2012; 33:415-22. [PMID: 22441673 PMCID: PMC3887797 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins are known to have multiple roles in plant development, metabolism, and stress response. In a previous study to understand the roles of secreted proteins, Capsicum annuum secreted proteins (CaS) were isolated by yeast secretion trap. Among the secreted proteins, we further characterized Capsicum annuum senescence-delaying 1 (CaSD1), a gene encoding a novel secreted protein that is present only in the genus Capsicum. The deduced CaSD1 contains multiple repeats of the amino acid sequence KPPIHNHKPTDYDRS. Interestingly, the number of repeats varied among cultivars and species in the Capsicum genus. CaSD1 is constitutively expressed in roots, and Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression of CaSD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in delayed senescence with a dramatically increased number of trichomes and enlarged epidermal cells. Furthermore, senescence- and cell division-related genes were differentially regulated by CaSD1-overexpressing plants. These observations imply that the pepper-specific cell wall protein CaSD1 plays roles in plant growth and development by regulating cell division and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Seon-In Yeom
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | | | - Heejin Jeong
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
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