51
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Siavoshi F, Sahraee M, Ebrahimi H, Sarrafnejad A, Saniee P. Natural fruits, flowers, honey, and honeybees harbor Helicobacter pylori-positive yeasts. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12471. [PMID: 29457310 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For controlling Helicobacter pylori infection in humans, its environmental reservoir should be determined. In this study, yeast isolates from an isolated village in Iran were studied for the intracellular occurrence of H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, yeasts were isolated from 29 samples, including oral swabs from villagers (n = 7), flowers and fruits (n = 6), honey and honeybees (n = 12) and miscellaneous samples (4). Yeasts were classified into 12 RFLP groups and identified by amplification of 26S rDNA and sequencing. DNA extracted from the yeast cells was examined for the presence of H. pylori using PCR. RESULTS Of the 29 yeasts, 27 were members of different genera of Ascomycete. H. pylori was detected in 5 of 9 Candida (55.5%), 4 of 5 Komagataella (80%), 3 of 4 Pichia (100%), 2 of 2 Cytobasidia (100%), 2 of 2 Hansenia (100%), 1 of 1 Meyerozyma (100%) and 2 of 3 not sequenced (66.6%) yeasts. Distribution of 19 of 29 (65.5%) H. pylori-positive yeasts within 4 groups was as follows: 1 of 7(14.3%) in oral swabs, 5 of 6 (83.3%) in flowers and fruits, 10 of 12 (83.3%) in honey and the bee group and 3 of 4 (75%) in miscellaneous. CONCLUSIONS Different genera of osmotolerant yeasts from flowers, fruits, honey, and honeybees contained H. pylori in their vacuole. High frequency of H. pylori-positive yeasts in these samples might be related to their high sugar content. Insects such as honeybees that facilitate transfer and easy access of these yeasts to nectars serve as the main reservoirs of these yeasts, playing an important role in their protection and dispersal. Accordingly, H. pylori inside these yeasts can be carried by honeybees to different sugar- and nutrient-rich environments. Sugar-rich environments and honeybees play an important role in distribution of H. pylori-positive yeasts in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sahraee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfatah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C, Tehran, Iran
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52
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Martin E, Varotto Boccazzi I, De Marco L, Bongiorno G, Montagna M, Sacchi L, Mensah P, Ricci I, Gradoni L, Bandi C, Epis S. The mycobiota of the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus: Involvement of yeast symbionts in uric acid metabolism. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1064-1077. [PMID: 29345102 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the fungal mycobiota of arthropods, including the vectors of human and animal diseases, is still limited. Here, the mycobiota associated with the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus, the main vector of leishmaniasis in the western Mediterranean area, by a culture-dependent approach (microbiological analyses and sequencing of the 26S rRNA gene), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA amplicon-based next-generation sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), and genome sequencing of the dominant yeast species was investigated. The dominant species was Meyerozyma guilliermondii, known for its biotechnological applications. The focus was on this yeast and its prevalence in adults, pupae and larvae of reared sand flies (overall prevalence: 57.5%) and of field-collected individuals (overall prevalence: 9%) was investigated. Using whole-mount FISH and microscopic examination, it was further showed that M. guilliermondii colonizes the midgut of females, males and larvae and the distal part of Malpighian tubules of female sand flies, suggesting a possible role in urate degradation. Finally, the sequencing and analysis of the genome of M. guilliermondii allowed predicting the complete uric acid degradation pathway, suggesting that the yeast could contribute to the removal of the excess of nitrogenous wastes after the blood meal of the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Leone De Marco
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gioia Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Montagna
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences- Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Sacchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Priscilla Mensah
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale 'Luigi Sacco', Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale 'Luigi Sacco', Milan, Italy
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53
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Vasse M, Voglmayr H, Mayer V, Gueidan C, Nepel M, Moreno L, de Hoog S, Selosse MA, McKey D, Blatrix R. A phylogenetic perspective on the association between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and black yeasts (Ascomycota: Chaetothyriales). Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2519. [PMID: 28298348 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency and the geographical extent of symbiotic associations between ants and fungi of the order Chaetothyriales have been highlighted only recently. Using a phylogenetic approach based on seven molecular markers, we showed that ant-associated Chaetothyriales are scattered through the phylogeny of this order. There was no clustering according to geographical origin or to the taxonomy of the ant host. However, strains tended to be clustered according to the type of association with ants: strains from ant-made carton and strains from plant cavities occupied by ants ('domatia') rarely clustered together. Defining molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) with an internal transcribed spacer sequence similarity cut-off of 99% revealed that a single MOTU could be composed of strains collected from various ant species and from several continents. Some ant-associated MOTUs also contained strains isolated from habitats other than ant-associated structures. Altogether, our results suggest that the degree of specialization of the interactions between ants and their fungal partners is highly variable. A better knowledge of the ecology of these interactions and a more comprehensive sampling of the fungal order are needed to elucidate the evolutionary history of mutualistic symbioses between ants and Chaetothyriales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vasse
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Veronika Mayer
- Division of Structural and Functional Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Cécile Gueidan
- National Facilities and Collections, National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Maximilian Nepel
- Division of Structural and Functional Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria.,Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro Moreno
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 Rue Cuvier (CP50), 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Doyle McKey
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rumsaïs Blatrix
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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54
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Abstract
Fungi and insects live together in the same habitats, and many species of both groups rely on each other for success. Insects, the most successful animals on Earth, cannot produce sterols, essential vitamins, and many enzymes; fungi, often yeast-like in growth form, make up for these deficits. Fungi, however, require constantly replenished substrates because they consume the previous ones, and insects, sometimes lured by volatile fungal compounds, carry fungi directly to a similar, but fresh, habitat. Yeasts associated with insects include Ascomycota (Saccharomycotina, Pezizomycotina) and a few Basidiomycota. Beetles, homopterans, and flies are important associates of fungi, and in turn the insects carry yeasts in pits, specialized external pouches, and modified gut pockets. Some yeasts undergo sexual reproduction within the insect gut, where the genetic diversity of the population is increased, while others, well suited to their stable environment, may never mate. The range of interactions extends from dispersal of yeasts on the surface of insects (e.g., cactus-Drosophila-yeast and ephemeral flower communities, ambrosia beetles, yeasts with holdfasts) to extremely specialized associations of organisms that can no longer exist independently, as in the case of yeast-like symbionts of planthoppers. In a few cases yeast-like fungus-insect associations threaten butterflies and other species with extinction. Technical advances improve discovery and identification of the fungi but also inform our understanding of the evolution of yeast-insect symbioses, although there is much more to learn.
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55
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McLean AHC, Parker BJ, Hrček J, Henry LM, Godfray HCJ. Insect symbionts in food webs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0325. [PMID: 27481779 PMCID: PMC4971179 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the bacterial endosymbionts of insects are abundant and diverse, and that they have numerous different effects on their hosts' biology. Here we explore how insect endosymbionts might affect the structure and dynamics of insect communities. Using the obligate and facultative symbionts of aphids as an example, we find that there are multiple ways that symbiont presence might affect food web structure. Many symbionts are now known to help their hosts escape or resist natural enemy attack, and others can allow their hosts to withstand abiotic stress or affect host plant use. In addition to the direct effect of symbionts on aphid phenotypes there may be indirect effects mediated through trophic and non-trophic community interactions. We believe that by using data from barcoding studies to identify bacterial symbionts, this extra, microbial dimension to insect food webs can be better elucidated. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa H C McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jan Hrček
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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56
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Jones JC, Fruciano C, Hildebrand F, Al Toufalilia H, Balfour NJ, Bork P, Engel P, Ratnieks FL, Hughes WO. Gut microbiota composition is associated with environmental landscape in honey bees. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:441-451. [PMID: 29321884 PMCID: PMC5756847 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the gut microbial community regulates a wide variety of important functions in its animal hosts, including host health. However, the complex interactions between gut microbes and environment are still unclear. Honey bees are ecologically and economically important pollinators that host a core gut microbial community that is thought to be constant across populations. Here, we examined whether the composition of the gut microbial community of honey bees is affected by the environmental landscape the bees are exposed to. We placed honey bee colonies reared under identical conditions in two main landscape types for 6 weeks: either oilseed rape farmland or agricultural farmland distant to fields of flowering oilseed rape. The gut bacterial communities of adult bees from the colonies were then characterized and compared based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. While previous studies have delineated a characteristic core set of bacteria inhabiting the honey bee gut, our results suggest that the broad environment that bees are exposed to has some influence on the relative abundance of some members of that microbial community. This includes known dominant taxa thought to have functions in nutrition and health. Our results provide evidence for an influence of landscape exposure on honey bee microbial community and highlight the potential effect of exposure to different environmental parameters, such as forage type and neonicotinoid pesticides, on key honey bee gut bacteria. This work emphasizes the complexity of the relationship between the host, its gut bacteria, and the environment and identifies target microbial taxa for functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Jones
- School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- School of Earth Environment and Biological Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit Heidelberg Germany
| | | | | | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit Heidelberg Germany.,Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Philipp Engel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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57
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Ramalho MO, Bueno OC, Moreau CS. Species-specific signatures of the microbiome from Camponotus and Colobopsis ants across developmental stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187461. [PMID: 29166404 PMCID: PMC5699820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships between hosts and bacteria are common in nature, and these may be responsible for the evolutionary success of various groups of animals. Among ants, these associations have been well studied in some genera of the Camponotini, but several questions remain regarding the generality of the previous findings across all the members of this ant tribe and if bacterial communities change across development in these hosts. This study is the first to characterize the bacterial community associated with a colony of the recently recognized genus Colobopsis and three colonies of Camponotus (two distinct species) and show how different the composition of the bacterial community is when compared across the different genera. Our data reveal that Colobopsis (species: Co. riehlii) and Camponotus (species: Ca. floridanus and Ca. planatus) have distinct microbiota, and we were able to verify that the identity of the species contributes more to the bacterial diversity. We also demonstrated that there were no significant differences between colonies of the same species (Camponotus planatus), and between stages of development from different colonies. We did find that some developmental stages have distinct bacteria, confirming that each stage of development could have a specific microbiota. Our results show species are one of the factors that shape the bacterial community in these Camponotini ants. Additional studies of the intra-colonial microbiome of other hosts and across development may reveal additional clues about the function and importance of bacteria in colony recognition, individual and colony health, and nutritional upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira Ramalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” UNESP–Instituto de Biociências—Campus Rio Claro, Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Bela Vista, Rio Claro-SP, Brasil
- Field Museum of Natural History, Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Odair Correa Bueno
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” UNESP–Instituto de Biociências—Campus Rio Claro, Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Bela Vista, Rio Claro-SP, Brasil
| | - Corrie Saux Moreau
- Field Museum of Natural History, Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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58
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Nutrient quality of vertebrate dung as a diet for dung beetles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12141. [PMID: 28939910 PMCID: PMC5610319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At the basis of a trophic web, coprophagous animals like dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea) utilize resources that may have advantages (easy gain and handling) as well as drawbacks (formerly processed food). Several studies have characterized the nutrients, e.g. C/N ratios and organic matter content, for specific types of dung. However, a comparative approach across dung types and feeding guilds of dung producers, and relationships between dung nutrients and preferences by coprophages, have been missing. Hence, we analyzed water content, C/N ratio, amino acid, neutral lipid fatty acid, free fatty acid and sterol composition and concentrations in dung from 23 vertebrates, including carnivore, omnivore and herbivore species. Our analyses revealed significant differences among the three vertebrate feeding guilds for most nutritional parameters. Although formerly processed, dung grants sufficient amounts of essential nutrients for insects. We tested whether nutrients can explain the dung beetles’ preferences in a field experiment, using 12 representative dung types in baits that were installed in 27 forests and 27 grasslands. Although consistent preferences for specific dung types were pronounced, the nutritional composition did not predict the variation in attractiveness of these dung diets, suggesting a primary role of dung volatiles irrespective of food quality.
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59
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Gomez-Polo P, Ballinger MJ, Lalzar M, Malik A, Ben-Dov Y, Mozes-Daube N, Perlman SJ, Iasur-Kruh L, Chiel E. An exceptional family: Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus dominates the microbiome of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae). Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5855-5868. [PMID: 28833928 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemipteran insects of the suborder Sternorrhyncha are plant sap feeders, where each family is obligately associated with a specific bacterial endosymbiont that produces essential nutrients lacking in the sap. Coccidae (soft scale insects) is the only major sternorrhynchan family in which obligate symbiont(s) have not been identified. We studied the microbiota in seven species from this family from Israel, Spain and Cyprus, by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal genes, and found that no specific bacterium was prevalent and abundant in all the tested species. In contrast, an Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus sp.-a lineage widely known as entomopathogenic-was highly prevalent. All individuals of all the tested species carried this fungus. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus from the coccids is closely related to fungi described from other hemipterans, and they appear to be monophyletic, although the phylogenies of the Ophiocordyceps-allied fungi and their hosts do not appear to be congruent. Microscopic observations show that the fungal cells are lemon-shaped, are distributed throughout the host's body and are present in the eggs, suggesting vertical transmission. Taken together, the results suggest that the Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus may be a primary symbiont of Coccidae-a major evolutionary shift from bacteria to fungi in the Sternorrhyncha, and an important example of fungal evolutionary lifestyle switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Gomez-Polo
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | | | - Maya Lalzar
- Bioinformatics Service Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Malik
- Bioinformatics Service Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yair Ben-Dov
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Neta Mozes-Daube
- Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Steve J Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Lilach Iasur-Kruh
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College of Engineering, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Elad Chiel
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon, Israel
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60
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Tiede J, Scherber C, Mutschler J, McMahon KD, Gratton C. Gut microbiomes of mobile predators vary with landscape context and species identity. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8545-8557. [PMID: 29075470 PMCID: PMC5648672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Landscape context affects predator–prey interactions and predator diet composition, yet little is known about landscape effects on insect gut microbiomes, a determinant of physiology and condition. Here, we combine laboratory and field experiments to examine the effects of landscape context on the gut bacterial community and body condition of predatory insects. Under laboratory conditions, we found that prey diversity increased bacterial richness in insect guts. In the field, we studied the performance and gut microbiota of six predatory insect species along a landscape complexity gradient in two local habitat types (soybean fields vs. prairie). Insects from soy fields had richer gut bacteria and lower fat content than those from prairies, suggesting better feeding conditions in prairies. Species origin mediated landscape context effects, suggesting differences in foraging of exotic and native predators on a landscape scale. Overall, our study highlights complex interactions among gut microbiota, predator identity, and landscape context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tiede
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Muenster Muenster Germany.,Department of Crop Sciences University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany.,Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Muenster Muenster Germany.,Department of Crop Sciences University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - James Mutschler
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Bacteriology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Katherine D McMahon
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Bacteriology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Claudio Gratton
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI USA
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61
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Hammer TJ, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Jaffe SP, Fierer N. Caterpillars lack a resident gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9641-9646. [PMID: 28830993 PMCID: PMC5594680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707186114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals are inhabited by microbial symbionts that influence their hosts' development, physiology, ecological interactions, and evolutionary diversification. However, firm evidence for the existence and functional importance of resident microbiomes in larval Lepidoptera (caterpillars) is lacking, despite the fact that these insects are enormously diverse, major agricultural pests, and dominant herbivores in many ecosystems. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR, we characterized the gut microbiomes of wild leaf-feeding caterpillars in the United States and Costa Rica, representing 124 species from 15 families. Compared with other insects and vertebrates assayed using the same methods, the microbes that we detected in caterpillar guts were unusually low-density and variable among individuals. Furthermore, the abundance and composition of leaf-associated microbes were reflected in the feces of caterpillars consuming the same plants. Thus, microbes ingested with food are present (although possibly dead or dormant) in the caterpillar gut, but host-specific, resident symbionts are largely absent. To test whether transient microbes might still contribute to feeding and development, we conducted an experiment on field-collected caterpillars of the model species Manduca sexta Antibiotic suppression of gut bacterial activity did not significantly affect caterpillar weight gain, development, or survival. The high pH, simple gut structure, and fast transit times that typify caterpillar digestive physiology may prevent microbial colonization. Moreover, host-encoded digestive and detoxification mechanisms likely render microbes unnecessary for caterpillar herbivory. Caterpillars illustrate the potential ecological and evolutionary benefits of independence from symbionts, a lifestyle that may be widespread among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin J Hammer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309;
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
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62
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Piper AM, Farnier K, Linder T, Speight R, Cunningham JP. Two Gut-Associated Yeasts in a Tephritid Fruit Fly have Contrasting Effects on Adult Attraction and Larval Survival. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:891-901. [PMID: 28836040 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Yeast-insect interactions have been well characterized in drosophilid flies, but not in tephritid fruit flies, which include many highly polyphagous pest species that attack ripening fruits. Using the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) as our model tephritid species, we identified yeast species present in the gut of wild-collected larvae and found two genera, Hanseniaspora and Pichia, were the dominant isolates. In behavioural trials using adult female B. tryoni, a fruit-agar substrate inoculated with Pichia kluyveri resulted in odour emissions that increased the attraction of flies, whereas inoculation with Hanseniaspora uvarum, produced odours that strongly deterred flies, and both yeasts led to decreased oviposition. Larval development trials showed that the fruit-agar substrate inoculated with the 'deterrent odour' yeast species, H. uvarum, resulted in significantly faster larval development and a greater number of adult flies, compared to a substrate inoculated with the 'attractive odour' yeast species, P. kluyveri, and a yeast free control substrate. GC-MS analysis of volatiles emitted by H. uvarum and P. kluyveri inoculated substrates revealed significant quantitative differences in ethyl-, isoamyl-, isobutyl-, and phenethyl- acetates, which may be responsible for the yeast-specific olfactory responses of adult flies. We discuss how our seemingly counterintuitive finding that female B. tryoni flies avoid a beneficial yeast fits well with our understanding of female choice of oviposition sites, and how the contrasting behavioural effects of H. uvarum and P. kluyveri raises interesting questions regarding the role of yeast-specific volatiles as cues to insect vectors. A better understanding of yeast-tephritid interactions could assist in the future management of tephritid fruit fly pests through the formulation of new "attract and kill" lures, and the development of probiotics for mass rearing of insects in sterile insect control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Piper
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Kevin Farnier
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Tomas Linder
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - John Paul Cunningham
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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63
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Abstract
Many aspects of an individual's biology derive from its interaction with symbiotic microbes, which further define many aspects of the ecology and evolution of the host species. The centrality of microbes in the function of individual organisms has given rise to the concept of the holobiont—that an individual's biology is best understood as a composite of the ‘host organism’ and symbionts within. This concept has been further elaborated to posit the holobiont as a unit of selection. In this review, I critically examine whether it is useful to consider holobionts as a unit of selection. I argue that microbial heredity—the direct passage of microbes from parent to offspring—is a key factor determining the degree to which the holobiont can usefully be considered a level of selection. Where direct vertical transmission (VT) is common, microbes form part of extended genomes whose dynamics can be modelled with simple population genetics, but that nevertheless have subtle quantitative distinctions from the classic mutation/selection model for nuclear genes. Without direct VT, the correlation between microbial fitness and host individual fitness erodes, and microbe fitness becomes associated with host survival only (rather than reproduction). Furthermore, turnover of microbes within a host may lessen associations between microbial fitness with host survival, and in polymicrobial communities, microbial fitness may derive largely from the ability to outcompete other microbes, to avoid host immune clearance and to minimize mortality through phage infection. These competing selection pressures make holobiont fitness a very minor consideration in determining symbiont evolution. Nevertheless, the importance of non-heritable microbes in organismal function is undoubted—and as such the evolutionary and ecological processes giving rise to variation and evolution of the microbes within and between host individuals represent a key research area in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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64
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Lenaerts M, Goelen T, Paulussen C, Herrera‐Malaver B, Steensels J, Van den Ende W, Verstrepen KJ, Wäckers F, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Nectar bacteria affect life history of a generalist aphid parasitoid by altering nectar chemistry. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Lenaerts
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Sint‐Katelijne Waver Belgium
| | - Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Sint‐Katelijne Waver Belgium
| | - Caroline Paulussen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Sint‐Katelijne Waver Belgium
| | - Beatriz Herrera‐Malaver
- Lab for Systems BiologyVIB Center for Microbiology & Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Lab for Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Steensels
- Lab for Systems BiologyVIB Center for Microbiology & Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Lab for Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant BiologyBiology DepartmentKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Lab for Systems BiologyVIB Center for Microbiology & Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Lab for Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Westerlo Belgium
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population BiologyBiology DepartmentKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU Leuven Sint‐Katelijne Waver Belgium
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65
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Jimenez SI, Carroll C, Babcock T, Derstine N, Hadwin A, Moore M, Gries G. Yeasts Harbored by Vespine Wasps in the Pacific Northwest. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:217-225. [PMID: 28169397 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ecological role of social wasps has been extensively studied, but little is known about symbiotic relationships of these wasps with microbes. Recently, it was shown that vespid wasps in Europe carry yeasts, predominantly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in their gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Interestingly, this niche allowed for sexual recombination of yeasts to occur and the formation of novel hybrid species. Our goals were 1) to survey the GI tract of eusocial wasps in the Pacific Northwest for the presence of yeasts and 2) to compare the diversity of such yeasts to that described for wasps in Europe. The GI tracts of 19 individual wasps from five species were plated, and 27 yeast-like colonies were identified to the species level. Yeasts in the genera Lachancea and Hanseniaspora each comprised ∼30% of the isolates; ∼25% were identified as Metschnikowia spp., with the remaining 10% belonging to Rhodotorula. Four bacterial isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and two isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Yeasts were present at all life stages of the wasps except for two unfed gynes of Dolichovespula maculata (L.) that contained only bacteria. The presence of a particular yeast species was not correlated with any wasp species. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae was not found in any wasp species. This highlights an interesting difference in the life cycle of both S. cerevisiae and wasps in Europe and the Pacific Northwest, and prompts further studies on the interactions of these microbes with their host wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ibarra Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Cassandra Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Tamara Babcock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Nathan Derstine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Alison Hadwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Margo Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
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66
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Corbin C, Heyworth ER, Ferrari J, Hurst GDD. Heritable symbionts in a world of varying temperature. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:10-20. [PMID: 27703153 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable microbes represent an important component of the biology, ecology and evolution of many plants, animals and fungi, acting as both parasites and partners. In this review, we examine how heritable symbiont-host interactions may alter host thermal tolerance, and how the dynamics of these interactions may more generally be altered by thermal environment. Obligate symbionts, those required by their host, are considered to represent a thermally sensitive weak point for their host, associated with accumulation of deleterious mutations. As such, these symbionts may represent an important determinant of host thermal envelope and spatial distribution. We then examine the varied relationship between thermal environment and the frequency of facultative symbionts that provide ecologically contingent benefits or act as parasites. We note that some facultative symbionts directly alter host thermotolerance. We outline how thermal environment will alter the benefits/costs of infection more widely, and additionally modulate vertical transmission efficiency. Multiple patterns are observed, with symbionts being cold sensitive in some species and heat sensitive in others, with varying and non-coincident thresholds at which phenotype and transmission are ablated. Nevertheless, it is clear that studies aiming to predict ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbiont-host interactions need to examine the interaction across a range of thermal environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of thermal sensitivity in predicting the success/failure of symbionts to spread into novel species following natural/engineered introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corbin
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E R Heyworth
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - J Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - G D D Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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67
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High-throughput sequencing-based analysis of endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting the Chinese Cordyceps reveals unexpectedly high fungal diversity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33437. [PMID: 27625176 PMCID: PMC5022047 DOI: 10.1038/srep33437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps, known in Chinese as “DongChong XiaCao”, is a parasitic complex of a fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) and a caterpillar. The current study explored the endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting Chinese Cordyceps. Samples were collected from five different geographical regions of Qinghai and Tibet, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences from each sample were obtained using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum in Chinese Cordyceps and its soil microhabitat from different sampling regions. Among the Ascomycota, 65 genera were identified, and the abundant operational taxonomic units showed the strongest sequence similarity to Ophiocordyceps, Verticillium, Pseudallescheria, Candida and Ilyonectria Not surprisingly, the genus Ophiocordyceps was the largest among the fungal communities identified in the fruiting bodies and external mycelial cortices of Chinese Cordyceps. In addition, fungal communities in the soil microhabitats were clustered separately from the external mycelial cortices and fruiting bodies of Chinese Cordyceps from different sampling regions. There was no significant structural difference in the fungal communities between the fruiting bodies and external mycelial cortices of Chinese Cordyceps. This study revealed an unexpectedly high diversity of fungal communities inhabiting the Chinese Cordyceps and its microhabitats.
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68
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Hebert PDN, Hollingsworth PM, Hajibabaei M. From writing to reading the encyclopedia of life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150321. [PMID: 27481778 PMCID: PMC4971178 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prologue 'As the study of natural science advances, the language of scientific description may be greatly simplified and abridged. This has already been done by Linneaus and may be carried still further by other invention. The descriptions of natural orders and genera may be reduced to short definitions, and employment of signs, somewhat in the manner of algebra, instead of long descriptions. It is more easy to conceive this, than it is to conceive with what facility, and in how short a time, a knowledge of all the objects of natural history may ultimately be acquired; and that which is now considered learning and science, and confined to a few specially devoted to it, may at length be universally possessed in every civilized country and in every rank of life'. J. C. Louden 1829. Magazine of natural history, vol. 1: This article is part of the themed issue 'From DNA barcodes to biomes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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69
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Franzini PZN, Ramond JB, Scholtz CH, Sole CL, Ronca S, Cowan DA. The Gut Microbiomes of Two Pachysoma MacLeay Desert Dung Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Feeding on Different Diets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161118. [PMID: 27532606 PMCID: PMC4988786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms inhabiting animal guts benefit from a protected and nutrient-rich environment while assisting the host with digestion and nutrition. In this study we compare, for the first time, the bacterial and fungal gut communities of two species of the small desert dung beetle genus Pachysoma feeding on different diets: the detritivorous P. endroedyi and the dry-dung-feeding P. striatum. Whole-gut microbial communities from 5 individuals of each species were assessed using 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS gene regions. The two bacterial communities were significantly different, with only 3.7% of operational taxonomic units shared, and displayed intra-specific variation. The number of bacterial phyla present within the guts of P. endroedyi and P. striatum individuals ranged from 6-11 and 4-7, respectively. Fungal phylotypes could only be detected within the gut of P. striatum. Although the role of host phylogeny in Pachysoma microbiome assembly remains unknown, evidence presented in this study suggests that host diet may be a deterministic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Z. N. Franzini
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ramond
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Clarke H. Scholtz
- Scarab Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catherine L. Sole
- Scarab Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sandra Ronca
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don A. Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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70
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An exploration of the fungal assemblage in each life history stage of the butterfly, Lycaeides melissa (Lycaenidae), as well as its host plant Astragalus canadensis (Fabaceae). FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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71
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Muturi EJ, Bara JJ, Rooney AP, Hansen AK. Midgut fungal and bacterial microbiota of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes japonicus shift in response to La Crosse virus infection. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4075-90. [PMID: 27357374 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how midgut microbial communities of field-collected mosquitoes interact with pathogens is critical for controlling vector infection and disease. We used 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer sequencing to characterize the midgut bacterial and fungal communities of adult females of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes japonicus collected as pupae in tree holes, plastic bins and waste tires and their response to La Crosse virus (LACV) infection. For both mosquito species and across all habitat and virus treatments, a total of 62 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from six phyla and 21 fungal OTUs from two phyla were identified. The majority of bacterial (92%) and fungal (71%) OTUs were shared between the mosquito species; however, several OTUs were unique to each species. Bacterial and fungal communities of individuals that took either infectious or noninfectious bloodmeals were less diverse and more homogeneous compared to those of newly emerged adults. Interestingly, LACV-infected A. triseriatus and A. japonicus had higher bacterial richness and lower fungal richness compared to individuals that took a noninfectious bloodmeal, suggesting that viral infection was associated with an increase in bacterial OTUs and a decrease in fungal OTUs. For both mosquito species, several OTUs were identified that had both high fidelity and specificity to mosquito midguts that were infected with LACV. Overall, these findings demonstrate that bacterial and fungal communities that reside in mosquito midguts respond to host diet and viral infection and could play a role in modulating vector susceptibility to LACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Bara
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Alejandro P Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Allison K Hansen
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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72
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Dohet L, Grégoire JC, Berasategui A, Kaltenpoth M, Biedermann PHW. Bacterial and fungal symbionts of parasiticDendroctonusbark beetles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw129. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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73
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Vera-Ponce de León A, Sanchez-Flores A, Rosenblueth M, Martínez-Romero E. Fungal Community Associated with Dactylopius (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) and Its Role in Uric Acid Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:954. [PMID: 27446001 PMCID: PMC4917543 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied fungal species associated with the carmine cochineal Dactylopius coccus and other non-domesticated Dactylopius species using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Thirty seven fungi were isolated in various culture media from insect males and females from different developmental stages and Dactylopius species. 26S rRNA genes and ITS sequences, from cultured fungal isolates revealed different species of Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Debaryomyces, Trametes, and Penicillium, which are genera newly associated with Dactylopius. Uric acid (UA) and uricase activity were detected in tissues extracts from different insect developmental stages. However, accumulation of high UA levels and low uricase activities were found only after antifungal treatments, suggesting an important role of fungal species in its metabolism. Additionally, uricolytic fungal isolates were identified and characterized that presumably are involved in nitrogen recycling metabolism. After metagenomic analyses from D. coccus gut and hemolymph DNA and from two published data sets, we confirmed the presence of fungal genes involved in UA catabolism, suggesting that fungi help in the nitrogen recycling process in Dactylopius by uricolysis. All these results show the importance of fungal communities in scale insects such as Dactylopius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Vera-Ponce de León
- Programa de Ecología Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavca, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavca, Mexico
| | - Mónica Rosenblueth
- Programa de Ecología Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavca, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Programa de Ecología Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavca, Mexico
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74
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Mori BA, Whitener AB, Leinweber Y, Revadi S, Beers EH, Witzgall P, Becher PG. Enhanced yeast feeding following mating facilitates control of the invasive fruit pestDrosophila suzukii. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyd A. Mori
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Alix B. Whitener
- Department of Entomology; WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center; 1100 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Yannick Leinweber
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Santosh Revadi
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Elizabeth H. Beers
- Department of Entomology; WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center; 1100 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
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75
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Cheng C, Zhou F, Lu M, Sun J. Inducible pine rosin defense mediates interactions between an invasive insect-fungal complex and newly acquired sympatric fungal associates. Integr Zool 2016; 10:453-64. [PMID: 25939920 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutualism between insects and fungi drives insect evolutionary diversification and niche expansion; for invasive insects, however, mechanisms by which they maintain mutualistic relationships with beneficial fungi have not been clearly explored. Here, we report that an invasive herbivorous insect, the red turpentine beetle (RTB), with its co-invasive mutualistic fungus, Leptographium procerum, has newly acquired a set of sympatric fungi during invasion, which could potentially outcompete the RTB mutualistic fungus. Host pine Pinus tabuliformis exhibited more rosin-based responses to the sympatric fungi than to RTB mutualistic fungus and, in return, the rapidly induced rosin suppressed the sympatric fungi more significantly than L. procerum. In addition, from direct fungal pairing competitions, we found that the antagonistic effects of sympatric fungi on L. procerum were drastically reduced under induced rosin defense. Our results together with previous findings imply that pine oleoresin defense (turpentine and rosin) might have been exploited by the invasive mutualistic fungus L. procerum, which helps to explain its invasion success and, by extension, its mutualistic partner RTB in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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76
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Culex pipiens Development Is Greatly Influenced by Native Bacteria and Exogenous Yeast. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153133. [PMID: 27055276 PMCID: PMC4824439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex pipiens is the most cosmopolitan mosquito of the Pipiens Assemblage. By studying the nature of interactions between this species and microorganisms common to its breeding environment we can unravel important pitfalls encountered during development. We tested the survival rate of larval stages, pupae and adults of a Cx. pipiens colony exposed to a variety of microorganisms in laboratory conditions and assessed the transmission to offspring (F1) by those organisms that secured development up to adulthood. Three complementary experiments were designed to: 1) explore the nutritional value of yeasts and other microorganisms during Cx. pipiens development; 2) elucidate the transstadial transmission of yeast to the host offspring; and 3) to examine the relevance of all these microorganisms in female choice for oviposition-substratum. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae proved to be the most nutritional diet, but despite showing the highest survival rates, vertical transmission to F1 was never confirmed. In addition, during the oviposition trials, none of the gravid females was attracted to the yeast substratum. Notably, the two native bacterial strains, Klebsiella sp. and Aeromonas sp., were the preferred oviposition media, the same two bacteria that managed to feed neonates until molting into 2nd instar larvae. Our results not only suggest that Klebsiella sp. or Aeromonas sp. serve as attractants for oviposition habitat selection, but also nurture the most fragile instar, L1, to assure molting into a more resilient stage, L2, while yeast proves to be the most supportive diet for completing development. These experiments unearthed survival traits that might be considered in the future development of strategies of Cx. pipiens control. These studies can be extended to other members of the Pipiens Assemblage.
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77
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Gonzalez F, Tkaczuk C, Dinu MM, Fiedler Ż, Vidal S, Zchori-Fein E, Messelink GJ. New opportunities for the integration of microorganisms into biological pest control systems in greenhouse crops. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 89:295-311. [PMID: 27340390 PMCID: PMC4880627 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological pest control with mass-produced arthropod natural enemies is well developed in greenhouse crops and has often resulted in the evolution of complex ecosystems with persistent populations of multiple arthropod natural enemy species. However, there are cases where arthropod natural enemies are either not effective enough, not available, or their use is rather costly. For these reasons, biological control based on microorganisms, also referred to as 'microbials', represents a complementary strategy for further development. Although commercially available microbials have been around for quite some time, research on and the applied use of combinations of arthropod natural enemies and microbials have remained relatively under explored. Here, we review current uses of entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and their possible direct and indirect effects on arthropod natural enemies in European greenhouses. We discuss how microbials might be combined with arthropod natural enemies in the light of new methodologies and technologies such as conservation biological control, greenhouse climate management, and formulation and delivery. Furthermore, we explore the possibilities of using other microorganisms for biological control, such as endophytes, and the need to understand the effect of insect-associated microorganisms, or symbionts, on the success of biological control. Finally, we suggest future research directions to optimize the combined use of microbials and arthropod natural enemies in greenhouse production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez
- />Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Växtskyddsvägen 3, P.O. Box 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- />Department of Plant Protection and Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14 Street, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Mihaela Monica Dinu
- />Research-Development Institute for Plant Protection, Bd. Ion Ionescu de la Brad nr. 8, Sector 1, P.O. Box 013813, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Żaneta Fiedler
- />Department of Biological Control, Institute of Plant Protection – NRI, Władysława Węgorka 20 Street, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefan Vidal
- />Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural Entomology, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- />Department of Entomology, NeweYa’ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, 30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Gerben J. Messelink
- />Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 20, 2265 ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
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78
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Diverse Bacteriophage Roles in an Aphid-Bacterial Defensive Mutualism. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28068-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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79
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Giron D, Huguet E, Stone GN, Body M. Insect-induced effects on plants and possible effectors used by galling and leaf-mining insects to manipulate their host-plant. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:70-89. [PMID: 26723843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects are iconic examples in the manipulation and reprogramming of plant development, inducing spectacular morphological and physiological changes of host-plant tissues within which the insect feeds and grows. Despite decades of research, effectors involved in gall induction and basic mechanisms of gall formation remain unknown. Recent research suggests that some aspects of the plant manipulation shown by gall-inducers may be shared with other insect herbivorous life histories. Here, we illustrate similarities and contrasts by reviewing current knowledge of metabolic and morphological effects induced on plants by gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, and ask whether leaf-miners can also be considered to be plant reprogrammers. We review key plant functions targeted by various plant reprogrammers, including plant-manipulating insects and nematodes, and functionally characterize insect herbivore-derived effectors to provide a broader understanding of possible mechanisms used in host-plant manipulation. Consequences of plant reprogramming in terms of ecology, coevolution and diversification of plant-manipulating insects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mélanie Body
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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80
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Durand AA, Bergeron A, Constant P, Buffet JP, Déziel E, Guertin C. Surveying the endomicrobiome and ectomicrobiome of bark beetles: The case of Dendroctonus simplex. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17190. [PMID: 26608752 PMCID: PMC4660424 DOI: 10.1038/srep17190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bark beetles belonging to the Dendroctonus genus carry bacterial and
fungal microbiota, forming a symbiotic complex that helps the insect to colonize the
subcortical environment of the host tree. However, the biodiversity of those
bacteria at the surface of the cuticle or inside the body parts of bark beetles is
not well established. The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial
microbiome associated with the eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex,
using bacterial 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. The ecto- and endomicrobiome and the
subcortical galleries were investigated. Several bacterial genera were identified,
among which Pseudomonas, Serratia and Yersinia are associated with the
surface of the beetle cuticle, and genera belonging to Enterobacteriaceae and
Gammaproteobacteria with the interior of the insect body. The index of dissimilarity
indicates that the bacterial microbiome associated with each environment constitutes
exclusive groups. These results suggest the presence of distinct bacterial
microbiota on the surface of the cuticle and the interior of D. simplex body.
Additionally, the bacterial diversity identified in the galleries is substantially
different from the ectomicrobiome, which could indicate a selection by the insect.
This study reports for the first time the identification of the eastern larch beetle
microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eric Déziel
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada
| | - Claude Guertin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada
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81
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Fan HW, Noda H, Xie HQ, Suetsugu Y, Zhu QH, Zhang CX. Genomic Analysis of an Ascomycete Fungus from the Rice Planthopper Reveals How It Adapts to an Endosymbiotic Lifestyle. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2623-34. [PMID: 26338189 PMCID: PMC4607526 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of sap-sucking insects harbor endosymbionts, which are thought to play an important role in the development of their hosts. One of the most important rice pests, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), harbors an obligatory yeast-like symbiont (YLS) that cannot be cultured in vitro. Genomic information on this YLS would be useful to better understand its evolution. In this study, we performed genome sequencing of the YLS using both 454 and Illumina approaches, generating a draft genome that shows a slightly smaller genome size and relatively higher GC content than most ascomycete fungi. A phylogenomic analysis of the YLS supported its close relationship with insect pathogens. We analyzed YLS-specific genes and the categories of genes that are likely to have changed in the YLS during its evolution. The loss of mating type locus demonstrated in the YLS sheds light on the evolution of eukaryotic symbionts. This information about the YLS genome provides a helpful guide for further understanding endosymbiotic associations in hemiptera and the symbiotic replacement of ancient bacteria with a multifunctional YLS seems to have been a successful change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hiroaki Noda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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82
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Raina HS, Singh A, Popli S, Pandey N, Rajagopal R. Infection of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Insects: A Comparative Study of Two Techniques viz PCR and FISH for Detection and Localization of Symbionts in Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136159. [PMID: 26287997 PMCID: PMC4546005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts have been associated with arthropods and large number of the insect species show interaction with such bacteria. Different approaches have been used to understand such symbiont- host interactions. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a highly invasive agricultural pest, harbors as many as seven different bacterial endosymbionts. These bacterial endosymbionts are known to provide various nutritional, physiological, environmental and evolutionary benefits to its insect host. In this study, we have tried to compare two techniques, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Flourescence in situ Hybridisation (FISH) commonly used for identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in B. tabaci as it harbors one of the highest numbers of endosymbionts which have helped it in becoming a successful global invasive agricultural pest. The amplified PCR products were observed as bands on agarose gel by electrophoresis while the FISH samples were mounted on slides and observed under confocal microscope. Analysis of results obtained by these two techniques revealed the advantages of FISH over PCR. On a short note, performing FISH, using LNA probes proved to be more sensitive and informative for identification as well as localization of bacterial endosymbionts in B. tabaci than relying on PCR. This study would help in designing more efficient experiments based on much reliable detection procedure and studying the role of endosymbionts in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Singh
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Popli
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Pandey
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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83
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Hu X, Li M, Chen H. Community structure of gut fungi during different developmental stages of the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi). Sci Rep 2015; 5:8411. [PMID: 25672215 PMCID: PMC4325321 DOI: 10.1038/srep08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese white pine beetle is arguably the most destructive forest insect in the Qinling Mountains in Northern China. Little is known about the structure of the fungal communities associated with Dendroctonus armandi, even though this wood-boring insect plays important roles in ecosystem and biological invasion processes that result in huge economic losses in pine forests. The aim of this study was to investigate the fungal community structure present in the galleries and guts of D. armandi at different developmental stages using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Analysis of PCR-amplified 18S rRNA gene fragments of fungi from the guts of D. armandi revealed fungal communities of low complexity that differed according to the developmental stage. Yeast of the genus Candida and the filamentous fungi Ophiostoma predominated in D. armandi and its galleries. In particular, Candida accounted for 56% of the fungal community in the pupal stage. Characterizing the evolution and content of the intestinal microbial community structure in D. armandi may facilitate the development of new pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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84
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Iasur-Kruh L, Taha-Salaime L, Robinson WE, Sharon R, Droby S, Perlman SJ, Zchori-Fein E. Microbial associates of the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under different rearing conditions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:204-214. [PMID: 25135816 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sap-feeding insects harbor diverse microbial endosymbionts that play important roles in host ecology and evolution, including contributing to host pest status. The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus, is a serious pest of grapevines, vectoring a number of pathogenic grape viruses. Previous studies have shown that virus transmission is abolished when mealybugs are raised in the laboratory on potato. To examine the possible role of microbial symbionts in virus transmission, the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal microbiota of field and laboratory P. ficus were characterized using molecular and classical microbiological methods. Lab and field colonies of P. ficus harbored different microbiota. While both were dominated by the bacterial obligate nutritional symbionts Moranella and Tremblaya, field samples also harbored a third bacterium that was allied with cluster L, a lineage of bacterial symbionts previously identified in aphids. Archaea were not found in any of the samples. Fungal communities in field-collected mealybugs were dominated by Metschnikowia and Cladosporium species, while those from laboratory-reared mealybugs were dominated by Alternaria and Cladosporium species. In conclusion, this study has identified a diverse set of microbes, most of which appear to be facultatively associated with P. ficus, depending on environmental conditions. The role of various members of the mealybug microbiome, as well as how the host plant affects microbial community structure, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Iasur-Kruh
- Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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85
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Flórez LV, Biedermann PHW, Engl T, Kaltenpoth M. Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:904-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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86
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Tellez G. Prokaryotes Versus Eukaryotes: Who is Hosting Whom? Front Vet Sci 2014; 1:3. [PMID: 26664911 PMCID: PMC4668860 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms represent the largest component of biodiversity in our world. For millions of years, prokaryotic microorganisms have functioned as a major selective force shaping eukaryotic evolution. Microbes that live inside and on animals outnumber the animals' actual somatic and germ cells by an estimated 10-fold. Collectively, the intestinal microbiome represents a "forgotten organ," functioning as an organ inside another that can execute many physiological responsibilities. The nature of primitive eukaryotes was drastically changed due to the association with symbiotic prokaryotes facilitating mutual coevolution of host and microbe. Phytophagous insects have long been used to test theories of evolutionary diversification; moreover, the diversification of a number of phytophagous insect lineages has been linked to mutualisms with microbes. From termites and honey bees to ruminants and mammals, depending on novel biochemistries provided by the prokaryotic microbiome, the association helps to metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converting these into useful end products (such as short-chain fatty acids), a process, which has huge impact on the biology and homeostasis of metazoans. More importantly, in a direct and/or indirect way, the intestinal microbiota influences the assembly of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, helps to educate immune system, affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages, regulates angiogenesis, and modifies the activity of enteric as well as the central nervous system. Despite these important effects, the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences the host's biology remain almost entirely unknown. Our aim here is to encourage empirical inquiry into the relationship between mutualism and evolutionary diversification between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which encourage us to postulate: who is hosting whom?
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Tellez
- The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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87
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The fungal aroma gene ATF1 promotes dispersal of yeast cells through insect vectors. Cell Rep 2014; 9:425-32. [PMID: 25310977 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells produce various volatile metabolites that are key contributors to the pleasing fruity and flowery aroma of fermented beverages. Several of these fruity metabolites, including isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate, are produced by a dedicated enzyme, the alcohol acetyl transferase Atf1. However, despite much research, the physiological role of acetate ester formation in yeast remains unknown. Using a combination of molecular biology, neurobiology, and behavioral tests, we demonstrate that deletion of ATF1 alters the olfactory response in the antennal lobe of fruit flies that feed on yeast cells. The flies are much less attracted to the mutant yeast cells, and this in turn results in reduced dispersal of the mutant yeast cells by the flies. Together, our results uncover the molecular details of an intriguing aroma-based communication and mutualism between microbes and their insect vectors. Similar mechanisms may exist in other microbes, including microbes on flowering plants and pathogens.
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88
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Tsui CKM, Farfan L, Roe AD, Rice AV, Cooke JEK, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC. Population structure of mountain pine beetle symbiont Leptographium longiclavatum and the implication on the multipartite beetle-fungi relationships. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105455. [PMID: 25153489 PMCID: PMC4143264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 18 million ha of forests have been destroyed in the past decade in Canada by the mountain pine beetle (MPB) and its fungal symbionts. Understanding their population dynamics is critical to improving modeling of beetle epidemics and providing potential clues to predict population expansion. Leptographium longiclavatum and Grosmannia clavigera are fungal symbionts of MPB that aid the beetle to colonize and kill their pine hosts. We investigated the genetic structure and demographic expansion of L. longiclavatum in populations established within the historic distribution range and in the newly colonized regions. We identified three genetic clusters/populations that coincide with independent geographic locations. The genetic profiles of the recently established populations in northern British Columbia (BC) and Alberta suggest that they originated from central and southern BC. Approximate Bayesian Computation supports the scenario that this recent expansion represents an admixture of individuals originating from BC and the Rocky Mountains. Highly significant correlations were found among genetic distance matrices of L. longiclavatum, G. clavigera, and MPB. This highlights the concordance of demographic processes in these interacting organisms sharing a highly specialized niche and supports the hypothesis of long-term multipartite beetle-fungus co-evolutionary history and mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Kin-Ming Tsui
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lina Farfan
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda D. Roe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrianne V. Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janice E. K. Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yousry A. El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Services, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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89
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Lou QZ, Lu M, Sun JH. Yeast diversity associated with invasive Dendroctonus valens killing Pinus tabuliformis in China using culturing and molecular methods. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:397-415. [PMID: 24691849 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetle-associated yeasts are much less studied than filamentous fungi, yet they are also considered to play important roles in beetle nutrition, detoxification, and chemical communication. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens, an invasive bark beetle introduced from North America, became one of the most destructive pests in China, having killed more than 10 million Pinus tabuliformis as well as other pine species. No investigation of yeasts associated with this bark beetle in its invaded ranges has been conducted so far. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of yeast communities in different microhabitats and during different developmental stages of Den. valens in China using culturing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approaches and to compare the yeast flora between China and the USA. The yeast identity was confirmed by sequencing the D1/D2 domain of LSU ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In total, 21 species (13 ascomycetes and eight basidiomycetes) were detected by culturing method, and 12 species (11 ascomycetes and one basidiomycetes) were detected by molecular methods from China. The most frequent five species in China were Candida piceae (Ogataea clade), Cyberlindnera americana, Candida oregonensis (Metschnikowia clade), Candida nitratophila (Ogataea clade) and an undescribed Saccharomycopsis sp., detected by both methods. Seven species were exclusively detected by DGGE. Ca. oregonensis (Metschnikowia clade) was the most frequently detected species by DGGE method. Eight species (all were ascomycetes) from the USA were isolated; seven of those were also found in China. We found significant differences in yeast total abundance as well as community composition between different developmental stages and significant differences between the surface and the gut. The frass yeast community was more similar to that of Den. valens surface or larvae than to the community of the gut or adults. Possible functions of the yeast associates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Zhe Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology (IOZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
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90
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Bansal R, Michel AP, Sabree ZL. The crypt-dwelling primary bacterial symbiont of the polyphagous pentatomid pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:617-625. [PMID: 24874153 DOI: 10.1603/en13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A recent invader of North America, the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys Stål) is a polyphagous pentatomid that harbors a gammaproteobacterial mutualist in the crypts of specialized midgut gastric caeca (region V4). Histological analyses revealed a single rod-shaped morphology abundant in distal V4 midgut caecal crypts. A strong fluorescence signal was detected when thin sections of these tissues were hybridized with a fluorescently-labeled, Enterobacteriaceae-specific oligonucleotide probe. A single operational taxonomic unit (OTU) assigned to the Pantoea genus represented >99% of 3,454 16S rDNA amplicons obtained from midgut V4 tissues and egg samples. Detection of H. halys primary symbiont in DNA extracted from eggs suggested vertical maternal inheritance as the mode of intergenerational transmission. Consistent detection of the bacterial symbiont in geographically distinct H. halys populations strongly supports an intimate association between these two organisms. An inferred phylogeny of gammaproteobacterial symbionts of pentatomids placed the Pantoea-assigned OTU from H. halys within a clade distinct from primary bacterial symbionts of related stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.) and Eurydema rugosa Motschulsky. Given these data, Candidatus "Pantoea carbekii" is proposed as the name of the primary bacterial symbiont of H. halys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research And Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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91
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Larson HK, Goffredi SK, Parra EL, Vargas O, Pinto-Tomas AA, McGlynn TP. Distribution and dietary regulation of an associated facultative Rhizobiales-related bacterium in the omnivorous giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:397-406. [PMID: 24682514 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We document a facultative Bartonella-like Rhizobiales bacterium in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. In a lowland tropical rainforest in Costa Rica, 59 colonies were assayed for the prevalence of the Bartonella-like bacterium (BLB), 14 of which were positive. We addressed three questions: First, how does the prevalence of BLB within colonies vary with environmental conditions? Second, how does diet affect the prevalence of BLB in P. clavata? Third, how does the distribution of BLB among colonies reflect ambient differences in food resources and foraging habits? A variety of environmental variables that may be predictive of the presence of BLB were measured, and diet manipulations were conducted to test whether the prevalence of BLB responded to supplemental carbohydrate or prey. The ambient frequency of BLB is much higher in young secondary forests, but is nearly absent from older secondary forests. The prevalence of BLB inside field colonies increased over the duration of a 2-week carbohydrate supplementation; however, water and prey supplementation did not alter the prevalence of BLB. The diets of the colonies located in young secondary forest, compared to other habitats, have a diet richer in carbohydrates and lower in prey. The abundance of carbohydrate, or the relative lack of N, in a colony's diet influences the occurrence of the BLB microbe in P. clavata. As experimental diet manipulations can affect the facultative presence of an N-cycling microbe, a consistent diet shift in diet may facilitate the emergence of tighter symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Larson
- Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria St., Carson, CA, 90947, USA
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92
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Konrad BP, Lindstrom M, Gumpinger A, Zhu J, Coombs D. Assessing the optimal virulence of malaria-targeting mosquito pathogens: a mathematical study of engineered Metarhizium anisopliae. Malar J 2014; 13:11. [PMID: 24397503 PMCID: PMC3893513 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metarhizium anisopliae is a naturally occurring fungal pathogen of mosquitoes. Recently, Metarhizium has been engineered to act against malaria by directly killing the disease agent within mosquito vectors and also effectively blocking onward transmission. It has been proposed that efforts should be made to minimize the virulence of the fungal pathogen, in order to slow the development of resistant mosquitoes following an actual deployment. Results Two mathematical models were developed and analysed to examine the efficacy of the fungal pathogen. It was found that, in many plausible scenarios, the best effects are achieved with a reduced or minimal pathogen virulence, even if the likelihood of resistance to the fungus is negligible. The results for both models depend on the interplay between two main effects: the ability of the fungus to reduce the mosquito population, and the ability of fungus‐infected mosquitoes to compete for resources with non‐fungus‐infected mosquitoes. Conclusions The results indicate that there is no obvious choice of virulence for engineered Metarhizium or similar pathogens, and that all available information regarding the population ecology of the combined mosquito‐fungus system should be carefully considered. The models provide a basic framework for examination of anti‐malarial mosquito pathogens that should be extended and improved as new laboratory and field data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Coombs
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 1984 Mathematics Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada.
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93
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Martínez-Cano DJ, Reyes-Prieto M, Martínez-Romero E, Partida-Martínez LP, Latorre A, Moya A, Delaye L. Evolution of small prokaryotic genomes. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:742. [PMID: 25610432 PMCID: PMC4285135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As revealed by genome sequencing, the biology of prokaryotes with reduced genomes is strikingly diverse. These include free-living prokaryotes with ∼800 genes as well as endosymbiotic bacteria with as few as ∼140 genes. Comparative genomics is revealing the evolutionary mechanisms that led to these small genomes. In the case of free-living prokaryotes, natural selection directly favored genome reduction, while in the case of endosymbiotic prokaryotes neutral processes played a more prominent role. However, new experimental data suggest that selective processes may be at operation as well for endosymbiotic prokaryotes at least during the first stages of genome reduction. Endosymbiotic prokaryotes have evolved diverse strategies for living with reduced gene sets inside a host-defined medium. These include utilization of host-encoded functions (some of them coded by genes acquired by gene transfer from the endosymbiont and/or other bacteria); metabolic complementation between co-symbionts; and forming consortiums with other bacteria within the host. Recent genome sequencing projects of intracellular mutualistic bacteria showed that previously believed universal evolutionary trends like reduced G+C content and conservation of genome synteny are not always present in highly reduced genomes. Finally, the simplified molecular machinery of some of these organisms with small genomes may be used to aid in the design of artificial minimal cells. Here we review recent genomic discoveries of the biology of prokaryotes endowed with small gene sets and discuss the evolutionary mechanisms that have been proposed to explain their peculiar nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Reyes-Prieto
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Luis Delaye
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav Unidad IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Luis Delaye, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Kilometer 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico e-mail:
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94
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Hu Y, Łukasik P, Moreau CS, Russell JA. Correlates of gut community composition across an ant species (Cephalotes varians) elucidate causes and consequences of symbiotic variability. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1284-1300. [PMID: 24286170 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insect guts are often colonized by multispecies microbial communities that play integral roles in nutrition, digestion and defence. Community composition can differ across host species with increasing dietary and genetic divergence, yet gut microbiota can also vary between conspecific hosts and across an individual's lifespan. Through exploration of such intraspecific variation and its correlates, molecular profiling of microbial communities can generate and test hypotheses on the causes and consequences of symbioses. In this study, we used 454 pyrosequencing and TRFLP to achieve these goals in an herbivorous ant, Cephalotes varians, exploring variation in bacterial communities across colonies, populations and workers reared on different diets. C. varians bacterial communities were dominated by 16 core species present in over two-thirds of the sampled colonies. Core species comprised multiple genotypes, or strains and hailed from ant-specific clades containing relatives from other Cephalotes species. Yet three were detected in environmental samples, suggesting the potential for environmental acquisition. In spite of their prevalence and long-standing relationships with Cephalotes ants, the relative abundance and genotypic composition of core species varied across colonies. Diet-induced plasticity is a likely cause, but only pollen-based diets had consistent effects, altering the abundance of two types of bacteria. Additional factors, such as host age, genetics, chance or natural selection, must therefore shape natural variation. Future studies on these possibilities and on bacterial contributions to the use of pollen, a widespread food source across Cephalotes, will be important steps in developing C. varians as a model for studying widespread social insect-bacteria symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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95
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Microbial ecology of the hive and pollination landscape: bacterial associates from floral nectar, the alimentary tract and stored food of honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2013; 8:e83125. [PMID: 24358254 PMCID: PMC3866269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly all eukaryotes are host to beneficial or benign bacteria in their gut lumen, either vertically inherited, or acquired from the environment. While bacteria core to the honey bee gut are becoming evident, the influence of the hive and pollination environment on honey bee microbial health is largely unexplored. Here we compare bacteria from floral nectar in the immediate pollination environment, different segments of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) alimentary tract, and food stored in the hive (honey and packed pollen or “beebread”). We used cultivation and sequencing to explore bacterial communities in all sample types, coupled with culture-independent analysis of beebread. We compare our results from the alimentary tract with both culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses from previous studies. Culturing the foregut (crop), midgut and hindgut with standard media produced many identical or highly similar 16S rDNA sequences found with 16S rDNA clone libraries and next generation sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons. Despite extensive culturing with identical media, our results do not support the core crop bacterial community hypothesized by recent studies. We cultured a wide variety of bacterial strains from 6 of 7 phylogenetic groups considered core to the honey bee hindgut. Our results reveal that many bacteria prevalent in beebread and the crop are also found in floral nectar, suggesting frequent horizontal transmission. From beebread we uncovered a variety of bacterial phylotypes, including many possible pathogens and food spoilage organisms, and potentially beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus kunkeei, Acetobacteraceae and many different groups of Actinobacteria. Contributions of these bacteria to colony health may include general hygiene, fungal and pathogen inhibition and beebread preservation. Our results are important for understanding the contribution to pollinator health of both environmentally vectored and core microbiota, and the identification of factors that may affect bacterial detection and transmission, colony food storage and disease susceptibility.
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96
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Influence of temperature, pH and metal ions on guaiacol oxidation of purified laccase from Leptographium qinlingensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1285-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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97
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Kaltenpoth M, Steiger S. Unearthing carrion beetles' microbiome: characterization of bacterial and fungal hindgut communities across the Silphidae. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1251-1267. [PMID: 24102980 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carrion beetles (Coleoptera, Silphidae) are well known for their behaviour of exploiting vertebrate carcasses for nutrition. While species in the subfamily Silphinae feed on large carcasses and on larvae of competing scavengers, the Nicrophorinae are unique in monopolizing, burying and defending small carrion, and providing extensive biparental care. As a first step towards investigating whether microbial symbionts may aid in carcass utilization or defence, we characterized the microbial hindgut communities of six Nicrophorinae (Nicrophorus spp.) and two Silphinae species (Oiceoptoma noveboracense and Necrophila americana) by deep ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Across all species, bacteria in the family Xanthomonadaceae, related to Ignatzschineriao larvae, were consistently common, and several other taxa were present in lower abundance (Enterobacteriales, Burkholderiales, Bacilli, Clostridiales and Bacteroidales). Additionally, the Nicrophorinae showed high numbers of unusual Clostridiales, while the Silphinae were characterized by Flavobacteriales and Rhizobiales (Bartonella sp.). In addition to the complex community of bacterial symbionts, each species of carrion beetle harboured a diversity of ascomycetous yeasts closely related to Yarrowia lipolytica. Despite the high degree of consistency in microbial communities across the Silphidae--specifically within the Nicrophorinae--both the fungal symbiont phylogeny and distance-based bacterial community clustering showed higher congruence with sampling locality than host phylogeny. Thus, despite the possibility for vertical transmission via anal secretions, the distinct hindgut microbiota of the Silphidae appears to be shaped by frequent horizontal exchange or environmental uptake of symbionts. The microbial community profiles, together with information on host ecology and the metabolic potential of related microorganisms, allow us to propose hypotheses on putative roles of the symbionts in carcass degradation, detoxification and defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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98
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Morales-Jiménez J, Vera-Ponce de León A, García-Domínguez A, Martínez-Romero E, Zúñiga G, Hernández-Rodríguez C. Nitrogen-fixing and uricolytic bacteria associated with the gut of Dendroctonus rhizophagus and Dendroctonus valens (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:200-210. [PMID: 23525792 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The bark beetles of the genus Dendroctonus feed on phloem that is a nitrogen-limited source. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen recycling may compensate or alleviate such a limitation, and beetle-associated bacteria capable of such processes were identified. Raoultella terrigena, a diazotrophic bacteria present in the gut of Dendroctonus rhizophagus and D. valens, exhibited high acetylene reduction activity in vitro with different carbon sources, and its nifH and nifD genes were sequenced. Bacteria able to recycle uric acid were Pseudomonas fluorescens DVL3A that used it as carbon and nitrogen source, Serratia proteomaculans 2A CDF and Rahnella aquatilis 6-DR that used uric acid as sole nitrogen source. Also, this is the first report about the uric acid content in whole eggs, larvae, and adults (male and female) samples of the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens). Our results suggest that the gut bacteria of these bark beetles could contribute to insect N balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Morales-Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. De Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomas, Mexico, Distrito Federal, 11340, Mexico
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99
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Andrew RL, Bernatchez L, Bonin A, Buerkle CA, Carstens BC, Emerson BC, Garant D, Giraud T, Kane NC, Rogers SM, Slate J, Smith H, Sork VL, Stone GN, Vines TH, Waits L, Widmer A, Rieseberg LH. A road map for molecular ecology. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2605-26. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose L. Andrew
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 3529-6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- DInstitut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systémes; Département de Biologie; 1030, Avenue de la Médecine Université Laval; Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Aurélie Bonin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine; CNRS UMR 5553 Université Joseph Fourier; BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - C. Alex. Buerkle
- Department of Botany; University of Wyoming; 1000 E. University Ave. Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - Bryan C. Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology; 318 W. 12th Ave. The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife; Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; UMR 8079 CNRS-UPS-AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 360 Univ. Paris Sud; 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Nolan C. Kane
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 3529-6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sean M. Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Jon Slate
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Harry Smith
- 79 Melton Road Burton-on-the-Wolds Loughborough LE12 5TQ UK
| | - Victoria L. Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; 4139 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; University of Edinburgh; The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
| | - Timothy H. Vines
- Molecular Ecology Editorial Office; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Lisette Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136 Moscow ID 83844 USA
| | - Alex Widmer
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Integrative Biology; Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Loren H. Rieseberg
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 3529-6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; 1001 E. 3 St., Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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100
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Henderson B, Fares MA, Lund PA. Chaperonin 60: a paradoxical, evolutionarily conserved protein family with multiple moonlighting functions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:955-87. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute; University College London; London WC1X 8LD U.K
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Department of Genetics; University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Department of Abiotic Stress; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC-UPV); Valencia 46022 Spain
| | - Peter A. Lund
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT U.K
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