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Yilmaz Ö, Lee KL. The inflammasome and danger molecule signaling: at the crossroads of inflammation and pathogen persistence in the oral cavity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:83-95. [PMID: 26252403 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an oligomeric assembly of multiprotein complexes that activate the caspase-1-dependent maturation and the subsequent secretion of inflammatory interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 cytokines in response to a 'danger signal' in vertebrates. The assessment of their significance continues to grow rapidly as the complex biology of various chronic inflammatory conditions is better dissected. Increasing evidence strongly links inflammasomes and host-derived small 'danger molecule ATP' signaling with the modulation of the host immune response by microbial colonizers as well as with potential altering of the microbiome structure and intermicrobial interactions in the host. All of these factors eventually lead to the destructive chronic inflammatory disease state. In the oral cavity, a highly dynamic and multifaceted interplay takes place between the signaling of endogenous danger molecules and colonizing microbes on the mucosal surfaces. This interaction may redirect the local microenvironment to favor the conversion of the resident microbiome toward pathogenicity. This review outlines the major components of the known inflammasome complexes/mechanisms and highlights their regulation, in particular, by oral microorganisms, in relation to periodontal disease pathology. Better characterization of the cellular and molecular biology of the inflammasome will probably identify important potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, as well as for other debilitating chronic diseases.
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Groeger S, Jarzina F, Domann E, Meyle J. Porphyromonas gingivalis activates NFκB and MAPK pathways in human oral epithelial cells. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:1. [PMID: 28056810 PMCID: PMC5217430 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterial biofilm at the gingival margin induces a host immune reaction. In this local inflammation epithelial cells defend the host against bacterial challenge. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a keystone pathogen, infects epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation of signaling cascades in primary epithelial cells and oral cancer cell lines by a profiler PCR array. RESULTS After infection with P. gingivalis membranes the RNA of 16 to 33 of 84 key genes involved in the antibacterial immune response was up-regulated, amongst them were IKBKB (NF-κB signaling pathway), IRF5 (TLR signaling) and JUN, MAP2K4, MAPK14 and MAPK8 (MAPK pathway) in SCC-25 cells and IKBKB, IRF5, JUN, MAP2K4, MAPK14 and MAPK8 in PHGK. Statistically significant up-regulation of IKBKB (4.7 ×), MAP2K4 (4.6 ×), MAPK14 (4.2 ×) and IRF5 (9.8 ×) (p < 0.01) was demonstrated in SCC-25 cells and IKBKB (3.1 ×), MAP2K4 (4.0 ×) MAPK 14 (3.0 ×) (p < 0.05), IRF5 (3.0 ×) and JUN (7.7 ×) (p < 0.01) were up-regulated in PHGK. CONCLUSIONS P. gingivalis membrane up-regulates the expression of genes involved in downstream TLR, NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways involved in the pro-inflammatory immune response in primary and malignant oral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Jarzina
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eugen Domann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology - German Center for Infection Research, DZIF Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen - Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Gmiterek A, Kłopot A, Wójtowicz H, Trindade SC, Olczak M, Olczak T. Immune response of macrophages induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis requires HmuY protein. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1382-1394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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54
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Nucleoside-Diphosphate-Kinase of P. gingivalis is Secreted from Epithelial Cells In the Absence of a Leader Sequence Through a Pannexin-1 Interactome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37643. [PMID: 27883084 PMCID: PMC5121656 DOI: 10.1038/srep37643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-diphosphate-kinases (NDKs) are leaderless, multifunctional enzymes. The mode(s) of NDK secretion is currently undefined, while extracellular translocation of bacterial NDKs is critical for avoidance of host pathogen clearance by opportunistic pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis-NDK during infection inhibits extracellular-ATP (eATP)/P2X7-receptor mediated cell death in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) via eATP hydrolysis. Furthermore, depletion of pannexin-1-hemichannel (PNX1) coupled with P2X7-receptor blocks the infection-induced eATP release in GECs, and P. gingivalis-NDK impacts this pathway. Ultrastructural and confocal microscopy of P. gingivalis-co-cultured GECs or green-fluorescent-protein (GFP)-P. gingivalis-NDK transfected GECs revealed a perinuclear/cytoplasmic localization of NDK. eATP stimulation induced NDK recruitment to the cell periphery. Depletion of PNX1 by siRNA or inhibition by probenecid resulted in significant blocking of extracellular NDK activity and secretion using ATPase and ELISA assays. Co-immunoprecipitation-coupled Mass-spectrometry method revealed association of P. gingivalis-NDK to the myosin-9 motor molecule. Interestingly, inhibition of myosin-9, actin, and lipid-rafts, shown to be involved in PNX1-hemichannel function, resulted in marked intracellular accumulation of NDK and decreased NDK secretion from infected GECs. These results elucidate for the first time PNX1-hemichannels as potentially main extracellular translocation pathway for NDKs from an intracellular pathogen, suggesting that PNX1-hemichannels may represent a therapeutic target for chronic opportunistic infections.
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ATP Induces IL-1 β Secretion in Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Infected Human Macrophages by a Mechanism Not Related to the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 Axis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1258504. [PMID: 27803513 PMCID: PMC5075643 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1258504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo) has developed multiple immune evasion mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent findings have reported that Ngo reduces the IL-1β secretion of infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Here, we investigate the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in production and release of IL-1β in Ngo-infected MDM. We found that the exposure of Ngo-infected MDM to ATP increases IL-1β levels about ten times compared with unexposed Ngo-infected MDM (P < 0.01). However, we did not observe any changes in inflammasome transcriptional activation of speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC, P > 0.05) and caspase-1 (CASP1, P > 0.05). In addition, ATP was not able to modify caspase-1 activity in Ngo-infected MDM but was able to increase pyroptosis (P > 0.01). Notably ATP treatment defined an increase of positive staining for IL-1β with a distinctive intracellular pattern of distribution. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ATP induces IL-1β secretion by a mechanism not related to the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 axis and likely is acting at the level of vesicle trafficking or pore formation.
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56
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Pettengill MA, Abdul-Sater A, Coutinho-Silva R, Ojcius DM. Danger signals, inflammasomes, and the intricate intracellular lives of chlamydiae. Biomed J 2016; 39:306-315. [PMID: 27884377 PMCID: PMC6138786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, and as such are sensitive to alterations in the cellular physiology of their hosts. Chlamydial infections often cause pathologic consequences due to prolonged localized inflammation. Considerable advances have been made in the last few years regarding our understanding of how two key inflammation-associated signaling pathways influence the biology of Chlamydia infections: inflammation regulating purinergic signaling pathways significantly impact intracellular chlamydial development, and inflammasome activation modulates both chlamydial growth and infection mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. We review here elements of both pathways, presenting the latest developments contributing to our understanding of how chlamydial infections are influenced by inflammasomes and purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David M Ojcius
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, USA.
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57
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Saeki A, Suzuki T, Hasebe A, Kamezaki R, Fujita M, Nakazawa F, Shibata KI. Activation of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor containing protein 3 inflammasome in dendritic cells and macrophages by Streptococcus sanguinis. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27601185 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is frequently isolated from the blood of patients with infective endocarditis and contributes to the pathology of this disease through induction of interleukin (IL)-1β responsible for the development of the disease. However, the mechanism of IL-1β induction remains unknown. In this study, S. sanguinis activated a murine dendritic cell (DC) to induce IL-1β and this activity was attenuated by silencing the mRNAs of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1. S. sanguinis induced IL-1β production in murine bone marrow-derived macrophage, but this activity was significantly reduced in bone marrow-derived macrophages from NLRP3-, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain-, and caspase-1-deficient mice. DC phagocytosed S. sanguinis cells, followed by the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP-degradating enzyme attenuated the release of ATP and IL-1β. The inhibitors for ATP receptor reduced IL-1β release in DC. These results strongly suggest that S. sanguinis has the activity to induce IL-1β through the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophage and DC and interaction of purinergic receptors with ATP released is involved in expression of the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Saeki
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0125, Japan.,Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Ryousuke Kamezaki
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Mari Fujita
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakazawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shibata
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
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58
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Morandini AC, Santos CF, Yilmaz Ö. Role of epigenetics in modulation of immune response at the junction of host-pathogen interaction and danger molecule signaling. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw082. [PMID: 27542389 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have rapidly and controversially emerged as silent modulators of host defenses that can lead to a more prominent immune response and shape the course of inflammation in the host. Thus, the epigenetics can both drive the production of specific inflammatory mediators and control the magnitude of the host response. The epigenetic actions that are predominantly shown to modulate the host defense against microbial pathogens are DNA methylation, histone modification and the activity of non-coding RNAs. There is also growing evidence that opportunistic chronic pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as a microbial host subversion strategy, can epigenetically interfere with the host DNA machinery for successful colonization. Similarly, the novel involvement of small molecule 'danger signals', which are released by stressed or infected cells, at the center of host-pathogen interplay and epigenetics is developing. In this review, we systematically examine the latest knowledge within the field of epigenetics in the context of host-derived danger molecule and purinergic signaling, with a particular focus on host microbial defenses and infection-driven chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carlos F Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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59
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Healthy and Inflamed Gingival Fibroblasts Differ in Their Inflammatory Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide. Inflammation 2016; 39:1842-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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60
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NLRP3 protects alveolar barrier integrity by an inflammasome-independent increase of epithelial cell adherence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30943. [PMID: 27476670 PMCID: PMC4967923 DOI: 10.1038/srep30943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a major cause of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, characterized by alveolar barrier disruption. NLRP3 is best known for its ability to form inflammasomes and to regulate IL-1β and IL-18 production in myeloid cells. Here we show that NLRP3 protects the integrity of the alveolar barrier in a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia, and ex vivo upon treatment of isolated perfused and ventilated lungs with the purified bacterial toxin, pneumolysin. We reveal that the preserving effect of NLRP3 on the lung barrier is independent of inflammasomes, IL-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 improves the integrity of alveolar epithelial cell monolayers by enhancing cellular adherence. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel function of NLRP3 by demonstrating that it protects epithelial barrier function independently of inflammasomes.
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61
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Morandini AC, Ulrich H, Ojcius DM, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic signaling during Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Biomed J 2016; 39:251-260. [PMID: 27793267 PMCID: PMC6140136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances unraveling mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in innate immunity, the participation of purinergic signaling in infection-driven inflammation remains an emerging research field with many unanswered questions. As one of the most-studied oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a keystone pathogen with a central role in development of periodontal disease. This pathogen needs to evade immune-mediated defense mechanisms and tolerate inflammation in order to survive in the host. In this review, we summarize evidence showing that purinergic signaling modulates P. gingivalis survival and cellular immune responses, and discuss the role played by inflammasome activation and cell death during P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Ojcius
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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62
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Kudo Y, Tada H, Fujiwara N, Tada Y, Tsunematsu T, Miyake Y, Ishimaru N. Oral environment and cancer. Genes Environ 2016; 38:13. [PMID: 27482300 PMCID: PMC4968003 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is now the leading cause of death in Japan. A rapid increase in cancer mortality is expected as Japan is facing a super-aged society. Many causes of cancer are known to be closely linked to life style factors, such as smoking, drinking, and diet. The oral environment is known to be involved in the pathogenesis and development of various diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, diabetes, heart disease, and dementia. Because the oral cavity acts as the bodily entrance for air and food, it is constantly exposed to foreign substances, including bacteria and viruses. A large number of bacteria are endemic to the oral cavity, and indigenous oral flora act to prevent the settlement of foreign bacteria. The oral environment is influenced by local factors, including dental plaque, tartar, teeth alignment, occlusion, an incompatible prosthesis, and bad lifestyle habits, and systemic factors, including smoking, consumption of alcohol, irregular lifestyle and eating habits, obesity, stress, hormones, and heredity. It has recently been revealed that the oral environment is associated with cancer. In particular, commensal bacteria in the oral cavity are involved in the development of cancer. Moreover, Candida, human papilloma virus and Epstein-Barr virus as well as commensal bacteria have been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of cancer. In this review, we introduce recent findings of the correlation between the oral environment and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hidesuke Tada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan ; Tada Dental Clinic, Kakogawa, Japan
| | - Natsumi Fujiwara
- Department of Oral Healthcare Promotion, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Miyake
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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63
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Ha NH, Park DG, Woo BH, Kim DJ, Choi JI, Park BS, Kim YD, Lee JH, Park HR. Porphyromonas gingivalis increases the invasiveness of oral cancer cells by upregulating IL-8 and MMPs. Cytokine 2016; 86:64-72. [PMID: 27468958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that chronic inflammation promotes the aggressiveness of cancers. However, the direct molecular mechanisms underlying a functional link between chronic periodontitis, the most common form of oral inflammatory diseases, and the malignancy of oral cancer remain unknown. To elucidate the role of chronic periodontitis in progression of oral cancer, we examined the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a major pathogen that causes chronic periodontitis, on the invasiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, including SCC-25, OSC-20 and SAS cells. Exposures to P. gingivalis promoted the invasive ability of OSC-20 and SAS cells via the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-1 and MMP-2. However, P. gingivalis-infected SCC-25 cells did not exhibit changes in their invasive properties or the low expression levels of MMPs. In an effort to delineate the molecular players that control the invasiveness, we first assessed the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a well-known inflammatory cytokine, in P. gingivalis-infected OSCC cells. IL-8 secretion was substantially increased in the OSC-20 and SAS cells, but not in the SCC-25 cells, following P. gingivalis infection. When IL-8 was directly applied to SCC-25 cells, their invasive ability and MMP level were significantly increased. Furthermore, the downregulation of IL-8 in P. gingivalis-infected OSC-20 and SAS cells attenuated their invasive potentials and MMP levels. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that P. gingivalis infection plays an important role in the promotion of the invasive potential of OSCC cells via the upregulation of IL-8 and MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hee Ha
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Dae Gun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Bok Hee Woo
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Da Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Jeom Il Choi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Bong Soo Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Yong Deok Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea; Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea; Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea; Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 50612, South Korea.
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64
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Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:387-398. [PMID: 27005450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells express an autonomous innate immune response that controls the overgrowth of invaded bacteria, mitigates the harmful effects of the bacteria carried within, and does not rely on other external arms of the immune response. Epithelial cell autonomous innate immunity "respects" the social biology of invading bacteria to achieve symbiosis, and is the primary protective mechanism against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
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65
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Bui FQ, Johnson L, Roberts J, Hung SC, Lee J, Atanasova KR, Huang PR, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection of gingival epithelial cells leads to NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent secretion of IL-1β and the danger signals ASC and HMGB1. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:970-81. [PMID: 26687842 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an invasive anaerobic bacterium that is associated with periodontal disease. Previous studies have focused on virulence factors produced by F. nucleatum, but early recognition of the pathogen by the immune system remains poorly understood. Although an inflammasome in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) can be stimulated by danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (also known as danger signals) such as ATP, inflammasome activation by this periodontal pathogen has yet to be described in these cells. This study therefore examines the effects of F. nucleatum infection on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammasome activation in GECs. Our results indicate that infection induces translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus, resulting in cytokine gene expression. In addition, infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn activates caspase-1 and stimulates secretion of mature IL-1β. Unlike other pathogens studied until now, F. nucleatum activates the inflammasome in GECs in the absence of exogenous DAMPs such as ATP. Finally, infection promotes release of other DAMPs that mediate inflammation, such as high-mobility group box 1 protein and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, with a similar time-course as caspase-1 activation. Thus, F. nucleatum expresses the pathogen-associated molecular patterns necessary to activate NF-κB and also provides an endogenous DAMP to stimulate the inflammasome and further amplify inflammation through secretion of secondary DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Q Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Larry Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA.,Immunobiology Program, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941, Brazil
| | - JoAnn Roberts
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kalina Rosenova Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pei-Rong Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA
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Olsen I, Yilmaz Ö. Modulation of inflammasome activity by Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:30385. [PMID: 26850450 PMCID: PMC4744328 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.30385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large multiprotein complexes localized in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are responsible for the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 as well as for the activation of inflammatory cell death, the so-called pyroptosis. Inflammasomes assemble in response to cellular infection, cellular stress, or tissue damage; promote inflammatory responses and are of great importance in regulating the innate immune system in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis and several chronic systemic diseases. In addition to sensing cellular integrity, inflammasomes are involved in the homeostatic mutualism between the indigenous microbiota and the host. There are several types of inflammasomes of which NLRP3 is best characterized in microbial pathogenesis. Many opportunistic bacteria try to evade the innate immune system in order to survive in the host cells. One of these is the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis which has been shown to have several mechanisms of modulating innate immunity by limiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Among them, ATP-/P2X7- signaling is recently associated not only with periodontitis but also with development of several systemic diseases. The present paper reviews multiple mechanisms through which P. gingivalis can modify innate immunity by affecting inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Exposto CR, Stromberg AJ, Shen S, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Gonzalez OA. Effects of aging in the expression of NOD-like receptors and inflammasome-related genes in oral mucosa. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 31:18-32. [PMID: 26197995 PMCID: PMC4712099 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The molecular changes underlying the higher risk of chronic inflammatory disorders during aging remain incompletely understood. Molecular variations in the innate immune response related to recognition and interaction with microbes at mucosal surfaces could be involved in aging-related inflammation. We developed an ontology analysis of 20 nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and seven inflammasome-related genes (IRGs) in healthy and inflamed/periodontitis oral mucosal tissues from young, adolescent, adult, and aged non-human primates (Macaca mulatta) using the GeneChip(®) Rhesus Macaque Genome array. Validation of some of the significant changes was done by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of NLRB/NAIP, NLRP12, and AIM2 increased with aging in healthy mucosa whereas NLRC2/NOD2 expression decreased. Although higher expression levels of some NLRs were generally observed with periodontitis in adult mucosal tissues (e.g. NLRB/NAIP, NLRP5, and NLRX1), various receptors (e.g. NLRC2/NOD2 and NLRP2) and the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC, exhibited a significant reduction in expression in aged periodontitis tissues. Accordingly, the expression of NLR-activated innate immune genes, such as HBD3 and IFNB1, was impaired in aged but not adult periodontitis tissues. Both adult and aged tissues showed significant increase in interleukin-1β expression. These findings suggest that the expression of a subset of NLRs appears to change with aging in healthy oral mucosa, and that aging-related oral mucosal inflammation could involve an impaired regulation of the inflammatory and antimicrobial response associated with downregulation of specific NLRs and IRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M. John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cristina R. Exposto
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J. Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shu Shen
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
| | | | - Octavio A. Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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68
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Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L, Valdez-Hernández L, Meza-Sosa KF, Ando-Kuri M. Negative regulation of the inflammasome: keeping inflammation under control. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:231-57. [PMID: 25879297 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its roles in controlling infection and tissue repair, inflammation plays a critical role in diverse and distinct chronic diseases, such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring the harmful effect of an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, initiation of the inflammatory response is mediated by assembly of a multimolecular protein complex called the inflammasome, which is responsible for the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. The different stimuli and mechanisms that control inflammasome activation are fairly well understood, but the mechanisms underlying the control of undesired inflammasome activation and its inactivation remain largely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that negatively regulate inflammasome activation to prevent unwanted activation in the resting state, as well as those involved in terminating the inflammatory response after a specific insult to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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Cao W, Zou Y, Su S, He Z, Liu Y, Huang Q, Li Z. Chlamydial plasmid-encoded protein pORF5 induces production of IL-1β and IL-18 via NALP3 inflammasome activation and p38 MAPK pathway. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20368-20379. [PMID: 26884953 PMCID: PMC4723798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Chlamydia-induced inflammation is poorly understood. pORF5 is the only secreted protein encoded by Chlamydial plasmid. This study aims to investigate the effects of pORF5 on the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) and the underlying mechanisms of these effects. THP-1 (a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) cells were stimulated by pORF5 with or without pretreatment with Natch domain, Leucine-rich repeat and PYD-containing protein 3 (NALP3) siRNA, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) siRNA, cysteine aspartate-specific protease-1 (caspase-1) specific inhibitor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor. IL-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1 expression was detected through both ELISA and qRT-PCR. NALP3 and ASC expression was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression of caspase-1 and phosphorylated-p38 MAPK was detected by western blot analysis. pORF5 induced IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1 and NALP3 inflammasome expression in THP-1 cells. Caspase-1 inhibitor significantly reduced pORF5-induced IL-1β and IL-18 expression. The siRNAs for NALP3 inflammasome significantly reduced pORF5-induced IL-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1 expression. Furthermore, p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly reduced pORF5-induced IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1 and NALP3 inflammasome expression. pORF5 could induce production of IL-1β and IL-18 via NALP3 inflammasome activation and p38MAPK pathway. pORF5 protein might play an important role in Chlamydia pathogenesis. This study provides a new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of Chlamydial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Cao
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zou
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Zhansheng He
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, School of Medicine, University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, P. R. China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyHengyang 421001, P. R. China
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70
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Santana PT, Martel J, Lai HC, Perfettini JL, Kanellopoulos JM, Young JD, Coutinho-Silva R, Ojcius DM. Is the inflammasome relevant for epithelial cell function? Microbes Infect 2015; 18:93-101. [PMID: 26546965 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that sense microbial components and damage of infected cells. Following activation by molecules released by pathogens or injured cells, inflammasomes activate caspase-1, allowing secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 from innate immune cells. Inflammasomes are also expressed in epithelial cells, where their function has attracted less attention. Nonetheless, depending on the tissue, epithelial inflammasomes can mediate inflammation, wound healing, and pain sensitivity. We review here recent findings on inflammasomes found in epithelial tissues, highlighting the importance of these protein complexes in the response of epithelial tissues to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Santana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA; Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Cell Death and Aging Laboratory, INSERM U1030, Villejuif, France.
| | - Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Guo W, Wang P, Liu Z, Yang P, Ye P. The activation of pyrin domain-containing-3 inflammasome depends on lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis and extracellular adenosine triphosphate in cultured oral epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:133. [PMID: 26511096 PMCID: PMC4625523 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gingival epithelial cells are the major population of the gingival tissue, acting as the front-line defense against microbial intrusion and regulating the homeostasis of the periodontal tissue in health and disease via NLR family pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which recognizes pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). The aim of this study was to determine whether the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome depends on infection with the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), or stimulation with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Methods An oral epithelial cell line was treated with P. gingivalis, P. gingivalis LPS and ATP. The gene and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components were quantified by real time RT-PCR and immunoblots. Production of IL-1β and IL-18 was measured by ELISA. Results There was no increase in NLRP3 inflammasome gene expression after P. gingivalis infection unless pre-stimulated by ATP. Obvious increases of NLRP3 inflammasome gene expression was observed after P. gingivalis LPS stimulation, even pre-stimulated by ATP at 2 h. Conclusions The findings indicate that the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome does not rely on P. gingivalis infection, unless stimulated by P. gingivalis LPS and/or extracellular ATP, suggesting diverse signaling pathways are involved in the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Periodontology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Endodontics, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Ye
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia.
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72
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Roberts JS, Yilmaz Ӧ. Dangerous Liaisons: Caspase-11 and Reactive Oxygen Species Crosstalk in Pathogen Elimination. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23337-54. [PMID: 26426007 PMCID: PMC4632701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the focus of murine caspase-11 and human orthologs caspase-4, -5 research has been on their novel function to induce noncanonical inflammasome activation in direct response to Gram-negative bacterial infection. On the other hand, a new role in anti-bacterial autophagy has been attributed to caspase-11, -4 and -5, which currently stands largely unexplored. In this review, we connect lately emerged evidence that suggests these caspases have a key role in anti-bacterial autophagy and discuss the growing implications of a danger molecule—extracellular ATP—and NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation as novel inducers of human caspase-4, -5 signaling during infection. We also highlight the adeptness of persistent pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe and successful colonizer of oral mucosa, to potentially interfere with the activated caspase-4 pathway and autophagy. While, the ability of caspase-4, -5 to promote autophagolysosomal fusion is not well understood, the abundance of caspase-4 in skin and other mucosal epithelial cells implies an important role for caspase-4 in mucosal defense, supporting the view that caspase-4, -5 may play a non-redundant part in innate immunity. Thus, this review will join the currently disconnected cutting-edge research thereby proposing a working model for regulation of caspase-4, -5 in pathogen elimination via cellular-trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ӧzlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Bikov A, Boots A, Bjerg A, Jacinto T, Olland A, Skoczyński S. 13th ERS Lung Science Conference. The most important take home messages: News from the Underground. Breathe (Sheff) 2015; 11:149-52. [PMID: 26306116 PMCID: PMC4487375 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.04015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The 13th ERS Lung Science Conference (LSC) was organised to bring academics together from all over the world to present and discuss the latest developments regarding lung infection and immunity. The conference took place in breathtaking Estoril, Portugal; however, it wasn't the beautiful surroundings that were our main motivation to attend, but instead the scientific merit of the conference and the chance to create new scientific collaborations. The scientific programme [1] was packed with the most up-to-date content in the field of lung infection and immunity and included some of the top researchers within this exciting area. Moreover, the convenient size of the LSC offered the opportunity to renew and intensify friendships and collaborations. In particular, for researchers at the start of their career, this is a great feature and we therefore warmly recommend the LSC to ERS Juniors Members!
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Bjerg
- Krefting Research Center, Dept of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Anne Olland
- Lung Transplantation Group, Thoracic Surgery Dept, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Szymon Skoczyński
- Lung Transplantation Group, Thoracic Surgery Dept, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
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Immune Homeostasis in Epithelial Cells: Evidence and Role of Inflammasome Signaling Reviewed. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:828264. [PMID: 26355424 PMCID: PMC4556877 DOI: 10.1155/2015/828264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium regulates the interaction between the noxious xenogenous, as well as the microbial environment and the immune system, not only by providing a barrier but also by expressing a number of immunoregulatory membrane receptors, and intracellular danger sensors and their downstream effectors. Amongst these are a number of inflammasome sensor subtypes, which have been initially characterized in myeloid cells and described to be activated upon assembly into multiprotein complexes by microbial and environmental triggers. This review compiles a vast amount of literature that supports a pivotal role for inflammasomes in the various epithelial barriers of the human body as essential factors maintaining immune signaling and homeostasis.
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75
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Extracellular adenosine generation in the regulation of pro-inflammatory responses and pathogen colonization. Biomolecules 2015; 5:775-92. [PMID: 25950510 PMCID: PMC4496696 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, an immunomodulatory biomolecule, is produced by the ecto-enzymes CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase) and CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) by dephosphorylation of extracellular ATP. CD73 is expressed by many cell types during injury, infection and during steady-state conditions. Besides host cells, many bacteria also have CD39-CD73-like machinery, which helps the pathogen subvert the host inflammatory response. The major function for adenosine is anti-inflammatory, and most recent research has focused on adenosine's control of inflammatory mechanisms underlying various autoimmune diseases (e.g., colitis, arthritis). Although adenosine generated through CD73 provides a feedback to control tissue damage mediated by a host immune response, it can also contribute to immunosuppression. Thus, inflammation can be a double-edged sword: it may harm the host but eventually helps by killing the invading pathogen. The role of adenosine in dampening inflammation has been an area of active research, but the relevance of the CD39/CD73-axis and adenosine receptor signaling in host defense against infection has received less attention. Here, we review our recent knowledge regarding CD73 expression during murine Salmonellosis and Helicobacter-induced gastric infection and its role in disease pathogenesis and bacterial persistence. We also explored a possible role for the CD73/adenosine pathway in regulating innate host defense function during infection.
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Johnson L, Atanasova KR, Bui PQ, Lee J, Hung SC, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:369-77. [PMID: 25828169 PMCID: PMC4426005 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens evade the innate immune response in order to survive and proliferate within infected cells. We show that Porphyromonas gingivalis, an intracellular opportunistic pathogen, uses a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) homolog to inhibit innate immune responses due to stimulation by extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal that binds to P2X7 receptors and induces activation of an inflammasome and caspase-1. Thus, infection of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with wild-type P. gingivalis results in inhibition of ATP-induced caspase-1 activation. However, ndk-deficient P. gingivalis is less effective than wild-type P. gingivalis in reducing ATP-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from infected GECs. Furthermore, P. gingivalis NDK modulates release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a pro-inflammatory danger signal, which remains associated with chromatin in healthy cells. Unexpectedly, infection with either wild-type or ndk-deficient P. gingivalis causes release of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol. But HMGB1 is released to the extracellular space when uninfected GECs are further stimulated with ATP, and there is more HMGB1 released from the cells when ATP-treated cells are infected with ndk-deficient mutant than wild-type P. gingivalis. Our results reveal that NDK plays a significant role in inhibiting P2X7-dependent inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release from infected GECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Johnson
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Phuong Q Bui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Jung YJ, Jun HK, Choi BK. Contradictory roles ofPorphyromonas gingivalisgingipains in caspase-1 activation. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1304-19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
| | - Hye-Kyoung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
- Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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The expression of NLRP3, NLRP1 and AIM2 in the gingival tissue of periodontitis patients: RT-PCR study and immunohistochemistry. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:948-58. [PMID: 25841070 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Detecting the distribution and intensity of NLRP3, NLRP1 and AIM2 expression in different types of periodontitis gingival tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 65 gingival tissues were collected from clinic and been divided into three groups: patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP) and healthy control subjects. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect mRNA expression of NLRP3, NLRP1 and AIM2 in full-thickness tissue. In the meanwhile, immunohistochemistry was used to detect distribution of NLRP3, NLRP1 and AIM2 in the periodontal epithelium and in the connective tissue cells. RESULTS The overall intensity of NLRP3 expression was significantly higher in CP or G-AgP than healthy tissue. A more significant difference was observed in the periodontal epithelium layer. NLRP1 was barely expressed in the healthy and periodontitis gingival tissues, whereas AIM2 was expressed at a higher level in the chronic periodontitis group than others. CONCLUSION The NLRP3, NLRP1 and AIM2 proteins were differentially expressed in gingival tissues from patients with CP and G-AgP and may play vital roles in the progression of periodontal inflammation to different degrees. Our studies may provide a new direction for personalized periodontal treatment.
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Atanasova KR, Yilmaz Ö. Prelude to oral microbes and chronic diseases: past, present and future. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:473-83. [PMID: 25813714 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Associations between oral and systemic health are ancient. Oral opportunistic bacteria, particularly, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have recently been deviated from their traditional roles as periodontal pathogens and arguably ascended to central players based on their participations in complex co-dependent mechanisms of diverse systemic chronic diseases risk and pathogenesis, including cancers, rheumatoid-arthritis, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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80
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1487-96. [PMID: 25644004 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03132-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is produced from a number of bacteria capable of causing infection and inflammatory disease. Our previous studies with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Cdt demonstrate not only that the active toxin subunit functions as a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase but also that macrophages exposed to the toxin were stimulated to produce proinflammatory cytokines. We now demonstrate that the Cdt-induced proinflammatory response involves the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Specific inhibitors and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were employed to demonstrate requirements for NLRP3 and ASC as well as caspase-1. Furthermore, Cdt-mediated inflammasome activation is dependent upon upstream signals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Cdt-induced increases in extracellular ATP levels. Increases in extracellular ATP levels contribute to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptor, leading to K+ efflux. The relationship between the abilities of the active toxin subunit CdtB to function as a lipid phosphatase, activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, and induce a proinflammatory cytokine response is discussed. These studies provide new insight into the virulence potential of Cdt in mediating the pathogenesis of disease caused by Cdt-producing organisms such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
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81
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Kurpios-Piec D, Woźniak K, Kowalewski C, Gajewska B, Rahden-Staroń I. Thiram modulates pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 37:90-102. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.987924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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82
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Guo W, Ye P, Yu H, Liu Z, Yang P, Hunter N. CD24 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through c-Src kinase activity in a model of the lining epithelium of inflamed periodontal tissues. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2014; 2:239-53. [PMID: 25866631 PMCID: PMC4386918 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is characterized by perturbation of the epithelial attachment to the tooth with subsequent migration of the lining epithelium and formation of a cleft or pocket. This non-keratinized lining epithelium provides initial responses to bacterial products by signalling through receptors of innate immunity to activate inflammasome pathways. These comprise an intracellular network of regulatory and effector molecules leading to synthesis and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, CD24 is characteristically strongly expressed by the pocket epithelium and is reported to function as an important negative regulator for danger signals, protecting tissues from excessive leukocyte activity. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of ligation of CD24 on expression of inflammasome components. An epithelial mimic of pocket epithelium was used to evaluate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Surprisingly, antibody ligation of CD24 enhanced expression of NLRP3 together with co-activators ASC and caspase-1 resulting in burst release of activated interleukin (IL)-18. Potent product inhibition was detected with IL-18 suppressing expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. Scant distribution of these products within pocket epithelium compared with healthy gingival attachment provided indication of potential cycling of NLRP3 inflammasome expression. As subjects with mild chronic periodontitis have increased titres of serum antibodies auto-reactive with CD24 compared with those of subjects with severe periodontitis, a molecular mechanism for regulated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by c-Src kinase activity, is proposed. This pathway could be regionally disrupted by products of pathogenic bacteria with profound downregulation in the dysbiosis associated with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University Shandong Province, China ; Yantai Stomatological Hospital Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Hong Yu
- Microscopy Laboratory, Westmead Millennium Institute Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Yantai Stomatological Hospital Shandong Province, China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University Shandong Province, China
| | - Neil Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital, Australia ; Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Sydney Sydney, Australia
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83
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Yoshida K, Yoshioka M, Okamura H, Moriyama S, Kawazoe K, Grenier D, Hinode D. Preventive effect of Daiokanzoto (TJ-84) on 5-fluorouracil-induced human gingival cell death through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112689. [PMID: 25389767 PMCID: PMC4229234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Daiokanzoto (TJ-84) is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine (Kampo formulation). While many Kampo formulations have been reported to regulate inflammation and immune responses in oral mucosa, there is no evidence to show that TJ-84 has beneficial effects on oral mucositis, a disease resulting from increased cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In order to develop effective new therapeutic strategies for treating oral mucositis, we investigated (i) the mechanisms by which 5-FU induces the death of human gingival cells and (ii) the effects of TJ-84 on biological events induced by 5-FU. 5-FU-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and pore formation in gingival cells (Sa3 cell line) resulted in cell death. Incubating the cells with 5-FU increased the expression of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing PYD-3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1. The cleavage of caspase-1 was observed in 5-FU-treated cells, which was followed by an increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. The inhibition of the NLRP3 pathway slightly decreased the effects of 5-FU on cell viability and LDH release, suggesting that NLRP3 may be in part involved in 5-FU-induced cell death. TJ-84 decreased 5-FU-induced LDH release and cell death and also significantly inhibited the depolarization of mitochondria and the up-regulation of 5-FU-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production. The transcriptional factor, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was not involved in the 5-FU-induced cell death in Sa3 cells. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that the increase of ROS production in mitochondria, rather than NLRP3 activation, was considered to be associated with the cell death induced by 5-FU. The results also suggested that TJ-84 may attenuate 5-FU-induced cell death through the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masami Yoshioka
- Department of Oral Health Science and Social Welfare, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Department of Hygiene and Oral Health Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawazoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daisuke Hinode
- Department of Hygiene and Oral Health Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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84
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Lee TH, Song HJ, Park CS. Role of inflammasome activation in development and exacerbation of asthma. Asia Pac Allergy 2014; 4:187-96. [PMID: 25379478 PMCID: PMC4215437 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.4.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human airways contact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns present in many environments. Asthmatic's airways may be more susceptible to these patterns and lead to inflammasome activation; however, the participation of inflammasome in the development and exacerbation of asthma is not fully understood and remains controversial. Asthma is a heterogeneous group composed of different airway inflammation patterns with different underlying immune mechanisms. One mechanism is neutrophilic airway inflammation based on the axis of inflammasome activation, interleukin (IL) 1β/IL-18 production, T helper 17 activation, IL-8/IL-6 overproduction, and neutrophilic inflammation. The role of inflammasome activation has been highlighted in experimental asthma models and some evidence of inflammasome activation has been recently demonstrated in human neutrophilic asthmatic airways. In addition to caspase-1 activation, proteinase 3 and other protease from activated neutrophils directly cleave pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to IL-1β and IL-18, which contribute to the phenotype of subsequent adaptive immune responses without inflammasome activation. Data suggests that neutrophilics in asthmatic airways may have an additional effect in initiating inflammasome activation and amplifying immune responses. Among the mediators from neutrophils, S100A9 seems to be one candidate mediator to explain the action of neutrophils in amplifying the airway inflammation in concert with inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Bucheon 420-767, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Song
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Bucheon 420-767, Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Disease, Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 420-767, Korea
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85
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Li H, Zhou X, Zhang J. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammasome activation in human gingival epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1039-44. [PMID: 25069505 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pathogenic factor for the destruction of periodontal tissue in periodontitis. The processing of IL-1β is regulated by cytosolic machinery termed as the inflammasome, which recruits and activates caspase-1 and then cleaves pro-IL-1β to produce mature IL-1β. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and stimulate IL-1β production in human oral cells. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an ubiquitous cytoprotective enzyme. The products of HO-1 exhibit protective biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that the induction of HO-1 inhibits the activation of the inflammasome and protects against LPS-induced inflammatory damage in cultured human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). Our results revealed that LPS induced the overexpression of the inflammasome components, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1, by western blot analysis. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that LPS increased the binding of NLRP3 and ASC, and confocal imaging revealed that LPS increased the immunostaining and co-localization of ASC and caspase-1, indicating that LPS enhanced the assembly/formation of the inflammasome components. Hemin, a potent HO-1 inducer, blocked the LPS-induced overexpression and the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, hemin also inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the production of IL-1β, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and blocked the nuclear translocation of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as shown by confocal assays. As a result, hemin protected the cells from LPS-induced damage, which was demonstrated by the immunostaining pattern of the cell junction protein, E-cadherin. LPS produced a disturbed staining pattern of E-cadherin, suggesting the disruption of epithelial integrity, which was abolished in the hemin-treated cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the induction of HO-1 by hemin attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory damage in human GECs through the inhibition of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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86
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Zhang W, Ju J, Rigney T, Tribble G. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection increases osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation in a periodontitis mouse model. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:89. [PMID: 25027664 PMCID: PMC4108595 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis has been shown to invade osteoblasts and inhibit their differentiation and mineralization in vitro. However, it is unclear if P. gingivalis can invade osteoblasts in vivo and how this would affect alveolar osteoblast/osteoclast dynamics. This study aims to answer these questions using a periodontitis mouse model under repetitive P. gingivalis inoculations. Methods For 3-month-old BALB/cByJ female mice, 109 CFU of P. gingivalis were inoculated onto the gingival margin of maxillary molars 4 times at 2-day intervals. After 2 weeks, another 4 inoculations at 2-day intervals were applied. Calcein was injected 7 and 2 days before sacrificing animals to label the newly formed bone. Four weeks after final inoculation, mice were sacrificed and maxilla collected. Immunohistochemistry, micro-CT, and bone histomorphometry were performed on the specimens. Sham infection with only vehicle was the control. Results P. gingivalis was found to invade gingival epithelia, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and alveolar osteoblasts. Micro-CT showed alveolar bone resorption and significant reduction of bone mineral density and content in the infected mice compared to the controls. Bone histomorphometry showed a decrease in osteoblasts, an increase in osteoclasts and bone resorption, and a surprisingly increased osteoblastic bone formation in the infected mice compared to the controls. Conclusions P. gingivalis invades alveolar osteoblasts in the periodontitis mouse model and cause alveolar bone loss. Although P. gingivalis appears to suppress osteoblast pool and enhance osteoclastic bone resorption, the bone formation capacity is temporarily elevated in the infected mice, possibly via some anti-microbial compensational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, 7500 Cambridge Street, Suite 5366, Houston 77054, TX, USA.
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87
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Morandini AC, Ramos-Junior ES, Potempa J, Nguyen KA, Oliveira AC, Bellio M, Ojcius DM, Scharfstein J, Coutinho-Silva R. Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae dampen P2X7-dependent interleukin-1β secretion. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:831-45. [PMID: 24925032 DOI: 10.1159/000363338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of periodontitis, an infection-driven inflammatory disease that leads to bone destruction. This pathogen stimulates pro-interleukin (IL)-1β synthesis but not mature IL-1β secretion, unless the P2X7 receptor is activated by extracellular ATP (eATP). Here, we investigated the role of P. gingivalis fimbriae in eATP-induced IL-1β release. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild-type (WT) or P2X7-deficient mice were infected with P. gingivalis (381) or isogenic fimbria-deficient (DPG3) strain with or without subsequent eATP stimulation. DPG3 induced higher IL-1β secretion after eATP stimulation compared to 381 in WT BMDMs, but not in P2X7-deficient cells. This mechanism was dependent on K(+) efflux and Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2 activity. Accordingly, non-fimbriated P. gingivalis failed to inhibit apoptosis via the eATP/P2X7 pathway. Furthermore, P. gingivalis-driven stimulation of IL-1β was Toll-like receptor 2 and MyD88 dependent, and not associated with fimbria expression. Fimbria-dependent down-modulation of IL-1β was selective, as levels of other cytokines remained unaffected by P2X7 deficiency. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the presence of discrete P2X7 expression in the absence of P. gingivalis stimulation, which was enhanced by 381-stimulated cells. Notably, DPG3-infected macrophages revealed a distinct pattern of P2X7 receptor expression with a marked focus formation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that eATP-induced IL-1β secretion is impaired by P. gingivalis fimbriae in a P2X7-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Morandini
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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88
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Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Breaking bad: manipulation of the host response by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:328-38. [PMID: 24338806 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent metagenomic and mechanistic studies are consistent with a new model of periodontal pathogenesis. This model proposes that periodontal disease is initiated by a synergistic and dysbiotic microbial community rather than by a select few bacteria traditionally known as "periopathogens." Low-abundance bacteria with community-wide effects that are critical for the development of dysbiosis are now known as keystone pathogens, the best-documented example of which is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Here, we review established mechanisms by which P. gingivalis interferes with host immunity and enables the emergence of dysbiotic communities. We integrate the role of P. gingivalis with that of other bacteria acting upstream and downstream in pathogenesis. Accessory pathogens act upstream to facilitate P. gingivalis colonization and co-ordinate metabolic activities, whereas commensals-turned pathobionts act downstream and contribute to destructive inflammation. The recent concepts of keystone pathogens, along with polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis, have profound implications for the development of therapeutic options for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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89
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Spooner R, DeGuzman J, Lee K, Yilmaz Ö. Danger signal adenosine via adenosine 2a receptor stimulates growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in primary gingival epithelial cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:67-78. [PMID: 24517244 PMCID: PMC3960722 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signaling during inflammation and chronic diseases involves molecules referred to as 'Danger Signals' (DS), including the small molecule adenosine. We demonstrate that primary gingival epithelial cells (GEC) express a family of G-protein coupled receptors known as adenosine receptors, including the high-affinity receptors A1 and A2a and low-affinity receptors A2b and A3. Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected GEC with the A2a receptor-specific agonist CGS-21680 resulted in elevated intracellular bacterial replication as determined by fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assay. Additionally, A2a receptor antagonism and knockdown via RNA interference significantly reduced metabolically active intracellular P. gingivalis. Furthermore, analysis of anti-inflammatory mediator cyclic AMP (cAMP) following A2a receptor selective agonist CGS-21680 stimulation induced significantly higher levels of cAMP during P. gingivalis infection, indicating that adenosine signaling may attenuate inflammatory processes associated with bacterial infection. This study reveals that the GEC express functional A2a receptor and P. gingivalis may use the A2a receptor coupled DS adenosine signaling as a means to establish successful persistence in the oral mucosa, possibly via downregulation of the pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jefferson DeGuzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - KyuLim Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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90
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Huck O, Elkaim R, Davideau JL, Tenenbaum H. Porphyromonas gingivalis-impaired innate immune response via NLRP3 proteolysis in endothelial cells. Innate Immun 2014; 21:65-72. [PMID: 24583910 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914523459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is involved in the link between periodontal diseases and atherosclerosis worsening. In periodontal cells, Pg modifies IL-1β expression via the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation. Our aim was to investigate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells (ECs) after Pg infection and Pg-LPS stimulation. In both situations, RT-PCR experiments demonstrated an increase of the NLRP3 mRNA level that can be potentiated by pre-treatment of ECs with 5 mM ATP. However, Western blotting analysis revealed that Pg infection induced a proteolysis of NLRP3 protein and a major decrease of the native protein. After ATP pre-treatment and/or Pg-LPS stimulation, this proteolysis was not observed, while NLRP3 protein levels were increased. Proteolysis of the NLRP3 protein was not observed with heat-killed Pg and inhibition of ECs protein synthesis with cycloheximide did not abolish the NLRP3 protein degradation induced by Pg infection in ATP pre-treated cells. Additionally, significant increases of secreted IL-1β were measured after ATP pre-treatment and/or Pg-LPS stimulation, but not after Pg infection. These data showed that Pg and Pg-LPS differentially controlled the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in ECs, and suggested a novel potential mechanism developed by Pg to reduce IL-1β secretion and to escape host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Huck
- INSERM UMR 1109, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" Team, Strasbourg, France Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - René Elkaim
- INSERM UMR 1109, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" Team, Strasbourg, France Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davideau
- INSERM UMR 1109, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" Team, Strasbourg, France Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henri Tenenbaum
- INSERM UMR 1109, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" Team, Strasbourg, France Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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91
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Atanasova KR, Yilmaz O. Looking in the Porphyromonas gingivalis cabinet of curiosities: the microbium, the host and cancer association. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:55-66. [PMID: 24506890 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The past decades of biomedical research have yielded massive evidence for the contribution of the microbiome in the development of a variety of chronic human diseases. There is emerging evidence that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a well-adapted opportunistic pathogen of the oral mucosa and prominent constituent of oral biofilms, best known for its involvement in periodontitis, may be an important mediator in the development of a number of multifactorial and seemingly unrelated chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and orodigestive cancers. Orodigestive cancers represent a large proportion of the total malignancies worldwide, and include cancers of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. For prevention and/or enhanced prognosis of these diseases, a good understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the interaction between P. gingivalis and host is much needed. With this review, we introduce the currently accumulated knowledge on P. gingivalis's plausible association with cancer as a risk modifier, and present the putative cancer-promoting cellular and molecular mechanisms that this organism may influence in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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92
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Liu S, Li Q, Liu Y. Immunohistochemical localization of NALP3 inflammasome in experimental periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2014; 47:949-57. [PMID: 24386947 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of NALP3 inflammasome [NALP3, its effector molecule apoptosis associated speck-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18] in the development of periapical lesions in rats. METHODOLOGY Periapical lesions were developed within 21 days after mandibular first molar pulp exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were randomly sacrificed at 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days after pulpal exposure. The bilateral mandibles were extracted for histological processing, then they were haematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained to examine inflammation infiltration in the apical region and immunohistochemically examined for the NALP3 inflammasome signalling pathway. Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance and the Pearson(') s correlation and linear tendency test. RESULTS NALP3 was detected in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and vascular endothelial cells in the periapical region. From day 1 to day 21, the number of NALP3-positive cells ascended and was significantly correlated with the intensity of inflammatory infiltration (r = 0.776, P < 0.01). ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 were all expressed in the inflammatory periapical tissues. The positive cell counts of IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly correlated with that of NALP3, and r = 0.718, P < 0.01; r = 0.688, P < 0.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NALP3 inflammasome is expressed in the inflammatory periapical tissues. This cytokine-signalling pathway may therefore be crucial in the regulatory control of inflammatory responses in periapical tissues and the development of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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93
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Abstract
The elaboration of an effective immune response against pathogenic microbes such as viruses, intracellular bacteria or protozoan parasites relies on the recognition of microbial products called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Ligation of the PRRs leads to synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infected cells and other stressed cells also release host-cell derived molecules, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, danger signals, or alarmins), which are generic markers for damage. DAMPs are recognized by specific receptors on both immune and nonimmune cells, which, depending on the target cell and the cellular context, can lead to cell differentiation or cell death, and either inflammation or inhibition of inflammation. Recent research has revealed that DAMPs and PAMPs synergize to permit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β): PAMPs stimulate synthesis of pro-IL-1β, but not its secretion; while DAMPs can stimulate assembly of an inflammasome containing, usually, a Nod-like receptor (NLR) member, and activation of the protease caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1β into IL-1β, allowing its secretion. Other NLR members do not participate in formation of inflammasomes but play other essential roles in regulation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwane Saïd-Sadier
- Molecular Cell Biology, and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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94
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Baek KJ, Choi Y, Ji S. Gingival fibroblasts from periodontitis patients exhibit inflammatory characteristics in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1282-92. [PMID: 24011303 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) are an important regulatory cell type in the progression of periodontitis. This study aimed to compare the expression levels of genes associated with inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation and bone destruction in GFs isolated from healthy and periodontitis subjects in the absence and presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. DESIGNS Primary GFs from healthy (n=10) and periodontitis subjects (n=10) were stimulated in vitro with viable P. gingivalis ATCC 49417 and 3 clinical isolates of P. gingivalis with type II fimbriae from one healthy subject (KUMC-H1) and two periodontitis patients (KUMC-P1, -P2). The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1B), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and 2, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were assessed using real-time PCR. The levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TIMP-3 protein were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1B and TIMP-3 was higher in the periodontitis group compared with the healthy group, whereas IL-4 expression was higher in the healthy group both in the absence and presence of the P. gingivalis strains. The expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TIMP-3 protein were also higher in the periodontitis group in the absence and/or presence of the P. gingivalis strains. There was inter-strain variability among P. gingivalis strains in the ability to induce expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, MMPs and OPG and in the ability to degrade IL-6 protein. CONCLUSION High expression of proinflammatory cytokines and TIMP-3 and low expression of IL-4 can be a signature of GFs associated with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Jin Baek
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection & Immunity, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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95
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Hung SC, Choi CH, Said-Sadier N, Johnson L, Atanasova KR, Sellami H, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. P2X4 assembles with P2X7 and pannexin-1 in gingival epithelial cells and modulates ATP-induced reactive oxygen species production and inflammasome activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70210. [PMID: 23936165 PMCID: PMC3723664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that Porphyromonas gingivalis infection of gingival epithelial cells (GEC) requires an exogenous danger signal such as ATP to activate an inflammasome and caspase-1, thereby inducing secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. Stimulation with extracellular ATP also stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GEC. However, the mechanism by which ROS is generated in response to ATP, and the role that different purinergic receptors may play in inflammasome activation, is still unclear. In this study, we revealed that the purinergic receptor P2X4 is assembled with the receptor P2X7 and its associated pore, pannexin-1. ATP induces ROS production through a complex consisting of the P2X4, P2X7, and pannexin-1. P2X7−mediated ROS production can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Furthermore, separate depletion or inhibition of P2X4, P2X7, or pannexin-1 complex blocks IL-1β secretion in P. gingivalis-infected GEC following ATP treatment. However, activation via P2X4 alone induces ROS generation but not inflammasome activation. These results suggest that ROS is generated through stimulation of a P2X4/P2X7/pannexin-1 complex, and reveal an unexpected role for P2X4, which acts as a positive regulator of inflammasome activation during microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Najwane Said-Sadier
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Larry Johnson
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | | | - Hanen Sellami
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Medical School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Ebersole JL, Dawson DR, Morford LA, Peyyala R, Miller CS, Gonzaléz OA. Periodontal disease immunology: 'double indemnity' in protecting the host. Periodontol 2000 2013; 62:163-202. [PMID: 23574466 PMCID: PMC4131201 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last two to three decades our understanding of the immunobiology of periodontal disease has increased exponentially, both with respect to the microbial agents triggering the disease process and the molecular mechanisms of the host engagement maintaining homeostasis or leading to collateral tissue damage. These foundational scientific findings have laid the groundwork for translating cell phenotype, receptor engagement, intracellular signaling pathways and effector functions into a 'picture' of the periodontium as the host responds to the 'danger signals' of the microbial ecology to maintain homeostasis or succumb to a disease process. These findings implicate the chronicity of the local response in attempting to manage the microbial challenge, creating a 'Double Indemnity' in some patients that does not 'insure' health for the periodontium. As importantly, in reflecting the title of this volume of Periodontology 2000, this review attempts to inform the community of how the science of periodontal immunology gestated, how continual probing of the biology of the disease has led to an evolution in our knowledge base and how more recent studies in the postgenomic era are revolutionizing our understanding of disease initiation, progression and resolution. Thus, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host-bacteria interactions that result in the clinical presentation and outcomes of destructive periodontitis. The science has embarked from observations of variations in responses related to disease expression with a focus for utilization of the responses in diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes, to current investigations using cutting-edge fundamental biological processes to attempt to model the initiation and progression of soft- and hard-tissue destruction of the periodontium. As importantly, the next era in the immunobiology of periodontal disease will need to engage more sophisticated experimental designs for clinical studies to enable robust translation of basic biologic processes that are in action early in the transition from health to disease, those which stimulate microenvironmental changes that select for a more pathogenic microbial ecology and those that represent a rebalancing of the complex host responses and a resolution of inflammatory tissue destruction.
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97
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Zhao JJ, Feng XP, Zhang XL, Le KY. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus on secretion of IL1B, IL6, and IL8 by gingival epithelial cells. Inflammation 2013; 35:1330-7. [PMID: 22382516 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis alters cytokine expression in gingival epithelial cells, stimulating inflammatory responses that may lead to periodontal disease. This study explored the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the specific expressions of the interleukins (ILs) IL1B, IL6, and IL8 induced by the pathogen. Human gingival epithelial cells were co-cultured with P. gingivalis, L. acidophilus, or L. acidophilus + P. gingivalis; the control group consisted of the cells alone. Protein and gene expression levels of the ILs were detected using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. The supernatant from the P. gingivalis group held significantly higher protein and mRNA levels of IL1B, IL6, and IL8, compared to the control group. In the mixed bacterial group (L. acidophilus + P. gingivalis), the levels of all three ILs decreased with increasing concentrations of L. acidophilus and were significantly different from the P. gingivalis group. This suggests that in gingival cells, L. acidophilus offsets the P. gingivalis-induced secretion of these ILs in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-jun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
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98
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Choi CH, Spooner R, DeGuzman J, Koutouzis T, Ojcius DM, Yilmaz Ö. Porphyromonas gingivalis-nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase inhibits ATP-induced reactive-oxygen-species via P2X7 receptor/NADPH-oxidase signalling and contributes to persistence. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:961-76. [PMID: 23241000 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of P2X7 receptors with a 'danger signal', extracellular ATP (eATP), has recently been shown to result in production of intracellular reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) in macrophages. We show that primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) produce sustained, robust cellular ROS upon stimulation by eATP. The induction of ROS was mediated by P2X7 receptor signalling coupled with NADPH-oxidase activation, as determined by pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference. Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral opportunistic pathogen, upregulated the antioxidant glutathione response, modulated eATP-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS generated through P2X7 /NADPH-oxidase interactome, and subsequently blocked oxidative stress in GECs via temporal secretion of a P. gingivalis effector, nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk). An ndk-deficient P. gingivalis mutant lacked the ability to inhibit ROS production and persist intracellularly following eATP stimulation. Treatment with recombinant Ndk significantly diminished eATP-evoked ROS production. P. gingivalis infection elicited a strong, time-dependent increase in anti-oxidativemitochondrial UCP2 levels, whereas ndk-deficient mutant did not cause any change. The results reveal a novel signalling cascade that is tightly coupled with eATP signalling and ROS regulation. Ndk by P. gingivalis counteracts these antimicrobial signalling activities by secreting Ndk, thus contributing to successful persistence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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99
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Tseng WA, Thein T, Kinnunen K, Lashkari K, Gregory MS, D'Amore PA, Ksander BR. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells by lysosomal destabilization: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:110-20. [PMID: 23221073 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of lysosomal destabilization on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in RPE cells and to investigate the mechanisms by which inflammasome activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Human ocular tissue sections from patients with geographic atrophy or neovascular AMD were stained for NLRP3 and compared to tissues from age-matched controls. Expression of the IL-1β precursor, pro-IL-1β, was induced in ARPE-19 cells by IL-1α treatment. Immunoblotting was performed to assess expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, and procaspase-1) and pro-IL-1β in ARPE-19 cells. Lysosomes were destabilized using the lysosomotropic agent L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (Leu-Leu-OMe). Active caspase-1 was detected using FAM-YVAD-FMK, a fluorescent-labeled inhibitor of caspases (FLICA) specific for caspase-1. IL-1β was detected by immunoblotting and ELISA, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by LDH quantification. RESULTS RPE of eyes affected by geographic atrophy or neovascular AMD exhibited NLRP3 staining at lesion sites. ARPE-19 cells were found to express NLRP3, ASC, and procaspase-1. IL-1α dose-dependently induced pro-IL-1β expression in ARPE-19 cells. Lysosomal destabilization induced by Leu-Leu-OMe triggered caspase-1 activation, IL-1β secretion, and ARPE-19 cell death. Blocking Leu-Leu-OMe-induced lysosomal disruption with the compound Gly-Phe-CHN(2) or inhibiting caspase-1 with Z-YVAD-FMK abrogated IL-1β release and ARPE-19 cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 upregulation occurs in the RPE during the pathogenesis of advanced AMD, in both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD. Destabilization of RPE lysosomes induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which may contribute to AMD pathology through the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and through caspase-1-mediated cell death, known as "pyroptosis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Allen Tseng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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100
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Chen YC, Liu CM, Jeng JH, Ku CC. Association of pocket epithelial cell proliferation in periodontitis with TLR9 expression and inflammatory response. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 113:549-56. [PMID: 25037760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Inflammatory response is triggered after recognition of microbial ligands by innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). In this study, we examined serial frozen sections of gingival biopsies from patients with gingivitis or periodontitis by immunohistochemical analysis for the topographic expression patterns of selected innate receptors and their association with cell proliferation in clinically healthy and diseased gingival tissues. METHODS A total of 19 gingival biopsies were collected from patients at the School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical Center according to approved protocol and with informed consent. The specimens were assigned to either the gingivitis group or periodontitis group after clinical evaluation using gingival index. Frozen sections of gingival biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. Serial sections of the same samples were stained with a panel of antibodies for immunohistochemical analysis. Expression of each protein marker was compared in the oral versus the sulcular epithelium of the same section. RESULTS Expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) was markedly increased in the basement membranes of the oral epithelium and in all layers of the pocket epithelium where it caused evident cell proliferation and migration of sulcular epithelial cells into the lamina propria of periodontitis tissue. TLR4 and the cytoplasmic NLRP3 were expressed in all sections examined regardless of disease state. However, expression of TLR9-, CK19- and collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinase-13 and activated NF-κB subunit p65 was more commonly found in periodontitis tissues than in gingivitis tissues. CONCLUSION Activation of TLR9 signaling in the pocket epithelium was highly associated with periodontal inflammation and possibly with loss of tissue integrity. Further studies of mechanisms by which TLR9 signaling is activated in the periodontal epithelium may lead to new strategies for treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheing-Meei Liu
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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