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Conant LL, Liebenthal E, Desai A, Seidenberg MS, Binder JR. Differential activation of the visual word form area during auditory phoneme perception in youth with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107543. [PMID: 32598966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a learning disorder characterized by difficulties reading words accurately and/or fluently. Several behavioral studies have suggested the presence of anomalies at an early stage of phoneme processing, when the complex spectrotemporal patterns in the speech signal are analyzed and assigned to phonemic categories. In this study, fMRI was used to compare brain responses associated with categorical discrimination of speech syllables (P) and acoustically matched nonphonemic stimuli (N) in children and adolescents with dyslexia and in typically developing (TD) controls, aged 8-17 years. The TD group showed significantly greater activation during the P condition relative to N in an area of the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex that corresponds well with the region referred to as the "visual word form area" (VWFA). Regression analyses using reading performance as a continuous variable across the full group of participants yielded similar results. Overall, the findings are consistent with those of previous neuroimaging studies using print stimuli in individuals with dyslexia that found reduced activation in left occipitotemporal regions; however, the current study shows that these activation differences seen during reading are apparent during auditory phoneme discrimination in youth with dyslexia, suggesting that the primary deficit in at least a subset of children may lie early in the speech processing stream and that categorical perception may be an important target of early intervention in children at risk for dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Einat Liebenthal
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjali Desai
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mark S Seidenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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52
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Auditory distraction in school-age children relative to individual differences in working memory capacity. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:3581-3593. [PMID: 32494910 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined susceptibility to auditory distraction and its association to working-memory capacity (WMC) in children (N=125) using a dichotic listening task. Performance in a dichotic listening task was measured with and without distracting multi-talker babble (MTB). Intrusion errors from the to-be-ignored ear and the overall errors of any type between the two conditions were modeled to explain the role of WMC and the potential moderating effect of MTB, while controlling for age. Susceptibility to auditory distraction when represented by the absolute difference in errors between MTB and no-MTB conditions was not associated with WMC and age. That is, children with greater WMC were no better at ignoring interference from babble than children with low WMC. This suggests that irrelevant sounds have obligatory access to verbal short-term memory and are not effectively suppressed by the attention-controlled WM system. However, when ratio of errors with and without MTB was analyzed, children with high WMC made more errors compared to children with low WMC. Developmental improvements in children's WMC do not appear to advantage listening in the presence of distracting background noise. Therefore, enhancement of target speech in children's learning environments is crucial.
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53
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Ziegler JC, Perry C, Zorzi M. Learning to Read and Dyslexia: From Theory to Intervention Through Personalized Computational Models. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 29:293-300. [PMID: 32655213 PMCID: PMC7324076 DOI: 10.1177/0963721420915873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
How do children learn to read? How do deficits in various components of the reading network affect learning outcomes? How does remediating one or several components change reading performance? In this article, we summarize what is known about learning to read and how this can be formalized in a developmentally plausible computational model of reading acquisition. The model is used to understand normal and impaired reading development (dyslexia). In particular, we show that it is possible to simulate individual learning trajectories and intervention outcomes on the basis of three component skills: orthography, phonology, and vocabulary. We therefore advocate a multifactorial computational approach to understanding reading that has practical implications for dyslexia and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C. Ziegler
- Laboratoire de Psychologie
Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Aix-Marseille University
| | - Conrad Perry
- Faculty of Health, Arts and
Design, Swinburne University of Technology
| | - Marco Zorzi
- Department of General Psychology,
University of Padova
- IRRCS San Camillo Hospital,
Venice-Lido, Italy
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54
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Han JH, Yi DW, Lee J, Chang WD, Lee HJ. Development of a Smartphone-Based Digits-in-Noise Test in Korean: a Hearing Screening Tool for Speech Perception in Noise. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e163. [PMID: 32476302 PMCID: PMC7261694 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The digits-in-noise (DiN) test is a speech-in-noise test to measure speech recognition threshold in noise adaptively. Herein, we aimed to develop the Korean version of the DiN test to provide a useful hearing screening tool for clinical as well as research purposes. METHOD Spoken monosyllabic digits from 0 to 9 were recorded by a female speaker. The test list was constructed such that each digit was placed in three different positions. An optimization procedure was conducted to equate the audibility of each digit. After the optimization, the smartphone application for the Korean DiN (K-DiN) test was developed. For the adaptive measurement procedure, 180 new DiN triplets separated into six lists of 30 were created. Mean speech recognition threshold values for each list and session were measured to examine the test-retest and training effects of the test materials. In addition, speech recognition threshold values measured by different devices were compared to determine whether the speech recognition threshold levels differed. RESULTS Optimization results showed that the mean speech recognition threshold and slope were ?11.55 dB signal-to-noise ratio and 10.21%/dB, respectively, which are comparable to levels shown in different-language versions of the DiN test. The results of the test-retest and training effects revealed no significant differences among the test sessions and lists. Additionally, the mean speech recognition threshold values measured by four different devices were not different, indicating the reliability of the test materials. CONCLUSION We believe this study is the first to attempt to develop a K-DiN test. Our results indicate that this test can be used as a potentially reliable hearing screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Han
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Yi
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Won Du Chang
- Department of Computer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
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Brief Report: Speech-in-Noise Recognition and the Relation to Vocal Pitch Perception in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:356-363. [PMID: 31583624 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We tested the ability to recognise speech-in-noise and its relation to the ability to discriminate vocal pitch in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developed adults (matched pairwise on age, sex, and IQ). Typically developed individuals understood speech in higher noise levels as compared to the ASD group. Within the control group but not within the ASD group, better speech-in-noise recognition abilities were significantly correlated with better vocal pitch discrimination abilities. Our results show that speech-in-noise recognition is restricted in people with ASD. We speculate that perceptual impairments such as difficulties in vocal pitch perception might be relevant in explaining these difficulties in ASD.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED An accumulating body of evidence highlights the contribution of general cognitive processes, such as attention, to language-related skills. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to explore how interference control (a subcomponent of selective attention) is affected in developmental dyslexia (DD) by means of control over simple stimulus-response mappings. Furthermore, we aimed to examine interference control in adults with DD across sensory modalities. METHODS The performance of 14 dyslexic adults and 14 matched controls was compared on visual/auditory Simon tasks, in which conflict was presented in terms of an incongruent mapping between the location of a visual/auditory stimulus and the appropriate motor response. RESULTS In the auditory task, dyslexic participants exhibited larger Simon effect costs; namely, they showed disproportionately larger reaction times (RTs)/errors costs when the auditory stimulus and response were incongruent relative to RT/errors costs of non-impaired readers. In the visual Simon task, both groups presented Simon effect costs to the same extent. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the ability to control auditory selective attention is carried out less effectively in those with DD compared with visually controlled processing. The implications of this impaired process for the language-related skills of individuals with DD are discussed.
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Wallace MT, Woynaroski TG, Stevenson RA. Multisensory Integration as a Window into Orderly and Disrupted Cognition and Communication. Annu Rev Psychol 2020; 71:193-219. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During our everyday lives, we are confronted with a vast amount of information from several sensory modalities. This multisensory information needs to be appropriately integrated for us to effectively engage with and learn from our world. Research carried out over the last half century has provided new insights into the way such multisensory processing improves human performance and perception; the neurophysiological foundations of multisensory function; the time course for its development; how multisensory abilities differ in clinical populations; and, most recently, the links between multisensory processing and cognitive abilities. This review summarizes the extant literature on multisensory function in typical and atypical circumstances, discusses the implications of the work carried out to date for theory and research, and points toward next steps for advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Wallace
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;,
- Departments of Psychology and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Tiffany G. Woynaroski
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;,
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Ryan A. Stevenson
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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58
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Rosenthal MA. A systematic review of the voice-tagging hypothesis of speech-in-noise perception. Neuropsychologia 2019; 136:107256. [PMID: 31715197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The voice-tagging hypothesis claims that individuals who better represent pitch information in a speaker's voice, as measured with the frequency following response (FFR), will be better at speech-in-noise perception. The hypothesis has been provided to explain how music training might improve speech-in-noise perception. This paper reviews studies that are relevant to the voice-tagging hypothesis, including studies on musicians and nonmusicians. Most studies on musicians show greater f0 amplitude compared to controls. Most studies on nonmusicians do not show group differences in f0 amplitude. Across all studies reviewed, f0 amplitude does not consistently predict accuracy in speech-in-noise perception. The evidence suggests that music training does not improve speech-in-noise perception via enhanced subcortical representation of the f0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Rosenthal
- University of Kansas, 1450 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, Department of Psychology, United States.
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59
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Auditory gating in adults with dyslexia: An ERP account of diminished rapid neural adaptation. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:2182-2192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gokula R, Sharma M, Cupples L, Valderrama JT. Comorbidity of Auditory Processing, Attention, and Memory in Children With Word Reading Difficulties. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2383. [PMID: 31695659 PMCID: PMC6817942 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To document the auditory processing, visual attention, digit memory, phonological processing, and receptive language abilities of individual children with identified word reading difficulties. DESIGN Twenty-five children with word reading difficulties and 28 control children with good word reading skills participated. All children were aged between 8 and 11 years, with normal hearing sensitivity and typical non-verbal intelligence. Both groups of children completed a test battery designed to assess their auditory processing, visual attention, digit memory, phonological processing, and receptive language. RESULTS When compared to children who were good readers, children with word reading difficulties obtained significantly lower average scores on tests of auditory processing, including the frequency pattern test, gaps in noise, frequency discrimination, Dichotic Digit difference Test, and Listening in Spatialized Noise. The two groups did not differ on the discrimination measures of sinusoidal amplitude modulation or iterated rippled noise. The results from children with word reading difficulties showed that 5 children (20%) had comorbid deficits in auditory processing, visual attention, and backward digit memory; whereas 12 children (48%) had comorbid auditory processing and visual attention deficits only, and 2 children (8%) had comorbid deficits in auditory processing and digit memory; the remaining children had only auditory processing, visual attention, or digit memory deficits. CONCLUSION The current study highlights the general co-existence of auditory processing, memory, and visual attention deficits in children with word reading difficulties. It is also noteworthy, however, that only one fifth of the current cohort had deficits across all measured tasks. Hence, our results also show the significant individual variability inherent in children with word reading difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshita Gokula
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mridula Sharma
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Language Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda Cupples
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Language Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joaquin T. Valderrama
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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61
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Thompson EC, Krizman J, White-Schwoch T, Nicol T, Estabrook R, Kraus N. Neurophysiological, linguistic, and cognitive predictors of children's ability to perceive speech in noise. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100672. [PMID: 31430627 PMCID: PMC6886664 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing in noisy environments is a complicated task that engages attention, memory, linguistic knowledge, and precise auditory-neurophysiological processing of sound. Accumulating evidence in school-aged children and adults suggests these mechanisms vary with the task’s demands. For instance, co-located speech and noise demands a large cognitive load and recruits working memory, while spatially separating speech and noise diminishes this load and draws on alternative skills. Past research has focused on one or two mechanisms underlying speech-in-noise perception in isolation; few studies have considered multiple factors in tandem, or how they interact during critical developmental years. This project sought to test complementary hypotheses involving neurophysiological, cognitive, and linguistic processes supporting speech-in-noise perception in young children under different masking conditions (co-located, spatially separated). Structural equation modeling was used to identify latent constructs and examine their contributions as predictors. Results reveal cognitive and language skills operate as a single factor supporting speech-in-noise perception under different masking conditions. While neural coding of the F0 supports perception in both co-located and spatially separated conditions, neural timing predicts perception of spatially separated listening exclusively. Together, these results suggest co-located and spatially separated speech-in-noise perception draw on similar cognitive/linguistic skills, but distinct neural factors, in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Thompson
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Krizman
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Travis White-Schwoch
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Trent Nicol
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ryne Estabrook
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nina Kraus
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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62
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Giannouli V, Banou M. The intelligibility and comprehension of synthetic versus natural speech in dyslexic students. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019; 15:898-907. [PMID: 31339391 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1629111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction-Purpose: Despite the growing amount of data on the 'synthetic speech perception' by people with no disabilities, there has been limited research on the intelligibility and comprehension of synthetic speech systems by dyslexics. This study investigated the intelligibility and comprehension of synthetic versus natural speech in Greek dyslexic students.Method: Forty three dyslexic students were presented with various acoustic stimuli (words, sentences, texts) both in synthetic and natural speech.Results: The data analysis has shown that dyslexic students had identified better words and sentences presented in natural than in synthetic speech. In regards to their levels of performance in text comprehension there was not any significant difference between synthetic and natural speech. Perhaps their observed difficulties in their word/ sentence intelligibility did not manage to restrain their levels of text comprehensibility. It seemed as if the context cues provided by the text each time had assisted dyslexics in comprehending the text more effectively no matter the speech condition used (natural versus synthetic one).Conclusion: Given that the overall purpose of reading is comprehension it is suggested that the text to speech systems could be used after all by the dyslexics as support as scaffolds for the intended purpose of reading comprehension.Implications for rehabilitation This research constitutes a trial to investigate the possibility of text-to-speech technology to serve as an educational aid for students with reading deficits helping them to master reading tasks that they may not have been able to do on their own. Students with reading disabilities need to be more successful in the reading process and managing at the same time to decrease the achievement gap that exists between them and those without disabilities. This work suggests that:• Text-to-speech technology needs further development and improvement to provide a closer to natural speech output in order to be a valuable educational aid for students with dyslexia.• Although there is a deviation, especially, in intelligibility between synthetic and natural speech that kind of assistive technology could provide a useful educational aid for those students that reading tasks appear to be a cumbersome process.• Natural and synthetic speech in combination and in discriminating use (for instance, natural speech in word tasks and synthetic in contextual tasks i.e., reading texts) could be integral tools to numerous educational settings and rehabilitation bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Giannouli
- Department of Special Education & Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social, Humanities and Arts, School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianna Banou
- Department of Special Education & Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social, Humanities and Arts, School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
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63
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Vandermosten M, Correia J, Vanderauwera J, Wouters J, Ghesquière P, Bonte M. Brain activity patterns of phonemic representations are atypical in beginning readers with family risk for dyslexia. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12857. [PMID: 31090993 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate whether phonological deficits in dyslexics should be attributed to (a) less specified representations of speech sounds, like suggested by studies in young children with a familial risk for dyslexia, or (b) to an impaired access to these phonemic representations, as suggested by studies in adults with dyslexia. These conflicting findings are rooted in between study differences in sample characteristics and/or testing techniques. The current study uses the same multivariate functional MRI (fMRI) approach as previously used in adults with dyslexia to investigate phonemic representations in 30 beginning readers with a familial risk and 24 beginning readers without a familial risk of dyslexia, of whom 20 were later retrospectively classified as dyslexic. Based on fMRI response patterns evoked by listening to different utterances of /bA/ and /dA/ sounds, multivoxel analyses indicate that the underlying activation patterns of the two phonemes were distinct in children with a low family risk but not in children with high family risk. However, no group differences were observed between children that were later classified as typical versus dyslexic readers, regardless of their family risk status, indicating that poor phonemic representations constitute a risk for dyslexia but are not sufficient to result in reading problems. We hypothesize that poor phonemic representations are trait (family risk) and not state (dyslexia) dependent, and that representational deficits only lead to reading difficulties when they are present in conjunction with other neuroanatomical or-functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Vandermosten
- Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joao Correia
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jolijn Vanderauwera
- Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wouters
- Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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64
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Atypical neural processing of rise time by adults with dyslexia. Cortex 2019; 113:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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65
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Speech Envelope Enhancement Instantaneously Effaces Atypical Speech Perception in Dyslexia. Ear Hear 2019; 40:1242-1252. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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66
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Apeksha K, Aishwarya SY, Spandita HL. Speech perception in quiet and in different types of noise in children with learning disability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jisha.jisha_2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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67
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O'Brien GE, McCloy DR, Kubota EC, Yeatman JD. Reading ability and phoneme categorization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16842. [PMID: 30442952 PMCID: PMC6237901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia is associated with abnormal performance on many auditory psychophysics tasks, particularly those involving the categorization of speech sounds. However, it is debated whether those apparent auditory deficits arise from (a) reduced sensitivity to particular acoustic cues, (b) the difficulty of experimental tasks, or (c) unmodeled lapses of attention. Here we investigate the relationship between phoneme categorization and reading ability, with special attention to the nature of the cue encoding the phoneme contrast (static versus dynamic), differences in task paradigm difficulty, and methodological details of psychometric model fitting. We find a robust relationship between reading ability and categorization performance, show that task difficulty cannot fully explain that relationship, and provide evidence that the deficit is not restricted to dynamic cue contrasts, contrary to prior reports. Finally, we demonstrate that improved modeling of behavioral responses suggests that performance does differ between children with dyslexia and typical readers, but that the difference may be smaller than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle E O'Brien
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences and Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel R McCloy
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences and Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily C Kubota
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences and Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason D Yeatman
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences and Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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68
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Behavioral and electrophysiological investigation of speech perception deficits in silence, noise and envelope conditions in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2018; 130:3-12. [PMID: 30075216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether children with developmental dyslexia showed specific deficits in the perception of three phonetic features (voicing, place, and manner of articulation) in optimal (silence) and degraded listening conditions (envelope-coded speech versus noise), using both standard behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Performance of children with dyslexia was compared to that of younger typically developing children who were matched in terms of reading age. Results showed no significant group differences in response accuracy except for the reception of place-of-articulation in noise. However, dyslexic children responded more slowly than typically developing children across all conditions with larger deficits in noise than in envelope than in silence. At the neural level, dyslexic children exhibited reduced N1 components in silence and the reduction of N1 amplitude was more pronounced for voicing than for the other phonetic features. In the envelope condition, the N1 was localized over the right hemisphere and it was larger for typically developing readers than for dyslexic children. Finally, in stationary noise, the N1 to place of articulation was clearly delayed in children with dyslexia, which suggests a temporal de-organization in the most adverse listening conditions. The results clearly show abnormal neural processing to speech sounds in all conditions. They are discussed in the context of recent theories on perceptual noise exclusion, neural noise and temporal sampling.
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69
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Bhang SY, Yoon J, Sung J, Yoo C, Sim C, Lee C, Lee J, Lee J. Comparing Attention and Cognitive Function in School Children across Noise Conditions: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:620-627. [PMID: 29940716 PMCID: PMC6018141 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.01.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of acute noise on cognitive function has long been a topic of study, yet these effects remain a serious problem for learning performance in school children. METHODS From November 15, 2010 to December 8, 2010, we enrolled 268 students from three elementary schools (135 boys and 133 girls, 10-12 years old) in Ulsan, Korea. The study subjects were divided into two groups according to their test conditions (background versus additional noise), and tests were conducted using psychological examination tools. Chi-square tests and general linear models were used to assess the differences of impacts on cognition between the two groups. RESULTS After adjusting for socio-demographic covariates, the noise significantly affected the results of full-scale IQ, verbal IQ, Continuous Performance Test scores, and Children's Color Trails Test and Stroop test scores. The groups at high risk of learning difficulties were more affected by noise than low-risk groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that noise is hazardous to the attention and performance of elementary school students, particularly for groups at greater risk for poor academic achievement. Additional studies are needed to identify subject-specific levels of noise that can affect attention and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Bhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekook Yoon
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyun Sung
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolin Yoo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Sim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmyung Lee
- Laboratory of Noise and Vibration, Department of Mechanics and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Division of Environment & Noise Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Nittrouer S, Krieg LM, Lowenstein JH. Speech Recognition in Noise by Children with and without Dyslexia: How is it Related to Reading? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 77:98-113. [PMID: 29724639 PMCID: PMC5947872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental dyslexia is commonly viewed as a phonological deficit that makes it difficult to decode written language. But children with dyslexia typically exhibit other problems, as well, including poor speech recognition in noise. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the speech-in-noise problems of children with dyslexia are related to their reading problems, and if so, if a common underlying factor might explain both. The specific hypothesis examined was that a spectral processing disorder results in these children receiving smeared signals, which could explain both the diminished sensitivity to phonological structure - leading to reading problems - and the speech recognition in noise difficulties. The alternative hypothesis tested in this study was that children with dyslexia simply have broadly based language deficits. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven children between the ages of 7 years; 10 months and 12 years; 9 months participated: 46 with dyslexia and 51 without dyslexia. METHODS Children were tested on two dependent measures: word reading and recognition in noise with two types of sentence materials: as unprocessed (UP) signals, and as spectrally smeared (SM) signals. Data were collected for four predictor variables: phonological awareness, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, and digit span. RESULTS Children with dyslexia showed deficits on both dependent and all predictor variables. Their scores for speech recognition in noise were poorer than those of children without dyslexia for both the UP and SM signals, but by equivalent amounts across signal conditions indicating that they were not disproportionately hindered by spectral distortion. Correlation analyses on scores from children with dyslexia showed that reading ability and speech-in-noise recognition were only mildly correlated, and each skill was related to different underlying abilities. CONCLUSIONS No substantial evidence was found to support the suggestion that the reading and speech recognition in noise problems of children with dyslexia arise from a single factor that could be defined as a spectral processing disorder. The reading and speech recognition in noise deficits of these children appeared to be largely independent.
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Silbert NH, Motlagh Zadeh L. Modeling talker- and listener-based sources of variability in babble-induced consonant confusions. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:2780. [PMID: 29857734 DOI: 10.1121/1.5037091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Speech communication often occurs in the presence of noise. Patterns of perceptual errors induced by background noise are influenced by properties of the listener and of the noise and target speech. The present study introduces a modification of multilevel general recognition theory in which talker- and listener-based variability in confusion patterns are modeled as global or dimension-specific scaling of shared, group-level perceptual distributions. Listener-specific perceptual correlations and response bias are also modeled as random variables. This model is applied to identification-confusion data from 11 listeners' identifications of ten tokens of each of four consonant categories-[t], [d], [s], [z]-produced by 20 talkers in CV syllables and masked by 10-talker babble. The results indicate that dimension-specific scaling for both listeners and talkers provides a good account of confusion patterns. These findings are discussed in relation to other recent research showing substantial listener-, talker-, and token-based sources of variability in noise-masked speech perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah H Silbert
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Lina Motlagh Zadeh
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
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Miller G, Lewis B, Benchek P, Buss E, Calandruccio L. Masked Speech Recognition and Reading Ability in School-Age Children: Is There a Relationship? JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:776-788. [PMID: 29507949 DOI: 10.1044/2017_jslhr-h-17-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between reading (decoding) skills, phonological processing abilities, and masked speech recognition in typically developing children was explored. This experiment was designed to evaluate the relationship between phonological processing and decoding abilities and 2 aspects of masked speech recognition in typically developing children: (a) the ability to benefit from temporal and spectral modulations within a noise masker and (b) the masking exerted by a speech masker. METHOD Forty-two typically developing 3rd- and 4th-grade children with normal hearing, ranging in age from 8;10 to 10;6 years (mean age = 9;2 years, SD = 0.5 months), completed sentence recognition testing in 4 different maskers: steady-state noise, temporally modulated noise, spectrally modulated noise, and two-talker speech. Children also underwent assessment of phonological processing abilities and assessments of single-word decoding. As a comparison group, 15 adults with normal hearing also completed speech-in-noise testing. RESULTS Speech recognition thresholds varied between approximately 3 and 7 dB across children, depending on the masker condition. Compared to adults, performance in the 2-talker masker was relatively consistent across children. Furthermore, decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio had a more precipitously deleterious effect on children's speech recognition in the 2-talker masker than was observed for adults. For children, individual differences in speech recognition threshold were not predicted by phonological awareness or decoding ability in any masker condition. CONCLUSIONS No relationship was found between phonological awareness and/or decoding ability and a child's ability to benefit from spectral or temporal modulations. In addition, phonological awareness and/or decoding ability was not related to speech recognition in a 2-talker masker. Last, these data suggest that the between-listeners variability often observed in 2-talker maskers for adults may be smaller for children. The reasons for this child-adult difference need to be further explored. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5913547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Barbara Lewis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Emily Buss
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Lauren Calandruccio
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Abstract
Many people with difficulties following conversations in noisy settings have “clinically normal” audiograms, that is, tone thresholds better than 20 dB HL from 0.1 to 8 kHz. This review summarizes the possible causes of such difficulties, and examines established as well as promising new psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic approaches to differentiate between them. Deficits at the level of the auditory periphery are possible even if thresholds remain around 0 dB HL, and become probable when they reach 10 to 20 dB HL. Extending the audiogram beyond 8 kHz can identify early signs of noise-induced trauma to the vulnerable basal turn of the cochlea, and might point to “hidden” losses at lower frequencies that could compromise speech reception in noise. Listening difficulties can also be a consequence of impaired central auditory processing, resulting from lesions affecting the auditory brainstem or cortex, or from abnormal patterns of sound input during developmental sensitive periods and even in adulthood. Such auditory processing disorders should be distinguished from (cognitive) linguistic deficits, and from problems with attention or working memory that may not be specific to the auditory modality. Improved diagnosis of the causes of listening difficulties in noise should lead to better treatment outcomes, by optimizing auditory training procedures to the specific deficits of individual patients, for example.
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74
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Fostick L, Revah H. Dyslexia as a multi-deficit disorder: Working memory and auditory temporal processing. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 183:19-28. [PMID: 29304447 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia is difficulty in acquiring reading skills despite adequate intelligence and sufficient reading opportunities. Its origin is still under debate. Studies usually focus on a singular cause for dyslexia; however, some researchers argue that dyslexia reflects multiple deficits. Two of the abilities under investigation in dyslexia are working memory (WM) and auditory temporal processing (ATP). In order to better evaluate the relative roles of WM and ATP in dyslexia, in the present study, we tested the contribution of WM and ATP to different types of reading performance and phonological awareness in dyslexia, using a multidimensional approach. Seventy-eight adults with dyslexia and 23 normal-reading adults performed WM and ATP tasks, as well as reading and phonological awareness tests. Readers with dyslexia showed poorer performance on all tests. Both WM and ATP were significant predictors of reading performance and phonological awareness among participants with dyslexia. Dividing participants with dyslexia according to their performance level on WM and ATP tasks revealed group differences in reading and phonological awareness tests. Both WM and ATP contribute to dyslexia, and varying levels of difficulties in both of these abilities are observed among this population. This is strong evidence in favor of the multi-deficit approach in dyslexia, and suggests that researchers should consider this approach in future studies of dyslexia.
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Effects of the Computer-Based Training Program Lautarium on Phonological Awareness and Reading and Spelling Abilities in German Second-Graders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90805-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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76
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Koyama MS, Ortiz-Mantilla S, Roesler CP, Milham MP, Benasich AA. A Modulatory Effect of Brief Passive Exposure to Non-linguistic Sounds on Intrinsic Functional Connectivity: Relevance to Cognitive Performance. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:5817-5830. [PMID: 29045599 PMCID: PMC6084599 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing literature on resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) has explored the impact of preceding sensory experience on intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC). However, it remains largely unknown how passive exposure to irrelevant auditory stimuli, which is a constant in everyday life, reconfigures iFC. Here, we directly compared pre- and post-exposure R-fMRI scans to examine: 1) modulatory effects of brief passive exposure to repeating non-linguistic sounds on subsequent iFC, and 2) associations between iFC modulations and cognitive abilities. We used an exploratory regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach that indexes local iFC, and performed a linear mixed-effects modeling analysis. A modulatory effect (increase) in ReHo was observed in the right superior parietal lobule (R.SPL) within the parietal attention network. Post hoc seed-based correlation analyses provided further evidence for increased parietal iFC (e.g., R.SPL with the right inferior parietal lobule). Notably, less iFC modulation was associated with better cognitive performance (e.g., word reading). These results suggest that: 1) the parietal attention network dynamically reconfigures its iFC in response to passive (thus irrelevant) non-linguistic sounds, but also 2) minimization of iFC modulation in the same network characterizes better cognitive performance. Our findings may open up new avenues for investigating cognitive disorders that involve impaired sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki S Koyama
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Silvia Ortiz-Mantilla
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Cynthia P Roesler
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michael P Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Child Mind Institute, 445 Park Ave, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - April A Benasich
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Guidi LG, Mattley J, Martinez-Garay I, Monaco AP, Linden JF, Velayos-Baeza A, Molnár Z. Knockout Mice for Dyslexia Susceptibility Gene Homologs KIAA0319 and KIAA0319L have Unaffected Neuronal Migration but Display Abnormal Auditory Processing. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:5831-5845. [PMID: 29045729 PMCID: PMC5939205 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects reading ability caused by genetic and non-genetic factors. Amongst the susceptibility genes identified to date, KIAA0319 is a prime candidate. RNA-interference experiments in rats suggested its involvement in cortical migration but we could not confirm these findings in Kiaa0319-mutant mice. Given its homologous gene Kiaa0319L (AU040320) has also been proposed to play a role in neuronal migration, we interrogated whether absence of AU040320 alone or together with KIAA0319 affects migration in the developing brain. Analyses of AU040320 and double Kiaa0319;AU040320 knockouts (dKO) revealed no evidence for impaired cortical lamination, neuronal migration, neurogenesis or other anatomical abnormalities. However, dKO mice displayed an auditory deficit in a behavioral gap-in-noise detection task. In addition, recordings of click-evoked auditory brainstem responses revealed suprathreshold deficits in wave III amplitude in AU040320-KO mice, and more general deficits in dKOs. These findings suggest that absence of AU040320 disrupts firing and/or synchrony of activity in the auditory brainstem, while loss of both proteins might affect both peripheral and central auditory function. Overall, these results stand against the proposed role of KIAA0319 and AU040320 in neuronal migration and outline their relationship with deficits in the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jane Mattley
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Current address: Office of the President, Ballou Hall, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jennifer F Linden
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Vanvooren S, Poelmans H, De Vos A, Ghesquière P, Wouters J. Do prereaders' auditory processing and speech perception predict later literacy? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 70:138-151. [PMID: 28938227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia has frequently been linked to deficits in auditory processing and speech perception. However, the presence and precise nature of these deficits and the direction of their relation with reading, remains debated. In this longitudinal study, 87 five-year-olds at high and low family risk for dyslexia were followed before and during different stages of reading acquisition. The processing of different auditory cues was investigated, together with performance on speech perception and phonology and reading. Results show no effect of family risk for dyslexia on prereading auditory processing and speech perception skills. However, a relation is present between the performance on these skills in kindergarten and later phonology and literacy. In particular, links are found with the auditory processing of cues characteristic for the temporal speech amplitude envelope, rather than with other auditory cues important for speech intelligibility. Hereby, cues embedded in the speech amplitude envelope show to be related to a broad range of phonological precursors for reading. In addition, speech-in-noise perception demonstrates to operate as the most contributing factor for later phonological awareness and to be a predictor for reading mediated by the association with phonology. This study provides behavioral support for the link between prereading speech amplitude envelope processing and speech perception for future phonology and reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanvooren
- Department of Neurosciences, ExpORL, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hanne Poelmans
- Department of Neurosciences, ExpORL, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Astrid De Vos
- Department of Neurosciences, ExpORL, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wouters
- Department of Neurosciences, ExpORL, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ríos-López P, Molnar MT, Lizarazu M, Lallier M. The Role of Slow Speech Amplitude Envelope for Speech Processing and Reading Development. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1497. [PMID: 28912746 PMCID: PMC5583220 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the putative link between the entrainment to the slow rhythmic structure of speech, speech intelligibility and reading by means of a behavioral paradigm. Two groups of 20 children (Grades 2 and 5) were asked to recall a pseudoword embedded in sentences presented either in quiet or noisy listening conditions. Half of the sentences were primed with their syllabic and prosodic amplitude envelope to determine whether a boost in auditory entrainment to these speech features enhanced pseudoword intelligibility. Priming improved pseudoword recall performance only for the older children both in a quiet and a noisy listening environment, and such benefit from the prime correlated with reading skills and pseudoword recall. Our results support the role of syllabic and prosodic tracking of speech in reading development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ríos-López
- Developmental Language Disorders, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and LanguageDonostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Monika T Molnar
- Developmental Language Disorders, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and LanguageDonostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mikel Lizarazu
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale SupérieureParis, France
| | - Marie Lallier
- Developmental Language Disorders, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and LanguageDonostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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80
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Auditory processing deficits are sometimes necessary and sometimes sufficient for language difficulties in children: Evidence from mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Cognition 2017; 166:139-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Perrachione TK, Del Tufo SN, Winter R, Murtagh J, Cyr A, Chang P, Halverson K, Ghosh SS, Christodoulou JA, Gabrieli JDE. Dysfunction of Rapid Neural Adaptation in Dyslexia. Neuron 2017; 92:1383-1397. [PMID: 28009278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of specific neurophysiological dysfunctions resulting in selective reading difficulty (dyslexia) has remained elusive. In addition to impaired reading development, individuals with dyslexia frequently exhibit behavioral deficits in perceptual adaptation. Here, we assessed neurophysiological adaptation to stimulus repetition in adults and children with dyslexia for a wide variety of stimuli, spoken words, written words, visual objects, and faces. For every stimulus type, individuals with dyslexia exhibited significantly diminished neural adaptation compared to controls in stimulus-specific cortical areas. Better reading skills in adults and children with dyslexia were associated with greater repetition-induced neural adaptation. These results highlight a dysfunction of rapid neural adaptation as a core neurophysiological difference in dyslexia that may underlie impaired reading development. Reduced neurophysiological adaptation may relate to prior reports of reduced behavioral adaptation in dyslexia and may reveal a difference in brain functions that ultimately results in a specific reading impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K Perrachione
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Del Tufo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca Winter
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jack Murtagh
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Abigail Cyr
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patricia Chang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelly Halverson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Satrajit S Ghosh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joanna A Christodoulou
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Knockdown of Dyslexia-Gene Dcdc2 Interferes with Speech Sound Discrimination in Continuous Streams. J Neurosci 2017; 36:4895-906. [PMID: 27122044 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4202-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dyslexia is the most common developmental language disorder and is marked by deficits in reading and phonological awareness. One theory of dyslexia suggests that the phonological awareness deficit is due to abnormal auditory processing of speech sounds. Variants in DCDC2 and several other neural migration genes are associated with dyslexia and may contribute to auditory processing deficits. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that RNAi suppression of Dcdc2 in rats causes abnormal cortical responses to sound and impaired speech sound discrimination. In the current study, rats were subjected in utero to RNA interference targeting of the gene Dcdc2 or a scrambled sequence. Primary auditory cortex (A1) responses were acquired from 11 rats (5 with Dcdc2 RNAi; DC-) before any behavioral training. A separate group of 8 rats (3 DC-) were trained on a variety of speech sound discrimination tasks, and auditory cortex responses were acquired following training. Dcdc2 RNAi nearly eliminated the ability of rats to identify specific speech sounds from a continuous train of speech sounds but did not impair performance during discrimination of isolated speech sounds. The neural responses to speech sounds in A1 were not degraded as a function of presentation rate before training. These results suggest that A1 is not directly involved in the impaired speech discrimination caused by Dcdc2 RNAi. This result contrasts earlier results using Kiaa0319 RNAi and suggests that different dyslexia genes may cause different deficits in the speech processing circuitry, which may explain differential responses to therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although dyslexia is diagnosed through reading difficulty, there is a great deal of variation in the phenotypes of these individuals. The underlying neural and genetic mechanisms causing these differences are still widely debated. In the current study, we demonstrate that suppression of a candidate-dyslexia gene causes deficits on tasks of rapid stimulus processing. These animals also exhibited abnormal neural plasticity after training, which may be a mechanism for why some children with dyslexia do not respond to intervention. These results are in stark contrast to our previous work with a different candidate gene, which caused a different set of deficits. Our results shed some light on possible neural and genetic mechanisms causing heterogeneity in the dyslexic population.
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83
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Hancock R, Pugh KR, Hoeft F. Neural Noise Hypothesis of Developmental Dyslexia. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:434-448. [PMID: 28400089 PMCID: PMC5489551 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (decoding-based reading disorder; RD) is a complex trait with multifactorial origins at the genetic, neural, and cognitive levels. There is evidence that low-level sensory-processing deficits precede and underlie phonological problems, which are one of the best-documented aspects of RD. RD is also associated with impairments in integrating visual symbols with their corresponding speech sounds. Although causal relationships between sensory processing, print-speech integration, and fluent reading, and their neural bases are debated, these processes all require precise timing mechanisms across distributed brain networks. Neural excitability and neural noise are fundamental to these timing mechanisms. Here, we propose that neural noise stemming from increased neural excitability in cortical networks implicated in reading is one key distal contributor to RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Hancock
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Science-based Innovation in Learning Center (SILC), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Linguistics, Yale University, 370 Temple Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan; Science-based Innovation in Learning Center (SILC), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Dyslexia Center, UCSF, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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84
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Maruthy S, Kumar UA, Gnanateja GN. Functional Interplay Between the Putative Measures of Rostral and Caudal Efferent Regulation of Speech Perception in Noise. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2017; 18:635-648. [PMID: 28447225 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-017-0623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferent modulation has been demonstrated to be very important for speech perception, especially in the presence of noise. We examined the functional relationship between two efferent systems: the rostral and caudal efferent pathways and their individual influences on speech perception in noise. Earlier studies have shown that these two efferent mechanisms were correlated with speech perception in noise. However, previously, these mechanisms were studied in isolation, and their functional relationship with each other was not investigated. We used a correlational design to study the relationship if any, between these two mechanisms in young and old normal hearing individuals. We recorded context-dependent brainstem encoding as an index of rostral efferent function and contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions as an index of caudal efferent function in groups with good and poor speech perception in noise. These efferent mechanisms were analysed for their relationship with each other and with speech perception in noise. We found that the two efferent mechanisms did not show any functional relationship. Interestingly, both the efferent mechanisms correlated with speech perception in noise and they even emerged as significant predictors. Based on the data, we posit that the two efferent mechanisms function relatively independently but with a common goal of fine-tuning the afferent input and refining auditory perception in degraded listening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Maruthy
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka, IN-570006, India
| | - U Ajith Kumar
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka, IN-570006, India
| | - G Nike Gnanateja
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka, IN-570006, India.
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85
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Calcus A, Deltenre P, Colin C, Kolinsky R. Peripheral and central contribution to the difficulty of speech in noise perception in dyslexic children. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12558. [PMID: 28256107 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Calcus
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (FRS-FNRS); France
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives (UNESCOG); Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN); Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); Brussels Belgium
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Sensorielle et Cognitive; Hôpital Brugmann; Brussels Belgium
| | - Paul Deltenre
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Sensorielle et Cognitive; Hôpital Brugmann; Brussels Belgium
| | - Cécile Colin
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives (UNESCOG); Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN); Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); Brussels Belgium
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Sensorielle et Cognitive; Hôpital Brugmann; Brussels Belgium
| | - Régine Kolinsky
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (FRS-FNRS); France
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives (UNESCOG); Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN); Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); Brussels Belgium
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86
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van den Bunt MR, Groen MA, Ito T, Francisco AA, Gracco VL, Pugh KR, Verhoeven L. Increased Response to Altered Auditory Feedback in Dyslexia: A Weaker Sensorimotor Magnet Implied in the Phonological Deficit. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:654-667. [PMID: 28257585 PMCID: PMC5544192 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-16-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine whether developmental dyslexia (DD) is characterized by deficiencies in speech sensory and motor feedforward and feedback mechanisms, which are involved in the modulation of phonological representations. METHOD A total of 42 adult native speakers of Dutch (22 adults with DD; 20 participants who were typically reading controls) were asked to produce /bep/ while the first formant (F1) of the /e/ was not altered (baseline), increased (ramp), held at maximal perturbation (hold), and not altered again (after-effect). The F1 of the produced utterance was measured for each trial and used for statistical analyses. The measured F1s produced during each phase were entered in a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS Participants with DD adapted more strongly during the ramp phase and returned to baseline to a lesser extent when feedback was back to normal (after-effect phase) when compared with the typically reading group. In this study, a faster deviation from baseline during the ramp phase, a stronger adaptation response during the hold phase, and a slower return to baseline during the after-effect phase were associated with poorer reading and phonological abilities. CONCLUSION The data of the current study are consistent with the notion that the phonological deficit in DD is associated with a weaker sensorimotor magnet for phonological representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R van den Bunt
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet A Groen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Takayuki Ito
- Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CTUniversité Grenoble Alpes, GIPSA-Lab, Grenoble, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA) Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Ana A Francisco
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent L Gracco
- Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CTCentre for Research on Brain, Language & Music, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ken R Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ludo Verhoeven
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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87
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Casini L, Pech-Georgel C, Ziegler JC. It's about time: revisiting temporal processing deficits in dyslexia. Dev Sci 2017; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Casini
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, LNC; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives; Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, FR 3C; Marseille France
| | - Catherine Pech-Georgel
- Centre de Références des Troubles d'Apprentissages; Institut du Développement de l'Enfant et de sa Communication (IDEC); Hôpital Salvator; Marseille France
| | - Johannes C. Ziegler
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, FR 3C; Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS; LPC; Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive; Marseille France
- Brain and Language Research Institute; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
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88
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Law JM, Vandermosten M, Ghesquière P, Wouters J. Predicting Future Reading Problems Based on Pre-reading Auditory Measures: A Longitudinal Study of Children with a Familial Risk of Dyslexia. Front Psychol 2017; 8:124. [PMID: 28223953 PMCID: PMC5293743 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This longitudinal study examines measures of temporal auditory processing in pre-reading children with a family risk of dyslexia. Specifically, it attempts to ascertain whether pre-reading auditory processing, speech perception, and phonological awareness (PA) reliably predict later literacy achievement. Additionally, this study retrospectively examines the presence of pre-reading auditory processing, speech perception, and PA impairments in children later found to be literacy impaired. Method: Forty-four pre-reading children with and without a family risk of dyslexia were assessed at three time points (kindergarten, first, and second grade). Auditory processing measures of rise time (RT) discrimination and frequency modulation (FM) along with speech perception, PA, and various literacy tasks were assessed. Results: Kindergarten RT uniquely contributed to growth in literacy in grades one and two, even after controlling for letter knowledge and PA. Highly significant concurrent and predictive correlations were observed with kindergarten RT significantly predicting first grade PA. Retrospective analysis demonstrated atypical performance in RT and PA at all three time points in children who later developed literacy impairments. Conclusions: Although significant, kindergarten auditory processing contributions to later literacy growth lack the power to be considered as a single-cause predictor; thus results support temporal processing deficits' contribution within a multiple deficit model of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Law
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Vandermosten
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, Department of Neuroscience, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wouters
- Laboratory for Experimental ORL, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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89
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De Vos A, Vanvooren S, Vanderauwera J, Ghesquière P, Wouters J. Atypical neural synchronization to speech envelope modulations in dyslexia. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 164:106-117. [PMID: 27833037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental deficit in the synchronization of neural oscillations to temporal information in speech could underlie phonological processing problems in dyslexia. In this study, the hypothesis of a neural synchronization impairment is investigated more specifically as a function of different neural oscillatory bands and temporal information rates in speech. Auditory steady-state responses to 4, 10, 20 and 40Hz modulations were recorded in normal reading and dyslexic adolescents to measure neural synchronization of theta, alpha, beta and low-gamma oscillations to syllabic and phonemic rate information. In comparison to normal readers, dyslexic readers showed reduced non-synchronized theta activity, reduced synchronized alpha activity and enhanced synchronized beta activity. Positive correlations between alpha synchronization and phonological skills were found in normal readers, but were absent in dyslexic readers. In contrast, dyslexic readers exhibited positive correlations between beta synchronization and phonological skills. Together, these results suggest that auditory neural synchronization of alpha and beta oscillations is atypical in dyslexia, indicating deviant neural processing of both syllabic and phonemic rate information. Impaired synchronization of alpha oscillations in particular demonstrated to be the most prominent neural anomaly possibly hampering speech and phonological processing in dyslexic readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid De Vos
- Research Group Experimental ORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 721, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Vanvooren
- Research Group Experimental ORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 721, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolijn Vanderauwera
- Research Group Experimental ORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 721, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wouters
- Research Group Experimental ORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 721, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Perrachione TK, Del Tufo SN, Winter R, Murtagh J, Cyr A, Chang P, Halverson K, Ghosh SS, Christodoulou JA, Gabrieli JDE. Dysfunction of Rapid Neural Adaptation in Dyslexia. Neuron 2016. [PMID: 28009278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.020"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of specific neurophysiological dysfunctions resulting in selective reading difficulty (dyslexia) has remained elusive. In addition to impaired reading development, individuals with dyslexia frequently exhibit behavioral deficits in perceptual adaptation. Here, we assessed neurophysiological adaptation to stimulus repetition in adults and children with dyslexia for a wide variety of stimuli, spoken words, written words, visual objects, and faces. For every stimulus type, individuals with dyslexia exhibited significantly diminished neural adaptation compared to controls in stimulus-specific cortical areas. Better reading skills in adults and children with dyslexia were associated with greater repetition-induced neural adaptation. These results highlight a dysfunction of rapid neural adaptation as a core neurophysiological difference in dyslexia that may underlie impaired reading development. Reduced neurophysiological adaptation may relate to prior reports of reduced behavioral adaptation in dyslexia and may reveal a difference in brain functions that ultimately results in a specific reading impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K Perrachione
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Del Tufo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca Winter
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jack Murtagh
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Abigail Cyr
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patricia Chang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelly Halverson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Satrajit S Ghosh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joanna A Christodoulou
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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91
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van Laarhoven T, Keetels M, Schakel L, Vroomen J. Audio-visual speech in noise perception in dyslexia. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs van Laarhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Keetels
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Lemmy Schakel
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Vroomen
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Hakvoort B, de Bree E, van der Leij A, Maassen B, van Setten E, Maurits N, van Zuijen TL. The Role of Categorical Speech Perception and Phonological Processing in Familial Risk Children With and Without Dyslexia. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2016; 59:1448-1460. [PMID: 27942706 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-15-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed whether a categorical speech perception (CP) deficit is associated with dyslexia or familial risk for dyslexia, by exploring a possible cascading relation from speech perception to phonology to reading and by identifying whether speech perception distinguishes familial risk (FR) children with dyslexia (FRD) from those without dyslexia (FRND). METHOD Data were collected from 9-year-old FRD (n = 37) and FRND (n = 41) children and age-matched controls (n = 49) on CP identification and discrimination and on the phonological processing measures rapid automatized naming, phoneme awareness, and nonword repetition. RESULTS The FRD group performed more poorly on CP than the FRND and control groups. Findings on phonological processing align with the literature in that (a) phonological processing related to reading and (b) the FRD group showed the lowest phonological processing outcomes. Furthermore, CP correlated weakly with reading, but this relationship was fully mediated by rapid automatized naming. CONCLUSION Although CP phonological skills are related to dyslexia, there was no strong evidence for a cascade from CP to phonology to reading. Deficits in CP at the behavioral level are not directly associated with dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Hakvoort
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elise de Bree
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aryan van der Leij
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Maassen
- Centre for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG) & University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellie van Setten
- Centre for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG) & University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natasha Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Titia L van Zuijen
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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93
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Thompson EC, Woodruff Carr K, White-Schwoch T, Otto-Meyer S, Kraus N. Individual differences in speech-in-noise perception parallel neural speech processing and attention in preschoolers. Hear Res 2016; 344:148-157. [PMID: 27864051 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
From bustling classrooms to unruly lunchrooms, school settings are noisy. To learn effectively in the unwelcome company of numerous distractions, children must clearly perceive speech in noise. In older children and adults, speech-in-noise perception is supported by sensory and cognitive processes, but the correlates underlying this critical listening skill in young children (3-5 year olds) remain undetermined. Employing a longitudinal design (two evaluations separated by ∼12 months), we followed a cohort of 59 preschoolers, ages 3.0-4.9, assessing word-in-noise perception, cognitive abilities (intelligence, short-term memory, attention), and neural responses to speech. Results reveal changes in word-in-noise perception parallel changes in processing of the fundamental frequency (F0), an acoustic cue known for playing a role central to speaker identification and auditory scene analysis. Four unique developmental trajectories (speech-in-noise perception groups) confirm this relationship, in that improvements and declines in word-in-noise perception couple with enhancements and diminishments of F0 encoding, respectively. Improvements in word-in-noise perception also pair with gains in attention. Word-in-noise perception does not relate to strength of neural harmonic representation or short-term memory. These findings reinforce previously-reported roles of F0 and attention in hearing speech in noise in older children and adults, and extend this relationship to preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Thompson
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kali Woodruff Carr
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Travis White-Schwoch
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sebastian Otto-Meyer
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nina Kraus
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Mandel MI, Yoho SE, Healy EW. Measuring time-frequency importance functions of speech with bubble noise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:2542. [PMID: 27794278 PMCID: PMC6910024 DOI: 10.1121/1.4964102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Listeners can reliably perceive speech in noisy conditions, but it is not well understood what specific features of speech they use to do this. This paper introduces a data-driven framework to identify the time-frequency locations of these features. Using the same speech utterance mixed with many different noise instances, the framework is able to compute the importance of each time-frequency point in the utterance to its intelligibility. The mixtures have approximately the same global signal-to-noise ratio at each frequency, but very different recognition rates. The difference between these intelligible vs unintelligible mixtures is the alignment between the speech and spectro-temporally modulated noise, providing different combinations of "glimpses" of speech in each mixture. The current results reveal the locations of these important noise-robust phonetic features in a restricted set of syllables. Classification models trained to predict whether individual mixtures are intelligible based on the location of these glimpses can generalize to new conditions, successfully predicting the intelligibility of novel mixtures. They are able to generalize to novel noise instances, novel productions of the same word by the same talker, novel utterances of the same word spoken by different talkers, and, to some extent, novel consonants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Mandel
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sarah E Yoho
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Eric W Healy
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Silva BCS, Mantello EB, Freitas MCF, Foss MC, Isaac MDL, Anastasio ART. Speech perception performance of subjects with type I diabetes mellitus in noise. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83:574-579. [PMID: 27546348 PMCID: PMC9444744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder of various origins that occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin in sufficient quantities or when the organism fails to respond to this hormone in an efficient manner. Objective To evaluate the speech recognition in subjects with type I diabetes mellitus (DMI) in quiet and in competitive noise. Methods It was a descriptive, observational and cross-section study. We included 40 participants of both genders aged 18–30 years, divided into a control group (CG) of 20 healthy subjects with no complaints or auditory changes, paired for age and gender with the study group, consisting of 20 subjects with a diagnosis of DMI. First, we applied basic audiological evaluations (pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry and immittance audiometry) for all subjects; after these evaluations, we applied Sentence Recognition Threshold in Quiet (SRTQ) and Sentence Recognition Threshold in Noise (SRTN) in free field, using the List of Sentences in Portuguese test. Results All subjects showed normal bilateral pure tone threshold, compatible speech audiometry and “A” tympanometry curve. Group comparison revealed a statistically significant difference for SRTQ (p = 0.0001), SRTN (p < 0.0001) and the signal-to-noise ratio (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The performance of DMI subjects in SRTQ and SRTN was worse compared to the subjects without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Cristiane Sordi Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Barioni Mantello
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cristina Foss Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Divisões de Endocrinologia e Metabologia e Nutrição, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton César Foss
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Divisões de Endocrinologia e Metabologia e Nutrição, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Myriam de Lima Isaac
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Tavares Anastasio
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Noise, as an unwanted sound, has become one of modern society's environmental conundrums, and many children are exposed to higher noise levels than previously assumed. However, the effects of background noise on central auditory processing of toddlers, who are still acquiring language skills, have so far not been determined. The authors evaluated the effects of background noise on toddlers' speech-sound processing by recording event-related brain potentials. The hypothesis was that background noise modulates neural speech-sound encoding and degrades speech-sound discrimination. DESIGN Obligatory P1 and N2 responses for standard syllables and the mismatch negativity (MMN) response for five different syllable deviants presented in a linguistic multifeature paradigm were recorded in silent and background noise conditions. The participants were 18 typically developing 22- to 26-month-old monolingual children with healthy ears. RESULTS The results showed that the P1 amplitude was smaller and the N2 amplitude larger in the noisy conditions compared with the silent conditions. In the noisy condition, the MMN was absent for the intensity and vowel changes and diminished for the consonant, frequency, and vowel duration changes embedded in speech syllables. Furthermore, the frontal MMN component was attenuated in the noisy condition. However, noise had no effect on P1, N2, or MMN latencies. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest multiple effects of background noise on the central auditory processing of toddlers. It modulates the early stages of sound encoding and dampens neural discrimination vital for accurate speech perception. These results imply that speech processing of toddlers, who may spend long periods of daytime in noisy conditions, is vulnerable to background noise. In noisy conditions, toddlers' neural representations of some speech sounds might be weakened. Thus, special attention should be paid to acoustic conditions and background noise levels in children's daily environments, like day-care centers, to ensure a propitious setting for linguistic development. In addition, the evaluation and improvement of daily listening conditions should be an ordinary part of clinical intervention of children with linguistic problems.
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97
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Calcus A, Lorenzi C, Collet G, Colin C, Kolinsky R. Is There a Relationship Between Speech Identification in Noise and Categorical Perception in Children With Dyslexia? JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2016; 59:835-52. [PMID: 27556908 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-h-15-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children with dyslexia have been suggested to experience deficits in both categorical perception (CP) and speech identification in noise (SIN) perception. However, results regarding both abilities are inconsistent, and the relationship between them is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between CP and the psychometric function of SIN perception. METHOD Sixteen children with dyslexia, 16 chronological-age controls, and 16 reading-level controls were evaluated in CP of a voicing continuum and in consonant identification in both stationary and fluctuating noises. RESULTS There was a small but significant impairment in speech identification performance of children with dyslexia in stationary noise compared with chronological age-matched controls (but not reading level-matched controls). However, their performance increased in a fluctuating background, hence suggesting normal masking and unmasking effects and preserved sensory processing of speech information. Regarding CP, location of the phoneme boundary differed in the children with dyslexia compared with both control groups. However, scrutinizing individual profiles failed to reveal consistently poor performance in SIN and CP tasks. In addition, there was no significant correlation between CP, SIN perception, and reading scores in the group with dyslexia. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between the SIN deficit and CP, and how they potentially affect reading in children with dyslexia, remains unclear. However, these results are inconsistent with the notion that children with dyslexia suffer from a low-level temporal processing deficit and rather suggest a role of nonsensory (e.g., attentional) factors in their speech perception difficulties.
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98
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Direct Viewing of Dyslexics' Compensatory Strategies in Speech in Noise Using Auditory Classification Images. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153781. [PMID: 27100662 PMCID: PMC4839691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of dyslexic children exhibit a phonological deficit, particularly noticeable in phonemic identification or discrimination tasks. The gap in performance between dyslexic and normotypical listeners appears to decrease into adulthood, suggesting that some individuals with dyslexia develop compensatory strategies. Some dyslexic adults however remain impaired in more challenging listening situations such as in the presence of background noise. This paper addresses the question of the compensatory strategies employed, using the recently developed Auditory Classification Image (ACI) methodology. The results of 18 dyslexics taking part in a phoneme categorization task in noise were compared with those of 18 normotypical age-matched controls. By fitting a penalized Generalized Linear Model on the data of each participant, we obtained his/her ACI, a map of the time-frequency regions he/she relied on to perform the task. Even though dyslexics performed significantly less well than controls, we were unable to detect a robust difference between the mean ACIs of the two groups. This is partly due to the considerable heterogeneity in listening strategies among a subgroup of 7 low-performing dyslexics, as confirmed by a complementary analysis. When excluding these participants to restrict our comparison to the 11 dyslexics performing as well as their average-reading peers, we found a significant difference in the F3 onset of the first syllable, and a tendency of difference on the F4 onset, suggesting that these listeners can compensate for their deficit by relying upon additional allophonic cues.
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99
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Zoubrinetzky R, Collet G, Serniclaes W, Nguyen-Morel MA, Valdois S. Relationships between Categorical Perception of Phonemes, Phoneme Awareness, and Visual Attention Span in Developmental Dyslexia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151015. [PMID: 26950210 PMCID: PMC4780782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the categorical perception deficit of speech sounds in developmental dyslexia is related to phoneme awareness skills, whereas a visual attention (VA) span deficit constitutes an independent deficit. Phoneme awareness tasks, VA span tasks and categorical perception tasks of phoneme identification and discrimination using a d/t voicing continuum were administered to 63 dyslexic children and 63 control children matched on chronological age. Results showed significant differences in categorical perception between the dyslexic and control children. Significant correlations were found between categorical perception skills, phoneme awareness and reading. Although VA span correlated with reading, no significant correlations were found between either categorical perception or phoneme awareness and VA span. Mediation analyses performed on the whole dyslexic sample suggested that the effect of categorical perception on reading might be mediated by phoneme awareness. This relationship was independent of the participants’ VA span abilities. Two groups of dyslexic children with a single phoneme awareness or a single VA span deficit were then identified. The phonologically impaired group showed lower categorical perception skills than the control group but categorical perception was similar in the VA span impaired dyslexic and control children. The overall findings suggest that the link between categorical perception, phoneme awareness and reading is independent from VA span skills. These findings provide new insights on the heterogeneity of developmental dyslexia. They suggest that phonological processes and VA span independently affect reading acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zoubrinetzky
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Pôle Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory Collet
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Serniclaes
- Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS, UMR 8242, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Nguyen-Morel
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Pôle Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylviane Valdois
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Pôle Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS, UMR 5105, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
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Snowling MJ, Melby-Lervåg M. Oral language deficits in familial dyslexia: A meta-analysis and review. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:498-545. [PMID: 26727308 PMCID: PMC4824243 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews 95 publications (based on 21 independent samples) that have examined children at family risk of reading disorders. We report that children at family risk of dyslexia experience delayed language development as infants and toddlers. In the preschool period, they have significant difficulties in phonological processes as well as with broader language skills and in acquiring the foundations of decoding skill (letter knowledge, phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming [RAN]). Findings are mixed with regard to auditory and visual perception: they do not appear subject to slow motor development, but lack of control for comorbidities confounds interpretation. Longitudinal studies of outcomes show that children at family risk who go on to fulfil criteria for dyslexia have more severe impairments in preschool language than those who are defined as normal readers, but the latter group do less well than controls. Similarly at school age, family risk of dyslexia is associated with significantly poor phonological awareness and literacy skills. Although there is no strong evidence that children at family risk are brought up in an environment that differs significantly from that of controls, their parents tend to have lower educational levels and read less frequently to themselves. Together, the findings suggest that a phonological processing deficit can be conceptualized as an endophenotype of dyslexia that increases the continuous risk of reading difficulties; in turn its impact may be moderated by protective factors. (PsycINFO Database Record
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