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Affective Synchrony and Autonomic Coupling during Cooperation: A Hyperscanning Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3104564. [PMID: 29279845 PMCID: PMC5723953 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research highlighted that during social interactions people shape each other's emotional states by resonance mechanisms and synchronized autonomic patterns. Starting from the idea that joint actions create shared emotional experiences, in the present study a social bond was experimentally induced by making subjects cooperate with each other. Participants' autonomic system activity (electrodermal: skin conductance level and response: SCL, SCR; cardiovascular indices: heart rate: HR) was continuously monitored during an attentional couple game. The cooperative motivation was induced by presenting feedback which reinforced the positive outcomes of the intersubjective exchange. 24 participants coupled in 12 dyads were recruited. Intrasubject analyses revealed higher HR in the first part of the task, connoted by increased cognitive demand and arousing social dynamic, while intersubject analysis showed increased synchrony in electrodermal activity after the feedback. Such results encourage the use of hyperscanning techniques to assess emotional coupling in ecological and real-time paradigms.
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Fauchon C, Faillenot I, Perrin AM, Borg C, Pichot V, Chouchou F, Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R. Does an observer's empathy influence my pain? Effect of perceived empathetic or unempathetic support on a pain test. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2629-2637. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Fauchon
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain); Inserm U1028, UCB Lyon1, UJM; Saint-Etienne France
| | - I. Faillenot
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain); Inserm U1028, UCB Lyon1, UJM; Saint-Etienne France
- Department of Neurology & Pain Center; CHU de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
| | - A. M. Perrin
- Department of Neurology & Pain Center; CHU de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
- Laboratory EMC (EA3082); University Lyon 2; Lyon-Bron France
| | - C. Borg
- Department of Neurology & Pain Center; CHU de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
- Laboratory EMC (EA3082); University Lyon 2; Lyon-Bron France
| | - V. Pichot
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology; EA SNA-EPIS; CHU de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
| | - F. Chouchou
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain); Inserm U1028, UCB Lyon1, UJM; Saint-Etienne France
| | - L. Garcia-Larrea
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain); Inserm U1028, UCB Lyon1, UJM; Saint-Etienne France
| | - R. Peyron
- Central Integration of Pain (NeuroPain); Inserm U1028, UCB Lyon1, UJM; Saint-Etienne France
- Department of Neurology & Pain Center; CHU de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
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Martens RJH, Geijselaers SLC, Stehouwer CDA, Henry RMA. Timing of syncope during blood sampling - The Maastricht Study. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 43:e46-e47. [PMID: 28571895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remy J H Martens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; NUTRIM School of Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan L C Geijselaers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M A Henry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Moody EJ, Reed CL, Van Bommel T, App B, McIntosh DN. Emotional Mimicry Beyond the Face? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617726832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotional mimicry—quick and spontaneous matching of another’s expressions—is a well-documented phenomenon that is associated with numerous social outcomes. Although the mechanisms underlying mimicry are not fully understood, there is growing awareness that it is more than a one-to-one motor matching of others’ expressions and may be the result of neural simulation. If true, it is possible that mimicry could extend to other parts of the body, even in the absence of visual information from that body part. Indeed, we found that passively viewing anger and fear expressions, without accompanying information from the body, voice or other channels, produced both facial mimicry and corresponding responses in arm muscles that make a fist or a defensive posture. This suggests that observers simulated observed expressions and that activity may have spilled over to other areas to create a body response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Moody
- JFK Partners, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Betsy App
- University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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55
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Dodd DR, Velkoff EA, Forrest LN, Fussner LM, Smith A. Beauty in the eye of the beholder: Using facial electromyography to examine the association between eating disorder symptoms and perceptions of emaciation among undergraduate women. Body Image 2017; 21:47-56. [PMID: 28282555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thin-ideal internalization, drive for thinness, and over-evaluation of the importance of thinness are associated with eating disorders (EDs). However, little research has examined to what extent perceptions of emaciation are also associated with ED symptoms. In the present study, 80 undergraduate women self-reported on ED symptomatology and perceptions of emaciated, thin, and overweight female bodies. While participants viewed images of these different body types, facial electromyography was used to measure activation of facial muscles associated with disgust reactions. Emaciated and overweight bodies were rated negatively and elicited facial responses consistent with disgust. Further, ED symptomatology was associated with pronounced aversion to overweight bodies (assessed via self-report pleasantness ratings), and attenuated negative affect to emaciated bodies (assessed via facial electromyography). The latter association was significant even when controlling for self-reported perceptions of emaciation, suggesting that psychophysiological methods in ED research may provide valuable information unavailable via self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian R Dodd
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
| | - Elizabeth A Velkoff
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Lauren N Forrest
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Lauren M Fussner
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - April Smith
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
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57
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Abstract
We used measures of regional brain electrical activity to show that not all smiles are the same. Only one form of smiling produced the physiological pattern associated with enjoyment. Our finding helps to explain why investigators who treated all smiles as the same found smiles to be ubiquitous, occurring when people are unhappy as well as happy. Also, our finding that voluntarily making two different kinds of smiles generated the same two patterns of regional brain activity as was found when these smiles occur involuntarily suggests that it is possible to generate deliberately some of the physiological change which occurs during spontaneous positive affect.
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58
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Naifeh JA, Ursano RJ, Benfer N, Wu H, Herman M, Benedek DM, Russell DW, Benevides KN, Kao TC, Ng THH, Aliaga PA, Wynn GH, Zhang L, Forsten RD, Fullerton CS. PTSD symptom severity and sensitivity to blood, injury, and mutilation in U.S. army special operations soldiers. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:78-83. [PMID: 28142070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to blood, injury, and mutilation (SBIM) may increase risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), given that traumatic events often involve actual or perceived threat of bodily harm to oneself and/or others, including exposure to blood and other mutilation-related stimuli. A self-report questionnaire was administered to male, active duty, U.S. Army Special Operations Command soldiers who had deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (n =694 males). We first used exploratory factor analysis to examine whether the 30-item Mutilation Questionnaire (Klorman et al., 1974) comprised a unitary measure of SBIM, finding that 10 of the items form a cohesive SBIM factor. Summed, those 10 SBIM items had a significant bivariate correlation with PTSD symptom severity. In a multiple regression analysis that included demographic characteristics and lifetime trauma exposure, SBIM was positively associated with PTSD symptom severity. Other significant multivariate predictors were high lifetime trauma exposure and junior enlisted rank. When trait neuroticism was added to the model to test the robustness of these findings, the association of SBIM with PTSD symptom severity remained significant. The results suggest that SBIM may be a risk factor for PTSD in male soldiers. Further research is warranted to improve measurement and understanding of SBIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Naifeh
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Natasha Benfer
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Herman
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Benedek
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dale W Russell
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nikki Benevides
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tzu-Cheg Kao
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tsz Hin H Ng
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Aliaga
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary H Wynn
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Carol S Fullerton
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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59
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Moors A. Integration of Two Skeptical Emotion Theories: Dimensional Appraisal Theory and Russell's Psychological Construction Theory. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1235900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Moors
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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60
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Beall AT, Tracy JL. Emotivational psychology: How distinct emotions facilitate fundamental motives. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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61
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As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167436. [PMID: 28118366 PMCID: PMC5261620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathic individuals show a range of affective processing deficits, typically associated with the interpersonal/affective component of psychopathy. However, previous research has been inconsistent as to whether psychopathy, within both offender and community populations, is associated with deficient autonomic responses to the simple presentation of affective stimuli. Changes in pupil diameter occur in response to emotionally arousing stimuli and can be used as an objective indicator of physiological reactivity to emotion. This study used pupillometry to explore whether psychopathic traits within a community sample were associated with hypo-responsivity to the affective content of stimuli. Pupil activity was recorded for 102 adult (52 female) community participants in response to affective (both negative and positive affect) and affectively neutral stimuli, that included images of scenes, static facial expressions, dynamic facial expressions and sound-clips. Psychopathic traits were measured using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Pupil diameter was larger in response to negative stimuli, but comparable pupil size was demonstrated across pleasant and neutral stimuli. A linear relationship between subjective arousal and pupil diameter was found in response to sound-clips, but was not evident in response to scenes. Contrary to predictions, psychopathy was unrelated to emotional modulation of pupil diameter across all stimuli. The findings were the same when participant gender was considered. This suggests that psychopathy within a community sample is not associated with autonomic hypo-responsivity to affective stimuli, and this effect is discussed in relation to later defensive/appetitive mobilisation deficits.
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62
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Raymond T. Hearing peristalsis: theory, interpretation and practice in biodynamic psychotherapy. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2016.1157098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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63
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Silvia PJ, Duval TS. Objective Self-Awareness Theory: Recent Progress and Enduring Problems. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective self-awareness theory has undergone fundamental changes in the 3 decades since Duval and Wicklund's (1972) original formulation. We review new evidence that bears on the basic tenets of the theory. Many of the assumptions of self-awareness theory require revision, particularly how expectancies influence approach and avoidance of self-standard discrepancies; the nature of standards, especially when they are changed; and the role of causal attribution in directing discrepancy reduction. However, several unresolved conceptual issues remain; future theoretical and empirical directions are discussed.
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64
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Guglielmi RS. Psychophysiological Assessment of Prejudice: Past Research, Current Status, and Future Directions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 3:123-57. [PMID: 15647143 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0302_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Many early studies of prejudice adopted psychophysiological measures as a way to circumvent the limitations of self-report instruments. Despite serious methodological weaknesses, that literature consistently points to the value of physiological probes as nonreactive indexes of affective responses to target stimuli. Possible reasons for the virtual abandonment of psychophysiological approaches in the study of prejudice over the last 15 years are outlined, and their reintroduction is advocated on methodological and conceptual grounds. Theoretical perspectives and empirical research in a closely related area, the psychophysiology of emotion, are reviewed and the implications of this literature for the study of prejudice are discussed. Several psychophysiological approaches have been found valuable for assessing the valence and intensity of emotional responses. The availability of these tools, together with the shifting theoretical zeitgeist, make prejudice research ready for a return to psychophysiological methodologies. A multimethod prejudice assessment model is proposed and its theoretical and heuristic advantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Guglielmi
- Department of Psychology, Lake Forest College, IL, USA.
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65
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Massaro S, Pecchia L. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis: A Methodology for Organizational Neuroscience. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116681072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the application of neuroscience methods and findings to the study of organizational phenomena has gained significant interest and converged in the emerging field of organizational neuroscience. Yet, this body of research has principally focused on the brain, often overlooking fuller analysis of the activities of the human nervous system and associated methods available to assess them. In this article, we aim to narrow this gap by reviewing heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which is that set of methods assessing beat-to-beat changes in the heart rhythm over time, used to draw inference on the outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In addition to anatomo-physiological and detailed methodological considerations, we discuss related theoretical, ethical, and practical implications. Overall, we argue that this methodology offers the opportunity not only to inform on a wealth of constructs relevant for management inquiries but also to advance the overarching organizational neuroscience research agenda and its ecological validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Massaro
- Warwick Business School—Behavioural Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV, UK
| | - Leandro Pecchia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV, UK
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66
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Abstract
We argue that the main objections against two central tenets of a Jamesian account of the emotions, that is, that (a) different types of emotions are associated with specific types of bodily feelings ( specificity), and that (b) emotions are constituted by patterns of bodily feeling ( constitution), do not succeed. In the first part, we argue that several reasons adduced against specificity, including one inspired by Schachter and Singer’s work, are unconvincing. In the second part, we argue that constitution, too, can withstand most of the objections raised against it, including the objection that bodily feelings cannot account for the outward-looking and evaluative nature of emotions. In both sections, we argue that the kinds of felt bodily changes posited by a Jamesian account of emotions are best understood in terms of felt states of action readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A. Deonna
- Philosophy Department and Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Teroni
- Philosophy Department and Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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67
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Abstract
This case study outlines the use of graded in-vivo exposure to reduce an aversion to cockroaches in an older male. Following assessment, seven therapy sessions of in-vivo exposure were conducted where the client was progressively brought into closer and closer contact with cockroaches. A decrease in the client's aversion to cockroaches was apparent at posttreatment and persisted to 5-month follow-up, as evidenced by client reports and decreased behavioral avoidance. The client maintained that his avoidance had been driven by disgust, rather than fear, and the reduction of his avoidance of and aversion to cockroaches indicates that approaches developed for fearful clients may also be effective for clients who do not report fear responses to their avoided stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berle
- Nepean Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Sydney West Area Health
Service
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68
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Hansen CH, Shantz CA. Emotion-Specific Priming: Congruence Effects on Affect and Recognition Across Negative Emotions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167295216001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The emotion-specific priming effects of negatively valenced emotions (anger, sadness, and fear) were demonstrated in a divided attention task. After an emotional prime, subjects were simultaneously exposed to target displays portraying two different negative emotions. Target emotions congruent with the primed emotion were judged as more intense. Emotive priming did not increase recognition for affectively congruent target displays that were actually presented, but priming effects appeared on recognition for displays not actually seen. Emotively congruent displays that had not been presented were falsely recognized, where as emotively incongruent displays that had not been seen were correctly reported as not recognized. The results indicated that emotional congruence effects seemed to emerge from the increased probability that congruent behaviors were schematically processed whereas controlled attentional processing resources were reserved for emotively incongruent behaviors.
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69
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Tracy JL, Robins RW. Appraisal Antecedents of Shame and Guilt: Support for a Theoretical Model. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 32:1339-51. [PMID: 16963605 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206290212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four studies used experimental and correlational methods to test predictions about the antecedents of shame and guilt derived from an appraisal-based model of self-conscious emotions (Tracy & Robins, 2004). Results were consistent with the predicted relations between appraisals (i.e., causal attributions) and emotions. Specifically, (a) internal attributions were positively related to both shame and guilt; (b) the chronic tendency to make external attributions was positively related to the tendency to experience shame; and (c) internal, stable, uncontrollable attributions for failure were positively related to shame, whereas internal, unstable, controllable attributions for failure were positively related to guilt. Emotions and attributions were assessed using a variety of methods, so converging results across studies indicate the robustness of the findings and provide support for the theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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70
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Hastings PD, Zahn-Waxler C, Usher BA. Cardiovascular and affective responses to social stress in adolescents with internalizing and externalizing problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025407073575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral responses to stress and challenge are based in emotional and physiological arousal reactions. Adolescents with maladaptive or problematic behavior patterns, such as internalizing or externalizing problems, are likely to show atypical emotional and physiological reactions to stress. Relations between problems and reactions to stress were examined in a sample of 55 young adolescents with normal to clinical levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. Youth had their self-reported emotional states, heart rate, and blood pressure levels measured before and after engaging in two socially challenging, evaluative manipulations. Internalizing problems were associated with less positive affect but greater anxiety and cardiovascular arousal, whereas externalizing problems predicted greater hostility and positive affect but less cardiovascular arousal. The necessity of recognizing and incorporating comorbid characteristics and multiple response systems into studies of the links between problems and reactivity is emphasized in the discussion.
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71
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Velkoff EA, Forrest LN, Dodd DR, Smith AR. I Can Stomach That! Fearlessness About Death Predicts Attenuated Facial Electromyography Activity in Response to Death-Related Images. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2016; 46:313-22. [PMID: 26436594 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective measures of suicide risk can convey life-saving information to clinicians, but few such measures exist. This study examined an objective measure of fearlessness about death (FAD), testing whether FAD relates to self-reported and physiological aversion to death. Females (n = 87) reported FAD and disgust sensitivity, and facial electromyography was used to measure physiological facial responses consistent with disgust while viewing death-related images. FAD predicted attenuated expression of physiological death aversion, even when controlling for self-reported death-related disgust sensitivity. Diminished physiological aversion to death-related stimuli holds promise as an objective measure of FAD and suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorian R Dodd
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - April R Smith
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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72
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Abstract
Film clips are widely utilized to elicit emotion in a variety of research studies. Normative ratings for scenes selected for these purposes support the idea that selected clips correspond to the intended target emotion, but studies reporting normative ratings are limited. Using an ethnically diverse sample of college undergraduates, selected clips were rated for intensity, discreteness, valence, and arousal. Variables hypothesized to affect the perception of stimuli (i.e., gender, race-ethnicity, and familiarity) were also examined. Our analyses generally indicated that males reacted strongly to positively valenced film clips, whereas females reacted more strongly to negatively valenced film clips. Caucasian participants tended to react more strongly to the film clips, and we found some variation by race-ethnicity across target emotions. Finally, familiarity with the films tended to produce higher ratings for positively valenced film clips, and lower ratings for negatively valenced film clips. These findings provide normative ratings for a useful set of film clips for the study of emotion, and they underscore factors to be considered in research that utilizes scenes from film for emotion elicitation.
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73
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Lench HC, Tibbett TP, Bench SW. Exploring the Toolkit of Emotion: What Do Sadness and Anger Do for Us? SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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74
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Olatunji B, Sarawgi S, Viar-Paxton M. An Initial Test of Reconsolidation in Disgust-Related Learning and Extinction. J Cogn Psychother 2016; 30:190-202. [PMID: 32755924 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.30.3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether the spacing of a single unreinforced retrieval trial relative to extinction learning allows for "rewriting" the original disgust association, thereby preventing the return of disgust using a paradigm that employs disgust-relevant unconditioned stimuli (US). During conditioning, disgusting US were paired with a color square that served as the conditioned stimuli (CS). Participants (n = 54) then returned to the lab 24 hours later and received a "reactivation" intervention which consisted of one unpaired presentation of the CS+. Participants were then randomized to receive extinction trials either 10 min (Group A) or 6 hours (Group B) after reactivation. A third control group (Group C) did not receive the reactivation manipulation before extinction. Participants returned 24 hours later for additional extinction trials and at a 1-month follow-up for disgust reinstatement. Although the paradigm resulted in participants evaluating the CS+ as significantly more unpleasant after being associated with a disgust-relevant US, extinction learning within the reconsolidation window did not influence self-reported reduction or return of disgust. However, there was some evidence suggesting that those who received reactivation (Groups A and B), regardless of timing, evaluated the CS+ as less unpleasant after extinction relative to acquisition, whereas this pattern was not observed among those who did not receive reactivation (Group C). The implications of these findings for anxiety-related disorders in which disgust has been implicated will be discussed.
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Kano F, Hirata S, Deschner T, Behringer V, Call J. Nasal temperature drop in response to a playback of conspecific fights in chimpanzees: A thermo-imaging study. Physiol Behav 2015; 155:83-94. [PMID: 26657470 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emotion is one of the central topics in animal studies and is likely to attract attention substantially in the coming years. Recent studies have developed a thermo-imaging technique to measure the facial skin temperature in the studies of emotion in humans and macaques. Here we established the procedures and techniques needed to apply the same technique to great apes. We conducted two experiments respectively in the two established research facilities in Germany and Japan. Total twelve chimpanzees were tested in three conditions in which they were presented respectively with the playback sounds (Exp. 1) or the videos (Exp. 2) of fighting conspecifics, control sounds/videos (allospecific display call: Exp. 1; resting conspecifics: Exp. 2), and no sound/image. Behavioral, hormonal (salivary cortisol) and heart-rate responses were simultaneously recorded. The nasal temperature of chimpanzees linearly dropped up to 1.5 °C in 2 min, and recovered to the baseline in 2 min, in the experimental but not control conditions. We found the related changes in excitement behavior and heart-rate variability, but not in salivary cortisol, indicating that overall responses were involved with the activities of sympathetic nervous system but not with the measureable activities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The influence of general activity (walking, eating) was not negligible but controllable in experiments. We propose several techniques to control those confounding factors. Overall, thermo-imaging is a promising technique that should be added to the traditional physiological and behavioral measures in primatology and comparative psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kano
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kumamoto, Uki, Japan; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan; Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hirata
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kumamoto, Uki, Japan; Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josep Call
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Lupis SB, Sabik NJ, Wolf JM. Role of shame and body esteem in cortisol stress responses. J Behav Med 2015; 39:262-75. [PMID: 26577952 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-015-9695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies assessing the role of shame in HPA axis reactivity report mixed findings. Discrepancies may be due to methodological difficulties and inter-individual differences in the propensity to experience shame in a stressful situation. Hence, the current study combined self-report of shame and facial coding of shame expressions and assessed the role of body esteem as a moderator of the shame-stress link. For this, 44 healthy students (24F, age 20.5 ± 2.1 years) were exposed to an acute psychosocial stress paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test: TSST). Salivary cortisol levels were measured throughout the protocol. Trait shame was measured before the stress test, and state shame immediately afterwards. Video recordings of the TSST were coded to determine emotion expressions. State shame was neither associated with cortisol stress responses nor with body esteem (self-report: all ps ≥ .24; expression: all ps ≥ .31). In contrast, higher trait shame was associated with both negative body esteem (p = .049) and stronger cortisol stress responses (p = .013). Lastly, having lower body esteem predicted stronger cortisol stress responses (p = .022); however, it did not significantly moderate the association between shame indices and cortisol stress responses (all ps ≥ .94). These findings suggest that body esteem and trait shame independently contribute to strength of cortisol stress responses. Thus, in addition to trait shame, body esteem emerged as an important predictor of cortisol stress responses and as such, a potential contributor to stress-related negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Lupis
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South St, MS 062, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Natalie J Sabik
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South St, MS 062, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA.,Health Studies, University of Rhode Island, 25 Independence Way, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Jutta M Wolf
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South St, MS 062, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA.
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Kon K, Hayakawa Y, Shimizu S, Nosaka T, Tsuruga T, Matsubara H, Nomura T, Murahara S, Haruna H, Ino T, Inagaki J, Kobayashi T. Development of an algorithm to predict comfort of wheelchair fit based on clinical measures. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2813-6. [PMID: 26504299 PMCID: PMC4616100 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm to predict the comfort of
a subject seated in a wheelchair, based on common clinical measurements and without
depending on verbal communication. [Subjects] Twenty healthy males (mean age: 21.5 ±
2 years; height: 171 ± 4.3 cm; weight: 56 ± 12.3 kg) participated in this study. [Methods]
Each experimental session lasted for 60 min. The clinical measurements were obtained under
4 conditions (good posture, with and without a cushion; bad posture, with and without a
cushion). Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between
a visual analogue scale and exercise physiology parameters (respiratory and metabolism),
autonomic nervous parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, and salivary amylase level), and
3D-coordinate posture parameters (good or bad posture). [Results] For the equation
(algorithm) to predict the visual analogue scale score, the adjusted multiple correlation
coefficient was 0.72, the residual standard deviation was 1.2, and the prediction error
was 12%. [Conclusion] The algorithm developed in this study could predict the comfort of
healthy male seated in a wheelchair with 72% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kon
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hayakawa
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Shingo Shimizu
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nosaka
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuruga
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsubara
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nomura
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Shin Murahara
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Haruna
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Takumi Ino
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Jun Inagaki
- Department of Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Japan
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Buyukturkoglu K, Roettgers H, Sommer J, Rana M, Dietzsch L, Arikan EB, Veit R, Malekshahi R, Kircher T, Birbaumer N, Sitaram R, Ruiz S. Self-Regulation of Anterior Insula with Real-Time fMRI and Its Behavioral Effects in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Feasibility Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135872. [PMID: 26301829 PMCID: PMC4547706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and chronic condition that can have disabling effects throughout the patient's lifespan. Frequent symptoms among OCD patients include fear of contamination and washing compulsions. Several studies have shown a link between contamination fears, disgust over-reactivity, and insula activation in OCD. In concordance with the role of insula in disgust processing, new neural models based on neuroimaging studies suggest that abnormally high activations of insula could be implicated in OCD psychopathology, at least in the subgroup of patients with contamination fears and washing compulsions. Methods In the current study, we used a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) to aid OCD patients to achieve down-regulation of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal in anterior insula. Our first aim was to investigate whether patients with contamination obsessions and washing compulsions can learn to volitionally decrease (down-regulate) activity in the insula in the presence of disgust/anxiety provoking stimuli. Our second aim was to evaluate the effect of down-regulation on clinical, behavioural and physiological changes pertaining to OCD symptoms. Hence, several pre- and post-training measures were performed, i.e., confronting the patient with a disgust/anxiety inducing real-world object (Ecological Disgust Test), and subjective rating and physiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance level) of disgust towards provoking pictures. Results Results of this pilot study, performed in 3 patients (2 females), show that OCD patients can gain self-control of the BOLD activity of insula, albeit to different degrees. In two patients positive changes in behaviour in the EDT were observed following the rtfMRI trainings. Behavioural changes were also confirmed by reductions in the negative valence and in the subjective perception of disgust towards symptom provoking images. Conclusion Although preliminary, results of this study confirmed that insula down-regulation is possible in patients suffering from OCD, and that volitional decreases of insula activation could be used for symptom alleviation in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korhan Buyukturkoglu
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans Roettgers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mohit Rana
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leonie Dietzsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ezgi Belkis Arikan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rahim Malekshahi
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Ospedale San Camillo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venezia, Italy
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SR); (RS)
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (SR); (RS)
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Boyatzis RE, Rochford K, Taylor SN. The role of the positive emotional attractor in vision and shared vision: toward effective leadership, relationships, and engagement. Front Psychol 2015; 6:670. [PMID: 26052300 PMCID: PMC4439543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal and shared vision have a long history in management and organizational practices yet only recently have we begun to build a systematic body of empirical knowledge about the role of personal and shared vision in organizations. As the introductory paper for this special topic in Frontiers in Psychology, we present a theoretical argument as to the existence and critical role of two states in which a person, dyad, team, or organization may find themselves when engaging in the creation of a personal or shared vision: the positive emotional attractor (PEA) and the negative emotional attractor (NEA). These two primary states are strange attractors, each characterized by three dimensions: (1) positive versus negative emotional arousal; (2) endocrine arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system versus sympathetic nervous system; and (3) neurological activation of the default mode network versus the task positive network. We argue that arousing the PEA is critical when creating or affirming a personal vision (i.e., sense of one's purpose and ideal self). We begin our paper by reviewing the underpinnings of our PEA-NEA theory, briefly review each of the papers in this special issue, and conclude by discussing the practical implications of the theory.
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Payne P, Crane-Godreau MA. The preparatory set: a novel approach to understanding stress, trauma, and the bodymind therapies. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:178. [PMID: 25883565 PMCID: PMC4381623 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic to all motile life is a differential approach/avoid response to perceived features of environment. The stages of response are initial reflexive noticing and orienting to the stimulus, preparation, and execution of response. Preparation involves a coordination of many aspects of the organism: muscle tone, posture, breathing, autonomic functions, motivational/emotional state, attentional orientation, and expectations. The organism organizes itself in relation to the challenge. We propose to call this the "preparatory set" (PS). We suggest that the concept of the PS can offer a more nuanced and flexible perspective on the stress response than do current theories. We also hypothesize that the mechanisms of body-mind therapeutic and educational systems (BTES) can be understood through the PS framework. We suggest that the BTES, including meditative movement, meditation, somatic education, and the body-oriented psychotherapies, are approaches that use interventions on the PS to remedy stress and trauma. We discuss how the PS can be adaptive or maladaptive, how BTES interventions may restore adaptive PS, and how these concepts offer a broader and more flexible view of the phenomena of stress and trauma. We offer supportive evidence for our hypotheses, and suggest directions for future research. We believe that the PS framework will point to ways of improving the management of stress and trauma, and that it will suggest directions of research into the mechanisms of action of BTES.
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81
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Peterman JS, Bekele E, Bian D, Sarkar N, Park S. Complexities of emotional responses to social and non-social affective stimuli in schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2015; 6:320. [PMID: 25859230 PMCID: PMC4373273 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive emotional responses are important in interpersonal relationships. We investigated self-reported emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and micro-facial expressivity in relation to the social nature of stimuli in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). METHOD Galvanic skin response (GSR) and facial electromyography (fEMG) were recorded in medicated outpatients with SZ and demographically matched healthy controls (CO) while they viewed social and non-social images from the International Affective Pictures System. Participants rated the valence and arousal, and selected a label for experienced emotions. Symptom severity in the SZ and psychometric schizotypy in CO were assessed. RESULTS The two groups did not differ in their labeling of the emotions evoked by the stimuli, but individuals with SZ were more positive in their valence ratings. Although self-reported arousal was similar in both groups, mean GSR was greater in SZ, suggesting differential awareness, or calibration of internal states. Both groups reported social images to be more arousing than non-social images but their physiological responses to non-social vs. social images were different. Self-reported arousal to neutral social images was correlated with positive symptoms in SZ. Negative symptoms in SZ and disorganized schizotypy in CO were associated with reduced mean fEMG. Greater corrugator mean fEMG activity for positive images in SZ indicates valence-incongruent facial expressions. CONCLUSION The patterns of emotional responses differed between the two groups. While both groups were in broad agreement in self-reported arousal and emotion labels, their mean GSR, and fEMG correlates of emotion diverged in relation to the social nature of the stimuli and clinical measures. Importantly, these results suggest disrupted self awareness of internal states in SZ and underscore the complexities of emotion processing in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Peterman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Esubalew Bekele
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Dayi Bian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Nilanjan Sarkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
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Shi Y, Chung JM, Cheng JT, Tracy JL, Robins RW, Chen X, Zheng Y. Cross-cultural evidence for the two-facet structure of pride. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2015; 55:61-74. [PMID: 27158171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Across six studies conducted in Mainland China and South Korea, the present research extended prior findings showing that pride is comprised of two distinct conceptual and experiential facets in the U.S.: a pro-social, achievement-oriented "authentic pride", and an arrogant, self-aggrandizing "hubristic pride". This same two-facet structure emerged in Chinese participants' semantic conceptualizations of pride (Study 1), Chinese and Koreans' dispositional tendencies to experience pride (Studies 2, 3a, and 3b), Chinese and Koreans' momentary pride experiences (Studies 3a, 3b, and 5), and Americans' pride experiences using descriptors derived indigenously in Korea (Study 4). Together, these studies provide the first evidence that the two-facet structure of pride generalizes to cultures with highly divergent views of pride and self-enhancement processes from North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Center for Mental Health Services, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Joanne M Chung
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Joey T Cheng
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jessica L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Psychology: Central, connected, and consequential. Curr Opin Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Egermann H, Fernando N, Chuen L, McAdams S. Music induces universal emotion-related psychophysiological responses: comparing Canadian listeners to Congolese Pygmies. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1341. [PMID: 25620935 PMCID: PMC4286616 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective and psychophysiological emotional responses to music from two different cultures were compared within these two cultures. Two identical experiments were conducted: the first in the Congolese rainforest with an isolated population of Mebenzélé Pygmies without any exposure to Western music and culture, the second with a group of Western music listeners, with no experience with Congolese music. Forty Pygmies and 40 Canadians listened in pairs to 19 music excerpts of 29–99 s in duration in random order (eight from the Pygmy population and 11 Western instrumental excerpts). For both groups, emotion components were continuously measured: subjective feeling (using a two- dimensional valence and arousal rating interface), peripheral physiological activation, and facial expression. While Pygmy music was rated as positive and arousing by Pygmies, ratings of Western music by Westerners covered the range from arousing to calming and from positive to negative. Comparing psychophysiological responses to emotional qualities of Pygmy music across participant groups showed no similarities. However, Western stimuli, rated as high and low arousing by Canadians, created similar responses in both participant groups (with high arousal associated with increases in subjective and physiological activation). Several low-level acoustical features of the music presented (tempo, pitch, and timbre) were shown to affect subjective and physiological arousal similarly in both cultures. Results suggest that while the subjective dimension of emotional valence might be mediated by cultural learning, changes in arousal might involve a more basic, universal response to low-level acoustical characteristics of music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Egermann
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology, Schulich School of Music, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Audio Communication Group, Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathalie Fernando
- Laboratoire de Musicologie Comparée et Anthropologie de la Musique, Faculté de Musique, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lorraine Chuen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology, Schulich School of Music, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen McAdams
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology, Schulich School of Music, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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AlZoubi O, Fossati D, D’Mello S, Calvo RA. Affect detection from non-stationary physiological data using ensemble classifiers. EVOLVING SYSTEMS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12530-014-9123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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87
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Lupis SB, Lerman M, Wolf JM. Anger responses to psychosocial stress predict heart rate and cortisol stress responses in men but not women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 49:84-95. [PMID: 25064831 PMCID: PMC4165699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While previous research has suggested that anger and fear responses to stress are linked to distinct sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stress responses, little is known about how these emotions predict hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Further, earlier research primarily relied on retrospective self-report of emotion. The current study aimed at addressing both issues in male and female individuals by assessing the role of anger and fear in predicting heart rate and cortisol stress responses using both self-report and facial coding analysis to assess emotion responses. We exposed 32 healthy students (18 female; 19.6±1.7 yr) to an acute psychosocial stress paradigm (TSST) and measured heart rate and salivary cortisol levels throughout the protocol. Anger and fear before and after stress exposure was assessed by self-report, and video recordings of the TSST were assessed by a certified facial coder to determine emotion expression (FACS). Self-reported emotions and emotion expressions did not correlate (all p>.23). Increases in self-reported fear predicted blunted cortisol responses in men (β=0.41, p=.04). Also for men, longer durations of anger expression predicted exaggerated cortisol responses (β=0.67 p=.004), and more anger incidences predicted exaggerated cortisol and heart rate responses (β=0.51, p=.033; β=0.46, p=.066, resp.). Anger and fear did not predict SNS or HPA activity for females (all p>.23). The current differential self-report and facial coding findings support the use of multiple modes of emotion assessment. Particularly, FACS but not self-report revealed a robust anger-stress association that could have important downstream health effects for men. For women, future research may clarify the role of other emotions, such as self-conscious expressions of shame, for physiological stress responses. A better understanding of the emotion-stress link may contribute to behavioral interventions targeting health-promoting ways of responding emotionally to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Lupis
- Psychology Department, Brandeis University, MS 062 PO Box 549110, Waltham, MA 02454 United States
| | - Michelle Lerman
- Psychology Department, Brandeis University, MS 062 PO Box 549110, Waltham, MA 02454 United States
| | - Jutta M Wolf
- Psychology Department, Brandeis University, MS 062 PO Box 549110, Waltham, MA 02454 United States.
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Wevodau AL, Cramer RJ, Kehn A, Clark JW. Why the impact? Negative affective change as a mediator of the effects of victim impact statements. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2014; 29:2884-2903. [PMID: 24664251 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514527170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Victim impact statements (VISs) represent a contentious legal and psychological point of debate. Current knowledge concerning the influence of VISs on jurors' emotional states and views of offenders is unclear. Using a sexual assault case, the present study attempted to disentangle these points of debate in the body of existing literature by (a) examining the direct influences of the presence of a VIS and juror Need for Affect (NFA) on sentencing recommendations, (b) assessing overall negative affective change as a mediating mechanism of these predictors, and (c) if mediation was present, identifying specific negative emotions that explain the effects of negative affective change. Results showed that presence of a VIS and a greater proclivity to approach emotions were associated with significantly greater sentencing recommendations. Moreover, change in negative affect mediated the effects of NFA approach and VIS exposure. Examination of changes in specific negative emotions revealed that increases in being upset and nervous mediated the impact of VIS condition; in addition, increases in hostility mediated the effect of NFA approach. Results are discussed with regard to emotion-based decision making of potential jurors, applications to trial process, and future research in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre Kehn
- University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
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89
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Oaten MJ, Stevenson RJ, Case TI. The effect of disgust on pain sensitivity. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:107-12. [PMID: 25447331 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing the emotion of disgust leads to delayed up-regulation of immune-related functions, increased core-body temperature and reduced appetite. These changes parallel those of the acute phase response, which occurs when a pathogen is detected by the immune system. Here we examined whether a further predicted aspect of the acute phase response is evident following disgust induction, namely increased pain sensitivity. Participants attended a two-session experiment. On one session they experienced an emotion induction (being randomly assigned to either disgust, negative or positive groups) and on the other they received a neutral control induction. Before and after each induction, and at 15 and 30min post-induction, participants engaged in a cold-pressor task, rating pain intensity at 10s intervals for 90s on each occasion. Relative to neutral control and pre-test, average pain intensity decreased then increased across time following the disgust induction, with the reverse pattern in the negative and positive emotion inductions. These findings are the first to suggest that disgust may lead to an increase in pain sensitivity over a time course paralleling changes observed for core-body temperature and immune-related function, although the mechanisms underpinning these effects remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Oaten
- Department of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport QLD4222, Australia
| | | | - Trevor I Case
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW2109, Australia
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90
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Webber D, Schimel J, Faucher EH, Hayes J, Zhang R, Martens A. Emotion as a necessary component of threat-induced death thought accessibility and defensive compensation. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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91
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Luo Y. The duration of disgusted and fearful faces is judged longer and shorter than that of neutral faces: the attention-related time distortions as revealed by behavioral and electrophysiological measurements. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:293. [PMID: 25221488 PMCID: PMC4145716 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception has been shown to be altered by emotions. This study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the effects of two threat-related emotions on the judgment of time intervals in the range of 490–910 ms. We demonstrated that disgust and fear have distinct influences on time perception. At the behavioral level, disgusted faces were estimated longer and fearful faces were estimated shorter (i.e., the generalization gradient for the disgusted faces was shifted left while the generalization gradient for the fearful faces was shifted right) when compared with neutral faces. Accordingly, the contingent negative variation, an online ERP index of timing, displayed larger area in disgust and smaller area in fear conditions when compared with neutral condition (disgust = 1.94 ± 2.35 μV•s, neutral = 1.40 ± 2.5 μV•s, and fear = 1.00 ± 2.26 μV•s). These findings indicated that specific neural mechanisms may underlie the attention effects of different subtypes of threat-related emotions on timing; compared with neutral faces, fearful faces are likely to attract more attentional resources while disgusted faces may attract less attentional resources for emotional processing. The major contribution of the current study is to provide neural correlates of fear vs. disgust divergence in the aspect of time perception and to demonstrate beyond the behavioral level that the categorization of threat-related emotions should be refined so to highlight the adaptability of the human defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
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92
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Understanding Affect, Stress, and Well-being within a Self-Regulation Framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/s1479-3555(2013)0000011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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93
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The relationship between happiness and health: Evidence from Italy. Soc Sci Med 2014; 114:178-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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94
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95
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Kunzmann U, Kappes C, Wrosch C. Emotional aging: a discrete emotions perspective. Front Psychol 2014; 5:380. [PMID: 24834060 PMCID: PMC4018521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perhaps the most important single finding in the field of emotional aging has been that the overall quality of affective experience steadily improves during adulthood and can be maintained into old age. Recent lifespan developmental theories have provided motivation- and experience-based explanations for this phenomenon. These theories suggest that, as individuals grow older, they become increasingly motivated and able to regulate their emotions, which could result in reduced negativity and enhanced positivity. The objective of this paper is to expand existing theories and empirical research on emotional aging by presenting a discrete emotions perspective. To illustrate the usefulness of this approach, we focus on a discussion of the literature examining age differences in anger and sadness. These two negative emotions have typically been subsumed under the singular concept of negative affect. From a discrete emotions perspective, however, they are highly distinct and show multidirectional age differences. We propose that such contrasting age differences in specific negative emotions have important implications for our understanding of long-term patterns of affective well-being across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Kunzmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cathleen Kappes
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Wrosch
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University Montreal, QC, Canada
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96
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Montoya P, Campos JJ, Schandry R. See red? Turn pale? Unveiling Emotions through Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Changes. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 8:79-85. [PMID: 15875460 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600004984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cardiodynamic and hemodynamic reactions to emotion-eliciting film sequences were investigated. Thirty-two healthy subjects (12 women, 20 men) were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In the first group, anger was induced using selected scenes of the film “Ragtime.” In the second group, scenes of the film “The Shining” were chosen to elicit fear. A documentary film was used as a baseline stimulus in both groups. EKG, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure were continuously monitored. The two emotional conditions elicited significant differential changes in subjective ratings and cardiovascular indices. Fear was associated with decreased cardiac output, increased total peripheral resistance, and a reduction in stroke volume and myocardial contractility. Anger was associated with an increase of cardiac output and small changes in total peripheral resistance. These results support the hypothesis that discrete emotions such as fear and anger elicit differential patterns of physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montoya
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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97
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Gamito P, Oliveira J, Baptista A, Morais D, Lopes P, Rosa P, Santos N, Brito R. Eliciting nicotine craving with virtual smoking cues. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2014; 17:556-61. [PMID: 24660864 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2013.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Craving is a strong desire to consume that emerges in every case of substance addiction. Previous studies have shown that eliciting craving with an exposure cues protocol can be a useful option for the treatment of nicotine dependence. Thus, the main goal of this study was to develop a virtual platform in order to induce craving in smokers. Fifty-five undergraduate students were randomly assigned to two different virtual environments: high arousal contextual cues and low arousal contextual cues scenarios (17 smokers with low nicotine dependency were excluded). An eye-tracker system was used to evaluate attention toward these cues. Eye fixation on smoking-related cues differed between smokers and nonsmokers, indicating that smokers focused more often on smoking-related cues than nonsmokers. Self-reports of craving are in agreement with these results and suggest a significant increase in craving after exposure to smoking cues. In sum, these data support the use of virtual environments for eliciting craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gamito
- 1 School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies , Lisbon, Portugal
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98
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Abstract
In many evolutionary/functionalist theories, emotions organize the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and other physiological systems. Two kinds of patterned activity are discussed: (a) coherence (i.e., emotions organize and coordinate activity within the ANS, and between the ANS and other response systems such as facial expression and subjective experience), and (b) specificity (i.e., emotions activate different patterns of ANS response for different emotions). For each kind of patterning, significant methodological obstacles are considered that need to be overcome before empirical studies can adequately test theories and resolve controversies. Finally, links that coherence and specificity have with health and well-being are considered.
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99
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Lee DH, Mirza R, Flanagan JG, Anderson AK. Optical origins of opposing facial expression actions. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:745-52. [PMID: 24463554 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613514451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Darwin theorized that emotional expressions originated as opposing functional adaptations for the expresser, not as distinct categories of social signals. Given that two thirds of the eye's refractive power comes from the cornea, we examined whether opposing expressive behaviors that widen the eyes (e.g., fear) or narrow the eyes (e.g., disgust) may have served as an optical trade-off, enhancing either sensitivity or acuity, thereby promoting stimulus localization ("where") or stimulus discrimination ("what"), respectively. An optical model based on eye apertures of posed fear and disgust expressions supported this functional trade-off. We then tested the model using standardized optometric measures of sensitivity and acuity. We demonstrated that eye widening enhanced stimulus detection, whereas eye narrowing enhanced discrimination, each at the expense of the other. Opposing expressive actions around the eye may thus reflect origins in an optical principle, shaping visual encoding at its earliest stage-how light is cast onto the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Lee
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
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100
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Brady RE, Adams TG, Lohr JM. Disgust in contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder: a review and model. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:1295-305. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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