51
|
Colín-González AL, Paz-Loyola AL, Serratos IN, Seminotti B, Ribeiro CAJ, Leipnitz G, Souza DO, Wajner M, Santamaría A. The effect of WIN 55,212-2 suggests a cannabinoid-sensitive component in the early toxicity induced by organic acids accumulating in glutaric acidemia type I and in related disorders of propionate metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes. Neuroscience 2015; 310:578-88. [PMID: 26431622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several physiological processes in the CNS are regulated by the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Cannabinoid receptors (CBr) and CBr agonists have been involved in the modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) activation. Glutaric (GA), 3-hydroxyglutaric (3-OHGA), methylmalonic (MMA) and propionic (PA) acids are endogenous metabolites produced and accumulated in the brain of children affected by severe organic acidemias (OAs) with neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity have been involved in the toxic pattern exerted by these organic acids. Studying the early pattern of toxicity exerted by these metabolites is crucial to explain the extent of damage that they can produce in the brain. Herein, we investigated the effects of the synthetic CBr agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) on early markers of GA-, 3-OHGA-, MMA- and PA-induced toxicity in brain synaptosomes from adult (90-day-old) and adolescent (30-day-old) rats. As pre-treatment, WIN exerted protective effects on the GA- and MMA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and prevented the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation induced by all metabolites. Our findings support a protective and modulatory role of cannabinoids in the early toxic events elicited by toxic metabolites involved in OAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A L Paz-Loyola
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I N Serratos
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - B Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Sáude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A J Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Sáude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G Leipnitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Sáude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D O Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Sáude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Sáude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - A Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Frongia G, Nickkholgh A, Hafezi M MR, Arvin J, Saffari A, Golriz M, Aydin E, Weih S, Kessler M, Emami G, Garoussi C, Okun JG, Schmidt K, Thiel C, Brune M, Günther P, Holland-Cunz S, Mehrabi A. Significance of the Extent of Intestinal Resection on the Outcome of a Short-bowel Syndrome in a Porcine Model. J INVEST SURG 2015; 29:57-65. [PMID: 26375577 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2015.1057304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Insufficient data are available to determine the most suitable extent of intestinal resection required to induce short-bowel syndrome (SBS) in pigs. This study aimed to compare the three main SBS-models published. METHODS A 75%, 90%, or 100% mid-intestinal resection was performed in groups of n = 5 pigs each. Clinical (body weight, stool consistency) and biochemical (serum eletrolytes, citrulline, albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin) parameters were determined daily, functional (D-xylose resorption) and histological (intestinal villus length) parameters were determined after 2 weeks. A t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Only in the 100% group, we observed a persistent weight loss (13.6 ± 3.8%) and diarrhea, as well as a decrease in prealbumin-levels (41%) and transferrin levels (33%). Serum electrolytes remained stable in all groups during the observation period. Citrulline stabilized at different levels (100% group 13.9 ± 1.0 μmol/L; 90% group 18.8 ± 1.0 μmol/L; 75% group 26.3 ± 1.4 μmol/L; all p < .05). D-xylose resorption was lowest in the 100%, followed by 90% and 75% group (100% group 32.8 ± 4.9 mg/L; 90% group 50.0 ± 19.6 mg/L; 75% group 57.8 ± 8.8 mg/L; p = .393). Intestinal villus length decreased in all groups (100% group 11.0%; 90% group 14.0%; 75% group 19.1%). CONCLUSIONS 75% intestinal resection is less suitable as an SBS model, as animals tend to recover remarkably. The 90% model is suitable for longer-term studies, as animals might survive longer due to partial compensation. Due to severe nutritional, biochemical, and physiological derangements, the 100% model can only be used for acute experiments and those immediately followed by small bowel transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Frongia
- a Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Arash Nickkholgh
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Hafezi M
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jalal Arvin
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Arash Saffari
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Golriz
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Esvad Aydin
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sandra Weih
- a Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Markus Kessler
- a Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Golnaz Emami
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Camelia Garoussi
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- c Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmidt
- c Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- c Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Maik Brune
- d Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Patrick Günther
- a Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Stefan Holland-Cunz
- a Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- b Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Harting I, Boy N, Heringer J, Seitz A, Bendszus M, Pouwels PJW, Kölker S. (1)H-MRS in glutaric aciduria type 1: impact of biochemical phenotype and age on the cerebral accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:829-38. [PMID: 25860816 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) the neurotoxic metabolites glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OH-GA) accumulate within the brain. Due to limited efflux across the blood-brain-barrier biochemical monitoring of intracerebrally accumulating toxic metabolites is as yet not possible. AIMS To investigate brain metabolic patterns in glutaric aciduria type 1 using (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) with focus on detecting the disease-related neurotoxic metabolites GA and 3-OH-GA. PATIENTS AND METHODS Short echo time (1)H-MRS was performed in 13 treated metabolically stable patients. Twenty-one white matter and 16 basal ganglia spectra from 12 patients (age range 7 months - 22 years) were included. Subgroups based on age, biochemical phenotype and/or associated MRI changes were compared with control spectra. RESULTS GA was elevated in white matter of patients. 3-OH-GA was elevated in white matter of older patients with associated signal changes on MRI, which was structurally characterized by decreased creatine and phosphocreatine (tCr) and elevated choline (Cho). Metabolite changes differed with biochemical phenotype and disease duration: Low excretors with up to 30% residual enzyme activity had only mildly, non-significantly elevated GA and mildly subnormal N-acetylaspartate (tNAA). High excretors with complete lack of enzyme activity had significantly increased GA, tNAA was mildly subnormal in younger and decreased in older high excretors. CONCLUSIONS GA and 3-OH-GA are detectable by in vivo (1)H-MRS, which might finally allow biochemical follow-up monitoring of intracerebrally accumulating neurotoxic metabolites in GA1. A high excreting phenotype appears to be a risk factor for cerebral GA accumulation and progressive neuroaxonal compromise despite a similar clinical course in younger high and low excreting patients. This might have consequences for long-term outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Harting
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg Medical Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Amaral AU, Cecatto C, Seminotti B, Ribeiro CA, Lagranha VL, Pereira CC, de Oliveira FH, de Souza DG, Goodman S, Woontner M, Wajner M. Experimental evidence that bioenergetics disruption is not mainly involved in the brain injury of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice submitted to lysine overload. Brain Res 2015; 1620:116-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
55
|
Okun JG, Conway S, Schmidt KV, Schumacher J, Wang X, de Guia R, Zota A, Klement J, Seibert O, Peters A, Maida A, Herzig S, Rose AJ. Molecular regulation of urea cycle function by the liver glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Metab 2015; 4:732-40. [PMID: 26500844 PMCID: PMC4588454 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective One of the major side effects of glucocorticoid (GC) treatment is lean tissue wasting, indicating a prominent role in systemic amino acid metabolism. In order to uncover a novel aspect of GCs and their intracellular-receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), on metabolic control, we conducted amino acid and acylcarnitine profiling in human and mouse models of GC/GR gain- and loss-of-function. Methods Blood serum and tissue metabolite levels were determined in Human Addison's disease (AD) patients as well as in mouse models of systemic and liver-specific GR loss-of-function (AAV-miR-GR) with or without dexamethasone (DEX) treatments. Body composition and neuromuscular and metabolic function tests were conducted in vivo and ex vivo, the latter using precision cut liver slices. Results A serum metabolite signature of impaired urea cycle function (i.e. higher [ARG]:[ORN + CIT]) was observed in human (CTRL: 0.45 ± 0.03, AD: 1.29 ± 0.04; p < 0.001) and mouse (AAV-miR-NC: 0.97 ± 0.13, AAV-miR-GR: 2.20 ± 0.19; p < 0.001) GC/GR loss-of-function, with similar patterns also observed in liver. Serum urea levels were consistently affected by GC/GR gain- (∼+32%) and loss (∼−30%) -of-function. Combined liver-specific GR loss-of-function with DEX treatment revealed a tissue-autonomous role for the GR to coordinate an upregulation of liver urea production rate in vivo and ex vivo, and prevent hyperammonaemia and associated neuromuscular dysfunction in vivo. Liver mRNA expression profiling and GR-cistrome mining identified Arginase I (ARG1) a urea cycle gene targeted by the liver GR. Conclusions The liver GR controls systemic and liver urea cycle function by transcriptional regulation of ARG1 expression. Metabolite profiling revealed a role for the HPA-axis-liver GR in regulating urea cycle function in mouse and humans. The liver GR controls enhanced urea cycle function during chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Liver Arginase I is a key urea cycle transcript regulated by the GR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen G Okun
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sean Conway
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin V Schmidt
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schumacher
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roldan de Guia
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Zota
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Klement
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Oksana Seibert
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Adriano Maida
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adam J Rose
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zielonka M, Braun K, Bengel A, Seitz A, Kölker S, Boy N. Severe Acute Subdural Hemorrhage in a Patient With Glutaric Aciduria Type I After Minor Head Trauma: A Case Report. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1065-9. [PMID: 25038128 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814541479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I is a rare metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Chronic subdural hematomas have been reported in glutaric aciduria type I and are considered as important differential diagnosis of nonaccidental head trauma. However, chronic subdural hematomas are usually thought to remain clinically silent in these patients. Here we report on a hitherto asymptomatic glutaric aciduria type I patient who developed severe, acute subdural hemorrhage after minor accidental head injury at age 23 months. Computed tomography confirmed significant mass effect on the brain necessitating decompressive hemicraniectomy. Subdural hemorrhage caused large hypoxic lesions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions resulting in spastic tetraplegia, dystonia, and loss of developmental milestones. This report emphasizes that acute subdural hemorrhage may be a life-threatening complication in glutaric aciduria type I patients after minor head trauma and should be considered in those patients presenting with neurologic deterioration after accidental head injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zielonka
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Braun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bengel
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Seitz
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Boy
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Fernandes CG, Rodrigues MDN, Seminotti B, Colín-González AL, Santamaria A, Quincozes-Santos A, Wajner M. Induction of a Proinflammatory Response in Cortical Astrocytes by the Major Metabolites Accumulating in HMG-CoA Lyase Deficiency: the Role of ERK Signaling Pathway in Cytokine Release. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3586-3595. [PMID: 26099308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (HMGA) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency. It is biochemically characterized by predominant tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate (HMG) and 3-methylglutarate (MGA). Affected patients commonly present acute symptoms during metabolic decompensation, including vomiting, seizures, and lethargy/coma accompanied by metabolic acidosis and hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Although neurological manifestations are common, the pathogenesis of brain injury in this disease is poorly known. Astrocytes are important for neuronal protection and are susceptible to damage by neurotoxins. In the present study, we investigated the effects of HMG and MGA on important parameters of redox homeostasis and cytokine production in cortical cultured astrocytes. The role of the metabolites on astrocyte mitochondrial function (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction) and viability (propidium iodide incorporation) was also studied. Both organic acids decreased astrocytic mitochondrial function and the concentrations of reduced glutathione without altering cell viability. In contrast, they increased reactive species formation (2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) oxidation), as well as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF α release through the ERK signaling pathway. Taken together, the data indicate that the principal compounds accumulating in HMGA induce a proinflammatory response in cultured astrocytes that may possibly be involved in the neuropathology of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonçalves Fernandes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marília Danyelle Nunes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Tuncel AT, Ruppert T, Wang BT, Okun JG, Kölker S, Morath MA, Sauer SW. Maleic Acid--but Not Structurally Related Methylmalonic Acid--Interrupts Energy Metabolism by Impaired Calcium Homeostasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128770. [PMID: 26086473 PMCID: PMC4473014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleic acid (MA) has been shown to induce Fanconi syndrome via disturbance of renal energy homeostasis, though the underlying pathomechanism is still under debate. Our study aimed to examine the pathomechanism underlying maleic acid-induced nephrotoxicity. Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is structurally similar to MA and accumulates in patients affected with methymalonic aciduria, a defect in the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, odd-chain fatty acids and cholesterol, which is associated with the development of tubulointerstitial nephritis resulting in chronic renal failure. We therefore used MMA application as a control experiment in our study and stressed hPTECs with MA and MMA to further validate the specificity of our findings. MMA did not show any toxic effects on proximal tubule cells, whereas maleic acid induced concentration-dependent and time-dependent cell death shown by increased lactate dehydrogenase release as well as ethidium homodimer and calcein acetoxymethyl ester staining. The toxic effect of MA was blocked by administration of single amino acids, in particular L-alanine and L-glutamate. MA application further resulted in severe impairment of cellular energy homeostasis on the level of glycolysis, respiratory chain, and citric acid cycle resulting in ATP depletion. As underlying mechanism we could identify disturbance of calcium homeostasis. MA toxicity was critically dependent on calcium levels in culture medium and blocked by the extra- and intracellular calcium chelators EGTA and BAPTA-AM respectively. Moreover, MA-induced cell death was associated with activation of calcium-dependent calpain proteases. In summary, our study shows a comprehensive pathomechanistic concept for MA-induced dysfunction and damage of human proximal tubule cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tunç Tuncel
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thorsten Ruppert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bei-Tzu Wang
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Günther Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Alexandra Morath
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Wolfgang Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
da Rosa MS, João Ribeiro CA, Seminotti B, Teixeira Ribeiro R, Amaral AU, Coelho DDM, de Oliveira FH, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. In vivo intracerebral administration of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid provokes oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in striatum and cerebellum of adolescent rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:201-13. [PMID: 25701435 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) are biochemically characterized by elevated L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (L-2-HG) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and urine due to a blockage in the conversion of L-2-HG to α-ketoglutaric acid. Neurological symptoms associated with basal ganglia and cerebelar abnormalities whose pathophysiology is still unknown are typical of this neurometabolic disorder. In the present study we evaluated the early effects (30min after injection) of an acute in vivo intrastriatal and intracerebellar L-2-HG administration on redox homeostasis in rat striatum and cerebellum, respectively. Histological analyses of these brain structures were also carried out 7 days after L-2-HG treatment (long-term effects). L-2-HG significantly decreased the concentrations of reduced (GSH) and total glutathione (tGS), as well as of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GR) activities, but did not change the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in striatum. Furthermore, the concentrations of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, were increased, whereas carbonyl formation and nitrate plus nitrite concentrations were not altered by L-2-HG injection. It was also found that the melatonin, ascorbic acid plus α-tocopherol, and creatine totally prevented most of these effects, whereas N-acetylcysteine, the noncompetitive glutamate NMDA antagonist MK-801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME were not able to normalize the redox alterations elicited by L-2-HG in striatum. L-2-HG intracerebellar injection similarly provoked a decrease of antioxidant defenses (GSH, tGS, GPx, and GR) and an increase of the concentrations of GSSG, MDA, and H2O2 in cerebellum. These results strongly indicate that the major accumulating metabolite in L-2-HGA induce oxidative stress by decreasing the antioxidant defenses and enhancing reactive oxygen species in striatum and cerebellum of adolescent rats. Regarding the histopathological findings, L-2-HG caused intense vacuolation, lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, eosinophilic granular bodies, and necrosis in striatum. Immunohistochemistry revealed that L-2-HG treatment provoked an increase of GFAP and a decrease of NeuN immunostaining, indicating reactive astroglyosis and reduction of neuronal population, respectively, in striatum. Similar macrophage infiltrates, associated with less intense vacuolation and lymphocytic infiltration, were observed in cerebellum. However, we did not observe necrosis, eosinophilic granular bodies, and alteration of GFAP and NeuN content in L-2-HG-teated cerebellum. From the biochemical and histological findings, it is presumed that L-2-HG provokes striatal and cerebellar damage in vivo possibly through oxidative stress induction. Therefore, we postulate that antioxidants may serve as adjuvant therapy allied to the current treatment based on a protein-restricted diet and riboflavin and L-carnitine supplementation in patients affected by L-2-HGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Struecker da Rosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - César Augusto João Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Teixeira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Chevallier OP, Graham SF, Alonso E, Duffy C, Silke J, Campbell K, Botana LM, Elliott CT. New insights into the causes of human illness due to consumption of azaspiracid contaminated shellfish. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9818. [PMID: 25928256 PMCID: PMC4415421 DOI: 10.1038/srep09818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracid (AZA) poisoning was unknown until 1995 when shellfish harvested in Ireland caused illness manifesting by vomiting and diarrhoea. Further in vivo/vitro studies showed neurotoxicity linked with AZA exposure. However, the biological target of the toxin which will help explain such potent neurological activity is still unknown. A region of Irish coastline was selected and shellfish were sampled and tested for AZA using mass spectrometry. An outbreak was identified in 2010 and samples collected before and after the contamination episode were compared for their metabolite profile using high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty eight ions were identified at higher concentration in the contaminated samples. Stringent bioinformatic analysis revealed putative identifications for seven compounds including, glutarylcarnitine, a glutaric acid metabolite. Glutaric acid, the parent compound linked with human neurological manifestations was subjected to toxicological investigations but was found to have no specific effect on the sodium channel (as was the case with AZA). However in combination, glutaric acid (1mM) and azaspiracid (50nM) inhibited the activity of the sodium channel by over 50%. Glutaric acid was subsequently detected in all shellfish employed in the study. For the first time a viable mechanism for how AZA manifests itself as a toxin is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O P Chevallier
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - S F Graham
- Beaumont Research Institute, 3811 W Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI, 48073
| | - E Alonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Lugo, USC, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - C Duffy
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - J Silke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - K Campbell
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - L M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Lugo, USC, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - C T Elliott
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Sauer SW, Opp S, Komatsuzaki S, Blank AE, Mittelbronn M, Burgard P, Koeller DM, Okun JG, Kölker S. Multifactorial modulation of susceptibility to l-lysine in an animal model of glutaric aciduria type I. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:768-77. [PMID: 25558815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I is an inherited defect in L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine and L-tryptophan degradation caused by deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). The majority of untreated patients presents with accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites - glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA) - and striatal injury. Gcdh(-/-) mice display elevated levels of GA and 3-OH-GA but do not spontaneously develop striatal lesions. L-lysine-enriched diets (appr. 235 mg/d) were suggested to induce a neurological phenotype similar to affected patients. In our hands 93% of mice stressed according to the published protocol remained asymptomatic. To understand the underlying mechanism, we modified their genetic background (F1 C57BL6/Jx129/SvCrl) and increased the daily oral L-lysine supply (235-433 mg). We identified three modulating factors, (1) gender, (2) genetic background, and (3) amount of L-lysine. Male mice displayed higher vulnerability and inbreeding for more than two generations as well as elevating L-lysine supply increased the diet-induced mortality rate (up to 89%). Onset of first symptoms leads to strongly reduced intake of food and, thus, L-lysine suggesting a threshold for toxic metabolite production to induce neurological disease. GA and 3-OH-GA tissue concentrations did not correlate with dietary L-lysine supply but differed between symptomatic and asymptomatic mice. Cerebral activities of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and aconitase were decreased. Symptomatic mice did not develop striatal lesions or intracerebral hemorrhages. We found severe spongiosis in the hippocampus of Gcdh(-/-) mice which was independent of dietary L-lysine supply. In conclusion, the L-lysine-induced pathology in Gcdh(-/-) mice depends on genetic and dietary parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven W Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvana Opp
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoko Komatsuzaki
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Eva Blank
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Peter Burgard
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D M Koeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Fraidakis MJ, Liadinioti C, Stefanis L, Dinopoulos A, Pons R, Papathanassiou M, Garcia-Villoria J, Ribes A. Rare Late-Onset Presentation of Glutaric Aciduria Type I in a 16-Year-Old Woman with a Novel GCDH Mutation. JIMD Rep 2014; 18:85-92. [PMID: 25256449 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) is a treatable autosomal recessive disorder of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan metabolism caused by glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency. Presentation and progression of disease are variable ranging from asymptomatic carrier state to catastrophic encephalopathy. GA-I usually presents before age 18 months, usually triggered by childhood infection, with mild or severe acute encephalopathy, striatal degeneration, and movement disorder, most often acute dystonia. At a presymptomatic stage diagnosis is suggested clinically by macrocephaly, radiologically by widened Sylvian fissures and biochemically by the presence of excess 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and glutaric acid in urine. Treatment consists of lysine-restricted diet and carnitine supplementation, specific diet restrictions, as well as symptomatic and anticatabolic treatment of intercurrent illness. Presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment are essential to prognosis. We report the case of 16-year-old macrocephalic female with late-onset GA-I and unusual paucisymptomatic presentation with fainting after exercise and widespread white matter signal changes at MRI. She was compound heterozygote for a novel mutation (IVS10-2A>G) affecting splicing at GCDH and a common missense mutation (c. 1240C>T; p.Arg402Trp, R402W). Interestingly, the site of the novel mutation is the nucleotide position of a common mutation found almost exclusively in patients of Chinese/Taiwanese origin (IVS10-2A>C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Fraidakis
- Outpatient for Rare Neurological Diseases, 2nd Department of Neurology, University Hospital "Attikon", Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Seminotti B, Ribeiro RT, Amaral AU, da Rosa MS, Pereira CC, Leipnitz G, Koeller DM, Goodman S, Woontner M, Wajner M. Acute lysine overload provokes protein oxidative damage and reduction of antioxidant defenses in the brain of infant glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice: A role for oxidative stress in GA I neuropathology. J Neurol Sci 2014; 344:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
64
|
Garbade SF, Greenberg CR, Demirkol M, Gökçay G, Ribes A, Campistol J, Burlina AB, Burgard P, Kölker S. Unravelling the complex MRI pattern in glutaric aciduria type I using statistical models-a cohort study in 180 patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:763-73. [PMID: 24810368 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is a cerebral organic aciduria caused by inherited deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and is characterized biochemically by an accumulation of putatively neurotoxic dicarboxylic metabolites. The majority of untreated patients develops a complex movement disorder with predominant dystonia during age 3-36 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated striatal and extrastriatal abnormalities. AIMS/METHODS The major aim of this study was to elucidate the complex neuroradiological pattern of patients with GA-I and to associate the MRI findings with the severity of predominant neurological symptoms. In 180 patients, detailed information about the neurological presentation and brain region-specific MRI abnormalities were obtained via a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Patients with a movement disorder had more often MRI abnormalities in putamen, caudate, cortex, ventricles and external CSF spaces than patients without or with minor neurological symptoms. Putaminal MRI changes and strongly dilated ventricles were identified as the most reliable predictors of a movement disorder. In contrast, abnormalities in globus pallidus were not clearly associated with a movement disorder. Caudate and putamen as well as cortex, ventricles and external CSF spaces clearly collocalized on a two-dimensional map demonstrating statistical similarity and suggesting the same underlying pathomechanism. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that complex statistical methods are useful to decipher the age-dependent and region-specific MRI patterns of rare neurometabolic diseases and that these methods are helpful to elucidate the clinical relevance of specific MRI findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven F Garbade
- SFG: Faculty of Applied Psychology, SRH University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Isasi E, Barbeito L, Olivera-Bravo S. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability and alterations in perivascular astrocytes and pericytes induced by intracisternal glutaric acid. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:15. [PMID: 25077029 PMCID: PMC4115159 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutaric acid (GA) is a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates in millimolar concentrations in glutaric acidemia I (GA-I), an inherited neurometabolic childhood disease characterized by extensive neurodegeneration. Vascular dysfunction is a common and early pathological feature in GA-I, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we have used a previously-validated rat model of GA-I to determine the effect of GA on the blood- brain barrier (BBB) and the neurovascular unit. Methods Newborn rat pups received a single injection of GA (1 μmol/g) or vehicle into the cisterna magna. BBB permeability was analyzed at 14 and 30 days post injection (DPI) by assessing Evans blue (EB) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation. Blood vessels and microglia were labeled with tomato lectin. Characterization of EB positive cells was made by double labeling with antibodies to astrocyte and neuronal markers. Immunohistochemistry against aquaporin 4 (AQP4), β receptor of the platelet derived growth factor (PDGFRβ) and laminin was used to recognize astrocyte endfeet, pericytes and basal lamina. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin striatal expression was assessed by Western blotting. Results Perinatal intracisternal GA administration caused an increased extravasation of free EB, but not of IgG, into the striatal parenchyma at 14 and 30 DPI. EB extravasated through the BBB was internalized exclusively into neurons. GA-injected animals did not show significant changes in the area of small blood vessels in the striatum, but at 30 DPI there was a significant decrease in AQP4, PDGFRβ and laminin positive areas associated with small blood vessels. Occludin and ZO-1 expression in the striatal tissue was unchanged in all conditions analyzed. Conclusions The present study shows a previously-unknown effect of a perinatal administration of a single intracisternal GA injection on BBB permeability and on key components of the neurovascular unit. The results suggest BBB leakage is a pathogenic mechanism and a potential therapeutic target for patients with GA-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Isasi
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, IIBCE, 3318 Italia Av., Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Luis Barbeito
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Iguá s/n CP, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, IIBCE, 3318 Italia Av., Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Tian F, Fu X, Gao J, Ying Y, Hou L, Liang Y, Ning Q, Luo X. Glutaric acid-mediated apoptosis in primary striatal neurons. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:484731. [PMID: 24900967 PMCID: PMC4036723 DOI: 10.1155/2014/484731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acid (GA) has been implicated in the mechanism of neurodegeneration in glutaric aciduria type I. In the present study, the potential cytotoxic effects of GA (0.1~50 mM for 24~96 h) were examined in cultured primary rat striatal neurons. Results showed increase in the number of cells labeled by annexin-V or with apoptotic features shown by Hoechst/PI staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and upregulation of the expression of mRNA as well as the active protein fragments caspase 3, suggesting involvement of the caspase 3-dependent apoptotic pathway in GA-induced striatal neuronal death. This effect was in part suppressed by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 but not the α -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalone-2,3-dione (CNQX). Thus, GA may trigger neuronal damage partially through apoptotic pathway and via activation of NMDA receptors in cultured primary striatal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jinzhi Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yanqin Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Laboratory of Infectious Immunology, Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Lagranha VL, Matte U, de Carvalho TG, Seminotti B, Pereira CC, Koeller DM, Woontner M, Goodman SI, de Souza DOG, Wajner M. Increased glutamate receptor and transporter expression in the cerebral cortex and striatum of gcdh-/- mice: possible implications for the neuropathology of glutaric acidemia type I. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90477. [PMID: 24594605 PMCID: PMC3942441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined mRNA expression of the ionotropic glutamate receptors NMDA (NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits), AMPA (GluR2 subunit) and kainate (GluR6 subunit), as well as of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 in cerebral cortex and striatum of wild type (WT) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (Gchh-/-) mice aged 7, 30 and 60 days. The protein expression levels of some of these membrane proteins were also measured. Overexpression of NR2A and NR2B in striatum and of GluR2 and GluR6 in cerebral cortex was observed in 7-day-old Gcdh-/-. There was also an increase of mRNA expression of all NMDA subunits in cerebral cortex and of NR2A and NR2B in striatum of 30-day-old Gcdh-/- mice. At 60 days of life, all ionotropic receptors were overexpressed in cerebral cortex and striatum of Gcdh-/- mice. Higher expression of GLAST and GLT1 transporters was also verified in cerebral cortex and striatum of Gcdh-/- mice aged 30 and 60 days, whereas at 7 days of life GLAST was overexpressed only in striatum from this mutant mice. Furthermore, high lysine intake induced mRNA overexpression of NR2A, NR2B and GLAST transcripts in striatum, as well as of GluR2 and GluR6 in both striatum and cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice. Finally, we found that the protein expression of NR2A, NR2B, GLT1 and GLAST were significantly greater in cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice, whereas NR2B and GLT1 was similarly enhanced in striatum, implying that these transcripts were translated into their products. These results provide evidence that glutamate receptor and transporter expression is higher in Gcdh-/- mice and that these alterations may be involved in the pathophysiology of GA I and possibly explain, at least in part, the vulnerability of striatum and cerebral cortex to injury in patients affected by GA I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Lizzi Lagranha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, Centro de Pesquisas Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talita Giacomet de Carvalho
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, Centro de Pesquisas Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Coffi Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David M. Koeller
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Woontner
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephen I. Goodman
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
van Vliet D, Derks TGJ, van Rijn M, de Groot MJ, MacDonald A, Heiner-Fokkema MR, van Spronsen FJ. Single amino acid supplementation in aminoacidopathies: a systematic review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:7. [PMID: 24422943 PMCID: PMC3895659 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacidopathies are a group of rare and diverse disorders, caused by the deficiency of an enzyme or transporter involved in amino acid metabolism. For most aminoacidopathies, dietary management is the mainstay of treatment. Such treatment includes severe natural protein restriction, combined with protein substitution with all amino acids except the amino acids prior to the metabolic block and enriched with the amino acid that has become essential by the enzymatic defect. For some aminoacidopathies, supplementation of one or two amino acids, that have not become essential by the enzymatic defect, has been suggested. This so-called single amino acid supplementation can serve different treatment objectives, but evidence is limited. The aim of the present article is to provide a systematic review on the reasons for applications of single amino acid supplementation in aminoacidopathies treated with natural protein restriction and synthetic amino acid mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francjan J van Spronsen
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Rodrigues FS, Souza MA, Magni DV, Ferreira APO, Mota BC, Cardoso AM, Paim M, Xavier LL, Ferreira J, Schetinger MRC, Da Costa JC, Royes LFF, Fighera MR. N-acetylcysteine prevents spatial memory impairment induced by chronic early postnatal glutaric acid and lipopolysaccharide in rat pups. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78332. [PMID: 24205200 PMCID: PMC3813430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is characterized by accumulation of glutaric acid (GA) and neurological symptoms, such as cognitive impairment. Although this disease is related to oxidative stress and inflammation, it is not known whether these processes facilitate the memory impairment. Our objective was to investigate the performance of rat pups chronically injected with GA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in spatial memory test, antioxidant defenses, cytokines levels, Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and hippocampal volume. We also evaluated the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on theses markers. Methods Rat pups were injected with GA (5umol g of body weight-1, subcutaneously; twice per day; from 5th to 28th day of life), and were supplemented with NAC (150mg/kg/day; intragastric gavage; for the same period). LPS (2mg/kg; E.coli 055 B5) or vehicle (saline 0.9%) was injected intraperitoneally, once per day, from 25th to 28th day of life. Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers as well as hippocampal volume were assessed. Results GA caused spatial learning deficit in the Barnes maze and LPS potentiated this effect. GA and LPS increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels. The co-administration of these compounds potentiated the increase of IL-1β levels but not TNF-α levels in the hippocampus. GA and LPS increased TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) content, reduced antioxidant defenses and inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity. GA and LPS co-administration did not have additive effect on oxidative stress markers and Na+, K+ pump. The hippocampal volume did not change after GA or LPS administration. NAC protected against impairment of spatial learning and increase of cytokines levels. NAC Also protected against inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity and oxidative markers. Conclusions These results suggest that inflammatory and oxidative markers may underlie at least in part of the neuropathology of GA-I in this model. Thus, NAC could represent a possible adjuvant therapy in treatment of children with GA-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil ; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil ; Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BIOEX), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Perioperative management of a child with glutaric aciduria type I undergoing cardiac surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:5-7. [PMID: 25611601 DOI: 10.1097/acc.0b013e31828d6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with glutaric aciduria type I are at risk for acute striatal injury precipitated by catabolic stress. Here, we report the successful interdisciplinary anesthetic and perioperative management of a child with glutaric aciduria type I undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Given the central focus on prevention of acute striatal injury, our anesthetic strategy emphasized avoiding a high protein load, high-dose inotropics, especially epinephrine (associated with impaired glucose utilization), deliberate hyperventilation, and other interventions associated with systemic inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
71
|
Kölker S, Burgard P, Sauer SW, Okun JG. Current concepts in organic acidurias: understanding intra- and extracerebral disease manifestation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:635-44. [PMID: 23512157 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the pathophysiology of organic acidurias (OADs), in particular, OADs caused by deficient amino acid metabolism. OADs are termed classical if patients present with acute metabolic decompensation and multiorgan dysfunction or cerebral if patients predominantly present with neurological symptoms but without metabolic crises. In both groups, however, the brain is the major target. The high energy demand of the brain, the gate-keeping function of the blood-brain barrier, a high lipid content, vulnerable neuronal subpopulations, and glutamatergic neurotransmission all make the brain particularly vulnerable against mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. In fact, toxic metabolites in OADs are thought to cause secondary impairment of energy metabolism; some of these toxic metabolites are trapped in the brain. In contrast to cerebral OADs, patients with classical OADs have an increased risk of multiorgan dysfunction. The lack of the anaplerotic propionate pathway, synergistic inhibition of energy metabolism by toxic metabolites, and multiple oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency may best explain the involvement of organs with a high energy demand. Intriguingly, late-onset organ dysfunction may manifest even under metabolically stable conditions. This might be explained by chronic mitochondrial DNA depletion, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and altered gene expression due to histone modification. In conclusion, pathomechanisms underlying the acute disease manifestation in OADs, with a particular focus on the brain, are partially understood. More work is required to predict the risk and to elucidate the mechanism of late-onset organ dysfunction, extracerebral disease manifestation, and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Clinic I, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Tönjes M, Barbus S, Park YJ, Wang W, Schlotter M, Lindroth AM, Pleier SV, Bai AHC, Karra D, Piro RM, Felsberg J, Addington A, Lemke D, Weibrecht I, Hovestadt V, Rolli CG, Campos B, Turcan S, Sturm D, Witt H, Chan TA, Herold-Mende C, Kemkemer R, König R, Schmidt K, Hull WE, Pfister SM, Jugold M, Hutson SM, Plass C, Okun JG, Reifenberger G, Lichter P, Radlwimmer B. BCAT1 promotes cell proliferation through amino acid catabolism in gliomas carrying wild-type IDH1. Nat Med 2013; 19:901-908. [PMID: 23793099 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that glioblastoma express high levels of branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1), the enzyme that initiates the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Expression of BCAT1 was exclusive to tumors carrying wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 genes and was highly correlated with methylation patterns in the BCAT1 promoter region. BCAT1 expression was dependent on the concentration of α-ketoglutarate substrate in glioma cell lines and could be suppressed by ectopic overexpression of mutant IDH1 in immortalized human astrocytes, providing a link between IDH1 function and BCAT1 expression. Suppression of BCAT1 in glioma cell lines blocked the excretion of glutamate and led to reduced proliferation and invasiveness in vitro, as well as significant decreases in tumor growth in a glioblastoma xenograft model. These findings suggest a central role for BCAT1 in glioma pathogenesis, making BCAT1 and BCAA metabolism attractive targets for the development of targeted therapeutic approaches to treat patients with glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martje Tönjes
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Barbus
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoon Jung Park
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Health Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Schlotter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anders M Lindroth
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina V Pleier
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfa H C Bai
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Karra
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rosario M Piro
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adele Addington
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Dieter Lemke
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Weibrecht
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudio G Rolli
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benito Campos
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sevin Turcan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.,Reutlingen University of Applied Science, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmidt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jugold
- Core Facility, Small Animal Imaging Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susan M Hutson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Gao J, Zhang C, Fu X, Yi Q, Tian F, Ning Q, Luo X. Effects of targeted suppression of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase by lentivirus-mediated shRNA and excessive intake of lysine on apoptosis in rat striatal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63084. [PMID: 23658800 PMCID: PMC3642093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1), glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency has been shown to be responsible for the accumulation of glutaric acid and striatal degeneration. However, the mechanisms by which GA1 induces striatal degeneration remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to establish a novel neuronal model of GA1 and to investigate the effects of GCDH deficiency and lysine-related metabolites on the viability of rat striatal neurons. Thus we constructed a lentiviral vector containing short hairpin RNA targeted against the GCDH gene expression (lentivirus-shRNA) in neurons. A virus containing a scrambled short hairpin RNA construct served as a control. Addition of lysine (5 mmol/L) was used to mimic hypermetabolism. Cell viability was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Apoptosis was assessed using Hoechst33342 staining and Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) was monitored using tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester. The expression levels of caspases 3, 8, and 9 were determined by Western blotting. We found that lentivirus-shRNA induced apoptosis and decreased MMP levels in neurons, and addition of 5 mmol/L lysine enhanced this effect markedly. Lentivirus-shRNA upregulated the protein levels of caspases 3 and 9 regardless of the presence of 5 mmol/L lysine. The expression level of caspase 8 was higher in neurons co-treated with lentivirus-shRNA and 5 mmol/L lysine than in control. Benzyloxy-carbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone, a pan-caspase inhibitor, blocked the apoptosis induced by lentivirus-shRNA and 5 mmol/L lysine to a great extent. These results indicate that the targeted suppression of GCDH by lentivirus-mediated shRNA and excessive intake of lysine may be a useful cell model of GA1. These also suggest that GA1-induced striatal degeneration is partially caspase-dependent.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/enzymology
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Biological Transport/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/enzymology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Caspase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lysine/metabolism
- Lysine/pharmacology
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Neostriatum/cytology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Boy N, Haege G, Heringer J, Assmann B, Mühlhausen C, Ensenauer R, Maier EM, Lücke T, Hoffmann GF, Müller E, Burgard P, Kölker S. Low lysine diet in glutaric aciduria type I--effect on anthropometric and biochemical follow-up parameters. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:525-33. [PMID: 22971958 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic treatment in glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) including a low lysine diet with lysine-free, tryptophan-reduced amino acid supplements (AAS), carnitine supplementation and early start of emergency treatment during putatively threatening episodes of intermittent febrile illness dramatically improves the outcome and thus has been recommended by an international guideline group (Kölker et al, J Inherit Metab Dis 30:5-22, 2007). However, possible affection of linear growth, weight gain and biochemical follow-up monitoring has not been studied systematically. METHODS Thirty-three patients (n = 29 asymptomatic, n = 4 dystonic) with GA-I who have been identified by newborn screening in Germany from 1999 to 2009 were followed prospectively during the first six years of life. Dietary treatment protocols, anthropometrical and biochemical parameters were longitudinally evaluated. RESULTS Mean daily intake as percentage of guideline recommendations was excellent for lysine (asymptomatic patients: 101 %; dystonic patients: 103 %), lysine-free, tryptophan-reduced AAS (108 %; 104 %), energy (106 %; 110 %), and carnitine (92 %; 102 %). Low lysine diet did not affect weight gain (mean SDS 0.05) but mildly impaired linear growth in asymptomatic patients (mean SDS -0.38), while dystonic patients showed significantly reduced weight gain (mean SDS -1.32) and a tendency towards linear growth retardation (mean SDS -1.03). Patients treated in accordance with recent recommendations did not show relevant abnormalities of routine biochemical follow-up parameters. INTERPRETATION Low lysine diet promotes sufficient intake of essential nutrients and anthropometric development in asymptomatic children up to age 6 year, whereas individualized nutritional concepts are required for dystonic patients. Revised recommendations for biochemical monitoring might be required for asymptomatic patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/blood
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diet therapy
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Anthropometry
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/blood
- Body Weights and Measures
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/blood
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/diet therapy
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/physiopathology
- Carnitine/administration & dosage
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dietary Supplements
- Eating/physiology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Food, Formulated
- Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/blood
- Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant
- Lysine/administration & dosage
- Male
- Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Boy
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Jafari P, Braissant O, Zavadakova P, Henry H, Bonafé L, Ballhausen D. Ammonium accumulation and cell death in a rat 3D brain cell model of glutaric aciduria type I. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53735. [PMID: 23326493 PMCID: PMC3542363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) is an inborn error of metabolism that usually manifests in infancy by an acute encephalopathic crisis and often results in permanent motor handicap. Biochemical hallmarks of this disease are elevated levels of glutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate in blood and urine. The neuropathology of this disease is still poorly understood, as low lysine diet and carnitine supplementation do not always prevent brain damage, even in early-treated patients. We used a 3D in vitro model of rat organotypic brain cell cultures in aggregates to mimic glutaric aciduria type I by repeated administration of 1 mM glutarate or 3-hydroxyglutarate at two time points representing different developmental stages. Both metabolites were deleterious for the developing brain cells, with 3-hydroxyglutarate being the most toxic metabolite in our model. Astrocytes were the cells most strongly affected by metabolite exposure. In culture medium, we observed an up to 11-fold increase of ammonium in the culture medium with a concomitant decrease of glutamine. We further observed an increase in lactate and a concomitant decrease in glucose. Exposure to 3-hydroxyglutarate led to a significantly increased cell death rate. Thus, we propose a three step model for brain damage in glutaric aciduria type I: (i) 3-OHGA causes the death of astrocytes, (ii) deficiency of the astrocytic enzyme glutamine synthetase leads to intracerebral ammonium accumulation, and (iii) high ammonium triggers secondary death of other brain cells. These unexpected findings need to be further investigated and verified in vivo. They suggest that intracerebral ammonium accumulation might be an important target for the development of more effective treatment strategies to prevent brain damage in patients with glutaric aciduria type I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jafari
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Biomedicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Zavadakova
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Biomedicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Bonafé
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diana Ballhausen
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Jafari P, Braissant O, Zavadakova P, Henry H, Bonafé L, Ballhausen D. Brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria: 2-methylcitrate induces cerebral ammonium accumulation and apoptosis in 3D organotypic brain cell cultures. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:4. [PMID: 23298464 PMCID: PMC3567978 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by accumulation of methylmalonate (MMA), propionate and 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) in body fluids. Early diagnosis and current treatment strategies aimed at limiting the production of these metabolites are only partially effective in preventing neurological damage. METHODS To explore the metabolic consequences of methylmalonic aciduria on the brain, we used 3D organotypic brain cell cultures from rat embryos. We challenged the cultures at two different developmental stages with 1 mM MMA, propionate or 2-MCA applied 6 times every 12 h. In a dose-response experiment cultures were challenged with 0.01, 0.1, 0.33 and 1 mM 2-MCA. Immunohistochemical staining for different brain cell markers were used to assess cell viability, morphology and differentiation. Significant changes were validated by western blot analysis. Biochemical markers were analyzed in culture media. Apoptosis was studied by immunofluorescence staining and western blots for activated caspase-3. RESULTS Among the three metabolites tested, 2-MCA consistently produced the most pronounced effects. Exposure to 2-MCA caused morphological changes in neuronal and glial cells already at 0.01 mM. At the biochemical level the most striking result was a significant ammonium increase in culture media with a concomitant glutamine decrease. Dose-response studies showed significant and parallel changes of ammonium and glutamine starting from 0.1 mM 2-MCA. An increased apoptosis rate was observed by activation of caspase-3 after exposure to at least 0.1 mM 2-MCA. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, 2-MCA, and not MMA, seems to be the most toxic metabolite in our in vitro model leading to delayed axonal growth, apoptosis of glial cells and to unexpected ammonium increase. Morphological changes were already observed at 2-MCA concentrations as low as 0.01 mM. Increased apoptosis and ammonium accumulation started at 0.1 mM thus suggesting that ammonium accumulation is secondary to cell suffering and/or cell death. Local accumulation of ammonium in CNS, that may remain undetected in plasma and urine, may therefore play a key role in the neuropathogenesis of methylmalonic aciduria both during acute decompensations and in chronic phases. If confirmed in vivo, this finding might shift the current paradigm and result in novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jafari
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Seminotti B, Amaral AU, da Rosa MS, Fernandes CG, Leipnitz G, Olivera-Bravo S, Barbeito L, Ribeiro CAJ, de Souza DOG, Woontner M, Goodman SI, Koeller DM, Wajner M. Disruption of brain redox homeostasis in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice treated with high dietary lysine supplementation. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:30-9. [PMID: 23218171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) activity or glutaric aciduria type I (GA I) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by predominant accumulation of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid in the brain and other tissues. Affected patients usually present acute striatum necrosis during encephalopathic crises triggered by metabolic stress situations, as well as chronic leukodystrophy and delayed myelination. Considering that the mechanisms underlying the brain injury in this disease are not yet fully established, in the present study we investigated important parameters of oxidative stress in the brain (cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus), liver and heart of 30-day-old GCDH deficient knockout (Gcdh(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice submitted to a normal lysine (Lys) (0.9% Lys), or high Lys diets (2.8% or 4.7% Lys) for 60 h. It was observed that the dietary supplementation of 2.8% and 4.7% Lys elicited noticeable oxidative stress, as verified by an increase of malondialdehyde concentrations (lipid oxidative damage) and 2-7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation (free radical production), as well as a decrease of reduced glutathione levels and alteration of various antioxidant enzyme activities (antioxidant defenses) in the cerebral cortex and the striatum, but not in the hippocampus, the liver and the heart of Gcdh(-/-) mice, as compared to WT mice receiving the same diets. Furthermore, alterations of oxidative stress parameters in the cerebral cortex and striatum were more accentuated in symptomatic, as compared to asymptomatic Gcdh(-/-) mice exposed to 4.7% Lys overload. Histopathological studies performed in the cerebral cortex and striatum of these animals exposed to high dietary Lys revealed increased expression of oxidative stress markers despite the absence of significant structural damage. The results indicate that a disruption of redox homeostasis in the cerebral cortex and striatum of young Gcdh(-/-) mice exposed to increased Lys diet may possibly represent an important pathomechanism of brain injury in GA I patients under metabolic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Kölker S, Boy SPN, Heringer J, Müller E, Maier EM, Ensenauer R, Mühlhausen C, Schlune A, Greenberg CR, Koeller DM, Hoffmann GF, Haege G, Burgard P. Complementary dietary treatment using lysine-free, arginine-fortified amino acid supplements in glutaric aciduria type I - A decade of experience. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:72-80. [PMID: 22520952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral formation and entrapment of neurotoxic dicarboxylic metabolites (glutaryl-CoA, glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid) are considered to be important pathomechanisms of striatal injury in glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I). The quantitatively most important precursor of these metabolites is lysine. Recommended therapeutic interventions aim to reduce lysine oxidation (low lysine diet, emergency treatment to minimize catabolism) and to enhance physiologic detoxification of glutaryl-CoA via formation of glutarylcarnitine (carnitine supplementation). It has been recently shown in Gcdh(-/-) mice that cerebral lysine influx and oxidation can be modulated by arginine which competes with lysine for transport at the blood-brain barrier and the inner mitochondrial membrane [Sauer et al., Brain 134 (2011) 157-170]. Furthermore, short-term outcome of 12 children receiving arginine-fortified diet showed very promising results [Strauss et al., Mol. Genet. Metab. 104 (2011) 93-106]. Since lysine-free, arginine-fortified amino acid supplements (AAS) are commercially available and used in Germany for more than a decade, we evaluated the effect of arginine supplementation in a cohort of 34 neonatally diagnosed GA-I patients (median age, 7.43 years; cumulative follow-up period, 221.6 patient years) who received metabolic treatment according to a published guideline [Kölker et al., J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 30 (2007) 5-22]. Patients used one of two AAS product lines during the first year of life, resulting in differences in arginine consumption [group 1 (Milupa Metabolics): mean=111 mg arginine/kg; group 2 (Nutricia): mean=145 mg arginine/kg; p<0.001]. However, in both groups the daily arginine intake was increased (mean, 137 mg/kg body weight) and the dietary lysine-to-arginine ratio was decreased (mean, 0.7) compared to infants receiving human milk and other natural foods only. All other dietary parameters were in the same range. Despite significantly different arginine intake, the plasma lysine-to-arginine ratio did not differ in both groups. Frequency of dystonia was low (group 1: 12.5%; group 2: 8%) compared with patients not being treated according to the guideline, and gross motor development was similar in both groups. In conclusion, the development of complementary dietary strategies exploiting transport competition between lysine and arginine for treatment of GA-I seems promising. More work is required to understand neuroprotective mechanisms of arginine, to develop dietary recommendations for arginine and to evaluate the usefulness of plasma monitoring for lysine and arginine levels as predictors of cerebral lysine influx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Viau K, Ernst SL, Vanzo RJ, Botto LD, Pasquali M, Longo N. Glutaric acidemia type 1: outcomes before and after expanded newborn screening. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:430-8. [PMID: 22728054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type 1 (GA-1) is an autosomal recessive disorder of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan metabolism. Patients may present with brain atrophy, macrocephaly, and acute dystonia secondary to striatal degeneration typically triggered by an infection, fever, and/or dehydration. This disorder is identified on expanded newborn screening by increased glutarylcarnitine. We evaluated the outcome of 19 patients with GA-1. Ten patients were diagnosed by newborn screening and 9 were diagnosed clinically. DNA testing in 12 patients identified 15 different mutations in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene. Plasma glutarylcarnitine and urinary 3-hydroxyglutaric acid were elevated in all patients. However, only 10 of 17 patients who underwent urine organic acid analysis were high excretors of glutaric acid. Levels of glutarylcarnitine in plasma correlated with the urinary excretion of glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, but not with clinical outcome. Plasma lysine was also significantly correlated with urinary glutaric acid, but not with urinary 3-hydroxyglutaric acid. Brain magnetic resonance imaging in all patients showed wide Sylvian fissures before treatment, which normalized by 4 years of age in treated patients. The occurrence of three adverse outcomes (oral motor function, ambulatory capability, and dystonic movements) was on average reduced by 75% (relative risk 0.25 to 0.28) in patients identified by newborn screening compared to patients diagnosed before newborn screening (Fisher's exact test; p=0.0055 for oral motor function and ambulatory capability; p=0.023 for dystonic movements). Newborn screening is effective in the prevention of complications in patients with GA-1 when coupled with treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Viau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Gokmen-Ozel H, MacDonald A, Daly A, Ashmore C, Preece MA, Hendriksz C, Vijay S, Chakrapani A. Dietary practices in glutaric aciduria type 1 over 16 years. J Hum Nutr Diet 2012; 25:514-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2012.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
81
|
Seminotti B, da Rosa MS, Fernandes CG, Amaral AU, Braga LM, Leipnitz G, de Souza DOG, Woontner M, Koeller DM, Goodman S, Wajner M. Induction of oxidative stress in brain of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice by acute lysine administration. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:31-8. [PMID: 22445450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we evaluated a variety of indicators of oxidative stress in distinct brain regions (striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus), the liver, and heart of 30-day-old glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (Gcdh(-/-)) mice. The parameters evaluated included thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), 2-7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation, sulfhydryl content, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations. We also measured the activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Under basal conditions glutaric (GA) and 3-OH-glutaric (3OHGA) acids were elevated in all tissues of the Gcdh(-/-) mice, but were essentially absent in WT animals. In contrast there were no differences between WT and Gcdh(-/-) mice in any of the indicators or oxidative stress under basal conditions. Following a single intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of lysine (Lys) there was a moderate increase of brain GA concentration in Gcdh(-/-) mice, but no change in WT. Lys injection had no effect on brain 3OHGA in either WT or Gcdh(-/-) mice. The levels of GA and 3OHGA were approximately 40% higher in striatum compared to cerebral cortex in Lys-treated mice. In the striatum, Lys administration provoked a marked increase of lipid peroxidation, DCFH oxidation, SOD and GR activities, as well as significant reductions of GSH levels and GPx activity, with no alteration of sulfhydryl content, CAT and G6PD activities. There was also evidence of increased lipid peroxidation and SOD activity in the cerebral cortex, along with a decrease of GSH levels, but to a lesser extent than in the striatum. In the hippocampus only mild increases of SOD activity and DCFH oxidation were observed. In contrast, Lys injection had no effect on any of the parameters of oxidative stress in the liver or heart of Gcdh(-/-) or WT animals. These results indicate that in Gcdh(-/-) mice cerebral tissue, particularly the striatum, is at greater risk for oxidative stress than peripheral tissues following Lys administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Magni DV, Brüning CA, Gai BM, Quines CB, Rosa SG, Fighera MR, Nogueira CW. m-Trifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide attenuates glutaric acid-induced seizures and oxidative stress in rat pups: involvement of the γ-aminobutyric acidergic system. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1723-31. [PMID: 22535575 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by accumulation of glutaric acid (GA) and seizures. The intrastriatal GA administration in rats has been used as an animal model to mimic seizures presented by glutaric acidemic patients. m-Trifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide, (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) , is an organoselenium compound that protects against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole in mice. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) is effective against GA-induced seizures and oxidative stress in rat pups 21 days of age. Our findings demonstrate that (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) preadministration (50 mg/kg; p.o.) protected against the reduction in latency and the increased duration of GA (1.3 μmol/right striatum)-induced seizures in rat pups. In addition, (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) protected against the increase in reactive species generation and the reduction in antioxidant defenses glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities induced by GA. By contrast, no change in glutathione reductase or catalase activities was found. In addition, (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) was effective in protecting against inhibition of Na(+) ,K(+) -ATPase activity caused by GA in striatum of rat pups. This study showed for the first time that GA administration caused an increase in [(3) H]GABA uptake from striatum slices of rat pups and that (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) preadministration protected against this increase. A positive correlation between duration of seizures and [(3) H]GABA uptake levels was demonstrated. The results indicate that (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2) protected against GA-induced seizures. Moreover, these findings suggest that the protection against oxidative stress, the inhibition of Na(+) ,K(+) -ATPase activity, and the increase in [(3) H]GABA uptake are possible mechanisms for the potential anticonvulsant action of (m-CF(3) -C(6) H(4) Se)(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Valnes Magni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Tian F, Fu X, Gao J, Zhang C, Ning Q, Luo X. Caspase-3 mediates apoptosis of striatal cells in GA I rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:107-112. [PMID: 22282255 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In previous study, glutaric acid (GA) induced apoptosis of primary striatal neuron in vitro. In order to investigate the neurotoxic effects of GA on neonatal rat corpus striatum and the possible mechanism, 34 male pups were randomly assigned to NS group, low dose GA (LGA, 5 μmol GA/g body weight) group and high dose GA (HGA, 10 μmol GA/g body weight) group. These pups were subcutaneously administered with three injections from postnatal day 3 to 22 at 7:30 am, 15:00 pm and 22:30 pm and killed 12 h after the last injection. Microscopic pathology in corpus striatum was evaluated by HE staining. The apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL staining. The transcript levels of caspase-3, 8, 9, Bax, Bcl-2 were detected by using real-time PCR and the protein levels of procaspase-3 and the active fraction were evaluated by Western blotting. In LGA and HGA groups, ventricle collapse, cortical atrophy by a macroscope and interstitial edema, vacuolations, widened perivascular space of bilateral striatum by a microscope were observed. TUNEL assay revealed that the apoptotic cells were increased in LGA and HGA groups. The transcript of caspase-3 was up-regulated to 2.5 fold, accompanied by the up-regulation of caspase-9, Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2. The protein levels of procaspase-3 and the active fraction were up-regulated in LGA and HGA groups. The rat model for GA I showed mitochondrial apoptotic pathway may be involved in the GA-induced striatal lesion. Further studies should be taken to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinzhi Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Jafari P, Braissant O, Bonafé L, Ballhausen D. The unsolved puzzle of neuropathogenesis in glutaric aciduria type I. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:425-37. [PMID: 21944461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is a cerebral organic aciduria caused by deficiency of glutaryl-Co-A dehydrogenase (GCDH). GCDH deficiency leads to accumulation of glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA), two metabolites that are believed to be neurotoxic, in brain and body fluids. The disorder usually becomes clinically manifest during a catabolic state (e.g. intercurrent illness) with an acute encephalopathic crisis that results in striatal necrosis and in a permanent dystonic-dyskinetic movement disorder. The results of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have pointed to three main mechanisms involved in the metabolite-mediated neuronal damage: excitotoxicity, impairment of energy metabolism and oxidative stress. There is evidence that during a metabolic crisis GA and its metabolites are produced endogenously in the CNS and accumulate because of limiting transport mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier. Despite extensive experimental work, the relative contribution of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms remains unclear and specific therapeutic approaches have yet to be developed. Here, we review the experimental evidence and try to delineate possible pathogenetic models and approaches for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jafari
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Severe dysfunction of respiratory chain and cholesterol metabolism in Atp7b(-/-) mice as a model for Wilson disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1607-15. [PMID: 21920437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is caused by mutations of the WD gene ATP7B resulting in copper accumulation in different tissues. WD patients display hepatic and neurological disease with yet poorly understood pathomechanisms. Therefore, we studied age-dependent (3, 6, 47weeks) biochemical and bioenergetical changes in Atp7b(-/-) mice focusing on liver and brain. Mutant mice showed strongly elevated copper and iron levels. Age-dependently decreasing hepatic reduced glutathione levels along with increasing oxidized to reduced glutathione ratios in liver and brain of 47weeks old mice as well as elevated hepatic and cerebral superoxide dismutase activities in 3weeks old mutant mice highlighted oxidative stress in the investigated tissues. We could not find evidence that amino acid metabolism or beta-oxidation is impaired by deficiency of ATP7B. In contrast, sterol metabolism was severely dysregulated. In brains of 3week old mice cholesterol, 8-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and lathosterol were all highly increased. These changes reversed age-dependently resulting in reduced levels of all previously increased sterol metabolites in 47weeks old mice. A similar pattern of sterol metabolite changes was found in hepatic tissue, though less pronounced. Moreover, mitochondrial energy production was severely affected. Respiratory chain complex I activity was increased in liver and brain of mutant mice, whereas complex II, III, and IV activities were reduced. In addition, aconitase activity was diminished in brains of Atp7b(-/-) mice. Summarizing, our study reveals oxidative stress along with severe dysfunction of mitochondrial energy production and of sterol metabolism in Atp7b(-/-) mice shedding new light on the pathogenesis of WD.
Collapse
|
86
|
Strauss KA, Brumbaugh J, Duffy A, Wardley B, Robinson D, Hendrickson C, Tortorelli S, Moser AB, Puffenberger EG, Rider NL, Morton DH. Safety, efficacy and physiological actions of a lysine-free, arginine-rich formula to treat glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: focus on cerebral amino acid influx. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:93-106. [PMID: 21820344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Striatal degeneration from glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (glutaric aciduria type 1, GA1) is associated with cerebral formation and entrapment of glutaryl-CoA and its derivatives that depend on cerebral lysine influx. In 2006 we designed a lysine-free study formula enriched with arginine to selectively block lysine transport across cerebral endothelia and thereby limit glutaryl-CoA production by brain. Between 2006 and present, we treated twelve consecutive children with study formula (LYSx group) while holding all other treatment practices constant. Clinical and biochemical outcomes were compared to 25 GA1 patients (PROx group) treated between 1995 and 2005 with natural protein restriction (dietary lysine/arginine ratio of 1.7±0.3 mg:mg). We used published kinetic parameters of the y+and LAT1 blood-brain barrier transporters to model the influx of amino acids into the brain. Arginine fortification to achieve a mean dietary lysine/arginine ratio of 0.7±0.2 mg:mg was neuroprotective. All 12 LYSx patients are physically and neurologically healthy after 28 aggregate patient-years of follow up (current ages 28±21 months) and there were no adverse events related to formula use. This represents a 36% reduction of neurological risk (95% confidence interval 14-52%, p=0.018) that we can directly attribute to altered amino acid intake. During the first year of life, 20% lower lysine intake and two-fold higher arginine intake by LYSx patients were associated with 50% lower plasma lysine, 3-fold lower plasma lysine/arginine concentration ratio, 42% lower mean calculated cerebral lysine influx, 54% higher calculated cerebral arginine influx, 15-26% higher calculated cerebral influx of several anaplerotic precursors (isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and leucine), 50% less 3-hydroxyglutarate excretion, and a 3-fold lower hospitalization rate (0.8 versus 2.3 hospitalizations per patient per year). The relationship between arginine fortification and plasma lysine indicates that transport competition exists at both cerebrovascular and gastrointestinal barriers, suggesting their co-administration is key to efficacy. Monitoring the ratio between lysine and arginine in diet and plasma may prove a useful strategy for treating children with GA1.
Collapse
|
87
|
Kölker S, Sauer S, Okun J, Burgard P, Hoffmann G. Glutarazidurie Typ I. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-011-2443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
88
|
Mitochondrial energy metabolism in neurodegeneration associated with methylmalonic acidemia. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:39-46. [PMID: 21271280 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia is one of the most prevalent inherited metabolic disorders involving neurological deficits. In vitro experiments, animal model studies and tissue analyses from human patients suggest extensive impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism in this disease. This review summarizes changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism occurring in methylmalonic acidemia, focusing mainly on the effects of accumulated methylmalonic acid, and gives an overview of the results found in different experimental models. Overall, experiments to date suggest that mitochondrial impairment in this disease occurs through a combination of the inhibition of specific enzymes and transporters, limitation in the availability of substrates for mitochondrial metabolic pathways and oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
89
|
Olivera-Bravo S, Fernández A, Sarlabós MN, Rosillo JC, Casanova G, Jiménez M, Barbeito L. Neonatal astrocyte damage is sufficient to trigger progressive striatal degeneration in a rat model of glutaric acidemia-I. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20831. [PMID: 21698251 PMCID: PMC3115973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have investigated whether an acute metabolic damage to astrocytes during the neonatal period may critically disrupt subsequent brain development, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Astrocytes are vulnerable to glutaric acid (GA), a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates in millimolar concentrations in Glutaric Acidemia I (GA-I), an inherited neurometabolic childhood disease characterized by degeneration of striatal neurons. While GA induces astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and subsequent increased proliferation, it is presently unknown whether such astrocytic dysfunction is sufficient to trigger striatal neuronal loss. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A single intracerebroventricular dose of GA was administered to rat pups at postnatal day 0 (P0) to induce an acute, transient rise of GA levels in the central nervous system (CNS). GA administration potently elicited proliferation of astrocytes expressing S100β followed by GFAP astrocytosis and nitrotyrosine staining lasting until P45. Remarkably, GA did not induce acute neuronal loss assessed by FluoroJade C and NeuN cell count. Instead, neuronal death appeared several days after GA treatment and progressively increased until P45, suggesting a delayed onset of striatal degeneration. The axonal bundles perforating the striatum were disorganized following GA administration. In cell cultures, GA did not affect survival of either striatal astrocytes or neurons, even at high concentrations. However, astrocytes activated by a short exposure to GA caused neuronal death through the production of soluble factors. Iron porphyrin antioxidants prevented GA-induced astrocyte proliferation and striatal degeneration in vivo, as well as astrocyte-mediated neuronal loss in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results indicate that a transient metabolic insult with GA induces long lasting phenotypic changes in astrocytes that cause them to promote striatal neuronal death. Pharmacological protection of astrocytes with antioxidants during encephalopatic crisis may prevent astrocyte dysfunction and the ineluctable progression of disease in children with GA-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabel Fernández
- Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Sarlabós
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Carlos Rosillo
- Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcie Jiménez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Barbeito
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Brauburger K, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. The sodium-dependent di- and tricarboxylate transporter, NaCT, is not responsible for the uptake of D-, L-2-hydroxyglutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate into neurons. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:477-82. [PMID: 21264516 PMCID: PMC3063566 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of glutarate (GA) and its derivatives such as 3-hydroxyglutarate (3OHGA), D- (D-2OHGA) and L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2OHGA) are increased in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine of patients suffering from different forms of organic acidurias. It has been proposed that these derivatives cause neuronal damage in these patients, leading to dystonic and dyskinetic movement disorders. We have recently shown that these compounds are eliminated by the kidneys via the human organic anion transporters, OAT1 and OAT4, and the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter 3, NaDC3. In neurons, where most of the damage occurs, a sodium-dependent citrate transporter, NaCT, has been identified. Therefore, we investigated the impact of GA derivatives on hNaCT by two-electrode voltage clamp and tracer uptake studies. None of these compounds induced substrate-associated currents in hNaCT-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes nor did GA derivatives inhibit the uptake of citrate, the prototypical substrate of hNaCT. In contrast, D- and L-2OHGA, but not 3OHGA, showed affinities to NaDC3, indicating that D- and L-2OHGA impair the uptake of dicarboxylates into astrocytes thereby possibly interfering with their feeding of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brauburger
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C. Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Experimental evidence that methylmalonic acid provokes oxidative damage and compromises antioxidant defenses in nerve terminal and striatum of young rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:775-85. [PMID: 21424830 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia and propionic acidemia are organic acidemias biochemically characterized by predominant tissue accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and propionic acid (PA), respectively. Affected patients present predominantly neurological symptoms, whose pathogenesis is not yet fully established. In the present study we investigated the in vitro effects of MMA and PA on important parameters of lipid and protein oxidative damage and on the production of reactive species in synaptosomes from cerebrum of developing rats. Synaptosomes correspond to nerve terminals that have been used to investigate toxic properties of compounds on neuronal cells. The in vivo effects of intrastriatal injection of MMA and PA on the same parameters and on enzymatic antioxidant defenses, were also studied. MMA-induced in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative damage. Furthermore, the lipid oxidative damage was attenuated or prevented, pending on the doses utilized, by the free radical scavengers α-tocopherol, melatonin and by the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801, implying the involvement of reactive species and glutamate receptor activation in these effects. In addition, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation was significantly increased in synaptosomes by MMA, reinforcing that reactive species generation is elicited by this organic acid. We also verified that glutathione peroxidase activity was inhibited by intrastriatal MMA injection. In contrast, PA did not induce any significant effect on all parameters examined in vitro and in vivo, implying a selective action for MMA. The present data demonstrate that oxidative stress is induced by MMA in vitro in nerve terminals and in vivo in striatum, suggesting the participation of neuronal cells in MMA-elicited oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
92
|
Al-Dirbashi OY, Kölker S, Ng D, Fisher L, Rupar T, Lepage N, Rashed MS, Santa T, Goodman SI, Geraghty MT, Zschocke J, Christensen E, Hoffmann GF, Chakraborty P. Diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type 1 by measuring 3-hydroxyglutaric acid in dried urine spots by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:173-80. [PMID: 20978942 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3HGA) in body fluids is the biochemical hallmark of type 1 glutaric aciduria (GA1), a disorder characterized by acute striatal degeneration and a subsequent dystonia. To date, methods for quantification of 3HGA are mainly based on stable isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and require extensive sample preparation. Here we describe a simple liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify this important metabolite in dried urine spots (DUS). This method is based on derivatization with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(2-aminoethylamino)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DAABD-AE). Derivatization was adopted to improve the chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of the studied analytes. Derivatization was performed directly on a 3.2-mm disc of DUS as a sample without extraction. Sample mixture was heated at 60°C for 45 min, and 5 μl of the reaction solution was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Reference ranges obtained were in excellent agreement with the literature. The method was applied retrospectively for the analysis of DUS samples from established low- and high-excreter GA1 patients as well as controls (n = 100). Comparison of results obtained versus those obtained by GC-MS was satisfactory (n = 14). In populations with a high risk of GA1, this approach will be useful as a primary screening method for high- or low-excreter variants. In these populations, however, DUS analysis should not be implemented before completing a parallel comparative study with the standard screening method (i.e., molecular testing). In addition, follow-up DUS GA and 3HGA testing of babies with elevated dried blood spot C5DC acylcarnitines will be useful as a first-tier diagnostic test, thus reducing the number of cases requiring enzymatic and molecular analyses to establish or refute the diagnosis of GA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Y Al-Dirbashi
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Ribeiro CAJ, Hickmann FH, Wajner M. Neurochemical evidence that 3‐methylglutaric acid inhibits synaptic Na
+
,K
+
‐ATPase activity probably through oxidative damage in brain cortex of young rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 29:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto João Ribeiro
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Fernanda Hermes Hickmann
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Serviço de Genética MédicaHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Heringer J, Boy SPN, Ensenauer R, Assmann B, Zschocke J, Harting I, Lücke T, Maier EM, Mühlhausen C, Haege G, Hoffmann GF, Burgard P, Kölker S. Use of guidelines improves the neurological outcome in glutaric aciduria type I. Ann Neurol 2010; 68:743-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
95
|
Sauer SW, Opp S, Hoffmann GF, Koeller DM, Okun JG, Kölker S. Therapeutic modulation of cerebral l-lysine metabolism in a mouse model for glutaric aciduria type I. Brain 2010; 134:157-70. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
96
|
Leipnitz G, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Fernandes CG, Dutra-Filho CS, Wajner M. Evidence that 2-methylacetoacetate induces oxidative stress in rat brain. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:261-7. [PMID: 20838866 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effects of 2-methylacetoacetate (MAA) and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate (MHB), the major metabolites accumulating in mitochondrial 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (KT) and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (MHBD) deficiencies, on important parameters of oxidative stress in cerebral cortex from young rats. We verified that MAA induced lipid peroxidation (increase of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and chemiluminescence values), whereas MHB did not alter these parameters. MAA-induced increase of TBA-RS levels was fully prevented by free radical scavengers, indicating that free radicals were involved in this effect. Furthermore, MAA, but not MHB, significantly induced sulfhydryl oxidation, implying that this organic acid provokes protein oxidative damage. It was also observed that MAA reduced GSH, a naturally-occurring brain antioxidant, whereas MHB did not change this parameter. Furthermore, the decrease of GSH levels caused by MAA was not due to a direct oxidative action, since this organic acid did not alter the sulfhydryl content of a commercial solution of GSH in a cell free medium. Finally, MAA and MHB did not raise nitric oxide production. The data indicate that MAA induces oxidative stress in vitro in cerebral cortex. It is presumed that this pathomechanism may be involved in the brain damage found in patients affected by KT deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Sauer SW, Opp S, Mahringer A, Kamiński MM, Thiel C, Okun JG, Fricker G, Morath MA, Kölker S. Glutaric aciduria type I and methylmalonic aciduria: simulation of cerebral import and export of accumulating neurotoxic dicarboxylic acids in in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier and the choroid plexus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:552-60. [PMID: 20302929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral accumulation of neurotoxic dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) plays an important pathophysiological role in glutaric aciduria type I and methylmalonic aciduria. Therefore, we investigated the transport characteristics of accumulating DCAs - glutaric (GA), 3-hydroxyglutaric (3-OH-GA) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) - across porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (pBCEC) and human choroid plexus epithelial cells (hCPEC) representing in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the choroid plexus respectively. We identified expression of organic acid transporters 1 (OAT1) and 3 (OAT3) in pBCEC on mRNA and protein level. For DCAs tested, transport from the basolateral to the apical site (i.e. efflux) was higher than influx. Efflux transport of GA, 3-OH-GA, and MMA across pBCEC was Na(+)-dependent, ATP-independent, and was inhibited by the OAT substrates para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), estrone sulfate, and taurocholate, and the OAT inhibitor probenecid. Members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family or the organic anion transporting polypeptide family, namely MRP2, P-gp, BCRP, and OATP1B3, did not mediate transport of GA, 3-OH-GA or MMA confirming the specificity of efflux transport via OATs. In hCPEC, cellular import of GA was dependent on Na(+)-gradient, inhibited by NaCN, and unaffected by probenecid suggesting a Na(+)-dependent DCA transporter. Specific transport of GA across hCPEC, however, was not found. In conclusion, our results indicate a low but specific efflux transport for GA, 3-OH-GA, and MMA across pBCEC, an in vitro model of the BBB, via OAT1 and OAT3 but not across hCPEC, an in vitro model of the choroid plexus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven W Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Bioenergetic pathways in tumor mitochondria as targets for cancer therapy and the importance of the ROS-induced apoptotic trigger. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:29-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
99
|
Strauss KA, Donnelly P, Wintermark M. Cerebral haemodynamics in patients with glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 133:76-92. [PMID: 20032085 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In glutaric aciduria type 1, glutaryl-coenzyme A and its derivatives are produced from intracerebral lysine and entrapped at high concentrations within the brain, where they interfere with energy metabolism. Biochemical toxicity is thought to trigger stroke-like striatal degeneration in susceptible children under 2 years of age. Here, we explore vascular derangements that might also contribute to brain damage. We studied injured and non-injured Amish glutaric aciduria type 1 patients using magnetic resonance imaging (n = 26), transcranial Doppler ultrasound (n = 35) and perfusion computed tomography (n = 6). All glutaric aciduria type 1 patients had wide middle cerebral, internal carotid and basilar arteries. In non-injured patients, middle cerebral artery velocities were 18-26% below control values throughout late infancy and early childhood, whereas brain-injured children had an early velocity peak (18 months) and low values thereafter. Perfusion scans from six patients showed that tissue blood flow did not undergo a normal developmental surge. We observed four different perfusion patterns. (i) Three children (two non-injured) had low cerebral blood flow, prolonged mean transit time, elevated cerebral blood volume and high mean transit time/cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume/cerebral blood flow ratios. This pattern optimizes substrate extraction at any given flow rate but indicates low perfusion pressure and limited autoregulatory reserve. (ii) Ten hours after the onset of striatal necrosis in an 8-month-old infant, mean transit time and cerebral blood volume were low relative to cerebral blood flow, which varied markedly from region to region. This pattern indicates disturbed autoregulation, regional perfusion pressure gradients, or redistribution of flow from functional capillaries to non-exchanging vessels. (iii) In an infant with atrophic putaminal lesions, striatal flow was normal but mean transit time and cerebral blood volume were low, consistent with perfusion in excess of metabolic demand. (iv) Finally, a brain-injured adult with glutaric aciduria type 1 had regional perfusion values within the normal range, but the putamina, which normally have the highest regional perfusion, had cerebral blood flow values 24% below cortical grey matter. Although metabolic toxicity appears central to the pathophysiology of striatal necrosis, cerebrovascular changes probably also contribute to the process. These changes may be the primary cause of expanded cerebrospinal fluid volume in newborns, intracranial and retinal haemorrhages in infants and interstitial white matter oedema in children and adults. This pilot study suggests important new areas for clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, 535 Bunker Hill Road, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Beauchamp MH, Boneh A, Anderson V. Cognitive, behavioural and adaptive profiles of children with glutaric aciduria type I detected through newborn screening. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32 Suppl 1:S207-13. [PMID: 19466578 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaric aciduria type I (GA I) is an autosomal recessive disorder of lysine and tryptophan metabolism due to a deficiency in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. Recent reports suggest that early diagnosis through newborn screening and initiation of preventive therapy result in improved functional outcome; however, detailed neuropsychological profiles of children with GA I are seldom reported and thus the impact of the disease on cognition, motor abilities and behaviour remains uncertain. METHOD We present detailed neuropsychological profiles of three children who were diagnosed with GA I through newborn screening and treated from early age, and one asymptomatic patient diagnosed through cascade screening. A comprehensive battery of standardized tests was administered including measures of intellectual function, attention/memory, executive function, motor skills, speech/language, as well as behavioural and adaptive skills. RESULTS The results reveal overall average cognitive outcomes; however, subtle, but significant, fine motor and articulation deficits were observed. The results are discussed with regard to potential links between fine motor deficits and speech impairments in children with GA I. Such difficulties can impact on the child's ability to engage in academic, leisure and daily activities. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of in-depth assessments of all aspects of neuropsychological function in patients with GA I and provide a basis for future neuropsychological assessment in similar groups of children. In spite of relatively preserved overall functioning, using a broad range of sensitive cognitive and motor measures facilitates the detection of subtle deficits, and allows for planning of early and adequate therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Beauchamp
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|