51
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Staibano S, Mascolo M, Mancini FP, Kisslinger A, Salvatore G, Di Benedetto M, Chieffi P, Altieri V, Prezioso D, Ilardi G, De Rosa G, Tramontano D. Overexpression of chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1) p60 is predictive of adverse behaviour of prostatic cancer. Histopathology 2009; 54:580-9. [PMID: 19309489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostatic cancer may remain organ-confined indefinitely; in a number of patients, however it gives rise to clinical symptoms and death. The biological behaviour of this tumour mostly remains difficult to predict. A promising tool for diagnosis and prognosis of some human tumours is the chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1), involved in the control of higher order chromatin organization. The aim was to explore the role of CAF-1/p60 protein as a new prognostic marker for prostatic cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of CAF-1/p60 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in a selected series of prostatic cancers and in prostatic cancer cell lines. Results were compared with clinicopathological data and outcome of patients. CAF-1/p60 was expressed in all cases, with a linear increase from low-grade tumours (Gleason score <7) to high-grade prostatic cancers (Gleason score >7). By comparing results with follow-up data, a significant association between overexpression of CAF-1/p60 and unfavourable behaviour of prostatic cancer emerged, and its predictive value was independent of classical prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS In our series of cases, overexpression of CAF-1/p60 characterized prostatic cancers with a worse prognosis. CAF-1/p60 has a potential role as a new reliable prognostic biomarker for prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Staibano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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52
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Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ. Epigenetic mechanisms in the biology of prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:172-80. [PMID: 19429481 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in males in Western industrialized countries. Its course is highly variable, from indolent to highly lethal. Genetic changes vary accordingly, with chromosomal losses, gains and translocations, although often recurrent, differing between individual cases of the disease. In contrast, certain epigenetic changes are highly consistent, in particular hypermethylation of a specific set of genes, and others regularly associated with progression, such as global DNA hypomethylation, certain chromatin modifications and altered levels and composition of polycomb complexes. Although changes in polycombs and DNA methylation appear to both accompany the progression of prostate cancer, recent studies do not suggest that they cause one another. However, they may contribute to establishing and maintaining an aberrant differentiation potential of prostate cancer initiating cells. Global DNA hypomethylation in prostate cancer may relate to adaptative changes in several signaling pathways typical of this cancer type, including innate immunity responses. Similarly, adaptative changes in the expression and function of chromatin regulators required to diminish the dependency of prostate cancer cells on androgens may shape the epigenome, beyond individual genes regulated by the androgen receptor. Because of their crucial role, epigenetic alterations may become highly useful for diagnostics and therapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Urologische Klinik, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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53
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Chiam K, Tilley WD, Butler LM, Bianco-Miotto T. The dynamic and static modification of the epigenome by hormones: a role in the developmental origin of hormone related cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1795:104-9. [PMID: 19166905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous diseases associated with abnormal hormonal regulation and these include cancers of the breast and prostate. There is substantial evidence that early hormonal perturbations (in utero or during early development) are associated with increased disease susceptibility later in life. These perturbations may arise from exposure to environmental agents or endocrine disruptors which mimic hormones and disrupt normal hormonal signaling. Epigenetic alterations have often been proposed as the underlying mechanism by which early hormonal perturbations may give rise to disease in adulthood. Currently, there is minimal evidence to support a direct link between early hormonal perturbations and epigenetic modifications; or between epigenetic alterations and subsequent onset of cancer. Given that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in hormone-dependent cancers, it is essential to better understand the relationship between the hormonal environment and epigenetic modifications in both normal and disease states. In this review, we highlight several important studies which support the hypothesis that: hormonal perturbations early in life may result in epigenetic changes that may modify hormone receptor function, thereby contributing to an increased risk of developing hormone-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiam
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Hanson Institute, PO Box 14 Rundle Mall, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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Lokeshwar VB, Gomez P, Kramer M, Knapp J, McCornack MA, Lopez LE, Fregien N, Dhir N, Scherer S, Klumpp DJ, Manoharan M, Soloway MS, Lokeshwar BL. Epigenetic regulation of HYAL-1 hyaluronidase expression. identification of HYAL-1 promoter. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29215-27. [PMID: 18718911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
HYAL-1 (hyaluronoglucosaminidase-1) belongs to the hyaluronidase family of enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid. HYAL-1 is a marker for cancer diagnosis and a molecular determinant of tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. The regulation of HYAL-1 expression is unknown. Real time reverse transcription-PCR using 11 bladder and prostate cancer cells and 69 bladder tissues showed that HYAL-1 mRNA levels are elevated 10-30-fold in cells/tissues that express high hyaluronidase activity. Although multiple transcription start sites (TSS) for HYAL-1 mRNA were detected in various tissues, the major TSS in many tissues, including bladder and prostate, was at nucleotide 27274 in the cosmid clone LUCA13 (AC002455). By analyzing the 1532 base sequence 5' to this TSS, using cloning and luciferase reporter assays, we identified a TACAAA sequence at position -31 and the minimal promoter region between nucleotides -93 and -38. Mutational analysis identified that nucleotides -73 to -50 (which include overlapping binding consensus sites for SP1, Egr-1, and AP-2), bases C(-71) and C(-59), and an NFkappaB-binding site (at position -15) are necessary for promoter activity. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay identified that Egr-1, AP-2, and NFkappaB bind to the promoter in HYAL-1-expressing cells, whereas SP1 binds to the promoter in non-HYAL-1-expressing cells. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment, bisulfite DNA sequencing, and methylation-specific PCR revealed that HYAL-1 expression is regulated by methylation at C(-71) and C(-59); both Cs are part of the SP1/Egr-1-binding sites. Thus, HYAL-1 expression is epigenetically regulated by the binding of different transcription factors to the methylated and unmethylated HYAL-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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55
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Minardi D, Lucarini G, Filosa A, Milanese G, Zizzi A, Primio RD, Montironi R, Muzzonigro G. Prognostic role of global DNA-methylation and histone acetylation in pT1a clear cell renal carcinoma in partial nephrectomy specimens. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2115-2121. [PMID: 18752633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the main treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC); nephron sparing surgery can be performed as a treatment of choice for small peripheral lesions. Epigenetics configures a new entity that regulates gene expression throughout methylation, acetylation and chromatin remodelling. In addition to silencing as a result of mutations, loss of heterozygosity, or classic genetic events, epigenetic modification symbolizes essential events during carcinogenesis and tumour development. We investigated global methylation and histone acetylation expression in a series of small conventional clear cell renal carcinomas (i.e. less than 5 cm) (pT1a) treated with partial nephrectomy, to assess their possible role as diagnostic biomarkers. A total of 54 patients with conventional single RCC were selected and treated with partial nephrectomy; they were followed up to 186 months. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections, using anti-5-methylcytosine (5mc) and anti-Acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys 9). Our results confirm that the mean percentage of global cellular methylation in tumoural tissue was significantly higher compared to healthy peritumoural tissue, whereas the mean percentage of histone cellular acetylation in tumoural tissue was significantly lower. The percentage of methylation was significantly higher in grades 3 and 4 (P = 0.033), whereas the percentage of histone acetylation was significantly lower (P = 0.023), suggesting therefore that these markers could correlate with tumour aggressiveness in pT1a RCC. On univariate analysis of patient survival in relation to the different considered factors, Fuhrman grade was the most important survival factor. These epigenetic markers can give us interesting information about chromatin remodelling in RCCs; the percentage of global methylation increases with increasing Fuhrman grade, whereas histone acetylation decreases with increasing grade in small RCC; our results suggest that global hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation can be assumed to be an early event in RCC and to correlate with tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Minardi
- Institute of Maternal and Children's Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Lucarini
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies-Histology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Filosa
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Milanese
- Institute of Maternal and Children's Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Zizzi
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies-Histology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Di Primio
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies-Histology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Muzzonigro
- Institute of Maternal and Children's Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
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56
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De Bruyne E, Bos TJ, Asosingh K, Vande Broek I, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, Atadja P, Coiteux V, Leleu X, Thielemans K, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K, Van Riet I. Epigenetic silencing of the tetraspanin CD9 during disease progression in multiple myeloma cells and correlation with survival. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2918-26. [PMID: 18483358 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate expression and epigenetic regulation of CD9 in multiple myeloma (MM) cells during disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD9 expression was retrospectively analyzed on bone marrow myeloma samples from 81 patients by immunophenotyping. CD9 expression by murine 5TMM cells was detected by flow cytometric staining and quantitative PCR. The methylation status of the CD9 promoter was determined by bisulfite PCR sequencing. RESULTS Primary plasma cells in the majority of MM patients with nonactive disease (n = 28) showed CD9 expression, whereas most cases with active disease (n = 53) were CD9 negative. CD9 expression in diagnostic bone marrow samples (n = 74) correlated with survival. Moreover, CD9 expression on murine 5T33 and 5T2MM cells was significantly down-regulated during disease development. Treatment of CD9-nonexpressing 5T33MMvt cells with the clinically relevant histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 resulted in a significant increase in CD9 expression. In contrast, cells treated with the demethylation agent 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine barely showed any increase. A combination study with both compounds resulted in a strong synergistic reactivation of CD9. CD9-expressing 5T33MMvv cells and 5T33MMvt cells stably transduced with a mCD9 lentiviral transferplasmid were shown to be more susceptible to natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis than CD9-negative 5T33MMvt cells. CONCLUSIONS CD9 expression correlates with disease status and survival of MM patients. In the murine 5T33MM model, we show that histone modifications, and to a lesser extent CpG methylation, are key epigenetic events in CD9 down-regulation. Furthermore, as CD9 expression becomes down-regulated, 5T33MM cells become less susceptible to natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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57
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Wang X, Tryndyak V, Apostolov EO, Yin X, Shah SV, Pogribny IP, Basnakian AG. Sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs depends on EndoG expression regulated by promoter methylation. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:132-43. [PMID: 18565644 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of promoter sequences of all known human cytotoxic endonucleases showed that endonuclease G (EndoG) is the only endonuclease that contains a CpG island, a segment of DNA with high G+C content and a site for methylation, in the promoter region. A comparison of three human prostate cancer cell lines showed that EndoG is highly expressed in 22Rv1 and LNCaP cells. In PC3 cells, EndoG was not expressed and the EndoG CpG island was hypermethylated. The expression of EndoG correlated positively with sensitivity to cisplatin and etoposide, and the silencing of EndoG by siRNA decreased the sensitivity of the cells to the chemotherapeutic agents in the two EndoG-expressing cell lines. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine caused hypomethylation of the EndoG promoter in PC3 cells, induced EndoG mRNA and protein expression, and made the cells sensitive to both cisplatin and etoposide. The acetylation of histones by trichostatin A, the histone deacetylase inhibitor, induced EndoG expression in 22Rv1 cells, while it had no such effect in PC3 cells. These data are the first indication that EndoG may be regulated by methylation of its gene promoter, and partially by histone acetylation, and that EndoG is essential for prostate cancer cell death in the used models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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58
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Miyajima N, Maruyama S, Bohgaki M, Kano S, Shigemura M, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Hatakeyama S. TRIM68 regulates ligand-dependent transcription of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3486-94. [PMID: 18451177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor belonging to the family of nuclear receptors that mediate the action of androgen. AR plays an important role in normal development of the prostate, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. AR is regulated by several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. In this study, we found that the putative E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM68, which is preferentially expressed in prostate cancer cells, interacts with AR and enhances transcriptional activity of the AR in the presence of dihydrotestosterone. We also found that TRIM68 functionally interacts with TIP60 and p300, which act as coactivators of AR, and synergizes in the transactivation of AR. Overexpression of TRIM68 in prostate cancer cells caused an increase in secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), one of the most reliable diagnostic markers for prostate cancer, whereas knockdown of TRIM68 attenuated the secretion of PSA and inhibited cell growth and colony-forming ability. Moreover, we showed that TRIM68 expression is significantly up-regulated in human prostate cancers compared with the expression in adjacent normal tissues. These results indicate that TRIM68 functions as a cofactor for AR-mediated transcription and is likely to be a novel diagnostic tool and a potentially therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Miyajima
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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59
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Anway MD, Skinner MK. Epigenetic programming of the germ line: effects of endocrine disruptors on the development of transgenerational disease. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 16:23-5. [PMID: 18252044 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic programming of the germ line occurs during embryonic development in a sex-specific manner. The male germ line becomes imprinted following sex determination. Environmental influences can alter this epigenetic programming and affect not only the developing offspring, but also potentially subsequent generations. Exposure to an endocrine disruptor (i.e. vinclozolin) during embryonic gonadal sex determination can alter the male germ-line epigenetics (e.g. DNA methylation). The epigenetic mechanism involves the alteration of DNA methylation in the germ line that appears to transmit transgenerational adult onset disease, including spermatogenic defects, prostate disease, kidney disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Anway
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4231, USA
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60
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Hatina J, Ruzicka T. [Relevance of cell culture models in cutaneous tumour biology: part II: complex culture systems]. Hautarzt 2008; 59:135-43. [PMID: 18209997 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-007-1437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are several limitations to the use of the classical monolayer cell culture and the results obtained by means of it. The two-dimensional architecture and the analysis of pure cell populations of individual cell lines are the most several deviations from the situation prevailing in tissues in vivo, with inevitable consequences for the phenotypic traits displayed on the one hand, and for the genome structure and expression on the other hand. Newer developments in cell culture methodology seek approaches to mimic the in vivo situation in the cell culture as closely as possible. Remarkable variety of such approaches can be noticed, ranging from relative simple three-dimensional conditions of culturing pure cell lines on collagen gels or in form of multicell tumor spheroids. More complex forms try to combine multiple cell types in a single co-culture, e.g. of tumour cells and stromal fibroblasts. The most complex and most revealing among the three-dimensional culture arrangements is unquestionably the organotypic skin culture, in which all the relevant skin cell types are combined in a tissue-resembling construct, with resulting marked similarity to the anatomical structure of normal human skin. Several crucial results were obtained thereby, among others an intrinsic difference in the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma could be demonstrated. Just another experimental direction aims at direct tumourigenic transformation of normal human keratinocytes and melanocytes using highly efficient retroviral vectors. Immediately after establishing of the organotypic skin culture are such directly transformed primary cells transplanted on a nude mouse and the whole tumourigenic process is then essentially followed in vivo. This example illustrates finally the various possibilities of combination of in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hatina
- Forschungslabor der Urologischen Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf.
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61
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Diaw L, Woodson K, Gillespie JW. Prostate cancer epigenetics: a review on gene regulation. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2007; 1:313-25. [PMID: 19936097 PMCID: PMC2759139 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in western countries, and its incidence is increasing steadily worldwide. Molecular changes including both genetic and epigenetic events underlying the development and progression of this disease are still not well understood. Epigenetic events are involved in gene regulation and occur through different mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Both DNA methylation and histone modifications affect gene regulation and play important roles either independently or by interaction in tumor initiation and progression. This review will discuss the genes associated with epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer progression: their regulation and importance as possible markers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Diaw
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute/Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4605, USA.
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62
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Kwabi-Addo B, Chung W, Shen L, Ittmann M, Wheeler T, Jelinek J, Issa JPJ. Age-related DNA methylation changes in normal human prostate tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3796-802. [PMID: 17606710 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among the aging male population but the mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Aberrant methylation of promoter CpG islands is associated with silencing of genes and age-dependent methylation of several genes has been proposed as a risk factor for sporadic cancer. We examined the extent of gene methylation in pathologically normal human prostate as a function of age. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used pyrosequencing to quantitatively analyze the methylation status of nine CpG islands in normal prostate tissue DNA from 45 organ donors and 45 patients who had undergone cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. We also analyzed 12 pairs of matched benign and prostate cancer tissue DNA from patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed a significant increase in promoter methylation levels correlating with age for CpG islands at RARbeta2 (r = 0.4; P < 0.0001), RASSF1A (r = 0.27; P = 0.01), GSTP1 (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001), NKX2-5 (r = 0.27; P = 0.008), and ESR1 (r = 0.244; P = 0.023) in the normal prostate tissue samples studied. A calculated average methylation (z score) at all nine CpG loci analyzed in the normal prostate tissues showed a strong correlation with age (r = 0.6; P < 0.001). Comparison of the methylation level for the matched benign and prostate cancer tissues from individual patients with prostate cancer showed significantly higher methylation in the prostate cancer tissue samples for RARbeta2 (P < 0.001), RASSF1A (P = 0.005), GSTP1 (P < 0.001), NKX2-5 (P = 0.003), ESR1 (P = 0.016), and CLSTN1 (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show aberrant hypermethylation as a function of age in the normal prostate tissues. Such age-related methylation may precede and predispose to full-blown malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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63
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Bryan JN, Keeler MR, Henry CJ, Bryan ME, Hahn AW, Caldwell CW. A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. Prostate 2007; 67:1174-81. [PMID: 17516571 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer has been reported to occur more commonly in neutered than intact male dogs in several case series. This study was undertaken to evaluate risk of prostate cancer in a large population database. The hypothesis was that castration is a risk factor for prostate cancer in male companion dogs. METHODS Data were derived from recorded visits to North American veterinary teaching hospitals. The Veterinary Medical Databases (VMDB) were queried to yield male dogs with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), prostate adenocarcinoma (ACA), prostate TCC, prostate carcinoma (CA), and prostate tumors. A second query yielded all male dogs over the age of 4 years without a diagnosis of urinary tract cancer. These populations were compared to determine relative risks for developing each disease, singly and collectively, associated with neutering status. Odds ratios were calculated for breed as a risk factor. RESULTS Neutered males had a significantly increased risk for each form of cancer. Neutered males had an odds ratio of 3.56 (3.02-4.21) for urinary bladder TCC, 8.00 (5.60-11.42) for prostate TCC, 2.12 (1.80-2.49) for prostate adenocarcinoma, 3.86 (3.13-4.16) for prostate carcinoma, and 2.84 (2.57-3.14) for all prostate cancers. Relative risks were highly similar when cases were limited to those with a histologically confirmed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Breed predisposition suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of prostate cancer. The risk associated with being neutered is highest for TCC, supporting previous work identifying the urothelium and ductular rather than acinar epithelium as the source of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
As individual risk assessment mainly depends on the correct prediction of the tumor's biological behavior, primary diagnosis plays a key role in the clinical management of prostate cancer patients. Prostate core needle biopsy, as a primary diagnostic tool, should not only confirm clinical suspicion but also supply the urologist with information which is necessary for risk-adapted therapy. The experience and competence of both the urologist and the pathologist are crucial for the quality of prostate core needle biopsy diagnosis. Optimized handling and submission of prostate core needle biopsy specimens by the urologist to the pathologist are of outstanding importance for improving the number of cancer cases detected. Increasing availability of molecular markers leads to the necessity of developing new tissue sampling procedures which allow prostate core needle biopsy specimens to be simultaneously studied histologically and by molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wullich
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse, Geb. 6, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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65
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Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 1785:156-81. [PMID: 17237035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. This report considers incidence data through 2003 and mortality data through 2004. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,444,920 new cancer cases and 559,650 deaths for cancers are projected to occur in the United States in 2007. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates include stabilization of the age-standardized, delay-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined in men from 1995 through 2003; a continuing increase in the incidence rate by 0.3% per year in women; and a 13.6% total decrease in age-standardized cancer death rates among men and women combined between 1991 and 2004. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States (by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004) and much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- Cancer Occurrence, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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66
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Schulz WA, Alexa A, Jung V, Hader C, Hoffmann MJ, Yamanaka M, Fritzsche S, Wlazlinski A, Müller M, Lengauer T, Engers R, Florl AR, Wullich B, Rahnenführer J. Factor interaction analysis for chromosome 8 and DNA methylation alterations highlights innate immune response suppression and cytoskeletal changes in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:14. [PMID: 17280610 PMCID: PMC1797054 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations of chromosome 8 and hypomethylation of LINE-1 retrotransposons are common alterations in advanced prostate carcinoma. In a former study including many metastatic cases, they strongly correlated with each other. To elucidate a possible interaction between the two alterations, we investigated their relationship in less advanced prostate cancers. RESULTS In 50 primary tumor tissues, no correlation was observed between chromosome 8 alterations determined by comparative genomic hybridization and LINE-1 hypomethylation measured by Southern blot hybridization. The discrepancy towards the former study, which had been dominated by advanced stage cases, suggests that both alterations converge and interact during prostate cancer progression. Therefore, interaction analysis was performed on microarray-based expression profiles of cancers harboring both alterations, only one, or none. Application of a novel bioinformatic method identified Gene Ontology (GO) groups related to innate immunity, cytoskeletal organization and cell adhesion as common targets of both alterations. Many genes targeted by their interaction were involved in type I and II interferon signaling and several were functionally related to hereditary prostate cancer genes. In addition, the interaction appeared to influence a switch in the expression pattern of EPB41L genes encoding 4.1 cytoskeleton proteins. Real-time RT-PCR revealed GADD45A, MX1, EPB41L3/DAL1, and FBLN1 as generally downregulated in prostate cancer, whereas HOXB13 and EPB41L4B were upregulated. TLR3 was downregulated in a subset of the cases and associated with recurrence. Downregulation of EPB41L3, but not of GADD45A, was associated with promoter hypermethylation, which was detected in 79% of carcinoma samples. CONCLUSION Alterations of chromosome 8 and DNA hypomethylation in prostate cancer probably do not cause each other, but converge during progression. The present analysis implicates their interaction in innate immune response suppression and cytoskeletal changes during prostate cancer progression. The study thus highlights novel mechanisms in prostate cancer progression and identifies novel candidate genes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In particular, TLR3 expression might be useful for prostate cancer prognosis and EPB41L3 hypermethylation for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adrian Alexa
- Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Jung
- Department of Urology, Medical University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Hader
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandy Fritzsche
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes Wlazlinski
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirko Müller
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Engers
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea R Florl
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology, Medical University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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67
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Abstract
Ageing of the male reproductive system is characterized by changes in the endocrine system, hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction and proliferative disorders of the prostate gland. Stochastic damage accumulating within ageing leads to progressive dysregulation at each level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and in local auto/paracrine interactions, thereby inducing morphological changes in reproductive target organs, such as the prostate, testis and penis. Despite age-related changes in the HPG axis, endocrine functions are generally sufficient to maintain fertility in elderly men. Ageing of the male reproductive system can give rise to clinically relevant manifestations, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa) and erectile dysfunction (ED). In this review, we discuss morphological/histological changes occurring in these organs and current views and concepts of the underlying pathology. Moreover, we emphasize the molecular/cellular pathways leading to reduced testicular/penile function and proliferative disorders of the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sampson
- Institute for Biomedical Ageing Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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68
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Rodriguez-Canales J, Hanson JC, Tangrea MA, Erickson HS, Albert PS, Wallis BS, Richardson AM, Pinto PA, Linehan WM, Gillespie JW, Merino MJ, Libutti SK, Woodson KG, Emmert-Buck MR, Chuaqui RF. Identification of a unique epigenetic sub-microenvironment in prostate cancer. J Pathol 2007; 211:410-9. [PMID: 17278115 DOI: 10.1002/path.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene promoter is methylated in tumour cells in more than 90% of prostate carcinomas. Recently, GSTP1 promoter methylation was identified in tumour-associated stromal cells in addition to the tumour epithelium. To define the extent and location of stromal methylation, epigenetic mapping using pyrosequencing quantification of GSTP1 promoter methylation and an anatomical three-dimensional reconstruction of an entire human prostate specimen with cancer were performed. Normal epithelium and stroma, tumour epithelium, and tumour-associated stromal cells were laser capture-microdissected from multiple locations throughout the gland. As expected, the GSTP1 promoter in both normal epithelium and normal stromal cells distant from the tumour was not methylated and the tumour epithelium showed consistently high levels of promoter methylation throughout. However, tumour-associated stromal cells were found to be methylated only in a localized and distinct anatomical sub-field of the tumour, revealing the presence of an epigenetically unique microenvironment within the cancer. Morphologically, the sub-field consisted of typical, non-reactive stroma, representing a genomic alteration in cells that appeared otherwise histologically normal. Similar epigenetic anatomical mapping of a control prostate gland without cancer showed low background methylation levels in all cell types throughout the specimen. These data suggest that stromal cell methylation can occur in a distinct sub-region of prostate cancer and may have implications for understanding tumour biology and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodriguez-Canales
- Pathogenetics Unit, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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69
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Abstract
The correlation between epigenetic aberrations and disease underscores the importance of epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we review recent findings regarding chromatin modifications and their relevance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Ducasse
- Institute for Biomedical Research Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mark A Brown
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin TX 78712, USA
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70
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1951-1955. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i20.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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