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Lino CNR, Ghosh S. Epstein-Barr Virus in Inborn Immunodeficiency-More Than Infection. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194752. [PMID: 34638238 PMCID: PMC8507541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a common virus that is readily controlled by a healthy immune system and rarely causes serious problems in infected people. However, patients with certain genetic defects of their immune system might have difficulties controlling EBV and often develop severe and life-threatening conditions, such as severe inflammation and malignancies. In this review, we provide a summary of inherited immune diseases that lead to a high susceptibility to EBV infection and discuss how this infection is associated with cancer development. Abstract Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus affecting more than 90% of the world’s population. Upon infection, it establishes latency in B cells. It is a rather benign virus for immune-competent individuals, in whom infections usually go unnoticed. Nevertheless, EBV has been extensively associated with tumorigenesis. Patients suffering from certain inborn errors of immunity are at high risk of developing malignancies, while infection in the majority of immune-competent individuals does not seem to lead to immune dysregulation. Herein, we discuss how inborn mutations in TNFRSF9, CD27, CD70, CORO1A, CTPS1, ITK, MAGT1, RASGRP1, STK4, CARMIL2, SH2D1A, and XIAP affect the development, differentiation, and function of key factors involved in the immunity against EBV, leading to increased susceptibility to lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujal Ghosh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-811-6224; Fax: +49-211-811-6191
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Defendenti C, Tarkowski M, Borille S, Cassinotti A, Massari A, Birindelli S, Riva A, Ardizzone S, Panteghini M. Anti-tumour necrosis factor α antibodies and circulating lymphocyte phenotypes in inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108081. [PMID: 34461492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating lymphocyte subtypes are not fully explored parameters for monitoring chronic T cell activation during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), one of the main mediators of IBD related inflammation induces expression of CD70 on T cells. CD70 limits T cell expansion and controls CD27 receptor on activated B lymphocytes. Aim of this study was to assess the number and the frequency of CD70+ T cells and CD27+ B cells in IBD patients during inactive phase of the disease under or without anti-TNFα treatment. DESIGN We studied 91 patients with inactive IBD, 31 untreated, 29 treated with infliximab (IFX), and 31 treated with adalimumab (ADA). Lymphocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry using anti-CD45, CD19, CD27, CD3, and CD70 monoclonal antibodies. IFX and ADA actual capacity of TNFα neutralization in serum was estimated by the recoveryELISA technique. RESULTS Whereas CD3+ T cells were increased in treated compared to untreated patients, the percentage of the CD70+ T cells was significantly lower in treated patients indicating a 'cooling' effect of the biological therapy. This effect differs between samples according to the therapeutic range of the circulating drug. Although the CD19+ B-cell percentage tended to be lower in treated patients, CD19+27+ memory B cells did not show significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS Frequency of peripheral blood CD70+ T cells was significantly reduced by treatment with anti-TNFα antibodies. Monitoring of this parameter of T cells can give better insight to the disease progression and therapy application in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Borille
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Sarah Birindelli
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Infectious Disease Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Ardizzone
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Panteghini
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Marofi F, Rahman HS, Al-Obaidi ZMJ, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Suksatan W, Dorofeev AE, Shomali N, Chartrand MS, Pathak Y, Hassanzadeh A, Baradaran B, Ahmadi M, Saeedi H, Tahmasebi S, Jarahian M. Novel CAR T therapy is a ray of hope in the treatment of seriously ill AML patients. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:465. [PMID: 34412685 PMCID: PMC8377882 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a serious, life-threatening, and hardly curable hematological malignancy that affects the myeloid cell progenies and challenges patients of all ages but mostly occurs in adults. Although several therapies are available including chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), and receptor-antagonist drugs, the 5-year survival of patients is quietly disappointing, less than 30%. alloHSCT is the major curative approach for AML with promising results but the treatment has severe adverse effects such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Therefore, as an alternative, more efficient and less harmful immunotherapy-based approaches such as the adoptive transferring T cell therapy are in development for the treatment of AML. As such, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are engineered T cells which have been developed in recent years as a breakthrough in cancer therapy. Interestingly, CAR T cells are effective against both solid tumors and hematological cancers such as AML. Gradually, CAR T cell therapy found its way into cancer therapy and was widely used for the treatment of hematologic malignancies with successful results particularly with somewhat better results in hematological cancer in comparison to solid tumors. The AML is generally fatal, therapy-resistant, and sometimes refractory disease with a disappointing low survival rate and weak prognosis. The 5-year survival rate for AML is only about 30%. However, the survival rate seems to be age-dependent. Novel CAR T cell therapy is a light at the end of the tunnel. The CD19 is an important target antigen in AML and lymphoma and the CAR T cells are engineered to target the CD19. In addition, a lot of research goes on the discovery of novel target antigens with therapeutic efficacy and utilizable for generating CAR T cells against various types of cancers. In recent years, many pieces of research on screening and identification of novel AML antigen targets with the goal of generation of effective anti-cancer CAR T cells have led to new therapies with strong cytotoxicity against cancerous cells and impressive clinical outcomes. Also, more recently, an improved version of CAR T cells which were called modified or smartly reprogrammed CAR T cells has been designed with less unwelcome effects, less toxicity against normal cells, more safety, more specificity, longer persistence, and proliferation capability. The purpose of this review is to discuss and explain the most recent advances in CAR T cell-based therapies targeting AML antigens and review the results of preclinical and clinical trials. Moreover, we will criticize the clinical challenges, side effects, and the different strategies for CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq Qularaise, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Zaid Mahdi Jaber Al-Obaidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf, 54001, Iraq.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kerbala, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
| | | | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Yashwant Pathak
- Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy, No. 2, Floor 4 Unit (G401), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Galliano I, Daprà V, Ponti R, Alliaudi C, Fierro MT, Quaglino P, Bergallo M. CD27 mRNA expression in mycosis fungoides. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021; 157:275-280. [PMID: 34282858 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiopathogenesis of MF remains obscure. CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRS) that regulates lymphocyte function4. Expression of CD27 protein and mRNA has been reported in B-cell lymphomas5 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma6. In this study, we examined the expression of CD27 in the skin of MF patients by real time PCR. The amount of CD27 was measured in MF patients and healthy controls. METHODS A total of 98 skin biopsies were analyzed: 12 obtained from healthy donors and 86 obtained Cryostatic sections OCT-embedded affected by MF. Relative quantification of mRNA CD27 expression was achieved by means of TaqMan amplification and normalization to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). RESULTS Housekeeping gene was detectable in all Skin samples and there isn't difference between healthy control and MF p value 0.1564. CD27 mRNA sequences were found in 3 of 12 (25%) of skin obtained from healthy donors and in 59 of 86 (68%) of skin obtained from Cryostatic sections OCT-embedded affected by MF. The chi-square statistic with Yates correction is 6.8413 and the p-value is 0.0089. When we compared the CD27 expression in MF and controls the RQ analysis show a value of 9.12±14.13. A RQ of 9.12 means that this gene is 9.12 times more expressed in MF skin samples then in the healthy skin samples. No difference were observed in the MF clustered by stages. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicates that CD27 can be used as diagnostic/prognostic markers, and whether anti-CD27 antibodies can be used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Galliano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Daprà
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Renata Ponti
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carla Alliaudi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria T Fierro
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bergallo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
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Dora D, Rivard C, Yu H, Pickard SL, Laszlo V, Harko T, Megyesfalvi Z, Dinya E, Gerdan C, Szegvari G, Hirsch FR, Dome B, Lohinai Z. Characterization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and the Immune Microenvironment in Limited-Stage Neuroendocrine-High and -Low Small Cell Lung Cancer. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060502. [PMID: 34200100 PMCID: PMC8228874 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary To date, the therapeutic strategy and guidelines in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are based on cancer cell-related attributes with no biomarker used in the clinical practice. In the present study, using RNAseq and IHC, we aim to characterize in the frontline the latest biomarkers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and related critical elements, regulating the anti-tumor immune response. Accordingly, we extensively evaluated the TME associations in primary tumors and matched lymph node metastases in different tumor compartments (stroma and tumor nests) and neuroendocrine (NE) subtypes in limited-stage SCLC. We show the RNA gene enrichment of the most critical molecular pathways based on the Gene Ontology (GO) iteration system using thorough bioinformatics analysis to identify new molecular targets in distinct NE subtypes. Abstract This study aims to characterize tumor-infiltrating macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and the related molecular milieu regulating anti-tumor immunity in limited-stage neuroendocrine (NE)-high and NE-low small cell lung cancer. Primary tumors and matched lymph node (LN) metastases of 32 resected, early-stage SCLC patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies against pan-macrophage marker CD68, M2-macrophage marker CD163, and MDSC marker CD33. Area-adjusted cell counting on TMAs showed that TAMs are the most abundant cell type in the TME, and their number in tumor nests exceeds the number of CD3 + T-cells (64% vs. 38% in NE-low and 71% vs. 18% in NE-high). Furthermore, the ratio of CD163-expressing M2-polarized TAMs in tumor nests was significantly higher in NE-low vs. NE-high tumors (70% vs. 31%). TAM density shows a strong positive correlation with CD45 and CD3 in tumor nests, but not in the stroma. fGSEA analysis on a targeted RNAseq oncological panel of 2560 genes showed that NE-high tumors exhibited increased enrichment in pathways related to cell proliferation, whereas in NE-low tumors, immune response pathways were significantly upregulated. Interestingly, we identified a subset of NE-high tumors representing an immune-oasis phenotype, but with a different gene expression profile compared to NE-low tumors. In contrast, we found that a limited subgroup of NE-low tumors is immune-deserted and express distinct cellular pathways from NE-high tumors. Furthermore, we identified potential molecular targets based on our expression data in NE-low and immune-oasis tumor subsets, including CD70, ANXA1, ITGB6, TP63, IFI27, YBX3 and CXCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dora
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Christopher Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.R.); (H.Y.); (S.L.P.); (F.R.H.)
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.R.); (H.Y.); (S.L.P.); (F.R.H.)
| | - Shivaun Lueke Pickard
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.R.); (H.Y.); (S.L.P.); (F.R.H.)
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tunde Harko
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elek Dinya
- Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Services, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Csongor Gerdan
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabor Szegvari
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Fred R. Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.R.); (H.Y.); (S.L.P.); (F.R.H.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Center for Thoracic Oncology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY 1190, USA
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +43-14-0400-73742 (B.D.); +36-(13)-913310 (Z.L.); Fax: +36-(13)-913357 (Z.L.)
| | - Zoltan Lohinai
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Piheno ut 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (V.L.); (T.H.); (Z.M.); (C.G.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +43-14-0400-73742 (B.D.); +36-(13)-913310 (Z.L.); Fax: +36-(13)-913357 (Z.L.)
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Roles of Lytic Viral Replication and Co-Infections in the Oncogenesis and Immune Control of the Epstein-Barr Virus. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092275. [PMID: 34068598 PMCID: PMC8126045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) colonizes more than 95% of the adult human population. Its cancer-forming potential is usually contained by lifelong immune control. Genetic alterations and immune modulation by co-infection point towards cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as natural killer and CD8+ T cells, as the main pillars of this immune protection. In this review, we discuss how the EBV infection program that leads to infectious virion production and co-infections, such as with malaria parasites, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), modulate this immune control. Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the prototypic human tumor virus whose continuous lifelong immune control is required to prevent lymphomagenesis in the more than 90% of the human adult population that are healthy carriers of the virus. Here, we review recent evidence that this immune control has not only to target latent oncogenes, but also lytic replication of EBV. Furthermore, genetic variations identify the molecular machinery of cytotoxic lymphocytes as essential for this immune control and recent studies in mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) have begun to provide insights into the mechanistic role of these molecules during EBV infection. Finally, EBV often does not act in isolation to cause disease. Some of EBV infection-modulating co-infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been modeled in humanized mice. These preclinical in vivo models for EBV infection, lymphomagenesis, and cell-mediated immune control do not only promise a better understanding of the biology of this human tumor virus, but also the possibility to explore vaccine candidates against it.
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Venugopal S, Daver N, Ravandi F. An Update on the Clinical Evaluation of Antibody-Based Therapeutics in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2021; 16:89-96. [PMID: 33630233 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-021-00612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The advent of several targeted agents has revolutionized the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in recent times; however, majority of patients are still not cured. In the ongoing quest for rationally targeted treatment strategies in AML, scientific endeavors have focused on identifying new antigen targets on the leukemic cells for therapeutic exploitation including strategies to directly deliver toxins into the leukemic blasts as well as strategies that harness host immunity to favorably impact clinical outcomes. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, a CD33 directed antibody-drug conjugate, has provided the proof of concept for the potential efficacy of monoclonal antibody-based therapies in AML. This article provides an overview of immunologically relevant antigen targets expressed on the leukemic cells and synopsizes the clinical results evaluating targeted antibody-based therapeutic approach in AML. RECENT FINDINGS AML blasts and leukemic stem cells express several antigens, including CD33, CD47, CD70, CD123, and CLEC12A. The past several years have seen the burgeoning of cell-specific immunotherapy concepts, including checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-toxin conjugates, and bispecific antibodies in the treatment of AML. The first-in-class anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab and anti-CD70 antibody cusatuzumab in combination with hypomethylating agent (HMA) azacitidine, in newly diagnosed AML, and flotetuzumab, a bispecific DART® (dual-affinity retargeting) antibody to CD3ε and CD123 as salvage option in relapsed/refractory AML appear promising. The development of antibody-based immunotherapeutic approach in AML has been encouraging. Ongoing research will define the choice of an appropriate complementary therapeutic agent in antibody-based combination therapy, and whether one or more than one antigen should be simultaneously targeted. Further studies will likely refine the role of antibody-based therapy in post hematopoietic cell transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Venugopal
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
CD27 signaling can either improve T-cell function or lead to T-cell dysfunction, depending on the duration and conditions of receptor ligation. Recent studies have shown that modulating the CD70-CD27 interaction is an attractive strategy to treat solid tumors and also to directly target leukemia stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Riether
- Tumor Immunology; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern, Switzerland
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Therapeutic Approaches for Metastases from Colorectal Cancer and Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010103. [PMID: 33466892 PMCID: PMC7830403 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the process of dissemination of a tumor, whereby cells from the primary site dislodge and find their way to other tissues where secondary tumors establish. Metastasis is the primary cause of death related to cancer. This process warrants changes in original tumoral cells and their microenvironment to establish a metastatic niche. Traditionally, cancer therapy has focused on metastasis prevention by systematic treatments or direct surgical re-sectioning. However, metastasis can still occur. More recently, new therapies direct their attention to targeting cancer stem cells. As they propose, these cells could be the orchestrators of the metastatic niche. In this review, we describe conventional and novel developments in cancer therapeutics for liver and lung metastasis. We further discuss the resistance mechanisms of targeted therapy, the advantages, and disadvantages of diverse treatment approaches, and future novel strategies to enhance cancer prognosis.
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60
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Abolhassani H. Specific Immune Response and Cytokine Production in CD70 Deficiency. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:615724. [PMID: 33996677 PMCID: PMC8120026 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.615724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective clinical and immunologic findings of defects in the CD27-CD70 axis indicate a primary immunodeficiency associated with terminal B-cell development defect and immune dysregulation leading to autoimmunity, uncontrolled viral infection, and lymphoma. Since the molecular mechanism underlying this entity of primary immunodeficiency has been recently described, more insight regarding the function and profile of immunity is required. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate stimulated antibody production, polyclonal vs. virus-specific T-cell response, and cytokine production of a CD70-deficient patient reported previously with early-onset antibody deficiency suffering from chronic viral infections and B-cell lymphoma. The patient and her family members were subjected to clinical evaluation, immunological assays, and functional analyses. The findings of this study indicate an impaired ability of B cells to produce immunoglobulins, and a poor effector function of T cells was also associated with the severity of clinical phenotype. Reduced proportions of cells expressing the memory marker CD45RO, as well as T-bet and Eomes, were observed in CD70-deficient T cells. The proportion of 2B4+ and PD-1+ virus-specific CD8+ T cells was also reduced in the patient. Although the CD70-mutated individuals presented with early-onset clinical manifestations that were well-controlled by using conventional immunological and anticancer chemotherapies, with better prognosis as compared with CD27-deficient patients, targeted treatment toward specific disturbed immune profile may improve the management and even prevent secondary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghosh S, Köstel Bal S, Edwards ESJ, Pillay B, Jiménez Heredia R, Erol Cipe F, Rao G, Salzer E, Zoghi S, Abolhassani H, Momen T, Gostick E, Price DA, Zhang Y, Oler AJ, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Erman B, Metin A, Ilhan I, Haskologlu S, Islamoglu C, Baskin K, Ceylaner S, Yilmaz E, Unal E, Karakukcu M, Berghuis D, Cole T, Gupta AK, Hauck F, Kogler H, Hoepelman AIM, Baris S, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Ozen A, Kager L, Holzinger D, Paulussen M, Krüger R, Meisel R, Oommen PT, Morris E, Neven B, Worth A, van Montfrans J, Fraaij PLA, Choo S, Dogu F, Davies EG, Burns S, Dückers G, Becker RP, von Bernuth H, Latour S, Faraci M, Gattorno M, Su HC, Pan-Hammarström Q, Hammarström L, Lenardo MJ, Ma CS, Niehues T, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N, Ikinciogullari A, Tangye SG, Lankester AC, Boztug K. Extended clinical and immunological phenotype and transplant outcome in CD27 and CD70 deficiency. Blood 2020; 136:2638-2655. [PMID: 32603431 PMCID: PMC7735164 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the genes encoding CD27 or its ligand CD70 underlie inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) characterized predominantly by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated immune dysregulation, such as chronic viremia, severe infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), lymphoproliferation, and malignancy. A comprehensive understanding of the natural history, immune characteristics, and transplant outcomes has remained elusive. Here, in a multi-institutional global collaboration, we collected the clinical information of 49 patients from 29 families (CD27, n = 33; CD70, n = 16), including 24 previously unreported individuals and identified a total of 16 distinct mutations in CD27, and 8 in CD70, respectively. The majority of patients (90%) were EBV+ at diagnosis, but only ∼30% presented with infectious mononucleosis. Lymphoproliferation and lymphoma were the main clinical manifestations (70% and 43%, respectively), and 9 of the CD27-deficient patients developed HLH. Twenty-one patients (43%) developed autoinflammatory features including uveitis, arthritis, and periodic fever. Detailed immunological characterization revealed aberrant generation of memory B and T cells, including a paucity of EBV-specific T cells, and impaired effector function of CD8+ T cells, thereby providing mechanistic insight into cellular defects underpinning the clinical features of disrupted CD27/CD70 signaling. Nineteen patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) prior to adulthood predominantly because of lymphoma, with 95% survival without disease recurrence. Our data highlight the marked predisposition to lymphoma of both CD27- and CD70-deficient patients. The excellent outcome after HSCT supports the timely implementation of this treatment modality particularly in patients presenting with malignant transformation to lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujal Ghosh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sevgi Köstel Bal
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily S J Edwards
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Bethany Pillay
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Raúl Jiménez Heredia
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Funda Erol Cipe
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Salzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samaneh Zoghi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tooba Momen
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Vaccine Research Center
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research
- Clinical Genomics Program, and
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Clinical Genomics Program, and
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Baran Erman
- Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Center for Genomics and Rare Diseases, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Metin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences/Ankara City Hospital/Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Inci Ilhan
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of Health Sciences/Ankara City Hospital/Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Haskologlu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Candan Islamoglu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kubra Baskin
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Ceylaner
- Intergen Genetic Diagnosis and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology & Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Gevher Nesibe Genom and Stem Cell Institution, GENKOK Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology & Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Gevher Nesibe Genom and Stem Cell Institution, GENKOK Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Musa Karakukcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology & Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Gevher Nesibe Genom and Stem Cell Institution, GENKOK Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dagmar Berghuis
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hubert Kogler
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leo Kager
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Holzinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Paulussen
- Vestische Kinder-und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Meisel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Prasad T Oommen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emma Morris
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedicte Neven
- Unité d'Immuno-Hematologie et Rhumatologie, Département de Pédiatrie Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Austen Worth
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joris van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter L A Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Figen Dogu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Graham Davies
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Burns
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Dückers
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Children's Hospital, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ruy Perez Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Children's Hospital, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maura Faraci
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Pediatrico a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini Research Institute Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Pediatrico a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research
- Clinical Genomics Program, and
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (NEO), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Clinical Genomics Program, and
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Niehues
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and
| | - Aydan Ikinciogullari
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Arjan C Lankester
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Shan TT, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Wang JP, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhao S. Clinical Significance of Down-Regulated CD70 and CD27 Expression in Poor Prognosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6909-6920. [PMID: 33204151 PMCID: PMC7660989 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s241377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction CD27 is a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule in the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. CD27 regulates the generation and maintenance of T cell immunity by binding to CD70 and regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. Materials and Methods CD27 and CD70 expression were assessed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) compared to normal tissue samples in the GSE53625 dataset of 179 paired cases and in 153 Chinese cases using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. The correlation was also investigated between CD27 and CD70 expression and immune-related pathways, including CD8+ T cell recruitment, function, and other inhibitory immune checkpoints. Results Levels of both CD27 and CD70 expression were down-regulated in ESCC compared to the paired normal tissues. CD27 and CD70 expression was mainly present in lymphocytes surrounding and infiltrating the tumor lesions but rarely expressed in tumor cells. Lost expression of CD27 and CD70 was associated with clinicopathological features, including depth of tumor invasion and better patient survival. Furthermore, CD27 expression was significantly associated with levels of CD8A, GZMB, IFNG, the CD8+ T cell recruitment-associated chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), and CD8 receptors (CCR5, CXCR6, and CXCR3), while CD70 expression was inversely associated with levels of immunosuppressive checkpoints (PD-L1, PD-L2, and HHLA2). Conclusion Detection of CD70/CD27 expression could be further verified as a biomarker for ESCC early detection and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Shan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Pu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China.,School of Medical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Thoracic Tumor of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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63
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Primary immunodeficiencies reveal the molecular requirements for effective host defense against EBV infection. Blood 2020; 135:644-655. [PMID: 31942615 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an enigma; on one hand, it infects and persists in latent form in the vast majority of the global population, causing relatively benign disease in otherwise healthy individuals. On the other hand, EBV represents the first identified oncogenic virus, capable of causing ≥7 different types of malignancies, usually in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, some individuals with defined inborn errors of immunity exhibit extreme susceptibility to EBV-induced disease, developing severe and often fatal infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, and/or EBV+ B-cell lymphoma. Thus, host and pathogen have coevolved to enable viral persistence and survival with minimal collateral damage to the healthy host. However, acquired or genetic disruptions to host defense that tip the balance in favor of EBV can have catastrophic effects. The study of primary immunodeficiencies has provided opportunities to define nonredundant requirements for host defense against EBV infection. This has not only revealed mechanisms underlying EBV-induced disease in these primary immunodeficiencies but also identified molecules and pathways that could be targeted to enhance the efficacy of an EBV-specific vaccine or treat severe EBV infection and pathological consequences in immunodeficient hosts.
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64
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Waugh KA, Araya P, Pandey A, Jordan KR, Smith KP, Granrath RE, Khanal S, Butcher ET, Estrada BE, Rachubinski AL, McWilliams JA, Minter R, Dimasi T, Colvin KL, Baturin D, Pham AT, Galbraith MD, Bartsch KW, Yeager ME, Porter CC, Sullivan KD, Hsieh EW, Espinosa JM. Mass Cytometry Reveals Global Immune Remodeling with Multi-lineage Hypersensitivity to Type I Interferon in Down Syndrome. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1893-1908.e4. [PMID: 31722205 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) display a different disease spectrum relative to the general population, including lower rates of solid malignancies and higher incidence of neurological and autoimmune conditions. However, the mechanisms driving this unique clinical profile await elucidation. We completed a deep mapping of the immune system in adults with DS using mass cytometry to evaluate 100 immune cell types, which revealed global immune dysregulation consistent with chronic inflammation, including key changes in the myeloid and lymphoid cell compartments. Furthermore, measurement of interferon-inducible phosphorylation events revealed widespread hypersensitivity to interferon-α in DS, with cell-type-specific variations in downstream intracellular signaling. Mechanistically, this could be explained by overexpression of the interferon receptors encoded on chromosome 21, as demonstrated by increased IFNAR1 surface expression in all immune lineages tested. These results point to interferon-driven immune dysregulation as a likely contributor to the developmental and clinical hallmarks of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Waugh
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Kimberly R Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ross E Granrath
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric T Butcher
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Belinda Enriquez Estrada
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela L Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer A McWilliams
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ross Minter
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tiana Dimasi
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelley L Colvin
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dmitry Baturin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew T Pham
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kyle W Bartsch
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael E Yeager
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher C Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elena W Hsieh
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
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65
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Kim K, Khang D. Past, Present, and Future of Anticancer Nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5719-5743. [PMID: 32821098 PMCID: PMC7418170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s254774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the methods that have been used till today, highlight methods that are currently being developed, and predict the future roadmap for anticancer therapy. In the beginning of this review, established approaches for anticancer therapy, such as conventional chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are summarized. To counteract the side effects of conventional chemotherapy and to increase limited anticancer efficacy, nanodrug- and stem cell-based therapies have been introduced. However, current level of understanding and strategies of nanodrug and stem cell-based therapies have limitations that make them inadequate for clinical application. Subsequently, this manuscript reviews methods with fewer side effects compared to those of the methods mentioned above which are currently being investigated and are already being applied in the clinic. The newer strategies that are already being clinically applied include cancer immunotherapy, especially T cell-mediated therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and strategies that are gaining attention include the manipulation of the tumor microenvironment or the activation of dendritic cells. Tumor-associated macrophage repolarization is another potential strategy for cancer immunotherapy, a method which activates macrophages to immunologically attack malignant cells. At the end of this review, we discuss combination therapies, which are the future of cancer treatment. Nanoparticle-based anticancer immunotherapies seem to be effective, in that they effectively use nanodrugs to elicit a greater immune response. The combination of these therapies with others, such as photothermal or tumor vaccine therapy, can result in a greater anticancer effect. Thus, the future of anticancer therapy aims to increase the effectiveness of therapy using various therapies in a synergistic combination rather than individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungeun Kim
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
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66
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Khodzhaev K, Bay SB, Kebudi R, Altindirek D, Kaya A, Erbilgin Y, Ng OH, Kiykim A, Erol FC, Zengin FS, Firtina S, Ng YY, Aksoy BA, Sayitoglu M. Lymphoma Predisposing Gene in an Extended Family: CD70 Signaling Defect. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:883-892. [PMID: 32620996 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide sequencing studies in pediatric cancer cohorts indicate that about 10% of patients have germline mutations within cancer predisposition genes. Within this group, primary immune deficiencies take the priority regarding the vulnerability of the patients to infectious agents and the difficulties of cancer management. On the other hand, early recognition of these diseases may offer specific targeted therapies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as an option. Besides therapeutic benefits, early diagnosis will provide genetic counseling for the family members. Within this context, an extended family with multiple consanguineous marriages and affected individuals, who presented with combined immune deficiency (CID) and/or Hodgkin lymphoma phenotype, were examined by exome sequencing. A pathogenic homozygous missense CD70 variation was detected (NM_001252.5:c332C>T) in concordance with CD70 phenotype and familial segregation was confirmed. CD70 variations in patients with CID and malignancy have very rarely been reported. This paper reports extended family with multiple affected members with CID and malignancy carrying a missense CD70 variation, and reviews the rare cases reported in the literature. Primary immune deficiencies appear to be a potential cause for pediatric cancers. Better focusing on these inborn disorders to prevent or make an early diagnosis of malignant transformation and reduce mortalities is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khusan Khodzhaev
- Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Genetics Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Buyukkapu Bay
- Oncology Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rejin Kebudi
- Oncology Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Didem Altindirek
- Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Genetics Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Kaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy Immunology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yucel Erbilgin
- Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Genetics Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozden Hatirnaz Ng
- Department of Medical Biology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Cipe Erol
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy Immunology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feride Sen Zengin
- Intensive Care Unit, Erzurum Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sinem Firtina
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yuk Yin Ng
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basak Adakli Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Sayitoglu
- Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Genetics Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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67
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Arroyo Hornero R, Georgiadis C, Hua P, Trzupek D, He LZ, Qasim W, Todd JA, Ferreira RC, Wood KJ, Issa F, Hester J. CD70 expression determines the therapeutic efficacy of expanded human regulatory T cells. Commun Biol 2020; 3:375. [PMID: 32665635 PMCID: PMC7360768 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune homeostasis. The co-stimulatory molecule CD27 is a marker of highly suppressive Tregs, although the role of the CD27-CD70 receptor-ligand interaction in Tregs is not clear. Here we show that after prolonged in vitro stimulation, a significant proportion of human Tregs gain stable CD70 expression while losing CD27. The expression of CD70 in expanded Tregs is associated with a profound loss of regulatory function and an unusual ability to provide CD70-directed co-stimulation to TCR-activated conventional T cells. Genetic deletion of CD70 or its blockade prevents Tregs from delivering this co-stimulatory signal, thus maintaining their regulatory activity. High resolution targeted single-cell RNA sequencing of human peripheral blood confirms the presence of CD27-CD70+ Treg cells. These findings have important implications for Treg-based clinical studies where cells are expanded over extended periods in order to achieve sufficient treatment doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arroyo Hornero
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christos Georgiadis
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peng Hua
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dominik Trzupek
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kathryn J Wood
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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68
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Targeting CD70 with cusatuzumab eliminates acute myeloid leukemia stem cells in patients treated with hypomethylating agents. Nat Med 2020; 26:1459-1467. [PMID: 32601337 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that resist conventional chemotherapy and are the major cause of relapse1,2. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are the standard of care in the treatment of older or unfit patients with AML, but responses are modest and not durable3-5. Here we demonstrate that LSCs upregulate the tumor necrosis factor family ligand CD70 in response to HMA treatment resulting in increased CD70/CD27 signaling. Blocking CD70/CD27 signaling and targeting CD70-expressing LSCs with cusatuzumab, a human αCD70 monoclonal antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity, eliminated LSCs in vitro and in xenotransplantation experiments. Based on these preclinical results, we performed a phase 1/2 trial in previously untreated older patients with AML with a single dose of cusatuzumab monotherapy followed by a combination therapy with the HMA azacitidine ( NCT03030612 ). We report results from the phase 1 dose escalation part of the clinical trial. Hematological responses in the 12 patients enrolled included 8 complete remission, 2 complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery and 2 partial remission with 4 patients achieving minimal residual disease negativity by flow cytometry at <10-3. Median time to response was 3.3 months. Median progression-free survival was not reached yet at the time of the data cutoff. No dose-limiting toxicities were reported and the maximum tolerated dose of cusatuzumab was not reached. Importantly, cusatuzumab treatment substantially reduced LSCs and triggered gene signatures related to myeloid differentiation and apoptosis.
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69
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Wang D, Du J, Song Y, Wang B, Song R, Hao Y, Zeng Y, Xiao J, Zheng H, Zeng H, Zhao H, Kong Y. CD70 contributes to age-associated T cell defects and overwhelming inflammatory responses. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12032-12050. [PMID: 32559178 PMCID: PMC7343466 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with immune dysregulation, especially T cell disorders, which result in increased susceptibility to various diseases. Previous studies have shown that loss of co-stimulatory receptors or accumulation of co-inhibitory molecules play important roles in T cell aging. In the present study, CD70, which was generally regarded as a costimulatory molecule, was found to be upregulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of elderly individuals. Aged CD70+ T cells displayed a phenotype of over-activation, and expressed enhanced levels of numerous inhibitory receptors including PD-1, 2B4 and LAG-3. CD70+ T cells from elderly individuals exhibited increased susceptibility to apoptosis and high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, the functional dysregulation of CD70+ T cells associated with aging was reversed by blocking CD70. Collectively, this study demonstrated CD70 as a prominent regulator involved in immunosenescence, which led to defects and overwhelming inflammatory responses of T cells during aging. These findings provide a strong rationale for targeting CD70 to prevent dysregulation related to immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Juan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yangzi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Rui Song
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yu Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yongqin Zeng
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jiang Xiao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yaxian Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
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70
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Grassi F. The P2X7 Receptor as Regulator of T Cell Development and Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1179. [PMID: 32587592 PMCID: PMC7297980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique structural features characterize the P2X7 receptor with respect to other P2X family members. Dual gating by eATP and regulated expression of P2X7 can imprint distinct outcomes to the T cell depending on the metabolic fitness and/or developmental stage. In the thymus, signaling by P2X7 contributes to γδ T cell lineage choice. In secondary lymphoid organs, P2X7 stimulation promotes Th1/Th17 polarization of CD4+ naïve cells, Tregs conversion to Th17 cells and cell death of Tfh cells that are not stimulated by cognate antigen. Moreover, P2X7 stimulation in eATP rich microenvironments, such as damaged and/or inflamed tissues as well as tumors, induces cell death of various T cell effector subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grassi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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71
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Oja AE, Brasser G, Slot E, van Lier RAW, Pascutti MF, Nolte MA. GITR shapes humoral immunity by controlling the balance between follicular T helper cells and regulatory T follicular cells. Immunol Lett 2020; 222:73-79. [PMID: 32259529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T-cells (Tfh) control humoral immunity by driving affinity maturation and isotype-switching of activated B-cells. Tfh localize within B-cell follicles and, upon encounter with cognate antigen, drive B-cell selection in germinal centers (GCs) as GC-Tfh. Tfh functionality is controlled by Foxp3-expressing Tfh, which are known as regulatory T follicular cells (Tfr). Thus far, it remains unclear which factors determine the balance between these functionally opposing follicular T-cell subsets. Here, we demonstrate in human and mouse that Tfh and GC-Tfh, as well as their regulatory counterparts, express glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor related protein (GITR) on their surface. This costimulatory molecule not only helps to identify follicular T-cell subsets, but also increases the ratio of Tfh vs. Tfr, both within and outside the GC. Correspondingly, GITR triggering increases the number of IL-21 producing CD4+ T-cells, which also produce more IFN-γ and IL-10. The latter are known switch factors for IgG2c and IgG1, respectively, which corresponds to a concomitant increase in IgG2c and IgG1 production upon GITR-mediated costimulation. These results demonstrate that GITR can skew the functional balance between Tfh and Tfr, which offers new therapeutic possibilities in steering humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giso Brasser
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith Slot
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - María F Pascutti
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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72
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Tangye SG. Genetic susceptibility to EBV infection: insights from inborn errors of immunity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:885-901. [PMID: 32152698 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, infecting > 90% of the adult population. In the vast majority of healthy individuals, infection with EBV runs a relatively benign course. However, EBV is by no means a benign pathogen. Indeed, apart from being associated with at least seven different types of malignancies, EBV infection can cause severe and often fatal diseases-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, B-cell lymphoma-in rare individuals with specific monogenic inborn errors of immunity. The discovery and detailed investigation of inborn errors of immunity characterized by heightened susceptibility to, or increased frequency of, EBV-induced disease have elegantly revealed cell types and signaling pathways that play critical and non-redundant roles in host-defense against EBV. These analyses have revealed not only mechanisms underlying EBV-induced disease in rare genetic conditions, but also identified molecules and pathways that could be targeted to treat severe EBV infection and pathological consequences in immunodeficient hosts, or even potentially enhance the efficacy of an EBV-specific vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Clincial Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia (CIRCA), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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73
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Abadir E, Gasiorowski RE, Silveira PA, Larsen S, Clark GJ. Is Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Required to Unleash the Full Potential of Immunotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia? J Clin Med 2020; 9:E554. [PMID: 32085578 PMCID: PMC7073661 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, immunotherapies have enhanced the efficacy of treatments against B cell malignancies. The same has not been true for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Hematologic toxicity has limited the potential of modern immunotherapies for AML at preclinical and clinical levels. Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin has demonstrated hematologic toxicity, but the challenge of preserving normal hematopoiesis has become more apparent with the development of increasingly potent immunotherapies. To date, no single surface molecule has been identified that is able to differentiate AML from Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPC). Attempts have been made to spare hematopoiesis by targeting molecules expressed only on later myeloid progenitors as well as AML or using toxins that selectively kill AML over HSPC. Other strategies include targeting aberrantly expressed lymphoid molecules or only targeting monocyte-associated proteins in AML with monocytic differentiation. Recently, some groups have accepted that stem cell transplantation is required to access potent AML immunotherapy and envision it as a rescue to avoid severe hematologic toxicity. Whether it will ever be possible to differentiate AML from HSPC using surface molecules is unclear. Unless true specific AML surface targets are discovered, stem cell transplantation could be required to harness the true potential of immunotherapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Abadir
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord 2139, NSW, Australia;
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia;
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2039, NSW, Australia;
| | - Robin E. Gasiorowski
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2039, NSW, Australia;
- Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation and General Hospital, Concord 2039, NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo A. Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord 2139, NSW, Australia;
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2039, NSW, Australia;
| | - Stephen Larsen
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia;
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2039, NSW, Australia;
| | - Georgina J. Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord 2139, NSW, Australia;
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2039, NSW, Australia;
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74
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Kishore R, Gupta A, Gupta AK, Kabra SK. Novel mutation in the CD27 gene in a patient presenting with hypogammaglobulinemia, bronchiectasis and EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disease. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/2/e233482. [PMID: 32041749 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD27 deficiency is a rare primary immune deficiency which affects T cells, B cells and NK cells and is associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic disease to life-threatening Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-driven complications including malignancy. Delay in diagnosis and late presentation adversely affects the clinical outcome and survival. We report a 10-year-old girl who had been symptomatic since 3 years of age with recurrent infections, developed bronchiectasis and was found to have hypogammaglobulinemia. Initially diagnosed as common variable immune deficiency, she had persistent lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, raising a clinical suspicion of a lymphoproliferative condition. On investigation, she was found to have a novel mutation involving the CD27 gene with very high EBV load. She was given rituximab injections to which she showed partial response and later developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kishore
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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75
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Human inborn errors of immunity to herpes viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:106-122. [PMID: 32014647 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections with any of the nine human herpes viruses (HHV) can be asymptomatic or life-threatening. The study of patients with severe diseases caused by HHVs, in the absence of overt acquired immunodeficiency, has led to the discovery or diagnosis of various inborn errors of immunity. The related inborn errors of adaptive immunity disrupt α/β T-cell rather than B-cell immunity. Affected patients typically develop HHV infections in the context of other infectious diseases. However, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of SAP-dependent T-cell immunity to EBV-infected B cells. The related inborn errors of innate immunity disrupt leukocytes other than T and B cells, non-hematopoietic cells, or both. Patients typically develop only a single type of infection due to HHV, although, again, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of TLR3 immunity resulting in HSV1 encephalitis in some patients and influenza pneumonitis in others. Most severe HHV infections in otherwise healthy patients remains unexplained. The forward human genetic dissection of isolated and syndromic HHV-driven illnesses will establish the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HHVs, paving the way for novel diagnosis and management strategies.
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76
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Inaguma S, Lasota J, Czapiewski P, Langfort R, Rys J, Szpor J, Waloszczyk P, Okoń K, Biernat W, Schrump DS, Hassan R, Kasai K, Miettinen M, Ikeda H. CD70 expression correlates with a worse prognosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma patients via immune evasion and enhanced invasiveness. J Pathol 2019; 250:205-216. [PMID: 31639216 DOI: 10.1002/path.5361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumour that typically is associated with short survival. CD70 and CD27 belong to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, respectively. Under physiological conditions, the tightly regulated interaction between CD70 and CD27 plays a co-stimulatory role in promoting T-cell expansion and differentiation through the NFκB pathway. Aberrantly high CD70 expression has been documented in haematological and solid malignancies in association with immune evasion in malignant cells. In this study, 172 well-characterised primary diffuse MPM tumours including epithelioid (n = 145), biphasic (n = 15), and sarcomatoid (n = 12) histotypes were evaluated immunohistochemically for CD70, CD27, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, PDCD1 (PD-1), and FOXP3 expression. Twenty per cent (34/172) of the mesothelioma cells expressed CD70 on the cell membrane. Overall survival was significantly decreased in the cohort of patients with CD70-expressing tumour cells (p < 0.01). Patients with MPM containing a higher number of CD3+ (p < 0.01), CD4+ (p < 0.01), CD8+ (p < 0.01), or FOXP3+ (p < 0.01) tumour-infiltrating lymphoid cells (TILs) showed significantly worse clinical outcomes. As potential independent risk factors for MPM patients, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed CD70 expression on mesothelioma cells [hazard ratio (HR) 2.25; p = 0.010], higher FOXP3+ TILs (HR 2.81; p = 0.004), and higher CD3+ TIL accumulation (HR 6.12; p < 0.001). In contrast, as a potential independent favourable factor, higher CD27+ TIL accumulation (HR 0.48; p = 0.037) was identified. In vitro experiments and an immunodeficient mouse model revealed that CD70 enhances the invasiveness of MPM cells through MET-ERK axis activation. Further analyses in syngeneic mouse models demonstrated possible roles for CD70 in immune evasion. Collectively, these findings suggest that the CD70-CD27 pathway enhances the malignant phenotypes of MPM and diminishes anti-tumor immune response in patients with these neoplasms. These markers might be useful in MPM for prognostic evaluations as well as targeted therapeutics. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Krakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenji Kasai
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Screening a Broad Range of Solid and Haematological Tumour Types for CD70 Expression Using a Uniform IHC Methodology as Potential Patient Stratification Method. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101611. [PMID: 31652572 PMCID: PMC6826714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutive expression of CD70 has been described in various haematological and solid tumour types. In addition, the co-expression of its receptor in tumours has been demonstrated, mediating tumour cell proliferation. Although CD70 expression is a prerequisite to enrol patients in solid tumour clinical trials using anti-CD70 immunotherapy, there is currently no standardised test to evaluate CD70 expression. These differences in immunohistochemistry (IHC) protocols make it challenging to compare the expression levels that were obtained in different studies, pointing out the need for one uniform methodology. In this retrospective study, over 600 tumour samples from different solid and haematological malignancies were analysed while using one validated IHC method. CD70 and CD27 expression was demonstrated in a broad range of tumour types. In solid tumours, 43% demonstrated CD70 positivity with the highest degree in renal cell carcinoma (79.5%). Kaposi sarcoma showed no CD70 expression on the tumour cells. In lymphoma samples, 58% demonstrated CD70 positivity. Moreover, the co-expression of CD70 and CD27 was observed in 39% of lymphoma samples. These findings highlight the need to further explore anti-CD70 therapies in a broad range of CD70 expressing tumour types and in doing so, implementing one standardised protocol to define CD70 overexpression to use it as a diagnostic tool.
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78
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Immunomodulatory Bonds of the Partnership between Dendritic Cells and T Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:379-401. [PMID: 30792568 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
By acquiring, processing, and presenting both foreign and self-antigens, dendritic cells (DCs) initiate T cell activation that is shaped through the immunomodulatory functions of a variety of cell-membrane-bound molecules including BTLA-HVEM, CD40-CD40L, CTLA-4-CD80/CD86, CD70-CD27, ICOS-ICOS-L, OX40-OX40L, and PD-L1-PD-1, as well as several key cytokines and enzymes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Some of these distinct immunomodulatory signals are mediated by specific subsets of DCs, therefore contributing to the functional specialization of DCs in the priming and regulation of immune responses. In addition to responding to the DC-mediated signals, T cells can reciprocally modulate the immunomodulatory capacities of DCs, further refining immune responses. Here, we review recent studies, particularly in experimental mouse systems, that have delineated the integrated mechanisms of crucial immunomodulatory pathways that enable specific populations of DCs and T cells to work intimately together as single functional units that are indispensable for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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79
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Remedios KA, Zirak B, Sandoval PM, Lowe MM, Boda D, Henley E, Bhattrai S, Scharschmidt TC, Liao W, Naik HB, Rosenblum MD. The TNFRSF members CD27 and OX40 coordinately limit T H17 differentiation in regulatory T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/30/eaau2042. [PMID: 30578350 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are closely related to TH17 cells and use aspects of the TH17-differentiation program for optimal immune regulation. In several chronic inflammatory human diseases, Tregs express IL-17A, suggesting that dysregulation of TH17-associated pathways in Tregs may result in either loss of suppressive function and/or conversion into pathogenic cells. The pathways that regulate the TH17 program in Tregs are poorly understood. We have identified two TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, CD27 and OX40, that are preferentially expressed by skin-resident Tregs Both CD27 and OX40 signaling suppressed the expression of TH17-associated genes from Tregs in a cell-intrinsic manner in vitro and in vivo. However, only OX40 played a nonredundant role in promoting Treg accumulation. Tregs that lacked both CD27 and OX40 were defective in controlling skin inflammation and expressed high levels of IL-17A, as well as the master TH17 transcription factor, RORγt. Last, we found that CD27 expression was inversely correlated with Treg IL-17 production in skin of patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. Together, our results suggest that TNFRSF members play both redundant and distinct roles in regulating Treg plasticity in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Remedios
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Devi Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Evan Henley
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shrishti Bhattrai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Haley B Naik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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80
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Bugler J, Kinstrie R, Scott MT, Vetrie D. Epigenetic Reprogramming and Emerging Epigenetic Therapies in CML. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:136. [PMID: 31380371 PMCID: PMC6652210 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by BCR-ABL1, an oncogenic fusion gene arising from the Philadelphia chromosome. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to overcome the constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL protein has dramatically improved disease management and patient outcomes over the past 20 years. However, the majority of patients are not cured and developing novel therapeutic strategies that target epigenetic processes are a promising avenue to improve cure rates. A number of epigenetic mechanisms are altered or reprogrammed during the development and progression of CML, resulting in alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation and dysregulation of the transcriptional machinery. In this review these epigenetic alterations are examined and the potential of epigenetic therapies are discussed as a means of eradicating residual disease and offering a potential cure for CML in combination with current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Vetrie
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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81
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Remedios KA, Meyer L, Zirak B, Pauli ML, Truong HA, Boda D, Rosenblum MD. CD27 Promotes CD4 + Effector T Cell Survival in Response to Tissue Self-Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:639-646. [PMID: 31209102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through CD27 plays a role in T cell activation and memory. However, it is currently unknown how this costimulatory receptor influences CD4+ effector T (Teff) cells in inflamed tissues. In the current study, we used a murine model of inducible self-antigen expression in the epidermis to elucidate the functional role of CD27 on autoreactive Teff cells. Expression of CD27 on Ag-specific Teff cells resulted in enhanced skin inflammation when compared with CD27-deficient Teff cells. CD27 signaling promoted the accumulation of IFN-γ and IL-2-producing T cells in skin draining lymph nodes in a cell-intrinsic fashion. Surprisingly, this costimulatory pathway had minimal effect on early T cell activation and proliferation. Instead, signaling through CD27 resulted in the progressive survival of Teff cells during the autoimmune response. Using BH3 profiling to assess mitochondrial cell priming, we found that CD27-deficient cells were equally as sensitive as CD27-sufficient cells to mitochondrial outer membrane polarization upon exposure to either BH3 activator or sensitizer peptides. In contrast, CD27-deficient Teff cells expressed higher levels of active caspase 8. Taken together, these results suggest that CD27 does not promote Teff cell survival by increasing expression of antiapoptotic BCL2 family members but instead acts by preferentially suppressing the cell-extrinsic apoptosis pathway, highlighting a previously unidentified role for CD27 in augmenting autoreactive Teff cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Remedios
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,TRex Bio, Burlingame, CA 94010; and
| | - Lauren Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Devi Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
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82
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Dong H, Buckner A, Prince J, Bullock T. Frontline Science: Late CD27 stimulation promotes IL-7Rα transcriptional re-expression and memory T cell qualities in effector CD8 + T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1007-1019. [PMID: 31199542 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1hi0219-064r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that CD27 co-stimulation during a primary CD8+ T-cell response was critical for the expression of IL-7Rα on acute effector CD8+ T cells, providing an essential element in the generation of CD8+ T-cell memory to infectious pathogens. IL-7 plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells, and IL-7Rα has been regarded as a functional marker of long-lived memory precursor effector cells. While IL-7Rα is downregulated acutely upon TCR stimulation, the regulation of the emergence of IL-7Rα expressing cells around the peak of primary CD8+ responses is less clear. Re-expression could be a default outcome after withdrawal of TCR stimulation. Alternatively, specific stimuli could actively antagonize the downregulation or promote the recovery of IL-7Rα in Ag-activated CD8+ T cells. By utilizing agonistic mAb and transgenic models, here we show: (1) CD27 stimulation acts directly on CD8+ T cells to enhance IL-7Rα-expressing effectors; (2) CD27 stimulation neither alleviates the downregulation of IL-7Rα upon TCR signaling nor promotes the expansion/survival of IL-7Rα-expressing effectors, but facilitates IL-7Rα re-expression; (3) CD27 stimulation regulates Il7ra mRNA abundance but not protein distribution. Importantly, CD27 stimulation promotes not only IL-7Rα, but also the common γ chain of the receptor and the downstream signaling mediated by pSTAT5. Our results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of CD27 stimulation as a positive regulator of IL-7Rα during CD8 T-cell responses, provide insights into the mechanistic basis by which CD27 stimulation influences CD8+ T-cell memory differentiation, and highlight the potential of targeting CD27-CD70 axis to enhance IL-7 signaling for antiviral/antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Pathology and Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Andrew Buckner
- Department of Pathology and Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Jessica Prince
- Department of Pathology and Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Timothy Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
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83
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Lee KM, Zhang L, Vermeulen RC, Hu W, Bassig BA, Wong JY, Qiu C, Purdue MP, Wen C, Walker DI, Jones DP, Li L, Huang Y, Rothman N, Smith MT, Lan Q. Alterations in immune and renal biomarkers among workers occupationally exposed to low levels of trichloroethylene below current regulatory standards. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:376-381. [PMID: 30971425 PMCID: PMC6953904 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The occupational exposure limit for trichloroethylene (TCE) in different countries varies from 1 to 100 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). Many countries currently use 10 ppm as the regulatory standard for occupational exposures, but the biological effects in humans at this level of exposure remain unclear. The objective of our study was to evaluate alterations in immune and renal biomarkers among workers occupationally exposed to low levels of TCE below current regulatory standards. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study of 80 healthy workers exposed to a wide range of TCE (ie, 0.4-229 ppm) and 96 comparable unexposed controls in China, and previously reported that TCE exposure was associated with multiple candidate biological markers related to immune function and kidney toxicity. Here, we conducted further analyses of all of the 31 biomarkers that we have measured to determine the magnitude and statistical significance of changes in the subgroup of workers (n=35) exposed to <10 ppm TCE compared with controls. RESULTS Six immune biomarkers (ie, CD4+ effector memory T cells, sCD27, sCD30, interleukin-10, IgG and IgM) were significantly decreased (% difference ranged from -16.0% to -72.1%) and one kidney toxicity marker (kidney injury molecule-1, KIM-1) was significantly increased (% difference: +52.5%) among workers exposed to <10 ppm compared with the control group. These associations remained noteworthy after taking into account multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (ie, <0.20). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that occupational exposure to TCE below 10 ppm as an 8-hour TWA may alter levels of key markers of immune function and kidney toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Roel C. Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Services, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bryan A. Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jason Y.Y. Wong
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chuangyi Qiu
- Guangdong Poison Control Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cuiju Wen
- Guangdong Poison Control Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Laiyu Li
- Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Guangdong Poison Control Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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84
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León-Letelier RA, Bonifaz LC, Fuentes-Pananá EM. OMIC signatures to understand cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting: Melanoma and immune cells interplay in immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:915-933. [PMID: 30698862 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-241rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Cutaneous melanomas usually originate from exposure to the mutagenic effects of ultraviolet radiation, and as such they exhibit the highest rate of somatic mutations than any other human cancer, and an extensive expression of neoantigens concurrently with a dense infiltrate of immune cells. The coexistence of high immunogenicity and high immune cell infiltration may sound contradictory for cancers carrying a gloomy outcome. However, recent studies have unveiled a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms that often permeate the tumor microenvironment and that are responsible for tumor escaping from immunosurveillance mechanisms. Nonetheless, this particular immune profile has opened a new window of treatments based on immunotherapy that have significantly improved the clinical outcome of melanoma patients. Still, positive and complete therapy responses have been limited, and this particular cancer continues to be a major clinical challenge. The transcriptomic signatures of those patients with clinical benefit and those with progressive disease have provided a more complete picture of the universe of interactions between the tumor and the immune system. In this review, we integrate the results of the immunotherapy clinical trials to discuss a novel understanding of the mechanisms guiding cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. A clear notion of the cellular and molecular processes shaping how the immune system and the tumor are continuously coevolving would result in the rational design of combinatory therapies aiming to counteract the signaling pathways and cellular processes responsible for immunoescape mechanisms and provide clinical benefit to immunotherapy nonresponsive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A León-Letelier
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
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85
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Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have had limited efficacy, especially with late stage cancers. Cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy have revolutionized how cancer is treated, especially in patients with late stage disease. In 2013 cancer immunotherapy was named the breakthrough of the year, partially due to the established efficacy of blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1, both T cell co-inhibitory molecules involved in tumor-induced immunosuppression. Though early trials promised success, toxicity and tolerance to immunotherapy have hindered long-term successes. Optimizing the use of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways has the potential to increase the effectiveness of T cell-mediated antitumor immune response, leading to increased efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. This review will address major T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways and the role they play in regulating immune responses during cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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86
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CD70 expression in tumor-associated fibroblasts predicts worse survival in colorectal cancer patients. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:425-434. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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87
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Jin L, Ge H, Long Y, Yang C, Chang YE, Mu L, Sayour EJ, De Leon G, Wang QJ, Yang JC, Kubilis PS, Bao H, Xia S, Lu D, Kong Y, Hu L, Shang Y, Jiang C, Nie J, Li S, Gu Y, Sun J, Mitchell DA, Lin Z, Huang J. CD70, a novel target of CAR T-cell therapy for gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2019. [PMID: 28651374 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising treatment approach for malignant gliomas but is hampered by the limited number of ubiquitously expressed tumor antigens and the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We identified cluster of differentiation (CD)70 as a novel immunosuppressive ligand and glioma target. Methods Normal tissues derived from 52 different organs and primary and recurrent low-grade gliomas (LGGs) and glioblastomas (GBMs) were thoroughly evaluated for CD70 gene and protein expression. The association between CD70 and patients' overall survival and its impact on T-cell death was also evaluated. Human and mouse CD70-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) were tested respectively against human primary GBMs and murine glioma lines. The antitumor efficacies of these CARs were also examined in orthotopic xenograft and syngeneic models. Results CD70 was not detected in peripheral and brain normal tissues but was constitutively overexpressed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type primary LGGs and GBMs in the mesenchymal subgroup and recurrent tumors. CD70 was also associated with poor survival in these subgroups, which may link to its direct involvement in glioma chemokine productions and selective induction of CD8+ T-cell death. To explore the potential for therapeutic targeting of this newly identified immunosuppressive axis in GBM tumors, we demonstrate that both human and mouse CD70-specific CAR T cells recognize primary CD70+ GBM tumors in vitro and mediate the regression of established GBM in xenograft and syngeneic models without illicit effect. Conclusion These studies identify a previously uncharacterized and ubiquitously expressed immunosuppressive ligand CD70 in GBMs that also holds potential for serving as a novel CAR target for cancer immunotherapy in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchun Jin
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Yu Long
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Changlin Yang
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yifan Emily Chang
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luyan Mu
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Elias J Sayour
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriel De Leon
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Applied Therapeutics, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qiong J Wang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - James C Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul S Kubilis
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hongbo Bao
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Songsong Xia
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Dunyue Lu
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Yingjun Kong
- Second Section of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Hu
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Yujiao Shang
- Second Section of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chencheng Jiang
- Second Section of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Second Section of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Li
- Second Section of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunhe Gu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhiguo Lin
- Fourth Section of the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University(HMU), Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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88
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Abstract
Costimulatory signals initiated by the interaction between the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies promote clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival of antigen-primed CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and have a pivotal role in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity and diseases. Accumulating evidence in recent years indicates that costimulatory signals via the subset of the TNFR superfamily molecules, OX40 (TNFRSF4), 4-1BB (TNFRSF9), CD27, DR3 (TNFRSF25), CD30 (TNFRSF8), GITR (TNFRSF18), TNFR2 (TNFRSF1B), and HVEM (TNFRSF14), which are constitutive or inducible on T cells, play important roles in protective immunity, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and tumor immunotherapy. In this chapter, we will summarize the findings of recent studies on these TNFR family of co-signaling molecules regarding their function at various stages of the T-cell response in the context of infection, inflammation, and cancer. We will also discuss how these TNFR co-signals are critical for immune regulation and have therapeutic potential for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases.
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89
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Immune checkpoint blockade and its combination therapy with small-molecule inhibitors for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:199-224. [PMID: 30605718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially understood for its physiological maintenance of self-tolerance, the immune checkpoint molecule has recently been recognized as a promising anti-cancer target. There has been considerable interest in the biology and the action mechanism of the immune checkpoint therapy, and their incorporation with other therapeutic regimens. Recently the small-molecule inhibitor (SMI) has been identified as an attractive combination partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and is becoming a novel direction for the field of combination drug design. In this review, we provide a systematic discussion of the biology and function of major immune checkpoint molecules, and their interactions with corresponding targeting agents. With both preclinical studies and clinical trials, we especially highlight the ICI + SMI combination, with its recent advances as well as its application challenges.
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90
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Kumazawa T, Nishimura A, Asai N, Adachi T. Isolation of immune-regulatory Tetragenococcus halophilus from miso. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208821. [PMID: 30586377 PMCID: PMC6306251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetragenococcus halophilus is a halophilic lactic acid bacterium that exists in the traditional Japanese seasoning miso-a fermented soy paste. Considering the popularity of miso as a component of healthy diet, we attempted to evaluate the immunoregulatory functions of T. halophilus spices isolated from miso. We screened 56 strains that facilitated the upregulation of activation markers such as CD86 and CD69 on B cells and T cells in vitro. Of these, 7 strains (Nos. 1, 3, 13, 15, 19, 30, and 31) were found to preferentially induce the CD86 expression on B cells. Furthermore, DNA microarray analysis revealed that T. halophilus strain No. 1 significantly augmented the gene expressions of CD86, CD70, IL-10, INF-γ, and IL-22 in B cells. We confirmed these results at the protein level by flow cytometry. Mice feeding diet containing 1% T. halophilus No. 1 exhibited significantly greater IgA production in the serum. Furthermore, a diet containing 1% T. halophilus No. 1 augmented ovoalbumin (OVA)-specific IgG titer in mice upon OVA/alum immunization. Thus, we demonstrated that T. halophilus No. 1 is a strong immunomodulatory strain with potential as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kumazawa
- Ichibiki CO., LTD. Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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91
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Bishop GA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. TRAF3 as a Multifaceted Regulator of B Lymphocyte Survival and Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2161. [PMID: 30319624 PMCID: PMC6165887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) serves as a powerful negative regulator in multiple aspects of B cell biology. Early in vitro studies in transformed cell lines suggested the potential of TRAF3 to inhibit signaling by its first identified binding receptor, CD40. However, because the canonical TRAF3 binding site on many receptors also mediates binding of other TRAFs, and whole-mouse TRAF3 deficiency is neonatally lethal, an accurate understanding of TRAF3's specific functions was delayed until conditional TRAF3-deficient mice were produced. Studies of B cell-specific TRAF3-deficient mice, complemented by investigations in normal and malignant mouse and human B cells, reveal that TRAF3 has powerful regulatory roles that are unique to this TRAF, as well as functions context-specific to the B cell. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these roles and functions. These include inhibition of signaling by plasma membrane receptors, negative regulation of intracellular receptors, and restraint of cytoplasmic NF- κB pathways. TRAF3 is also now known to function as a resident nuclear protein, and to impact B cell metabolism. Through these and additional mechanisms TRAF3 exerts powerful restraint upon B cell survival and activation. It is thus perhaps not surprising that TRAF3 has been revealed as an important tumor suppressor in B cells. The many and varied functions of TRAF3 in B cells, and new directions to pursue in future studies, are summarized and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bruce S. Hostager
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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92
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Thiemann M, Richards DM, Heinonen K, Kluge M, Marschall V, Merz C, Redondo Müller M, Schnyder T, Sefrin JP, Sykora J, Fricke H, Gieffers C, Hill O. A Single-Chain-Based Hexavalent CD27 Agonist Enhances T Cell Activation and Induces Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2018; 8:387. [PMID: 30298117 PMCID: PMC6160747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 (TNFRSF7, CD27), expressed primarily by T cells, and its ligand CD27L (TNFSF7, CD70) provide co-stimulatory signals that boost T cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Agonistic stimulation of CD27 is therefore a promising therapeutic concept in immuno-oncology intended to boost and sustain T cell driven anti-tumor responses. Endogenous TNFSF/TNFRSF-based signal transmission is a structurally well-defined event that takes place during cell-to-cell-based contacts. It is well-established that the trimeric-trivalent TNFSF-receptor binding domain (TNFSF-RBD) exposed by the conducting cell and the resulting multi-trimer-based receptor clustering on the receiving cell are essential for agonistic signaling. Therefore, we have developed HERA-CD27L, a novel hexavalent TNF receptor agonist (HERA) targeting CD27 and mimicking the natural signaling concept. HERA-CD27L is composed of a trivalent but single-chain CD27L-receptor-binding-domain (scCD27L-RBD) fused to an IgG1 derived silenced Fc-domain serving as dimerization scaffold. The hexavalent agonist significantly boosted antigen-specific T cell responses while having no effect on non-specific T cells and was superior over stabilized recombinant trivalent CD27L. In addition, HERA-CD27L demonstrated potent single-agent anti-tumor efficacy in two different syngeneic tumor models, MC38-CEA and CT26wt. Furthermore, the combination of HERA-CD27L and an anti-PD-1 antibody showed additive anti-tumor effects highlighting the importance of both T cell activation and checkpoint inhibition in anti-tumor immunity. In this manuscript, we describe the development of HERA-CD27L, a true CD27 agonist with a clearly defined forward-signaling mechanism of action.
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93
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Townsend MH, Shrestha G, Robison RA, O’Neill KL. The expansion of targetable biomarkers for CAR T cell therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:163. [PMID: 30031396 PMCID: PMC6054736 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are an integral part of cancer management due to their use in risk assessment, screening, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring progress of disease. Recently, with the advent of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a new category of targetable biomarkers has emerged. These biomarkers are associated with the surface of malignant cells and serve as targets for directing cytotoxic T cells. The first biomarker target used for CAR T cell therapy was CD19, a B cell marker expressed highly on malignant B cells. With the success of CD19, the last decade has shown an explosion of new targetable biomarkers on a range of human malignancies. These surface targets have made it possible to provide directed, specific therapy that reduces healthy tissue destruction and preserves the patient's immune system during treatment. As of May 2018, there are over 100 clinical trials underway that target over 25 different surface biomarkers in almost every human tissue. This expansion has led to not only promising results in terms of patient outcome, but has also led to an exponential growth in the investigation of new biomarkers that could potentially be utilized in CAR T cell therapy for treating patients. In this review, we discuss the biomarkers currently under investigation and point out several promising biomarkers in the preclinical stage of development that may be useful as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Thunder Biotech, Highland, UT USA
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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94
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Akagi J, Baba H. CD57 ratio as a convenient and useful immunological and prognostic parameter for stage IV carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9257-9263. [PMID: 29928332 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD)8+CD57+ T cells are derived through the CD8+ T cell-differentiation signaling pathway from early differentiated CD27+CD8+CD57-T cells (early-CD8+ T cells) to terminal-differentiated CD27-CD8+CD57+ T cells (terminal-CD8+ T cells) via intermediate-differentiated CD27+CD8+CD57+ T cells (intermediate-CD8+ T cells). The increase of CD8+CD57+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer has been associated with prognosis, which suggests their suitability as a candidate immunological marker. The present study investigated the association of these CD57-related CD8+ T cell populations in the peripheral blood of 100 Stage IV cancer patients with progression-free survival (PFS), using a Cox regression model. Univariate analysis indicated that early- and intermediate-CD8+ T cells were associated with shorter PFS, whereas terminal-CD8+ T cells were associated with longer PFS. A strong inverse correlation was observed between early- and terminal-CD8+ T cells, and multivariate analysis demonstrated that the CD57 ratio (terminal-CD8+ T cells/early-CD8+ T cells) was a more significant independent prognostic factor compared with early- or terminal-CD8+ T cells. Patients with a higher CD57 ratio had a significantly longer PFS compared with those with a lower CD57 ratio, in whom terminal-CD8+ T cells were supposed to be predominant. Conversely, results indicated inhibition of the CD8+ T cell differentiation signaling pathway in patients with a low CD57 ratio, which lead to a predominance of early-CD8+ T cells, a characteristic of immunosuppressive cells. The present findings suggested that the CD57 ratio appears to be a powerful immunological prognostic parameter obtained from the peripheral blood, precisely reflecting the state of CD8+ T cell-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Akagi
- Department of Surgery, Tamana Regional Health Medical Center, Tamana, Kumamoto 865-0005, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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95
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Wang PQ, Liu Q, Xu WJ, Yu YN, Zhang YY, Li B, Liu J, Wang Z. Pure mechanistic analysis of additive neuroprotective effects between baicalin and jasminoidin in ischemic stroke mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:961-974. [PMID: 29345255 PMCID: PMC6256271 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both baicalin (BA) and jasminoidin (JA) are active ingredients in Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis and Fructus gardeniae, respectively. They have been shown to exert additive neuroprotective action in ischemic stroke models. In this study we used transcriptome analysis to explore the pure therapeutic mechanisms of BA, JA and their combination (BJ) contributing to phenotype variation and reversal of pathological processes. Mice with middle cerebral artery obstruction were treated with BA, JA, their combination (BJ), or concha margaritifera (CM). Cerebral infarct volume was examined to determine the effect of these compounds on phenotype. Using the hippocampus microarray and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, we exacted the differentially expressed genes, networks, pathways, and functions in positive-phenotype groups (BA, JA and BJ) by comparing with the negative-phenotype group (CM). In the BA, JA, and BJ groups, a total of 7, 4, and 11 specific target molecules, 1, 1, and 4 networks, 51, 59, and 18 canonical pathways and 70, 53, and 64 biological functions, respectively, were identified. Pure therapeutic mechanisms of BA and JA were mainly overlapped in specific target molecules, functions and pathways, which were related to the nervous system, inflammation and immune response. The specific mechanisms of BA and JA were associated with apoptosis and cancer-related signaling and endocrine and hormone regulation, respectively. In the BJ group, novel target profiles distinct from mono-therapies were revealed, including 11 specific target molecules, 10 functions, and 10 pathways, the majority of which were related to a virus-mediated immune response. The pure additive effects between BA and JA were based on enhanced action in virus-mediated immune response. This pure mechanistic analysis may provide a clearer outline of the target profiles of multi-target compounds and combination therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/immunology
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Iridoids/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Systems Biology/methods
- Transcriptome/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-qian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-juan Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-ying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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96
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Akagi J, Baba H, Sekine T, Ogawa K. Terminally differentiated CD8 + T cells and CD57 -FOXP3 +CD8 + T cells are highly associated with the efficacy of immunotherapy using activated autologous lymphocytes. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9529-9536. [PMID: 29805674 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with activated autologous lymphocytes (AALs) has demonstrated mixed results for cancer treatment. Preliminary results revealed that the proportion of cluster of differentiation (CD)8+CD57+ T cells is significantly increased in AALs, indicating that they are able to determine treatment outcome. Therefore, the role of CD8+CD57+ T cells in AAL efficacy was investigated. T lymphocytes were isolated from 35 patients with stage IV gastric carcinomas (17 men and 18 women; aged 41-84 years) receiving immunotherapy using AALs (IAAL). Using fluorescence activated cell sorting, CD8, CD27, CD57, and forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) expression was investigated on CD8+ T cell populations in CD8+ T cell differentiation prior to and following in vitro culture. The association between these populations and progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed using Cox univariate, and multivariate analyses and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. CD57 expression was negative in early-differentiated CD8+ T cells (CD27+CD8+CD57-), and positive in intermediate- (CD27+CD8+CD57+) and terminal- (CD27-CD8+CD57+) differentiated CD8+ T cells. Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between terminal-CD8+ T cells and longer PFS times (P=0.035), whereas CD57-FOXP3+CD8+ T cells were associated with shorter PFS times. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD57-FOXP3+CD8+ T cells was an independent poor prognostic factor, whereas CD57+FOXP3+CD8+ T cells were not associated with PFS. Although IAAL increased the proportion of terminal-CD8+ T cells relative to the pre-culture proportions, patients with a high CD57-FOXP3+CD8+ T cell percentage exhibited repressed terminal-CD8+ T cell induction, leading to poor patient prognosis. Terminally differentiated CD27-CD8+CD57+ T cells were responsible for the effectiveness of AALs; however, CD57-FOXP3+CD8+ T cells abrogated their efficacy, possibly by inhibiting their induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Akagi
- Department of Surgery, Tamana Regional Health Medical Center, Tamana, Kumamoto 865-0005, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Schürch CM. Therapeutic Antibodies for Myeloid Neoplasms-Current Developments and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2018; 8:152. [PMID: 29868474 PMCID: PMC5968093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as antibody-drug conjugates, ligand-receptor antagonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors and bispecific T cell engagers have shown impressive efficacy in the treatment of multiple human cancers. Numerous therapeutic mAbs that have been developed for myeloid neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), are currently investigated in clinical trials. Because AML and MDS originate from malignantly transformed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells-the so-called leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that are highly resistant to most standard drugs-these malignancies frequently relapse and have a high disease-specific mortality. Therefore, combining standard chemotherapy with antileukemic mAbs that specifically target malignant blasts and particularly LSCs or utilizing mAbs that reinforce antileukemic host immunity holds great promise for improving patient outcomes. This review provides an overview of therapeutic mAbs for AML and MDS. Antibody targets, the molecular mechanisms of action, the efficacy in preclinical leukemia models, and the results of clinical trials are discussed. New developments and future studies of therapeutic mAbs in myeloid neoplasms will advance our understanding of the immunobiology of these diseases and enhance current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Schürch
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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98
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Di Virgilio F, Sarti AC, Grassi F. Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by P2X ion channels. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:51-59. [PMID: 29631184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a major component of the inflammatory microenvironment where it accumulates following cell and tissue injury but also as a consequence of non-lytic release from activated inflammatory cells. In the inflammatory microenvironment ATP binds and activates nucleotide receptors of the P2Y and P2X subfamilies expressed by immune cells. P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled, while P2X receptors are cation-selective channels. Changes in the intracellular ion homeostasis triggered by P2X receptor stimulation trigger multiple key responses crucial for initiation, propagation, and resolution of inflammation. In the P2X receptor family, the P2X7 subtype has an important role in the activation of lymphocyte, granulocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell responses. Although clinical studies have been so far rather inconclusive, it is believed that P2X7 receptor targeting might offer novel perspectives for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Via Francesco Sforza, 35-20122 Milan, Italy.
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99
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Ruggiero A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Beloukas A, Richman D, Khoo S, Phillips A, Geretti AM. Factors Associated With Persistence of Plasma HIV-1 RNA During Long-term Continuously Suppressive Firstline Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy032. [PMID: 29507867 PMCID: PMC5825920 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of plasma HIV-1 RNA during seemingly effective antiretroviral thereapy (ART) is incompletely understood. Using an ultrasensitive assay, this cross-sectional study investigated residual plasma HIV-1 RNA in subjects maintained on firstline ART with continuous viral load suppression <50 copies/mL for ≤15 years without recognized viral load blips or treatment interruptions and explored its relationship with the duration of suppressive ART, efavirenz concentrations in plasma, 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA (2-LTRc DNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation in peripheral blood. Methods Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, total HIV-1 DNA and 2-LTRc DNA were quantified by real-time and digital droplet PCR. Cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and 2-LTRc DNA were detected in 52/104 (50%) and 24/104 (23%) subjects, respectively. Among subjects with detectable HIV-1 RNA, 50/52 showed levels ≤11 copies/mL. In adjusted analyses, HIV-1 RNA levels were 0.37 log10 copies/mL higher with each log10 U/mL increase in sCD27 (95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.73; P = .02). No significant association was found between residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and other explored parameters. Conclusions These findings point to an ongoing relationship between plasma HIV-1 RNA and selected markers of immune activation during continuously suppressive ART. The novel direct association with levels of sCD27 warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ruggiero
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Saye Khoo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Phillips
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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100
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Caorsi R, Rusmini M, Volpi S, Chiesa S, Pastorino C, Sementa AR, Uva P, Grossi A, Lanino E, Faraci M, Minoia F, Signa S, Picco P, Martini A, Ceccherini I, Gattorno M. CD70 Deficiency due to a Novel Mutation in a Patient with Severe Chronic EBV Infection Presenting As a Periodic Fever. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2015. [PMID: 29434583 PMCID: PMC5796890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies with selective susceptibility to EBV infection are rare conditions associated with severe lymphoproliferation. We followed a patient, son of consanguineous parents, referred to our center for recurrent periodic episodes of fever associated with tonsillitis and adenitis started after an infectious mononucleosis and responsive to oral steroid. An initial diagnosis of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, cervical adenitis syndrome was done. In the following months, recurrent respiratory infections and episodes of keratitis were also observed, together with a progressive reduction of immunoglobulin levels and an increase of CD20+ cells. Cell sorting and EBV PCR showed 25,000 copies for 100,000 leukocytes with predominant infection of B lymphocytes. Lymph node’s biopsy revealed reactive lymphadenopathy with paracortical involvement consistent with a chronic EBV infection. Molecular analysis of XIAP, SHA2D1A, ITK, and CD27 genes did not detect any pathogenic mutation. The patients underwent repeated courses of anti-CD20 therapy with only a partial control of the disease, followed by stem cell transplantation with a complete normalization of clinical and immunological features. Whole exome sequencing of the trio was performed. Among the variants identified, a novel loss of function homozygous c.163-2A>G mutation of the CD70 gene, affecting the exon 2 AG-acceptor splice site, fit the expected recessive model of inheritance. Indeed, deficiency of both CD27, and, more recently, of its ligand CD70, has been reported as a cause of EBV-driven lymphoproliferation and hypogammaglobulinemia. Cell surface analysis of patient-derived PHA-T cell blasts and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines confirmed absence of CD70 expression. In conclusion, we describe a case of severe chronic EBV infection caused by a novel mutation of CD70 presenting with recurrent periodic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Caorsi
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Rusmini
- Division of Human Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Chiesa
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastorino
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Uva
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Science and Technology Park Polaris, Pula, Italy
| | - Alice Grossi
- Division of Human Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Lanino
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Maura Faraci
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Minoia
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Signa
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Picco
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Martini
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Gattorno
- Clinica Pediatria e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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