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Zhao D, Tsoi JKH, Wong HM, Chu CH, Matinlinna JP. Paediatric Over-the-Counter (OTC) Oral Liquids Can Soften and Erode Enamel. Dent J (Basel) 2017; 5:E17. [PMID: 29563423 PMCID: PMC5806977 DOI: 10.3390/dj5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the softening and erosive effects of various paediatric over-the-counter (OTC) oral liquids on deciduous teeth. Twenty sectioned and polished deciduous enamel blocks were ground on the buccal surface (2 × 2 mm²) and randomly divided into five groups, immersed into four commercially-available paediatric OTC oral liquids (two for paracetamol, both sugared; and two for chlorpheniramine, one sugared and one sugar-free), with deionized water as control. The pH of the oral liquids ranged from 2.50 to 5.77. Each block was immersed into the test or control groups for 15 s, rinsed with deionized water, and Vickers micro-hardness (n = 5) was measured. After twenty cycles of immersion and hardness measurements, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) were used to evaluate the surface morphology and chemistry of the tooth blocks, respectively. The pH values of the liquids were also recorded. Rapidly descending trends in the micro-hardness ratios of the four test groups were observed that were statistically different from the control group (p < 0.001). EDS showed an increase of Ca/C ratio after drug immersion, whereas SEM showed an enamel loss in all the test groups. Paediatric OTC oral liquids could significantly soften the enamel and render them more susceptible to caries, such that the formulation of the oral liquids is the major factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - James Kit-Hon Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hai Ming Wong
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:80-92. [PMID: 26662484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.
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Adams SE, Arnold D, Murphy B, Carroll P, Green AK, Smith AM, Marsh PD, Chen T, Marriott RE, Brading MG. A randomised clinical study to determine the effect of a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins on plaque oral microbiome ecology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43344. [PMID: 28240240 PMCID: PMC5327414 DOI: 10.1038/srep43344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous species that make up the oral microbiome are now understood to play a key role in establishment and maintenance of oral health. The ability to taxonomically identify community members at the species level is important to elucidating its diversity and association to health and disease. We report the overall ecological effects of using a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins compared to a control toothpaste on the plaque microbiome. The results reported here demonstrate that a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins can augment natural salivary defences to promote an overall community shift resulting in an increase in bacteria associated with gum health and a concomitant decrease in those associated with periodontal disease. Statistical analysis shows significant increases in 12 taxa associated with gum health including Neisseria spp. and a significant decrease in 10 taxa associated with periodontal disease including Treponema spp. The results demonstrate that a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins can significantly shift the ecology of the oral microbiome (at species level) resulting in a community with a stronger association to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Adams
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - D. Arnold
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - B. Murphy
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - P. Carroll
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - A. K. Green
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - A. M. Smith
- Unilever R&D Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - P. D. Marsh
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
| | - T. Chen
- Forsyth Dental Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - R. E. Marriott
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - M. G. Brading
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
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Kirsch J, Hannig C, Pötschke S, Basche S, Bowen WH, Rupf S, Trautmann S, Umanskaya N, Hannig M. Enzymology and Ultrastructure of the in situ Pellicle in Caries-Active and Caries-Inactive Patients. Caries Res 2017; 51:109-118. [DOI: 10.1159/000452226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of caries activity on the key enzymes and the ultrastructure of the in situ pellicle. Methods: Pellicle formation was performed on bovine enamel slabs. Intraoral exposure (3, 30, and 120 min) was accomplished by 14 caries-active (DMFS: 22.7 ± 12.1) and 13 caries-inactive (DMFS: 1.5 ± 1.8) individuals. The enzyme activities (lysozyme, peroxidase, α-amylase, glycosyltransferase [GTF]) in the in situ pellicle and resting saliva of all participants were analyzed directly after oral exposure. In addition, a simultaneous visualization of these enzymes, extracellular glucans, and adherent bacteria was carried out. Fluorescent patterns were analyzed with fluorescence labeling and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole/concanavalin A staining. In addition, the distribution of GTF B, C, and D and the ultrastructure of the pellicle were examined by gold immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy with selected samples. Results: Enzyme activities of amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme, and GTF were detected on all enamel slabs in an active conformation. Neither exposure time nor caries activity had an impact on the enzyme activities. Gold immunolabeling indicated that the pellicle of caries-active subjects tends to more GTF D molecules. The pellicles of caries-inactive and -active individuals revealed a similar ultrastructural pattern. Conclusion: The enzyme activities as well as the pellicle's ultrastructure are of high similarity in caries-active and -inactive subjects. Thereby, oral exposure time has no significant influence. This reflects a high uniformity during the initial phase of bioadhesion (3-120 min) concerning enzymatic functions. However, there is a tendency towards more GTF D in caries-active individuals.
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Delius J, Trautmann S, Médard G, Kuster B, Hannig M, Hofmann T. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis of the surface-bound salivary pellicle. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:68-76. [PMID: 28086104 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The salivary pellicle, covering natural as well as restored tooth surfaces in the oral cavity as an immobilized protein-rich layer, acts as an important physico-chemical and biological mediator at the tooth-saliva-interface. For the first time, the pellicle's proteome of individual volunteers were analyzed separately on three consecutive days and the relative protein abundance determined by a label-free quantitative nano-LC-MS/MS approach. A total of 72 major proteins were identified in the initial pellicles formed intraorally on dental ceramic specimens already after 3min with high inter-individual and inter-day consistency. In comparison, significant differences in protein abundance were evident between subjects, thus indicating unique individual pellicle profiles. Furthermore, the relative protein abundance in pellicles was compared to the proteome pattern in the corresponding saliva samples of the same individuals to provide first data on significantly enriched and depleted salivary proteins (p <0.05) within the surface-bound salivary pellicle. Our findings reveal the initial adsorption of salivary proteins at the solid-liquid interface to be a rapid, highly selective, and reproducible process leading to the immobilization of a broad range of protective proteins and enzymes on the substratum surface within a few minutes. This provides evidence that the pellicle layer might be physiologically functional even without further maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Delius
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Simone Trautmann
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Salivary and pellicle proteome: A datamining analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38882. [PMID: 27966577 PMCID: PMC5155218 DOI: 10.1038/srep38882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to comprehensively compare two compartmented oral proteomes, the salivary and the dental pellicle proteome. Systematic review and datamining was used to obtain the physico-chemical, structural, functional and interactional properties of 1,515 salivary and 60 identified pellicle proteins. Salivary and pellicle proteins did not differ significantly in their aliphatic index, hydrophaty, instability index, or isoelectric point. Pellicle proteins were significantly more charged at low and high pH and were significantly smaller (10–20 kDa) than salivary proteins. Protein structure and solvent accessible molecular surface did not differ significantly. Proteins of the pellicle were more phosphorylated and glycosylated than salivary proteins. Ion binding and enzymatic activities also differed significantly. Protein-protein-ligand interaction networks relied on few key proteins. The identified differences between salivary and pellicle proteins could guide proteome compartmentalization and result in specialized functionality. Key proteins could be potential targets for diagnostic or therapeutic application.
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Rösch C, Kratz F, Hering T, Trautmann S, Umanskaya N, Tippkötter N, Müller-Renno C, Ulber R, Hannig M, Ziegler C. Albumin-lysozyme interactions: Cooperative adsorption on titanium and enzymatic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 149:115-121. [PMID: 27744208 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYZ) adsorbed simultaneously on titanium was analyzed by gel electrophoresis and BCA assay. It was found that BSA and lysozyme adsorb cooperatively. Additionally, the isoelectric point of the respective protein influences the adsorption. Also, the enzymatic activity of lysozyme and amylase (AMY) in mixtures with BSA was considered with respect to a possible influence of protein-protein interaction on enzyme activity. Indeed, an increase of lysozyme activity in the presence of BSA could be observed. In contrast, BSA does not influence the activity of amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rösch
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fabian Kratz
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Hering
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Trautmann
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University of the Saarland, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Umanskaya
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University of the Saarland, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nils Tippkötter
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christine Müller-Renno
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University of the Saarland, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Ziegler
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Boehlke C, Pötschke S, Behringer V, Hannig C, Zierau O. Does diet influence salivary enzyme activities in elephant species? J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:213-226. [PMID: 27580888 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are herbivore generalists; however, Asian elephants might ingest a higher proportion of grasses than Africans. Although some studies have investigated nutrition-specific morphological adaptations of the two species, broader studies on salivary enzymes in both elephant species are lacking. This study focuses on the comparison of salivary enzymes activity profiles in the two elephant species; these enzymes are relevant for protective and digestive functions in humans. We aimed to determine whether salivary amylase (sAA), lysozyme (sLYS), and peroxidase (sPOD) activities have changed in a species-specific pattern during evolutionary separation of the elephant genera. Saliva samples of 14 Asian and eight African elephants were collected in three German zoos. Results show that sAA and sLYS are salivary components of both elephant species in an active conformation. In contrast, little to no sPOD activity was determined in any elephant sample. Furthermore, sAA activity was significantly higher in Asian compared with African elephants. sLYS and sPOD showed no species-specific differences. The time of food provision until sample collection affected only sAA activity. In summary, the results suggest several possible factors modulating the activity of the mammal-typical enzymes, such as sAA, sLYS, and sPOD, e.g., nutrition and sampling procedure, which have to be considered when analyzing differences in saliva composition of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehlke
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Pötschke
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Bardellini E, Amadori F, Majorana A. Oral hygiene grade and quality of life in children with chemotherapy-related oral mucositis: a randomized study on the impact of a fluoride toothpaste with salivary enzymes, essential oils, proteins and colostrum extract versus a fluoride toothpaste without menthol. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 14:314-319. [PMID: 27160933 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the use of a fluoride toothpaste (Bioxtra® , Biopharm, Milan, Italy) with salivary enzymes, essential oils, proteins and colostrum extract versus a fluoride toothpaste without menthol on the oral hygiene grade and on the quality of life (QoL) of children with oral mucositis (OM) grade 1 or 2 receiving chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL). METHODS Patients between 6 and 14 years with OM were randomly assigned to two groups, group A (Bioxtra® toothpaste) and group B (fluoride toothpaste without menthol). The patients were instructed to brush their teeth at least twice a day using a soft toothbrush with a small head. Oral hygiene grade was assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s); quality of life was assessed using the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaires. The patients were evaluated on day 1(diagnosis of OM-T0) and on day 8 (T1). Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 64 patients were enrolled. A significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean of the OHI-s in group A (0.9 ± 1.2) and in group B (1.5 ± 1.3) was found; the overall OHIP-14 scores were not associated with the use of one or the other toothpaste (P = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS Although the use of Bioxtra® toothpaste does not affect the QoL of children undergoing chemotherapy, it may be recommended as clinically effective in improving the oral hygiene grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bardellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - F Amadori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Majorana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Wang Y, Hao H, Zhang S. Lysozyme loading and release from Se doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:545-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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In vitro salivary pellicles from adults and children have different protective effects against erosion. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:1973-1979. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salvatori O, Puri S, Tati S, Edgerton M. Innate Immunity and Saliva in Candida albicans-mediated Oral Diseases. J Dent Res 2016; 95:365-71. [PMID: 26747422 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515625222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a unique niche where Candida albicans infections occur in immunocompetent as well as immunosuppressed individuals. Here we critically review the significance of human innate immune response in preventing oral candidiasis. One important line of defense against oropharyngeal candidiasis is the oral microbiota that prevents infection by competing for space and nutrients as well as by secreting antagonistic molecules and triggering local inflammatory responses. C. albicans is able to induce mucosal defenses through activation of immune cells and production of cytokines. Also, saliva contains various proteins that affect C. albicans growth positively by promoting mucosal adherence and negatively through immune exclusion and direct fungicidal activity. We further discuss the role of saliva in unifying host innate immune defenses against C. albicans as a communicating medium and how C. albicans overgrowth in the oral cavity may be a result of aberrations ranging from microbial dysbiosis and salivary dysfunction to epithelial damage. Last we underscore select oral diseases in which C. albicans is a contributory microorganism in immune-competent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Salvatori
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Puri
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Tati
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Grychtol S, Viergutz G, Pötschke S, Bowen WH, Hoth-Hannig W, Leis B, Umanskaya N, Hannig M, Hannig C. Enzymes in the in-situ pellicle of children with different caries activity. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:319-326. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Grychtol
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Gabriele Viergutz
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Sandra Pötschke
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - William H. Bowen
- School of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester NY USA
| | - Wiebke Hoth-Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital; Saarland University; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Birgit Leis
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital; Saarland University; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Natalia Umanskaya
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital; Saarland University; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital; Saarland University; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry; Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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Weber MT, Hannig M, Pötschke S, Höhne F, Hannig C. Application of Plant Extracts for the Prevention of Dental Erosion: An in situ/in vitro Study. Caries Res 2015; 49:477-87. [PMID: 26228871 DOI: 10.1159/000431294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antiadherent and antibacterial effects of certain plant extracts have been proven to be beneficial in preventive dentistry. In the present in situ/in vitro crossover study, the impact of plant extracts rich in polyphenols on the erosion-protective properties of the in situ pellicle was evaluated. METHODS Individual splints were prepared for 12 subjects for intraoral exposure of bovine enamel specimens. Following formation of a 1-min pellicle, watery plant extracts (leaves of the wild form of Ribes nigrum, the wild form of Origanum as well as a combination of both) were administered for 10 min in situ. Alternatively, a mouth rinse with fluorides (Elmex Kariesschutz) was performed for 1 min. After further oral exposure for 19/28 min, respectively, slabs were removed and incubated with HCl in vitro over 120 s (pH 2, 2.3, 3). The resulting calcium and phosphate release was quantified photometrically. Slabs with and without a 30-min in situ pellicle served as controls. The modification of pellicle ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Plant extracts modulated the erosion-protective properties of the native in situ pellicle in all test groups in a pH-dependent manner. The combination of R. nigrum leaves and Origanum enhanced the protective properties of the pellicle at all pH values; the administration of this preparation was comparable, yet superior, to the effect of the fluoridated mouth rinse. TEM images indicated that rinsing with R. nigrum leaves/Origanum yielded a distinctly thicker and more electron-dense pellicle. CONCLUSION The combination of certain plant extracts offers a novel approach to the complementary prevention of dental erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Theres Weber
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Kim BS, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kho HS. The effects of xylitol and sorbitol on lysozyme- and peroxidase-related enzymatic and candidacidal activities. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:998-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saliva as the Sole Nutritional Source in the Development of Multispecies Communities in Dental Plaque. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mbp-0013-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Dental plaque is a polymicrobial biofilm that forms on the surfaces of teeth and, if inadequately controlled, can lead to dental caries or periodontitis. Nutrient availability is the fundamental limiting factor for the formation of dental plaque, and for its ability to generate acid and erode dental enamel. Nutrient availability is also critical for bacteria to grow in subgingival biofilms and to initiate periodontitis. Over the early stages of dental plaque formation, micro-organisms acquire nutrients by breaking down complex salivary substrates such as mucins and other glycoproteins. Once dental plaque matures, dietary carbohydrates become more important for supragingival dental plaque, and gingival crevicular fluid forms the major nutrient source for subgingival microorganisms. Many species of oral bacteria do not grow in laboratory monocultures when saliva is the sole nutrient source, and it is now clear that intermicrobial interactions are critical for the development of dental plaque. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the key metabolic requirements of some well-characterized oral bacteria, and the nutrient webs that promote the growth of multispecies communities and underpin the pathogenicity of dental plaque for both dental caries and periodontitis.
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Arabacı T, Çiçek Y, Beydemir Ş, Çanakçı CF, Çanakçı V. Are increased salivary carbonic anhydrase VI levels related to the amount of supragingival dental calculus formation and clinical periodontal scores? J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Boehlke C, Zierau O, Hannig C. Salivary amylase - The enzyme of unspecialized euryphagous animals. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1162-76. [PMID: 26043446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) is the most abundant enzyme in the saliva of man and of several vertebrates. In humans, salivary amylase is mainly formed in the parotid gland; its activity is of high inter-individual and intra-individual variability. The physiological functions of α-amylase have not yet been explored completely. It is well known that the enzyme cleaves the α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides. Furthermore it plays an important role in initial bioadhesion in man, facilitating carbohydrate metabolism and bacterial adherence at the tooth surface and therewith caries initiation. Nevertheless, it is still a matter of interest why humans have such high amounts of salivary amylase. OBJECTIVE The review presents an evolutionary approach by considering salivary amylase in the animal kingdom with special focus on mammalians divided into the three main nutritional types carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores; it was postulated that for most mammalian animals salivary α-amylase is essential. RESULTS The enzyme has been detected in saliva of some herbivores and many omnivorous animals, but not in pure carnivores. Focusing on ruminants, negligible levels or an absence of α-amylase was determined. Presence and activity probably differ depending on the species-specific diet. Animals feeding on unripe fruits, seeds, roots and bulbs exhibit higher activity of salivary α-amylase than species consuming ripe fruits, insects, and vertebrates. CONCLUSION In contrast to carnivores and most herbivores, omnivores have considerable amounts of amylase in their saliva. Though, the starch-digesting enzyme has been investigated well, the physiological function of amylase in saliva has not yet been explored completely. It can be hypothesized that nutritional habits affect expression of enzymes in the saliva of animals. It has to be verified, whether α-amylase is genetically or epigenetically determined. As a consequence of the development of agriculture, and following dietary changes, amylase can be recognized as a nutritional and evolutionary marker. Interdisciplinary evolutionary research might offer new perspectives for preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehlke
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Kamio N, Imai K, Shimizu K, Cueno ME, Tamura M, Saito Y, Ochiai K. Neuraminidase-producing oral mitis group streptococci potentially contribute to influenza viral infection and reduction in antiviral efficacy of zanamivir. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:357-66. [PMID: 25001578 PMCID: PMC11113501 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a serious respiratory disease among immunocompromised individuals, such as the elderly, and its prevention is an urgent social issue. Influenza viruses rely on neuraminidase (NA) activity to release progeny viruses from infected cells and spreading the infection. NA is, therefore, an important target of anti-influenza drugs. A causal relationship between bacteria and influenza virus infection has not yet been established, however, a positive correlation between them has been reported. Thus, in this study, we examined the biological effects of oral mitis group streptococci, which are predominant constituents of human oral florae, on the release of influenza viruses. Among them, Streptococcus oralis ATCC 10557 and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 6249 were found to exhibit NA activity and their culture supernatants promoted the release of influenza virus and cell-to-cell spread of the infection. In addition, culture supernatants of these NA-producing oral bacteria increased viral M1 protein expression levels and cellular ERK activation. These effects were not observed with culture supernatants of Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 which lacks the ability to produce NA. Although the NA inhibitor zanamivir suppressed the release of progeny viruses from the infected cells, the viral release was restored upon the addition of culture supernatants of NA-producing S. oralis ATCC 10557 or S. mitis ATCC 6249. These findings suggest that an increase in the number of NA-producing oral bacteria could elevate the risk of and exacerbate the influenza infection, hampering the efficacy of viral NA inhibitor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kamio
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
| | - Kazufumi Shimizu
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Marni E. Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310 Japan
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Kim BS, Kim YY, Chang JY, Kho HS. Interactions between Hyaluronic Acid, Lysozyme, Peroxidase, and Glucose Oxidase in Enzymatic Activities at Low pH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.14476/jomp.2014.39.4.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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73
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Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7283-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Aladağ A, Elter B, Çömlekoğlu E, Kanat B, Sonugelen M, Kesercioğlu A, Özcan M. Effect of Different Cleaning Regimens on the Adhesion of Resin to Saliva-Contaminated Ceramics. J Prosthodont 2014; 24:136-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akın Aladağ
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Bahar Elter
- Teaching assistant, Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Erhan Çömlekoğlu
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Burcu Kanat
- Research assistant, Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sonugelen
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Atilla Kesercioğlu
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Professor, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science; Dental Materials Unit; Center for Dental and Oral Medicine; University of Zürich; Zurich Switzerland
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Gibbins HL, Yakubov GE, Proctor GB, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. What interactions drive the salivary mucosal pellicle formation? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:184-92. [PMID: 24921197 PMCID: PMC4097378 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bound salivary pellicle is essential for protection of both the enamel and mucosa in the oral cavity. The enamel pellicle formation is well characterised, however the mucosal pellicle proteins have only recently been clarified and what drives their formation is still unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the salivary pellicle on particles with different surface properties (hydrophobic or hydrophilic with a positive or negative charge), to determine a suitable model to mimic the mucosal pellicle. A secondary aim was to use the model to test how transglutaminase may alter pellicle formation. Particles were incubated with resting whole mouth saliva, parotid saliva and submandibular/sublingual saliva. Following incubation and two PBS and water washes bound salivary proteins were eluted with two concentrations of SDS, which were later analysed using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Experiments were repeated with purified transglutaminase to determine how this epithelial-derived enzyme may alter the bound pellicle. Protein pellicles varied according to the starting salivary composition and the particle chemistry. Amylase, the single most abundant protein in saliva, did not bind to any particle indicating specific protein binding. Most proteins bound through hydrophobic interactions and a few according to their charges. The hydrophobic surface most closely matched the known salivary mucosal pellicle by containing mucins, cystatin and statherin but an absence of amylase and proline-rich proteins. This surface was further used to examine the effect of added transglutaminase. At the concentrations used only statherin showed any evidence of crosslinking with itself or another saliva protein. In conclusion, the formation of the salivary mucosal pellicle is probably mediated, at least in part, by hydrophobic interactions to the epithelial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Gordon B Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Stephen Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - Guy H Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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JÁGR M, ECKHARDT A, PATARIDIS S, BROUKAL Z, DUŠKOVÁ J, MIKŠÍK I. Proteomics of Human Teeth and Saliva. Physiol Res 2014; 63:S141-54. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth have been a focus of interest for many centuries – due to medical problems with them. They are the hardest part of the human body and are composed of three mineralized parts – enamel, dentin and cementum, together with the soft pulp. However, saliva also has a significant impact on tooth quality. Proteomic research of human teeth is now accelerating, and it includes all parts of the tooth. Some methodological problems still need to be overcome in this research field – mainly connected with calcified tissues. This review will provide an overview of the current state of research with focus on the individual parts of the tooth and pellicle layer as well as saliva. These proteomic results can help not only stomatology in terms of early diagnosis, identifying risk factors, and systematic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - I. MIKŠÍK
- Department of Analysis of Biologically Important Compounds, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Roberts AP, Mullany P. Oral biofilms: a reservoir of transferable, bacterial, antimicrobial resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:1441-50. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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78
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KAWABE A, NAKAGAWA I, KANNO Z, TSUTSUMI Y, HANAWA T, ONO T. Evaluation of biofilm formation in the presence of saliva on poly(ethylene glycol)deposited titanium. Dent Mater J 2014; 33:638-47. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2014-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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79
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Jakubovics NS, Yassin SA, Rickard AH. Community interactions of oral streptococci. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 87:43-110. [PMID: 24581389 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800261-2.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that the most common oral diseases, dental caries and periodontitis, are caused by mixed-species communities rather than by individual pathogens working in isolation. Oral streptococci are central to these disease processes since they are frequently the first microorganisms to colonize oral surfaces and they are numerically the dominant microorganisms in the human mouth. Numerous interactions between oral streptococci and other bacteria have been documented. These are thought to be critical for the development of mixed-species oral microbial communities and for the transition from oral health to disease. Recent metagenomic studies are beginning to shed light on the co-occurrence patterns of streptococci with other oral bacteria. Refinements in microscopy techniques and biofilm models are providing detailed insights into the spatial distribution of streptococci in oral biofilms. Targeted genetic manipulation is increasingly being applied for the analysis of specific genes and networks that modulate interspecies interactions. From this work, it is clear that streptococci produce a range of extracellular factors that promote their integration into mixed-species communities and enable them to form social networks with neighboring taxa. These "community integration factors" include coaggregation-mediating adhesins and receptors, small signaling molecules such as peptides or autoinducer-2, bacteriocins, by-products of metabolism including hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid, and a range of extracellular enzymes. Here, we provide an overview of various types of community interactions between oral streptococci and other microorganisms, and we consider the possibilities for the development of new technologies to interfere with these interactions to help control oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Sufian A Yassin
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Moazzez RV, Austin RS, Rojas-Serrano M, Carpenter G, Cotroneo E, Proctor G, Zaidel L, Bartlett DW. Comparison of the possible protective effect of the salivary pellicle of individuals with and without erosion. Caries Res 2013; 48:57-62. [PMID: 24217151 DOI: 10.1159/000352042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquired pellicle adheres to tooth surfaces and has been suggested to provide differing degrees of protection against acidic erosion. This study investigated whether pellicle formed on enamel blocks in patients suffering dietary dental erosion modified the effect of an in vitro simulated dietary challenge, in comparison with pellicle formed on enamel blocks in healthy subjects and to no-pellicle enamel samples. Sixty subjects recruited from dental erosion clinics were compared to healthy age-matched controls. Subjects wore a custom-made maxillary splint holding human enamel blocks for 1 h during which the acquired enamel pellicle was formed. Enamel blocks were removed from the splints and a simulated dietary erosive challenge of 10 min was performed. In addition the challenge was performed on 30 enamel samples without pellicle. Profilometry showed no statistical difference between samples from the erosion subjects with a mean step height of 1.74 µm (SD 0.88) and median roughness (Sa) of 0.39 µm (interquartile range, IQR 0.3-0.56) and the controls with 1.34 µm (SD 0.66) and 0.33 µm (IQR 0.27-0.38), respectively. The control samples without pellicle had Sa of 0.44 µm (IQR 0.36-0.69) and these differences were statistically significant compared to those from the healthy subjects (p = 0.002). Mean (SD) microhardness reduction with a 100-gram load for the erosion group was 113.5 (10) KHN, for healthy subjects was 93 (15.4) KHN and for the enamel samples without pellicle 139.6 (21.8) KHN and all groups were statistically different. The microhardness and roughness data suggested the pellicle influenced erosion under these study conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Moazzez
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
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81
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Gibbins HL, Proctor GB, Yakubov GE, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. Concentration of salivary protective proteins within the bound oral mucosal pellicle. Oral Dis 2013; 20:707-13. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- HL Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GB Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GE Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld. Australia
| | - S Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover Colworth Science Park Sharnbrook UK
| | - GH Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
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Fluorescence microscopic visualization of non cellular components during initial bioadhesion in situ. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1271-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Interactions between hyaluronic acid, lysozyme, and the glucose oxidase-mediated lactoperoxidase system in enzymatic and candidacidal activities. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Reich M, Kümmerer K, Al-Ahmad A, Hannig C. Fatty Acid Profile of the Initial Oral Biofilm (Pellicle): an In-Situ Study. Lipids 2013; 48:929-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Buzalaf MAR, Hannas AR, Kato MT. Saliva and dental erosion. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 20:493-502. [PMID: 23138733 PMCID: PMC3881791 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental erosion is a multifactorial condition. The consideration of chemical, biological and behavioral factors is fundamental for its prevention and therapy. Among the biological factors, saliva is one of the most important parameters in the protection against erosive wear. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the role of salivary factors on the development of dental erosion. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search was undertaken on MeDLINe website for papers from 1969 to 2010. The keywords used in the research were "saliva", "acquired pellicle", "salivary flow", "salivary buffering capacity" and "dental erosion". Inclusion of studies, data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken independently and in duplicate by two members of the review team. Disagreements were solved by discussion and consensus or by a third party. RESULTS Several characteristics and properties of saliva play an important role in dental erosion. Salivary clearance gradually eliminates the acids through swallowing and saliva presents buffering capacity causing neutralization and buffering of dietary acids. Salivary flow allows dilution of the acids. In addition, saliva is supersaturated with respect to tooth mineral, providing calcium, phosphate and fluoride necessary for remineralization after an erosive challenge. Furthermore, many proteins present in saliva and acquired pellicle play an important role in dental erosion. CONCLUSIONS Saliva is the most important biological factor affecting the progression of dental erosion. Knowledge of its components and properties involved in this protective role can drive the development of preventive measures targeting to enhance its known beneficial effects.
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86
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Gibbins H, Carpenter G. Alternative Mechanisms of Astringency – What is the Role of Saliva? J Texture Stud 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.L. Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
| | - G.H. Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
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87
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Masson N, Domingues RR, Cury JA, Paes Leme AF. Acidulated phosphate fluoride application changes the protein composition of human acquired enamel pellicle. Caries Res 2013; 47:251-8. [PMID: 23343843 DOI: 10.1159/000346280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated, by proteomic analysis, whether the chemical changes provoked on enamel by acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) application alter the protein composition of acquired enamel pellicle. Enamel slabs, pretreated with distilled water (negative control), phosphoric acid (active control) or APF solution, were immersed in human saliva for pellicle formation. The adsorbed proteins were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Fifty-six proteins were identified, 12 exclusive to APF and 11 to phosphoric acid. APF decreased the concentration of histatin-1, but increased the concentration of S100-A9, which is confirmed by immunoblotting. The findings suggest that APF application changes the acquired enamel pellicle composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Masson
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Jager D, Vissink A, Timmer C, Bronkhorst E, Vieira A, Huysmans M. Reduction of Erosion by Protein-Containing Toothpastes. Caries Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000344016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17:9-17. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell-based therapies for bone augmentation after tooth loss and for the treatment of periodontal defects improve healing defects. Usually, osteogenic cells or stem cells are cultivated in 2D primary cultures, before they are combined with scaffold materials, even though this means a loss of the endogenous 3D microenvironment for the cells. Moreover, the use of single-cell suspensions for the inoculation of scaffolds or for the direct application into an area of interest has the disadvantages of low initial cell numbers and susceptibility to unwanted cellular distribution, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We addressed the question whether an alternative to monolayer cultures, namely 3D microtissues, has the potential to improve osteogenic tissue engineering and its clinical outcome. RESULTS By contrast, to monolayer cultures, osteogenic differentiation of 3D microtissues is enhanced by mimicking in vivo conditions. It seems that the osteogenic differentiation in microtissues is enhanced by strong integrin-extracellular matrix interaction and by stronger autocrine BMP2 signaling. Moreover, microtissues are less prone to wash out by body fluids and allow the precise administration of large cell numbers. CONCLUSION Microtissue cultures have closer characteristics with cells in vivo and their enhanced osteogenic differentiation makes scaffold-free microtissues a promising concept in osteogenic tissue engineering. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Microtissues are particularly suitable for tissue engineering because they improve seeding efficiency of biomaterials by increasing the cell load of a scaffold. This results in accelerated osteogenic tissue formation and could contribute to earlier implant stability in mandibular bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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90
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Hannig C, Gaeding A, Basche S, Richter G, Helbig R, Hannig M. Effect of Conventional Mouthrinses on Initial Bioadhesion to Enamel and Dentin in situ. Caries Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000345083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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91
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Operative, Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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92
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Lipids in preventive dentistry. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:669-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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93
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Siqueira W, Custodio W, McDonald E. New Insights into the Composition and Functions of the Acquired Enamel Pellicle. J Dent Res 2012; 91:1110-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512462578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) is a thin acellular film that forms on tooth surfaces upon exposure to the oral environment. It consists predominantly of salivary proteins, but also includes non-salivary-derived proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Since it is the interface between teeth and the oral environment, the AEP plays a key role in the maintenance of oral health by regulating processes including lubrication, demineralization, and remineralization and shaping the composition of early microbial flora adhering to tooth surfaces. Knowledge of the 3D structure of the AEP and how that correlates with its protective functions may provide insight into several oral pathological states, including caries, erosion, and periodontal disease. This review intends to update readers about the latest discoveries related to the formation, ultrastructure, composition, and functions of the AEP, as well as the future of pellicle research, with particular emphasis on the emerging role of proteomic and microscopy techniques in oral diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.L. Siqueira
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - W. Custodio
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - E.E. McDonald
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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94
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Reich M, Hannig C, Al-Ahmad A, Bolek R, Kümmerer K. A comprehensive method for determination of fatty acids in the initial oral biofilm (pellicle). J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2226-2230. [PMID: 22829652 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d026260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquired pellicle is a tenacious organic layer covering the surface of teeth, protecting the underlying dental hard tissues. Lipids account for about one quarter of the pellicle's dry weight and are assumed to be of considerable importance for their protective properties. Nevertheless, only preliminary information is available about the nature of lipids in the pellicle. Gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry was used to establish a convenient analytical protocol in order to obtain a qualitative and quantitative characterization of a wide range of FAs (C(12)-C(22)). In situ biofilm formation was performed on bovine enamel slabs mounted on individual splints carried by 10 subjects. A modified Folch extraction procedure was adopted to extract the lipids from the detached pellicle, followed by transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters using methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Tridecanoic and nonadecanoic acid were used as internal standards suitable and reliable for robust, precise and accurate measurements. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, a procedure based on a combination of innovative specimen generation and convenient sample preparation with sensitive GC-MS analysis for the determination of the fatty acid profile of the initial oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reich
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Bolek
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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95
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17 Suppl 1:S9-19. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology. Materials and methods Literature was reviewed using search engines with MESH terms, DH pain mechanisms and aetiology (including abrasion, erosion and periodontal disease). Results The many hypotheses proposed for DHS attest to our lack of knowledge in understanding neurophysiologic mechanisms, the most widely accepted being the hydrodynamic theory. Dentin tubules must be patent from the oral environment to the pulp. Dentin exposure, usually at the cervical margin, is due to a variety of processes involving gingival recession or loss of enamel, predisposing factors being periodontal disease and treatment, limited alveolar bone, thin biotype, erosion and abrasion. Conclusions The current pain mechanism of DHS is thought to be the hydrodynamic theory. The initiation and progression of DHS are influenced by characteristics of the teeth and periodontium as well as the oral environment and external influences. Risk factors are numerous often acting synergistically and always influenced by individual susceptibility. Clinical relevance Whilst the pain mechanism of DHS is not well understood, clinicians need to be mindful of the aetiology and risk factors in order to manage patients’ pain and expectations and prevent further dentin exposure with subsequent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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96
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Kho HS, Kim YY, Chang JY, Kim MJ, Lee SG. Candidacidal activities of the glucose oxidase-mediated lactoperoxidase system. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:684-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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97
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Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G. Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4295-4320. [PMID: 22605979 PMCID: PMC3344215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Although some of these molecules are present in rather low concentrations, their effects are additive and/or synergistic, resulting in an efficient molecular defense network of the oral cavity. Moreover, local concentrations of these proteins near the mucosal surfaces (mucosal transudate), periodontal sulcus (gingival crevicular fluid) and oral wounds and ulcers (transudate) may be much greater, and in many cases reinforced by immune and/or inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa. Some defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPAs (70 kDa heat shock proteins), are involved in both innate and acquired immunity. Cationic peptides and other defense proteins like lysozyme, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), BPI-like proteins, PLUNC (palate lung and nasal epithelial clone) proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, prolin-rich proteins, mucins, peroxidases, statherin and others are primarily responsible for innate immunity. In this paper, this complex system and function of the salivary defense proteins will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Károly Fábián
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-338-4380; Fax: +36-1-317-5270
| | - Péter Hermann
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Pál Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Gábor Fábián
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mail:
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98
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Yao JW, Xiao Y, Lin F. Effect of various pH values, ionic strength, and temperature on papain hydrolysis of salivary film. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:140-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99
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Perez Alea M, Thomas V, Martin G, El Alaoui S. Identification of human salivary transglutaminases. Amino Acids 2011; 44:245-50. [PMID: 22080209 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) expression and enzymatic activities in human saliva were investigated. Specific antibodies showed the co-existence of TG1, TG2, TG3 and TG4. TG2 and TG3 were found in native and multiple proteolytic forms. Our data indicate that TG1 and TG2 isoenzymes are highly active with the major activity attributed to TG1. These findings pave the way for future studies on the physiological role of TG in the oral cavity and the potential impact of their deregulation in TG-associated oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileidys Perez Alea
- CovalAb, Research Department, 11 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France.
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100
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Pithon MM, Ferraz CDS, de Oliveira GDC, Pereira TBJ, Oliveira DD, de Souza RA, de Freitas LMA, dos Santos RL. Effect of 10% papain gel on enamel deproteinization before bonding procedure. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:541-5. [PMID: 22077189 DOI: 10.2319/062911-423.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that enamel deproteinization with 10% papain gel does not increase the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty bovine incisors were used and divided into eight groups: 1) Transbond XT according to the manufacturer's recommendations, 2) Transbond XT deproteinized with 10% papain gel, 3) RMGIC without enamel deproteinization and without etching, 4) RMGIC without enamel etching and with deproteinization with 10% papain gel, 5) RMGIC deproteinized with 10% papain gel and etched with polyacrylic acid, 6) RMGIC deproteinized with 10% papain gel and etched with phosphoric acid, 7) RMGIC deproteinized with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 8) RMGIC etched with polyacrylic acid. After bonding, the mechanical tests were performed in a Universal mechanical test machine. The values obtained were submitted to an analysis of variance and afterward to the Tukey test (P < .05). RESULTS It was demonstrated that group 2 presented the highest shear bond strength value, and this differed statistically from the others; group 3 presented the lowest value and showed no differences from groups 4, 5, 7, and 8. Regarding the Adhesive Remnant Index, groups 2 and 6 presented the best results and groups 3 and 8 the worst. It could be concluded that enamel deproteinization with 10% papain gel increases the shear bond strength, irrespective of the etching agent. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis is rejected. Papain gel was shown to be a new ally in the orthodontic clinic.
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