51
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Asikainen P, Mikkonen JJW, Kullaa AM. Surface Morphology of Superficial Cells in Irradiated Oral Mucosa: An Experimental Study in Beagle Dog. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:268-72. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.877550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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52
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Gabryel-Porowska H, Gornowicz A, Bielawska A, Wójcicka A, Maciorkowska E, Grabowska SZ, Bielawski K. Mucin levels in saliva of adolescents with dental caries. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:72-7. [PMID: 24441930 PMCID: PMC3907531 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human saliva, a complex secretion that contains a mixture of inorganic and organic molecules, plays an essential role in the maintenance of oral health. Mucins are the major macromolecular component of the secretion and are considered the first line of defense for epithelial tissues. The aim of this study was to compare levels of mucins (MUC5B, MUC7, and MUC1) in saliva of young subjects with dental caries. Material/Methods All patients had DMF (decay/missing/filled) higher than value 0. Eight subjects with DMF=3 (control group) and 27 adolescents with DMF >11 (research group) were recruited for this study. Clinical evaluation procedures were oral examination, including tooth, periodontal, oral mucosal status, and collection of saliva samples. Saliva was collected for mucin assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantitate MUC5B, MUC7, and MUC1. Results Our results indicate that adolescents with very high intensity of dental caries disease had increased levels of MUC1 and MUC5B. The membrane mucin MUC1 protein levels in the group with DMF>11 (research group) were higher compared to the group with DMF=3 (control group), and the increase was statistically significant (p=0.011). Similarly, secreted mucin MUC5B protein levels were higher (p=0.06) in the group with DMF>11 (research group). Although MUC7 protein levels were slightly reduced in symptomatic subjects, the decrease was statistically insignificant (p=0.918). Conclusions Our data suggest links between the production of mucins, especially MUC1 and MUC5B in saliva, and dental caries disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Gornowicz
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Bielawska
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Wójcicka
- Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery Clinic, Białystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Maciorkowska
- Department of Developmental Period Medicine and Pediatric Nursing, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Bielawski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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53
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Gibbins HL, Proctor GB, Yakubov GE, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. Concentration of salivary protective proteins within the bound oral mucosal pellicle. Oral Dis 2013; 20:707-13. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- HL Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GB Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GE Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld. Australia
| | - S Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover Colworth Science Park Sharnbrook UK
| | - GH Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
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Kho HS, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kim Y. MUC1 and toll-like receptor-2 expression in burning mouth syndrome and oral lichen planus. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:837-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Randall K, Stevens J, Yepes JF, Randall ME, Kudrimoti M, Feddock J, Xi J, Kryscio RJ, Miller CS. Analysis of factors influencing the development of xerostomia during intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:772-9. [PMID: 23523462 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Factors influencing xerostomia during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were assessed. METHODS A 6-week study of 32 head and neck cancer (HNC) patients was performed. Subjects completed the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) and provided stimulated saliva (SS) at baseline, week 2 and at end of IMRT. Influence of SS flow rate (SSFR), calcium and mucin 5b (MUC5b) concentrations and radiation dose on xerostomia was determined. RESULTS HNC subjects experienced mean SSFR decline of 36% by visit 2 (N = 27; P = .012) and 57% by visit 3 (N = 20; P = .0004). Concentrations of calcium and MUC5b increased, but not significantly during IMRT (P > .05). Xerostomia correlated most with decreasing salivary flow rate as determined by Spearman correlations (P < .04) and linear mixed models (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Although IMRT is sparing to the parotid glands, it has an early effect on SSFR and the constituents in saliva in a manner that is associated with the perception of xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Randall
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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56
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Gibbins H, Carpenter G. Alternative Mechanisms of Astringency – What is the Role of Saliva? J Texture Stud 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.L. Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
| | - G.H. Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
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Naumova EA, Dierkes T, Sprang J, Arnold WH. The oral mucosal surface and blood vessels. Head Face Med 2013; 9:8. [PMID: 23497446 PMCID: PMC3639856 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Detailed information about the size of the oral mucosa is scarce in the literature, and those studies that do exist do not take into account the size of the tongue or the enlargement of the surface by the papillae. Because of the various functions of the oral mucosa in the maintenance of oral health, knowledge of its true size may provide a better understanding of the physiology of the oral cavity and some oral diseases and direct future therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the total size of the oral mucosa. Methods Five human adult cadaver heads were cut in the median sagittal plane, and the total area of the oral surface was determined using silicon casts. The surface of the tongue was measured with quantitative profilometry. Photographs of oral blood vessels were taken in different areas of the oral mucosa of adult test subjects using intravital microscopy, and the pictures were compared with vessel casts of the oral mucosal capillaries of a maccaca fasciculrais monkey, which was studied using a scanning electron microscope. Results The results showed that the dorsal side of the tongue comprises a large proportion of the total oral mucosal surface. The surface area of the epithelium increases moving from anterior to posterior on the tongue, and the number of underlying blood vessels increases proportionally. Conclusions It can be concluded that the back of the tongue plays an important role in the oral resorption of drugs. Clinical relevance: The results may be of relevance for the delivery and development of oral drug application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Naumova
- Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health, School of Dentistry, Witten, Germany
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58
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Osailan SM, Pramanik R, Shirlaw P, Proctor GB, Challacombe SJ. Clinical assessment of oral dryness: development of a scoring system related to salivary flow and mucosal wetness. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114:597-603. [PMID: 22959491 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a clinical oral dryness score (CODS) for routine use in assessment of xerostomia patients and determine its relationship with salivary flow rates and mucosal wetness. STUDY DESIGN CODS was determined from 10 features of oral dryness, each scoring as 1 point for a total score of 0-10. CODS, salivary flow rates, and mucosal wetness were measured in 100 patients and 50 healthy control subjects. The reproducibility of CODS was 0.89-0.96 (intraclass correlation coefficient). RESULTS The mean ± SD CODS in patients was 6.0 ± 1.6 compared with 1.0 ± 0.9 for control subjects (P < .001), and the highest mean value was in the primary Sjögren syndrome group. There was a general inverse relationship in patients between mean CODS and salivary flow rate (P < .01) and mean CODS and mucosal wetness (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The CODS was found to be useful, easy to use, and reliable for routine assessment of the severity of dry mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Osailan
- King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Veeregowda DH, Busscher HJ, Vissink A, Jager DJ, Sharma PK, van der Mei HC. Role of structure and glycosylation of adsorbed protein films in biolubrication. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42600. [PMID: 22916138 PMCID: PMC3419733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Water forms the basis of lubrication in the human body, but is unable to provide sufficient lubrication without additives. The importance of biolubrication becomes evident upon aging and disease, particularly under conditions that affect secretion or composition of body fluids. Insufficient biolubrication, may impede proper speech, mastication and swallowing, underlie excessive friction and wear of articulating cartilage surfaces in hips and knees, cause vaginal dryness, and result in dry, irritated eyes. Currently, our understanding of biolubrication is insufficient to design effective therapeutics to restore biolubrication. Aim of this study was to establish the role of structure and glycosylation of adsorbed protein films in biolubrication, taking the oral cavity as a model and making use of its dynamics with daily perturbations due to different glandular secretions, speech, drinking and eating, and tooth brushing. Using different surface analytical techniques (a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy), we demonstrated that adsorbed salivary conditioning films in vitro are more lubricious when their hydrophilicity and degree of glycosylation increase, meanwhile decreasing their structural softness. High-molecular-weight, glycosylated proteins adsorbing in loops and trains, are described as necessary scaffolds impeding removal of water during loading of articulating surfaces. Comparing in vitro and in vivo water contact angles measured intra-orally, these findings were extrapolated to the in vivo situation. Accordingly, lubricating properties of teeth, as perceived in 20 volunteers comprising of equal numbers of male and female subjects, could be related with structural softness and glycosylation of adsorbed protein films on tooth surfaces. Summarizing, biolubrication is due to a combination of structure and glycosylation of adsorbed protein films, providing an important clue to design effective therapeutics to restore biolubrication in patients with insufficient biolubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak H. Veeregowda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Derk-Jan Jager
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prashant K. Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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60
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Dijkema T, Terhaard CHJ, Roesink JM, Raaijmakers CPJ, van den Keijbus PAM, Brand HS, Veerman ECI. MUC5B levels in submandibular gland saliva of patients treated with radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer: a pilot study. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:91. [PMID: 22704532 PMCID: PMC3434044 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The salivary mucin MUC5B, present in (sero)mucous secretions including submandibular gland (SMG) saliva, plays an important role in the lubrication of the oral mucosa and is thought to be related to the feeling of dry mouth. We investigated if MUC5B levels in SMG saliva could distinguish between the presence or absence of severe dry mouth complaints 12 months after radiotherapy (RT) for head-and-neck cancer (HNC). Findings Twenty-nine HNC patients with a residual stimulated SMG secretion rate of ≥0.2 ml/10 min at 12 months after RT were analyzed. MUC5B (in U; normalized to 1) and total protein levels (mg/ml) were measured in SMG saliva at baseline and 12 months after RT using ELISA and BCA protein assay, respectively. Overall, median MUC5B levels decreased after RT from 0.12 to 0.03 U (p = 0.47). Patients were dichotomized into none/mild xerostomia (n = 12) and severe xerostomia (n = 17) based on a questionnaire completed at 12 months. SMG and whole saliva flow rates decreased after RT but were comparable in both groups. The median MUC5B level was higher in patients with no or mild xerostomia compared to patients with severe xerostomia (0.14 vs 0.01 U, p = 0.22). Half of the patients with severe xerostomia had no detectable MUC5B at 12 months after RT. No differences in total protein levels were observed. Conclusions Qualitative saliva parameters like MUC5B need further investigation in RT-induced xerostomia. This pilot study showed a trend towards lower MUC5B levels in the SMG saliva of patients with severe xerostomia 12 months after RT for HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dijkema
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, hp Q00,118, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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61
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The defence architecture of the superficial cells of the oral mucosa. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:790-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G. Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4295-4320. [PMID: 22605979 PMCID: PMC3344215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Although some of these molecules are present in rather low concentrations, their effects are additive and/or synergistic, resulting in an efficient molecular defense network of the oral cavity. Moreover, local concentrations of these proteins near the mucosal surfaces (mucosal transudate), periodontal sulcus (gingival crevicular fluid) and oral wounds and ulcers (transudate) may be much greater, and in many cases reinforced by immune and/or inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa. Some defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPAs (70 kDa heat shock proteins), are involved in both innate and acquired immunity. Cationic peptides and other defense proteins like lysozyme, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), BPI-like proteins, PLUNC (palate lung and nasal epithelial clone) proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, prolin-rich proteins, mucins, peroxidases, statherin and others are primarily responsible for innate immunity. In this paper, this complex system and function of the salivary defense proteins will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Károly Fábián
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-338-4380; Fax: +36-1-317-5270
| | - Péter Hermann
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Pál Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Gábor Fábián
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mail:
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Harvey NM, Yakubov GE, Stokes JR, Klein J. Lubrication and load-bearing properties of human salivary pellicles adsorbed ex vivo on molecularly smooth substrata. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:843-856. [PMID: 22881290 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.714777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In a series of Surface Force Balance experiments, material from human whole saliva was adsorbed to molecularly smooth mica substrata (to form an 'adsorbed salivary film'). Measurements were taken of normal (load bearing, F (n)) and shear (frictional, F (s)*) forces between two interacting surfaces. One investigation involved a salivary film formed by overnight adsorption from undiluted, centrifuged saliva, with the adsorbed film rinsed with pure water before measurement. Measurements were taken under pure water and 70 mM NaNO(3). In a second investigation, a film was formed from and measured under a solution of 7% filtered saliva in 10 mM NaNO(3). F (n) results for both systems showed purely repulsive layers, with an uncompressed thickness of 35-70 nm for the diluted saliva investigation and, prior to the application of shear, 11 nm for the rinsed system. F (s)* was essentially proportional to F (n) for all systems and independent of shear speed (in the range 100-2000 nm s(-1)), with coefficients of friction μ ≈ 0.24 and μ ≈ 0.46 for the unrinsed and rinsed systems, respectively. All properties of the rinsed system remained similar when the pure water measurement environment was changed to 70 mM NaNO(3). For all systems studied, shear gave rise to an approximately threefold increase in the range of normal forces, attributed to the ploughing up of adsorbed material during shear to form debris that stood proud of the adsorbed layer. The results provide a microscopic demonstration of the wear process for a salivary film under shear and may be of particular interest for understanding the implications for in vivo oral lubrication under conditions such as rinsing of the mouth cavity. The work is interpreted in light of earlier studies that showed a structural collapse and increase in friction for an adsorbed salivary film in an environment of low ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale M Harvey
- The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ, Oxford, UK
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de Souza FTA, Amaral TMP, dos Santos TPM, Abdo EN, Aguiar MCF, Teixeira AL, Kummer AM, Abreu MHNG, Silva TA. Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Therapeutic Approach Involving Mechanical Salivary Stimulation. Headache 2011; 52:1026-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harvey NM, Carpenter GH, Proctor GB, Klein J. Normal and frictional interactions of purified human statherin adsorbed on molecularly-smooth solid substrata. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:823-835. [PMID: 21815844 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.603412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human salivary statherin was purified from parotid saliva and adsorbed to bare hydrophilic (HP) mica and STAI-coated hydrophobic (HB) mica in a series of Surface Force Balance experiments that measured the normal (F(n)) and friction forces (F(s)*) between statherin-coated mica substrata. Readings were taken both in the presence of statherin solution (HP and HB mica) and after rinsing (HP mica). F(n) measurements showed, for both substrata, monotonic steric repulsion that set on at a surface separation D ~20 nm, indicating an adsorbed layer whose unperturbed thickness was ca 10 nm. An additional longer-ranged repulsion, probably of electrostatic double-layer origin, was observed for rinsed surfaces under pure water. Under applied pressures of ~1 MPa, each surface layer was compressed to a thickness of ca 2 nm on both types of substratum, comparable with earlier estimates of the size of the statherin molecule. Friction measurements, in contrast with F(n) observations, were markedly different on the two different substrata: friction coefficients, μ ≡ ∂F(s)*/∂F(n), on the HB substratum (μ ≈ 0.88) were almost an order of magnitude higher than on the HP substratum (μ ≈ 0.09 and 0.12 for unrinsed and rinsed, respectively), and on the HB mica there was a lower dependence of friction on sliding speed than on the HP mica. The observations were attributed to statherin adsorbing to the mica in multimer aggregates, with internal re-arrangement of the protein molecules within the aggregate dependent on the substratum to which the aggregate adsorbed. This internal re-arrangement permitted aggregates to be of similar size on HP and HB mica but to have different internal molecular orientations, thus exposing different moieties to the solution in each case and accounting for the very different friction behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale M Harvey
- The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13QZ, UK
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Challacombe SJ, Fidel PL, Tugizov S, Tao L, Wahl SM. HIV infection and specific mucosal immunity: workshop 4B. Adv Dent Res 2011; 23:142-51. [PMID: 21441496 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most HIV infections are transmitted across mucosal epithelium. An area of fundamental importance is understanding the role of innate and specific mucosal immunity in susceptibility or protection against HIV infection, as well as the effect of HIV infection on mucosal immunity, which leads to increased susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections of oral and other mucosae. This workshop attempted to address 5 basic issues-namely, HIV acquisition across mucosal surfaces, innate and adaptive immunity in HIV resistance, antiviral activity of breast milk as a model mucosal fluid, neutralizing immunoglobulin A antibodies against HIV, and progress toward a mucosal vaccine against HIV. The workshop attendants agreed that progress had been made in each area covered, with much recent information. However, these advances revealed how little work had been performed on stratified squamous epithelium compared with columnar epithelium, and the attendants identified several important biological questions that had not been addressed. It is increasingly clear that innate immunity has an important biological role, although basic understanding of the mechanisms of normal homeostasis is still being investigated. Application of the emerging knowledge was lacking with regard to homeostatic mucosal immunity to HIV and its role in changing this homeostasis. With regard to breast milk, a series of studies have demonstrated the differences between transmitters and nontransmitters, although whether these findings could be generalized to other secretions such as saliva was less clear. Important progress toward an oral mucosal HIV vaccine has been made, demonstrating proof of principle for administering vaccine candidates into oral lymphoid tissues to trigger anti-HIV local and systemic immune responses. Similarly, experimental data emphasized the central role of neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV infection via mucosal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Challacombe
- Department of Oral Medicine, Kings College London Dental Institute, London, UK.
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67
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Gomes SGF, Cury AADB, Garcia RCMR. Effect of hyposalivation on mastication and mandibular movements during speech. Braz Oral Res 2011; 25:351-6. [PMID: 21755259 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242011005000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patients with hyposalivation present damaged mastication or mandibular movements during speech. Forty subjects composed 2 groups: control and hyposalivation. Masticatory performance was assessed with a silicon-based artificial material and a 10-sieve method. Mandibular movements during speech were observed with a 3D jaw-tracking device. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney method (P < 0.05). The masticatory performance (mm) of control and hyposalivation were 4.40 ± 0.62 and 4.74 ± 1.34, respectively. Outcomes for speech movements (mm) were as follows: maximum vertical opening amplitude (10.8 ± 4.2; 9.9 ± 2.7) and displacements to the right (1.0 ± 0.8; 0.5 ± 0.6), left (1.8 ± 1.4; 2.3 ± 1.2), or anterior-posterior (2.8 ± 1.1; 2.9 ± 1.0) for control and hyposalivation, respectively. No statistical difference was found between groups for any variable. The results indicated that hyposalivation did not affect masticatory performance or mandibular movements during speech.
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Chang WI, Chang JY, Kim YY, Lee G, Kho HS. MUC1 expression in the oral mucosal epithelial cells of the elderly. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:885-90. [PMID: 21382610 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MUC1 is primarily involved in the protection of epithelial surfaces. Decreases in oral mucosal defence can be a predisposing factor for the development of oral mucosal diseases in the elderly. The aim of this study was to compare MUC1 expression level in oral mucosal epithelial cells of the elderly with that of young adults. DESIGN Thirty elderly (mean age, 71.1±4.6 years) and thirty young (mean age, 26.4±2.4 years) adults (15 men and 15 women in each group) were included. Oral examination, including tooth, periodontal, and oral mucosal status, was performed and whole saliva samples were collected along with flow rate measurements. Precipitates of stimulated whole saliva were used for the evaluation of MUC1 expression using real-time PCR. Clarified supernatants were used for the measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the amounts of MUC1 transcripts in elderly subjects compared with those of young subjects, a result seen in both men (0.589-fold) and women (0.547-fold). The MUC1 expression level was not correlated with salivary cytokine level but did show a significant positive correlation with the level of periodontal inflammation (r(s)=0.505, P<0.01) in the elderly group. CONCLUSIONS Oral mucosal defence provided by MUC1 was decreased in the elderly; this decrease may play a role in the development of oral mucosal diseases in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Ic Chang
- Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Yunkeun-Dong 28, Chongro-Ku, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Proctor GB, Osailan S, Pramanik R, Shirlaw PJ, Challacombe SJ. PLENARY ABSTRACT: Drug related hyposalivation: a review of physiology and sites of drug action. Oral Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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