51
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Baker JA, Wong WC, Eisenhaber B, Warwicker J, Eisenhaber F. Charged residues next to transmembrane regions revisited: "Positive-inside rule" is complemented by the "negative inside depletion/outside enrichment rule". BMC Biol 2017; 15:66. [PMID: 28738801 PMCID: PMC5525207 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmembrane helices (TMHs) frequently occur amongst protein architectures as means for proteins to attach to or embed into biological membranes. Physical constraints such as the membrane’s hydrophobicity and electrostatic potential apply uniform requirements to TMHs and their flanking regions; consequently, they are mirrored in their sequence patterns (in addition to TMHs being a span of generally hydrophobic residues) on top of variations enforced by the specific protein’s biological functions. Results With statistics derived from a large body of protein sequences, we demonstrate that, in addition to the positive charge preference at the cytoplasmic inside (positive-inside rule), negatively charged residues preferentially occur or are even enriched at the non-cytoplasmic flank or, at least, they are suppressed at the cytoplasmic flank (negative-not-inside/negative-outside (NNI/NO) rule). As negative residues are generally rare within or near TMHs, the statistical significance is sensitive with regard to details of TMH alignment and residue frequency normalisation and also to dataset size; therefore, this trend was obscured in previous work. We observe variations amongst taxa as well as for organelles along the secretory pathway. The effect is most pronounced for TMHs from single-pass transmembrane (bitopic) proteins compared to those with multiple TMHs (polytopic proteins) and especially for the class of simple TMHs that evolved for the sole role as membrane anchors. Conclusions The charged-residue flank bias is only one of the TMH sequence features with a role in the anchorage mechanisms, others apparently being the leucine intra-helix propensity skew towards the cytoplasmic side, tryptophan flanking as well as the cysteine and tyrosine inside preference. These observations will stimulate new prediction methods for TMHs and protein topology from a sequence as well as new engineering designs for artificial membrane proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0404-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Baker
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore.,School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Wing-Cheong Wong
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Jim Warwicker
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore. .,School of Computer Engineering (SCE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore.
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52
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Heberle FA, Pabst G. Complex biomembrane mimetics on the sub-nanometer scale. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:353-373. [PMID: 28717925 PMCID: PMC5578918 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic lipid vesicles are indispensable tools for gaining insight into the biophysics of cell physiology on the molecular level. The level of complexity of these model systems has steadily increased, and now spans from domain-forming lipid mixtures to asymmetric lipid bilayers. Here, we review recent progress in the development and application of elastic neutron and X-ray scattering techniques for studying these systems in situ and under physiologically relevant conditions on the nanometer to sub-nanometer length scales. In particular, we focus on: (1) structural details of coexisting liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domains, including their thickness and lipid packing mismatch as a function of a size transition from nanoscopic to macroscopic domains; (2) membrane-mediated protein partitioning into lipid domains; (3) the role of the aqueous medium in tuning interactions between membranes and domains; and (4) leaflet-specific structure in asymmetric bilayers and passive lipid flip-flop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Heberle
- The Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences and Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Georg Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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53
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The structure and function of cell membranes studied by atomic force microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:31-44. [PMID: 28723581 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane, involved in almost all communications of cells and surrounding matrix, is one of the most complicated components of cells. Lack of suitable methods for the detection of cell membranes in vivo has sparked debates on the biochemical composition and structure of cell membranes over half a century. The development of single molecule techniques, such as AFM, SMFS, and TREC, provides a versatile platform for imaging and manipulating cell membranes in biological relevant environments. Here, we discuss the latest developments in AFM and the progress made in cell membrane research. In particular, we highlight novel structure models and dynamic processes, including the mechanical properties of the cell membranes.
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54
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Escribá PV. Membrane-lipid therapy: A historical perspective of membrane-targeted therapies - From lipid bilayer structure to the pathophysiological regulation of cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1493-1506. [PMID: 28577973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of membrane lipid composition, structure and functions has led to the investigation of their role in cell signaling, both in healthy and pathological cells. As a consequence, therapies based on the regulation of membrane lipid composition and structure have been recently developed. This novel field, known as Membrane Lipid Therapy, is growing and evolving rapidly, providing treatments that are now in use or that are being studied for their application to oncological disorders, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, diabetes, obesity, and neuropathic pain. This field has arisen from relevant discoveries on the behavior of membranes in recent decades, and it paves the way to adopt new approaches in modern pharmacology and nutrition. This innovative area will promote further investigation into membranes and the development of new therapies with molecules that target the cell membrane. Due to the prominent roles of membranes in the cells' physiology and the paucity of therapeutic approaches based on the regulation of the lipids they contain, it is expected that membrane lipid therapy will provide new treatments for numerous pathologies. The first on-purpose rationally designed molecule in this field, minerval, is currently being tested in clinical trials and it is expected to enter the market around 2020. However, it seems feasible that during the next few decades other membrane regulators will also be marketed for the treatment of human pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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55
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Aoun M, Corsetto PA, Nugue G, Montorfano G, Ciusani E, Crouzier D, Hogarth P, Gregory A, Hayflick S, Zorzi G, Rizzo AM, Tiranti V. Changes in Red Blood Cell membrane lipid composition: A new perspective into the pathogenesis of PKAN. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:180-189. [PMID: 28456385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a form of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) associated with mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 gene (PANK2). The PANK2 catalyzes the first step of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, a pathway producing an essential cofactor that plays a key role in energy and lipid metabolism. The majority of PANK2 mutations reduces or abolishes the activity of the enzyme. In around 10% of cases with PKAN, the presence of deformed red blood cells with thorny protrusions in the circulation has been detected. Changes in membrane protein expression and assembly during erythropoiesis were previously explored in patients with PKAN. However, data on red blood cell membrane phospholipid organization are still missing in this disease. In this study, we performed lipidomic analysis on red blood cells from Italian patients affected by PKAN with a particular interest in membrane physico-chemical properties. We showed an increased number of small red blood cells together with membrane phospholipid alteration, particularly a significant increase in sphingomyelin (SM)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) and SM/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratios, in subjects with PKAN. The membrane structural abnormalities were associated with membrane fluidity perturbation. These morphological and functional characteristics of red blood cells in patients with PKAN offer new possible tools in order to shed light on the pathogenesis of the disease and to possibly identify further biomarkers for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Aoun
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Centre for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Antonia Corsetto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guillaume Nugue
- IRBA, Unité des Risques Technologiques Emergeants BP 73, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Gigliola Montorfano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Unit of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - David Crouzier
- IRBA, Unité des Risques Technologiques Emergeants BP 73, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Allison Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Susan Hayflick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Unit of Child Neurology, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Centre for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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56
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Escribá PV. WITHDRAWN: Membrane-lipid therapy: A historical perspective of membrane-targeted therapies-From lipid bilayer structure to the pathophysiological regulation of cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2017:S0005-2736(17)30139-6. [PMID: 28476630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.017. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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57
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Guyomarc’h F, Chen M, Et-Thakafy O, Zou S, Lopez C. Gel-gel phase separation within milk sphingomyelin domains revealed at the nanoscale using atomic force microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:949-958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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58
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Gaibelet G, Tercé F, Allart S, Lebrun C, Collet X, Jamin N, Orlowski S. Fluorescent probes for detecting cholesterol-rich ordered membrane microdomains: entangled relationships between structural analogies in the membrane and functional homologies in the cell. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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59
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Wolff J, Komura S, Andelman D. Budding transition of asymmetric two-component lipid domains. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:032406. [PMID: 27739709 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.032406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a model that accounts for the budding transition of asymmetric two-component lipid domains, where the two monolayers (leaflets) have different average compositions controlled by independent chemical potentials. Assuming a coupling between the local curvature and local lipid composition in each of the leaflets, we discuss the morphology and thermodynamic behavior of asymmetric lipid domains. The membrane free-energy contains three contributions: the bending energy, the line tension, and a Landau free-energy for a lateral phase separation. Within a mean-field treatment, we obtain various phase diagrams containing fully budded, dimpled, and flat states as a function of the two leaflet compositions. The global phase behavior is analyzed, and depending on system parameters, the phase diagrams include one-phase, two-phase, and three-phase regions. In particular, we predict various phase coexistence regions between different morphologies of domains, which may be observed in multicomponent membranes or vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Wolff
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS 23, rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Shigeyuki Komura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel and CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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60
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Tessier C, Sweers K, Frajerman A, Bergaoui H, Ferreri F, Delva C, Lapidus N, Lamaziere A, Roiser JP, De Hert M, Nuss P. Membrane lipidomics in schizophrenia patients: a correlational study with clinical and cognitive manifestations. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e906. [PMID: 27701405 PMCID: PMC5315538 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental condition in which several lipid abnormalities-either structural or metabolic-have been described. We tested the hypothesis that an abnormality in membrane lipid composition may contribute to aberrant dopamine signaling, and thereby symptoms and cognitive impairment, in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients. Antipsychotic-medicated and clinically stable SCZ outpatients (n=74) were compared with matched healthy subjects (HC, n=40). A lipidomic analysis was performed in red blood cell (RBC) membranes examining the major phospholipid (PL) classes and their associated fatty acids (FAs). Clinical manifestations were examined using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Cognitive function was assessed using the Continuous Performance Test, Salience Attribution Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Sphingomyelin (SM) percentage was the lipid abnormality most robustly associated with a schizophrenia diagnosis. Two groups of patients were defined. The first group (SCZ c/SM-) is characterized by a low SM membrane content. In this group, all other PL classes, plasmalogen and key polyunsaturated FAs known to be involved in brain function, were significantly modified, identifying a very specific membrane lipid cluster. The second patient group (SCZ c/SM+) was similar to HCs in terms of RBC membrane SM composition. Compared with SCZ c/SM+, SCZ c/SM- patients were characterized by significantly more severe PANSS total, positive, disorganized/cognitive and excited psychopathology. Cognitive performance was also significantly poorer in this subgroup. These data show that a specific RBC membrane lipid cluster is associated with clinical and cognitive manifestations of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia patients. We speculate that this membrane lipid abnormality influences presynaptic dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tessier
- INSERM ERL 1157, CHU Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - K Sweers
- UPC KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - A Frajerman
- Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - H Bergaoui
- Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - F Ferreri
- Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - C Delva
- SYLIA-STAT, Bourg-la-Reine, France
| | - N Lapidus
- Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, UMRS 1136, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France,Public Health Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A Lamaziere
- INSERM ERL 1157, CHU Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,UMR 7203, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - J P Roiser
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK
| | | | - P Nuss
- INSERM ERL 1157, CHU Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France,UMR 7203, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France,UMR 7203, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Université Paris 06, CHU Saint-Antoine 27, rue de Chaligny. Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, 184 rue du Fg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France. E-mail:
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61
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Lin X, Zhang S, Ding H, Levental I, Gorfe AA. The aliphatic chain of cholesterol modulates bilayer interleaflet coupling and domain registration. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3368-3374. [PMID: 27590031 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a necessary component and critical regulator of liquid-ordered membrane domains. However, the structural features that determine its unique physicochemical behaviors are not fully understood. In particular, very little is known about the specific functions of the terminal aliphatic chain of cholesterol, as previous studies have focused mainly on the rigid sterol ring structure and its hydroxyl head. In the current work, we used coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of cholesterol aliphatic chain length on the dynamics and structure of coexisting lipid domains. We found that the aliphatic chain has no appreciable effect on phase separation per se, but it significantly affects the rate of cholesterol flip-flop and intermonolayer interaction. These effects are accompanied by changes in domain dynamics, lateral pressure, and interleaflet coupling. Our study provides useful insight into how biological sterols modulate communication between the outer and inner surfaces of the plasma membrane and, therefore, cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Siya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yixing Hospital affiliated Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 214200, China
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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62
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Blosser MC, Honerkamp-Smith AR, Han T, Haataja M, Keller SL. Transbilayer Colocalization of Lipid Domains Explained via Measurement of Strong Coupling Parameters. Biophys J 2016; 109:2317-27. [PMID: 26636943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
When micron-scale compositional heterogeneity develops in membranes, the distribution of lipids on one face of the membrane strongly affects the distribution on the other. Specifically, when lipid membranes phase separate into coexisting liquid phases, domains in each monolayer leaflet of the membrane are colocalized with domains in the opposite leaflet. Colocalized domains have never been observed to spontaneously move out of registry. This result indicates that the lipid compositions in one leaflet are strongly coupled to compositions in the opposing leaflet. Predictions of the interleaflet coupling parameter, Λ, vary by a factor of 50. We measure the value of Λ by applying high shear forces to supported lipid bilayers. This causes the upper leaflet to slide over the lower leaflet, moving domains out of registry. We find that the threshold shear stress required to deregister domains in the upper and lower leaflets increases with the inverse length of domains. We derive a simple, closed-form expression relating the threshold shear to Λ, and find Λ = 0.016 ± 0.004 kBT/nm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Blosser
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aurelia R Honerkamp-Smith
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Mikko Haataja
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sarah L Keller
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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63
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Structural basis for phospholipid scrambling in the TMEM16 family. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 39:61-70. [PMID: 27295354 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, lipid scramblases dissipate the lipid asymmetry of membranes, in an ATP-independent manner, by catalyzing flip-flop of lipids between the leaflets. The molecular identities of these proteins long remained obscure, but in recent years the TMEM16 family of proteins has been found to constitute Ca2+-activated scramblases. Recently, the X-ray structure of a fungal TMEM16 homologue has provided insight into the architecture of this protein family and into potential scrambling mechanisms. The protein forms homodimers with each subunit containing a membrane-spanning hydrophilic cleft. This region is of sufficient size to harbor polar headgroups on their way across the membrane and thus may lower the energetic barrier for the diffusion of lipids between the two leaflets of the bilayer. A regulatory Ca2+ binding site located within the membrane adjacent to this hydrophobic cleft is responsible for activation by yet unknown mechanisms.
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64
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Tian J, Nickels J, Katsaras J, Cheng X. Behavior of Bilayer Leaflets in Asymmetric Model Membranes: Atomistic Simulation Studies. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8438-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Katsaras
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, 444 Greve Hall, 821 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-3394, United States
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65
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Ackerman DG, Feigenson GW. Effects of Transmembrane α-Helix Length and Concentration on Phase Behavior in Four-Component Lipid Mixtures: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4064-77. [PMID: 27081858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We used coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to examine the effects of transmembrane α-helical WALP peptides on the behavior of four-component lipid mixtures. These mixtures contain a high-melting temperature (high-Tm) lipid, a nanodomain-inducing low-Tm lipid, a macrodomain-inducing low-Tm lipid and cholesterol to model the outer leaflet of cell plasma membranes. In a series of simulations, we incrementally replace the nanodomain-inducing low-Tm lipid by the macrodomain-inducing low-Tm lipid and measure how lipid and phase properties are altered by the addition of WALPs of different length. Regardless of the ratio of the two low-Tm lipids, shorter WALPs increase domain size and all WALPs increase domain alignment between the two leaflets. These effects are smallest for the longest WALP tested, and increase with increasing WALP concentration. Thus, our simulations explain the experimental observation that WALPs induce macroscopic domains in otherwise nanodomain-forming lipid-only mixtures (unpublished). Since the cell plasma membrane contains a large fraction of transmembrane proteins, these findings link the behavior of lipid-only model membranes in vitro to phase behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Ackerman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gerald W Feigenson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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66
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Saslowsky DE, Thiagarajah JR, McCormick BA, Lee JC, Lencer WI. Microbial sphingomyelinase induces RhoA-mediated reorganization of the apical brush border membrane and is protective against invasion. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1120-30. [PMID: 26864627 PMCID: PMC4814219 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both commensal and pathogenic microbes that colonize the GI tract can synthesize and secrete spingomyelinase enzymes that cleave membrane sphingomyelin, leaving the ceramide component intact in the cell membrane. This study examines how this reaction affects the structure and function of host enterocytes and mucosal defense. The apical brush border membrane (BBM) of intestinal epithelial cells forms a highly structured and dynamic environmental interface that serves to regulate cellular physiology and block invasion by intestinal microbes and their products. How the BBM dynamically responds to pathogenic and commensal bacterial signals can define intestinal homeostasis and immune function. We previously found that in model intestinal epithelium, the conversion of apical membrane sphingomyelin to ceramide by exogenous bacterial sphingomyelinase (SMase) protected against the endocytosis and toxicity of cholera toxin. Here we elucidate a mechanism of action by showing that SMase induces a dramatic, reversible, RhoA-dependent alteration of the apical cortical F-actin network. Accumulation of apical membrane ceramide is necessary and sufficient to induce the actin phenotype, and this coincides with altered membrane structure and augmented innate immune function as evidenced by resistance to invasion by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Saslowsky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jean C Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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67
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Róg T, Orłowski A, Llorente A, Skotland T, Sylvänne T, Kauhanen D, Ekroos K, Sandvig K, Vattulainen I. Interdigitation of long-chain sphingomyelin induces coupling of membrane leaflets in a cholesterol dependent manner. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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68
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Transbilayer asymmetry and sphingomyelin composition modulate the preferential membrane partitioning of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Lo domains. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 591:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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69
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Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M, Baczynski K, Markiewicz M, Murzyn K. Computer modelling studies of the bilayer/water interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2305-2321. [PMID: 26825705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises high resolution studies on the interface of lamellar lipid bilayers composed of the most typical lipid molecules which constitute the lipid matrix of biomembranes. The presented results were obtained predominantly by computer modelling methods. Whenever possible, the results were compared with experimental results obtained for similar systems. The first and main section of the review is concerned with the bilayer-water interface and is divided into four subsections. The first describes the simplest case, where the interface consists only of lipid head groups and water molecules and focuses on interactions between the lipid heads and water molecules; the second describes the interface containing also mono- and divalent ions and concentrates on lipid-ion interactions; the third describes direct inter-lipid interactions. These three subsections are followed by a discussion on the network of direct and indirect inter-lipid interactions at the bilayer interface. The second section summarises recent computer simulation studies on the interactions of antibacterial membrane active compounds with various models of the bacterial outer membrane. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biosimulations edited by Ilpo Vattulainen and Tomasz Róg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pasenkiewicz-Gierula
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Baczynski
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Markiewicz
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Murzyn
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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70
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Milianta PJ, Muzzio M, Denver J, Cawley G, Lee S. Water Permeability across Symmetric and Asymmetric Droplet Interface Bilayers: Interaction of Cholesterol Sulfate with DPhPC. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12187-12196. [PMID: 26492572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes employ a variety of strategies for controlling the flow of small molecules into the cytoplasmic space, including incorporation of sterols for modulation of permeability and maintenance of lipid asymmetry to provide both sides of the membrane with differing biophysical properties. The specific case of cholesterol asymmetry, especially, is known to have profound effects in neurological cellular systems. Synthetic membrane models that can readily determine valuable physical parameters, such as water transport rates, for sterol-containing membranes of defined lipid composition remain in demand. We report the use of the droplet interface bilayer (DIB), composed of adherent aqueous droplets surrounded by a lipid monolayer and immersed in a hydrophobic medium, for measurement of water permeability across the membrane, with rapid visualization and ease of experimental setup. We studied droplet bilayer membranes composed of the prototypical synthetic membrane lipid (i.e., the archaeal lipid DPhPC) as well as of symmetric and asymmetric DIBs formed by DPhPC and sodium cholesterol sulfate (S-Chol). The presence of S-Chol in DPhPC in symmetric DIB reduced the passive water permeability rate (P(f)) at all concentrations and increased the activation energy (E(a)) to 17-18 kcal/mol. When only one side of the DIB contains S-Chol (asymmetric DIB), an E(a) of 14-15 kcal/mol was obtained, a value intermediate that of pure lipid and symmetrical DIB containing lipid and S-Chol. Our data are consistent with a capability for regulation of water transport by one leaflet independent of the other. The engineering of our various systems is believed to have implications for garnering detailed knowledge regarding the transport of small moieties across bilayers in a wide variety of lipid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Milianta
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College , 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Michelle Muzzio
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College , 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Jacqueline Denver
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College , 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Geoffrey Cawley
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College , 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Sunghee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College , 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
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71
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Lecompte MF, Gaibelet G, Lebrun C, Tercé F, Collet X, Orlowski S. Cholesterol and Sphingomyelin-Containing Model Condensed Lipid Monolayers: Heterogeneities Involving Ordered Microdomains Assessed by Two Cholesterol Derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11921-11931. [PMID: 26466013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid monolayers are often considered as model membranes, but they are also the physiologic lipid part of the peripheral envelope of lipoproteins and cytosolic lipid bodies. However, their structural organization is still rather elusive, in particular when both cholesterol and sphingomyelin are present. To investigate such structural organization of hemimembranes, we measured, using alternative current voltammetry, the differential capacitance of condensed phosphatidylcholine-based monolayers as a function of applied potential, which is sensitive to their lipid composition and molecular arrangement. Especially, monolayers containing both sphingomyelin and cholesterol, at 15% w/w, presented specific characteristics of the differential capacitance versus potential curves recorded, which was indicative of specific interactions between these two lipid components. We then compared the behavior of two cholesterol derivatives (at 15% w/w), 21-methylpyrenyl-cholesterol (Pyr-met-Chol) and 22-nitrobenzoxadiazole-cholesterol (NBD-Chol), with that of cholesterol when present in model monolayers. Indeed, these two probes were chosen because of previous findings reporting opposite behaviors within bilayer membranes regarding their interaction with ordered lipids, with only Pyr-met-Chol mimicking cholesterol well. Remarkably, in monolayers containing sphingomyelin or not, Pyr-met-Chol and NBD-Chol presented contrasting behaviors, and Pyr-met-Chol mimicked cholesterol only in the presence of sphingomyelin. These two observations (i.e., optimal amounts of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, and the ability to discriminate between Pyr-met-Chol and NBD-Chol) can be interpreted by the existence of heterogeneities including ordered patches in sphingomyelin- and cholesterol-containing monolayers. Since such monolayer lipid arrangement shares some properties with the raft-type lipid microdomains well-described in sphingomyelin- and cholesterol-containing bilayer membranes, our data thus strongly suggest the existence of compact and ordered microdomains in model lipid monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérald Gaibelet
- INSERM U563, CHU Purpan, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
- SB2SM and UMR8221/9198 CNRS, IBiTec-Saclay, CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | | | - François Tercé
- INSERM U1048, Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- INSERM U1048, Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Orlowski
- INSERM U563, CHU Purpan, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
- SB2SM and UMR8221/9198 CNRS, IBiTec-Saclay, CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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72
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Nickels JD, Smith JC, Cheng X. Lateral organization, bilayer asymmetry, and inter-leaflet coupling of biological membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 192:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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73
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Pore-forming toxins: Properties, diversity, and uses as tools to image sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:576-92. [PMID: 26498396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) represent a unique class of highly specific lipid-binding proteins. The cytotoxicity of these compounds has been overcome through crystallographic structure and mutation studies, facilitating the development of non-toxic lipid probes. As a consequence, non-toxic PFTs have been utilized as highly specific probes to visualize the diversity and dynamics of lipid nanostructures in living and fixed cells. This review is focused on the application of PFTs and their non-toxic analogs as tools to visualize sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine, two major phosphosphingolipids in mammalian and insect cells, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.
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74
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Galimzyanov TR, Molotkovsky RJ, Bozdaganyan ME, Cohen FS, Pohl P, Akimov SA. Elastic Membrane Deformations Govern Interleaflet Coupling of Lipid-Ordered Domains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:088101. [PMID: 26340212 PMCID: PMC4750487 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.088101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism responsible for domain registration in two membrane leaflets has thus far remained enigmatic. Using continuum elasticity theory, we show that minimum line tension is achieved along the rim between thicker (ordered) and thinner (disordered) domains by shifting the rims in opposing leaflets by a few nanometers relative to each other. Increasing surface tension yields an increase in line tension, resulting in larger domains. Because domain registration is driven by lipid deformation energy, it does not require special lipid components or interactions at the membrane midplane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur R Galimzyanov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/5 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Rodion J Molotkovsky
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/5 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Marine E Bozdaganyan
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Clinical Center of the Specialized Types of Health Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 28 Orekhovyi bulvar, Moscow 115692, Russia
| | - Fredric S Cohen
- Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Peter Pohl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40-42, Linz 4020, Austria
| | - Sergey A Akimov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/5 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119049, Russia
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75
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Morita M, Onoe H, Yanagisawa M, Ito H, Ichikawa M, Fujiwara K, Saito H, Takinoue M. Droplet-Shooting and Size-Filtration (DSSF) Method for Synthesis of Cell-Sized Liposomes with Controlled Lipid Compositions. Chembiochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masamune Morita
- Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kanagawa 226-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Keio University; Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Miho Yanagisawa
- Department of Applied Physics; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Physics; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | | | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics; Keio University; Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Hirohide Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA); Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Masahiro Takinoue
- Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kanagawa 226-8502 Japan
- PRESTO; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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76
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Sharpe LJ, Rao G, Jones PM, Glancey E, Aleidi SM, George AM, Brown AJ, Gelissen IC. Cholesterol sensing by the ABCG1 lipid transporter: Requirement of a CRAC motif in the final transmembrane domain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:956-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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77
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Marquardt D, Geier B, Pabst G. Asymmetric lipid membranes: towards more realistic model systems. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:180-96. [PMID: 25955841 PMCID: PMC4496639 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of transbilayer asymmetry in natural cell membranes, the vast majority of existing research has utilized chemically well-defined symmetric liposomes, where the inner and outer bilayer leaflets have the same composition. Here, we review various aspects of asymmetry in nature and in model systems in anticipation for the next phase of model membrane studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Marquardt
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstr 50/III, Graz, 8010, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Barbara Geier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstr 50/III, Graz, 8010, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Georg Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstr 50/III, Graz, 8010, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria.
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78
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Microemulsions, modulated phases and macroscopic phase separation: a unified picture of rafts. Essays Biochem 2015; 57:21-32. [DOI: 10.1042/bse0570021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We consider two mechanisms that can lead to an inhomogeneous distribution of components in a multicomponent lipid bilayer: macroscopic phase separation and the formation of modulated phases. A simple model that encompasses both mechanisms displays a phase diagram that also includes a structured fluid, a microemulsion. Identifying rafts with the inhomogeneities of this structured fluid, we see how rafts are related to the occurrence of macroscopic phase separation or the formation of modulated phases in other systems, and focus our attention on specific differences between them.
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79
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Apellániz B, Nieva JL. Fusion-competent state induced by a C-terminal HIV-1 fusion peptide in cholesterol-rich membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1014-22. [PMID: 25617671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The replicative cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 begins after fusion of the viral and target-cell membranes. The envelope glycoprotein gp41 transmembrane subunit contains conserved hydrophobic domains that engage and perturb the merging lipid bilayers. In this work, we have characterized the fusion-committed state generated in vesicles by CpreTM, a synthetic peptide derived from the sequence connecting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and the transmembrane domain (TMD) of gp41. Pre-loading cholesterol-rich vesicles with CpreTM rendered them competent for subsequent lipid-mixing with fluorescently-labeled target vesicles. Highlighting the physiological relevance of the lasting fusion-competent state, the broadly neutralizing antibody 4E10 bound to the CpreTM-primed vesicles and inhibited lipid-mixing. Heterotypic fusion assays disclosed dependence on the lipid composition of the vesicles that acted either as virus or cell membrane surrogates. Lipid-mixing exhibited above all a critical dependence on the cholesterol content in those experiments. We infer that the fusion-competent state described herein resembles bona-fide perturbations generated by the pre-hairpin MPER-TMD connection within the viral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Apellániz
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - José L Nieva
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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80
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Ferraro M, Masetti M, Recanatini M, Cavalli A, Bottegoni G. Modeling lipid raft domains containing a mono-unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine species. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02196k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An advanced coarse-grained model for “atypical” lipid rafts was built and validated to be employed in studies of membrane-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ferraro
- D3 Compunet
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Genova
- Italy
| | - M. Masetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Recanatini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Cavalli
- D3 Compunet
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Genova
- Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
| | - G. Bottegoni
- D3 Compunet
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Genova
- Italy
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81
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Kular J, Tickner JC, Pavlos NJ, Viola HM, Abel T, Lim BS, Yang X, Chen H, Cook R, Hool LC, Zheng MH, Xu J. Choline kinase β mutant mice exhibit reduced phosphocholine, elevated osteoclast activity, and low bone mass. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1729-42. [PMID: 25451916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of bone homeostasis requires tight coupling between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) underlying the differentiation and activities of these specialized cells are still largely unknown. Here, we identify choline kinase β (CHKB), a kinase involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, as a novel regulator of bone homeostasis. Choline kinase β mutant mice (flp/flp) exhibit a systemic low bone mass phenotype. Consistently, osteoclast numbers and activity are elevated in flp/flp mice. Interestingly, osteoclasts derived from flp/flp mice exhibit reduced sensitivity to excessive levels of extracellular calcium, which could account for the increased bone resorption. Conversely, supplementation of cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine in vivo and in vitro, a regimen that bypasses CHKB deficiency, restores osteoclast numbers to physiological levels. Finally, we demonstrate that, in addition to modulating osteoclast formation and function, loss of CHKB corresponds with a reduction in bone formation by osteoblasts. Taken together, these data posit CHKB as a new modulator of bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasreen Kular
- From the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Tamara Abel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterization and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia and
| | - Bay Sie Lim
- From the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- the Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Honghui Chen
- the Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Robert Cook
- From the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Livia C Hool
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, and
| | | | - Jiake Xu
- From the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
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82
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Ingólfsson HI, Melo MN, van Eerden FJ, Arnarez C, Lopez CA, Wassenaar TA, Periole X, de Vries AH, Tieleman DP, Marrink SJ. Lipid Organization of the Plasma Membrane. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14554-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helgi I. Ingólfsson
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. van Eerden
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clément Arnarez
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cesar A. Lopez
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsjerk A. Wassenaar
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Computational
Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xavier Periole
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H. de Vries
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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83
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Yandrapalli N, Muriaux D, Favard C. Lipid domains in HIV-1 assembly. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:220. [PMID: 24904536 PMCID: PMC4033000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In CD+4 T cells, HIV-1 buds from the host cell plasma membrane. The viral Gag polyprotein is mainly responsible for this process. However, the intimate interaction of Gag and lipids at the plasma membrane as well as its consequences, in terms of lipids lateral organization and virus assembly, is still under debate. In this review we propose to revisit the role of plasma membrane lipids in HIV-1 Gag targeting and assembly, at the light of lipid membranes biophysics and literature dealing with Gag-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Yandrapalli
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes et de Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS UMR-5236 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes et de Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS UMR-5236 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Favard
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes et de Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS UMR-5236 Montpellier Cedex, France
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84
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Zhao W, Tian Y, Cai M, Wang F, Wu J, Gao J, Liu S, Jiang J, Jiang S, Wang H. Studying the nucleated mammalian cell membrane by single molecule approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91595. [PMID: 24806512 PMCID: PMC4012985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane plays a key role in compartmentalization, nutrient transportation and signal transduction, while the pattern of protein distribution at both cytoplasmic and ectoplasmic sides of the cell membrane remains elusive. Using a combination of single-molecule techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), to study the structure of nucleated cell membranes, we found that (1) proteins at the ectoplasmic side of the cell membrane form a dense protein layer (4 nm) on top of a lipid bilayer; (2) proteins aggregate to form islands evenly dispersed at the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane with a height of about 10–12 nm; (3) cholesterol-enriched domains exist within the cell membrane; (4) carbohydrates stay in microdomains at the ectoplasmic side; and (5) exposed amino groups are asymmetrically distributed on both sides. Based on these observations, we proposed a Protein Layer-Lipid-Protein Island (PLLPI) model, to provide a better understanding of cell membrane structure, membrane trafficking and viral fusion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiazhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (SJ)
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (SJ)
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85
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Shlomovitz R, Schick M. Model of a raft in both leaves of an asymmetric lipid bilayer. Biophys J 2014; 105:1406-13. [PMID: 24047992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a theory of inhomogeneities in the plasma membrane, or rafts, that can exist in both leaves of the plasma membrane. We note that although neither of the major phospholipid components of the outer leaf, sphingomyelin (SM) nor phosphatidylcholine (PC), evinces a tendency to form phases characterized by nonzero curvature, one of the major components of the inner leaf, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), displays a strong tendency to do so whereas the other, phosphatidylserine (PS), does not. Therefore, we posit that the concentration difference of PS and PE couples to height fluctuations of the plasma membrane bilayer. This brings about a microemulsion in the inner leaf. Coupling of the concentration difference between PS and PE in the inner leaf and SM and PC in the outer leaf propagates the microemulsion to that leaf as well. The characteristic size of the inhomogeneities is equal to the square-root of the ratio of the bending modulus of the bilayer to its surface tension, a size which is ~100 nm for the plasma membrane. If the coupling between leaves were to be provided by the interchange of cholesterol, then our model raft would consist of SM and cholesterol in the outer leaf and PS and cholesterol in the inner leaf floating in a sea of PC and PE in both leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roie Shlomovitz
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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86
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McManaman JL. Lipid transport in the lactating mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:35-42. [PMID: 24567110 PMCID: PMC4413448 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells depend on phospholipid (PL) and fatty acid (FA) transport to maintain membrane structure and organization, and to fuel and regulate cellular functions. In mammary glands of lactating animals, copious milk secretion, including large quantities of lipid in some species, requires adaptation and integration of PL and FA synthesis and transport processes to meet secretion demands. At present few details exist about how these processes are regulated within the mammary gland. However, recent advances in our understanding of the structural and molecular biology of membrane systems and cellular lipid trafficking provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation and integration of PL and FA transport processes the lactating mammary gland. This review discusses the PL and FA transport processes required to maintain the structural integrity and organization of the mammary gland and support its secretory functions within the context of current molecular and cellular models of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L McManaman
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Mail Stop 8613, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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87
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Cheung GYC, Joo HS, Chatterjee SS, Otto M. Phenol-soluble modulins--critical determinants of staphylococcal virulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:698-719. [PMID: 24372362 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are a recently discovered family of amphipathic, alpha-helical peptides that have multiple roles in staphylococcal pathogenesis and contribute to a large extent to the pathogenic success of virulent staphylococci, such as Staphylococcus aureus. PSMs may cause lysis of many human cell types including leukocytes and erythrocytes, stimulate inflammatory responses, and contribute to biofilm development. PSMs appear to have an original role in the commensal lifestyle of staphylococci, where they facilitate growth and spreading on epithelial surfaces. Aggressive, cytolytic PSMs seem to have evolved from that original role and are mainly expressed in highly virulent S. aureus. Here, we will review the biochemistry, genetics, and role of PSMs in the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles of staphylococci, discuss how diversification of PSMs defines the aggressiveness of staphylococcal species, and evaluate potential avenues to target PSMs for drug development against staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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88
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Czogalla A, Grzybek M, Jones W, Coskun U. Validity and applicability of membrane model systems for studying interactions of peripheral membrane proteins with lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:1049-59. [PMID: 24374254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane serves, at the same time, both as a barrier that segregates as well as a functional layer that facilitates selective communication. It is characterized as much by the complexity of its components as by the myriad of signaling process that it supports. And, herein lays the problems in its study and understanding of its behavior - it has a complex and dynamic nature that is further entangled by the fact that many events are both temporal and transient in their nature. Model membrane systems that bypass cellular complexity and compositional diversity have tremendously accelerated our understanding of the mechanisms and biological consequences of lipid-lipid and protein-lipid interactions. Concurrently, in some cases, the validity and applicability of model membrane systems are tarnished by inherent methodical limitations as well as undefined quality criteria. In this review we introduce membrane model systems widely used to study protein-lipid interactions in the context of key parameters of the membrane that govern lipid availability for peripheral membrane proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Czogalla
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.
| | - Michał Grzybek
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Walis Jones
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Unal Coskun
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.
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89
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Syeda R, Santos JS, Montal M. Lipid bilayer modules as determinants of K+ channel gating. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4233-43. [PMID: 24362039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.530055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the sensorless pore module of a voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channel showed that lipids occupy a crevice between subunits. We asked if individual lipid monolayers of the bilayer embody independent modules linked to channel gating modulation. Functional studies using single channel current recordings of the sensorless pore module reconstituted in symmetric and asymmetric lipid bilayers allowed us to establish the deterministic role of lipid headgroup on gating. We discovered that individual monolayers with headgroups that coat the bilayer-aqueous interface with hydroxyls stabilize the channel open conformation. The hydroxyl need not be at a terminal position and the effect is not dependent on the presence of phosphate or net charge on the lipid headgroup. Asymmetric lipid bilayers allowed us to determine that phosphoglycerides with glycerol or inositol on the extracellular facing monolayer stabilize the open conformation of the channel. This indirect effect is attributed to a change in water structure at the membrane interface. By contrast, inclusion of the positively charged lysyl-dioleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol exclusively on the cytoplasmic facing monolayer of the bilayer increases drastically the probability of finding the channel open. Such modulation is mediated by a π-cation interaction between Phe-19 of the pore module and the lysyl moiety anchored to the phosphatidylglycerol headgroup. The new findings imply that the specific chemistry of the lipid headgroup and its selective location in either monolayer of the bilayer dictate the stability of the open conformation of a Kv pore module in the absence of voltage-sensing modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhma Syeda
- From the Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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90
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Llorente A, Skotland T, Sylvänne T, Kauhanen D, Róg T, Orłowski A, Vattulainen I, Ekroos K, Sandvig K. Molecular lipidomics of exosomes released by PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1302-9. [PMID: 24046871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular lipid composition of exosomes is largely unknown. In this study, sophisticated shotgun and targeted molecular lipidomic assays were performed for in-depth analysis of the lipidomes of the metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, and their released exosomes. This study, based in the quantification of approximately 280 molecular lipid species, provides the most extensive lipid analysis of cells and exosomes to date. Interestingly, major differences were found in the lipid composition of exosomes compared to parent cells. Exosomes show a remarkable enrichment of distinct lipids, demonstrating an extraordinary discrimination of lipids sorted into these microvesicles. In particular, exosomes are highly enriched in glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (mol% of total lipids). Furthermore, lipid species, even of classes not enriched in exosomes, were selectively included in exosomes. Finally, it was found that there is an 8.4-fold enrichment of lipids per mg of protein in exosomes. The detailed lipid composition provided in this study may be useful to understand the mechanism of exosome formation, release and function. Several of the lipids enriched in exosomes could potentially be used as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Llorente
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital,-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
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91
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Son M, London E. The dependence of lipid asymmetry upon polar headgroup structure. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3385-93. [PMID: 24101657 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of lipid headgroup structure upon the stability of lipid asymmetry was investigated. Using methyl-β-cyclodextrin -induced lipid exchange, sphingomyelin (SM) was introduced into the outer leaflets of lipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol, or cardiolipin, in mixtures of all of these lipids with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and in a phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidic acid mixture. Efficient SM exchange (>85% of that expected for complete replacement of the outer leaflet) was obtained for every lipid composition studied. Vesicles containing PE mixed with anionic lipids showed nearly complete asymmetry which did not decay after 1 day of incubation. However, vesicles containing anionic lipids without PE generally only exhibited partial asymmetry, which further decayed after 1 day of incubation. Vesicles containing the anionic lipid PS were an exception, showing nearly complete and stable asymmetry. It is likely that the combination of multiple charged groups on PE and PS inhibit transverse diffusion of these lipids across membranes relative to those lipids that only have one anionic group. Possible explanations of this behavior are discussed. The asymmetry properties of PE and PS may explain some of their functions in plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215
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92
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D'Auria L, Deleu M, Dufour S, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tyteca D. Surfactins modulate the lateral organization of fluorescent membrane polar lipids: A new tool to study drug:membrane interaction and assessment of the role of cholesterol and drug acyl chain length. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2064-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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93
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Horner A, Akimov SA, Pohl P. Long and short lipid molecules experience the same interleaflet drag in lipid bilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:268101. [PMID: 23848924 PMCID: PMC4486369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.268101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Membrane interleaflet viscosity ηe affects tether formation, phase separation into domains, cell shape changes, and budding. Contrary to the expected contribution to interleaflet coupling from interdigitation, the slide of lipid patches in opposing monolayers conferred the same value ηe≈3×10(9) J s m-4 for the friction experienced by the ends of both short and long chain fluorescent lipid analogues. Consistent with the weak dependence of the translational diffusion coefficient on lipid length, the in-layer viscosity was, albeit length dependent, much smaller than ηe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Horner
- Institut für Biophysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Sergey A. Akimov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospekt 31/4, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninskiy prospekt 4, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Peter Pohl
- Institut für Biophysik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
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94
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Wydro P, Flasiński M, Broniatowski M. Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction and Brewster Angle Microscopy studies on domain formation in phosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol monolayers imitating the inner layer of human erythrocyte membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1415-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Biological functions of sphingomyelins. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:424-37. [PMID: 23684760 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a dominant sphingolipid in membranes of mammalian cells and this lipid class is specifically enriched in the plasma membrane, the endocytic recycling compartment, and the trans Golgi network. The distribution of SM and cholesterol among cellular compartments correlate. Sphingolipids have extensive hydrogen-bonding capabilities which together with their saturated nature facilitate the formation of sphingolipid and SM-enriched lateral domains in membranes. Cholesterol prefers to interact with SMs and this interaction has many important functional consequences. In this review, the synthesis, regulation, and intracellular distribution of SMs are discussed. The many direct roles played by membrane SM in various cellular functions and processes will also be discussed. These include involvement in the regulation of endocytosis and receptor-mediated ligand uptake, in ion channel and G-protein coupled receptor function, in protein sorting, and functioning as receptor molecules for various bacterial toxins, and for non-bacterial pore-forming toxins. SM is also an important constituent of the eye lens membrane, and is believed to participate in the regulation of various nuclear functions. SM is an independent risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, and new studies have shed light on possible mechanism behind its role in atherogenesis.
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96
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Wadhwani P, Reichert J, Strandberg E, Bürck J, Misiewicz J, Afonin S, Heidenreich N, Fanghänel S, Mykhailiuk PK, Komarov IV, Ulrich AS. Stereochemical effects on the aggregation and biological properties of the fibril-forming peptide [KIGAKI]3 in membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8962-71. [PMID: 23652359 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single D-amino acid substitutions can be used to suppress or slow down the aggregation of peptides into β-sheeted assemblies compared to the respective L-amino acids. Here, we investigate the influence of local stereochemistry in the model peptide [KIGAKI]3-NH2, which is known to form amyloid-like fibrils. To find out whether aggregation plays a role in various biologically relevant functions that involve peptide-lipid interactions, we studied the antimicrobial, hemolytic and fusogenic activities of this amphiphilic membrane-active molecule. The stiff and sterically constrained amino acid CF3-Bpg [3-(trifluoromethyl)-bicyclopent-[1,1,1]-1-ylglycine] was incorporated either as an L- or a D-enantiomer at different hydrophobic positions of the KIGAKI sequence. D-Epimers have a higher aggregation threshold than the L-epimers, yet the aggregation of both was confirmed using electron microscopy and circular dichroism. Solid-state (19)F-NMR analysis showed that the peptide aggregated in native membranes from human erythrocytes and bacterial protoplasts in the same way as in synthetic lipid bilayers. We then monitored the effect of the single L- or D-CF3-Bpg substitutions in KIGAKI on its distinct biological activities, which have to be measured at low peptide concentrations where the aggregation threshold cannot be directly assessed. These functional assays showed that the aggregation propensity of KIGAKI does not play a role in its antimicrobial action, but an increased tendency to aggregate promotes other undesirable effects such as hemolysis and membrane fusion. These results confirm the membranolytic and thereby toxic nature of amyloidogenic peptides, and emphasize the unpredictable role of peptide aggregation in the different assays used to study biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Wadhwani
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe, Germany
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97
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Yuan J, Hao C, Chen M, Berini P, Zou S. Lipid reassembly in asymmetric Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir-Schaeffer bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:221-227. [PMID: 23215148 DOI: 10.1021/la3040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-reorganization-induced morphology alteration in asymmetric substrate-supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) was directly visualized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. SLB samples were fabricated on mica-on-glass and glass substrates by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)/Langmuir-Schaeffer (LS) using binary lipid mixtures, namely, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and ternary mixtures DOPC/DPPC/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS), labeled with 0.2 mol % Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine triethylammonium salt (TR-DHPE) dye. Phase segregations were characterized by TIRF imaging, and DPPC-enriched domain structures were also observed. Interestingly for ∼40% (n = 6) of the samples with binary mixtures in the LB leaflet and a single component in the LS leaflet, that is, (DOPC/DPPC)(LB)+DOPC(LS), the contrast of the DPPC domains changed from the original dark (without dye) to bright (more TR dye partitioning) on TIRF images, returning to dark again. This contrast reverse was also correlated to AFM height images, where a DPPC-DPPC gel phase was spotted after the TIRF image contrast returned to dark. The rupture force mapping results measured on these binary mixture samples also confirmed unambiguously the formation of DPPC-DPPC gel domain components during the contrast change. The samples were tracked over 48 h to investigate the lipid molecule movements in both the DPPC domains and the DOPC fluid phase. The fluorescence contrast changes from bright to dark in SLBs indicate that the movement of dye molecules was independent of the movement of lipid molecules. In addition, correlated multimodal imaging using AFM, force mapping, and fluorescence provides a novel route to uncover the reorganization of lipid molecules at the solid-liquid interface, suggesting that the dynamics of dye molecules is highly structure dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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98
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Application of Infrared Spectroscopy for Structural Analysis of Planar Lipid Bilayers Under Electrochemical Control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411515-6.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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99
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Charged Lipid Bilayers in Aqueous Surroundings with Low pH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411515-6.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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100
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Kendall EL, Shao C, DeVoe DL. Visualizing the growth and dynamics of liquid-ordered domains during lipid bilayer folding in a microfluidic chip. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3613-3619. [PMID: 22888063 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic platform enabling optical monitoring of bilayer lipid membrane formation by a new monolayer folding process is described. The thermoplastic chips integrate dried lipid films that are rehydrated by microfluidic perfusion, which enables delivery of lipid-laden air bubbles across a membrane-supporting aperture. As in traditional Montal-Mueller bilayer formation, lipid monolayers are delivered independently to each side of the aperture, thereby allowing asymmetric lipid composition in the resulting bilayer to be achieved. Confocal microscopy is used to image the monolayer folding process, and reveals the growth and dynamics of asymmetric liquid-ordered domains during bilayer stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Kendall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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