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Ackermann AL, May ER, Frank LA. Use of mycophenolate mofetil to treat immune-mediated skin disease in 14 dogs - a retrospective evaluation. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:195-e44. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Ackermann
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. May
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Linda A. Frank
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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52
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Sundburg CR, Belanger JM, Bannasch DL, Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Gonadectomy effects on the risk of immune disorders in the dog: a retrospective study. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:278. [PMID: 27931211 PMCID: PMC5146839 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadectomy is one of the most common procedures performed on dogs in the United States. Neutering has been shown to reduce the risk for some diseases although recent reports suggest increased prevalence for structural disorders and some neoplasias. The relation between neuter status and autoimmune diseases has not been explored. This study evaluated the prevalence and risk of atopic dermatitis (ATOP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), canine myasthenia gravis (CMG), colitis (COL), hypoadrenocorticism (ADD), hypothyroidism (HYPO), immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lupus erythematosus (LUP), and pemphigus complex (PEMC), for intact females, intact males, neutered females, and neutered males. Pyometra (PYO) was evaluated as a control condition. RESULTS Patient records (90,090) from the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis from 1995 to 2010 were analyzed in order to determine the risk of immune-mediated disease relative to neuter status in dogs. Neutered dogs had a significantly greater risk of ATOP, AIHA, ADD, HYPO, ITP, and IBD than intact dogs with neutered females being at greater risk than neutered males for all but AIHA and ADD. Neutered females, but not males, had a significantly greater risk of LUP than intact females. Pyometra was a greater risk for intact females. CONCLUSIONS The data underscore the importance of sex steroids on immune function emphasizing a role of these hormones on tissue self-recognition. Neutering is critically important for population control, reduction of reproductive disorders, and offers convenience for owners. Despite these advantages, the analyses of the present study suggest that neutering is associated with increased risk for certain autoimmune disorders and underscore the need for owners to consult with their veterinary practitioner prior to neutering to evaluate possible benefits and risks associated with such a procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Sundburg
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Janelle M Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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53
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Prognostic factors and efficacy of human intravenous immunoglobulin G in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: a retrospective study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.14405/kjvr.2016.56.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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54
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Slovak JE, Mealey K, Court MH. Comparative metabolism of mycophenolic acid by glucuronic acid and glucose conjugation in human, dog, and cat liver microsomes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:123-129. [PMID: 27301298 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA) in cats is limited because MPA elimination depends on glucuronidation, which is deficient in cats. We evaluated formation of major (phenol glucuronide) and minor (acyl glucuronide, phenol glucoside, and acyl glucoside) MPA metabolites using liver microsomes from 16 cats, 26 dogs, and 48 humans. All MPA metabolites were formed by human liver microsomes, while dog and cat liver microsomes formed both MPA glucuronides, but only one MPA glucoside (phenol glucoside). Intrinsic clearance (CLint) of MPA for phenol glucuronidation by cat liver microsomes was only 15-17% that of dog and human liver microsomes. However, CLint for acyl glucuronide and phenol glucoside formation in cat liver microsomes was similar to or greater than that for dog and human liver microsomes. While total MPA conjugation CLint was generally similar for cat liver microsomes compared with dog and human liver microsomes, relative contributions of each pathway varied between species with phenol glucuronidation predominating in dog and human liver microsomes and phenol glucosidation predominating in cat liver microsomes. MPA conjugation variation between cat liver microsomes was threefold for total conjugation and for phenol glucosidation, sixfold for phenol glucuronidation, and 11-fold for acyl glucuronidation. Our results indicate that total MPA conjugation is quantitatively similar between liver microsomes from cats, dogs, and humans despite large differences in the conjugation pathways that are utilized by these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Slovak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - M H Court
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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55
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Lacerda RP, Peña Gimenez MT, Laguna F, Costa D, Ríos J, Leiva M. Corneal grafting for the treatment of full-thickness corneal defects in dogs: a review of 50 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:222-231. [PMID: 27241238 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe corneal grafting for the treatment of full-thickness corneal defects in dogs and to determine its effectiveness in preserving vision. METHODS A review of the medical records of dogs that underwent corneal grafting following corneal perforations (≥3 mm) at the VTH-UAB from 2002 to 2012 was carried out. RESULTS Fifty dogs of different breed, age and gender were included. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (37/50;74%). All cases were unilateral, with euryblepharon being the most common concurrent ocular abnormality (20/50;40%). Full-thickness penetrating keratoplasties (FTPK) were performed in 21/50 eyes (42%) and lamellar keratoplasties (LK) in 29/50 eyes (58%). Frozen grafts (FroG) were used in 43/50 eyes (86%) and fresh homologous grafts (FreHoG) in 7/50 (14%). Of the former group, 26 were homologous (FroHoG:60%) and 17 heterologous (FroHeG:40%). A combination of topical medication (antibiotics, corticosteroids, cycloplegics, and 0.2% cyclosporine A) and systemic mycophenolate mofetil was administered. Median follow-up time was 200 days. Postsurgical complications included wound dehiscence (6/50;12%) and glaucoma (4/50;8%). Clinical signs of graft rejection were diagnosed as follows: FroHoG (13/26;50%), FroHeG (11/17;65%), FreHoG (4/7;57%), FTPK (12/21;57%), and LK (16/29;55%). Medical treatment successfully controlled graft rejection in 11/28 eyes (39%). Good anatomical outcome was achieved in 86% (43/50), of which 95% (41/43) were visual at last examination, with moderate opacification to complete transparency of the graft present in 48.2%. CONCLUSIONS Corneal grafting is an effective surgical treatment for full-thickness corneal defects in dogs. If graft rejection is present, additional medical or surgical therapy may be necessary, achieving a highly satisfactory visual outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Lacerda
- Servei d'Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital s/n, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Maria T Peña Gimenez
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edific V, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Fernando Laguna
- Servei d'Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital s/n, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Costa
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edific V, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jose Ríos
- Medical Statistics Core Facility, DIBAPS (Hospital Clínic), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edific V, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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In Vitro Influence of Mycophenolic Acid on Selected Parameters of Stimulated Peripheral Canine Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154429. [PMID: 27138877 PMCID: PMC4854421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil, a new immunosuppressive drug effective in the treatment of canine autoimmune diseases. The impact of MPA on immunity is ambiguous and its influence on the canine immune system is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine markers of changes in stimulated peripheral canine lymphocytes after treatment with MPA in vitro. Twenty nine healthy dogs were studied. Phenotypic and functional analysis of lymphocytes was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with mitogens and different MPA concentrations– 1 μM (10−3 mol/m3), 10 μM or 100 μM. Apoptotic cells were detected by Annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD). The expression of antigens (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD21, CD25, forkhead box P3 [FoxP3] and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) was assessed with monoclonal antibodies. The proliferation indices were analyzed in carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled cells. All analyses were performed using flow cytometry. The influence of MPA on apoptosis was dependent on the mechanism of cell activation and MPA concentration. MPA caused a decrease in the expression of lymphocyte surface antigens, CD3, CD8 and CD25. Its impact on the expression of CD4 and CD21 was negligible. Its negative influence on the expression of FoxP3 was dependent on cell stimulation. MPA inhibited lymphocyte proliferation. In conclusion, MPA inhibited the activity of stimulated canine lymphocytes by blocking lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The influence of MPA on the development of immune tolerance–expansion of Treg cells and lymphocyte apoptosis–was ambiguous and was dependent on the mechanism of cellular activation. The concentration that MPA reaches in the blood may lead to inhibition of the functions of the canine immune system. The applied panel of markers can be used for evaluation of the effects of immunosuppressive compounds in the dog.
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57
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Woolcock AD, Wang A, Haley A, Kent M, Creevy KE, Platt SR. Treatment of canine meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids: 25 cases (2007-2012). Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:125-135. [PMID: 29067186 PMCID: PMC5645855 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for a variety of immune‐mediated diseases in veterinary medicine has been described. However, there is only a small number of cases documenting its use in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology (MUE). We hypothesized that the use of MMF and corticosteroids in dogs with MUE results in comparable survival data to other published treatment protocols and is associated with limited adverse effects. A retrospective study of medical case records of dogs clinically diagnosed with MUE recorded signalment, neuroanatomic localization, magnetic resonance imaging findings, cerebrospinal fluid analysis results, medications administered, follow‐up neurologic examinations, survival and adverse events. Variables were compared between dogs which were treated with MMF within 30 days of diagnosis (immediate group) vs. dogs in which MMF therapy was started >30 days after diagnosis (delayed group). Twenty‐five cases of MUE were identified. The overall median survival time from diagnosis was 731 days (range 43–1672 days). After 1 month of MMF treatment, 92% of dogs showed improvement on a neurological examination. There was no significant effect of any recorded parameter on survival, including delayed vs. immediate initiation of MMF treatment. Dogs with delayed treatment had significantly lower clinical remission rates than dogs with immediate treatment at 6 months after starting MMF. Adverse events were identified in two cases (8%) and were characterized by mild gastrointestinal signs (vomiting and decreased appetite). Administration of MMF appears safe in dogs with MUE. The use of MMF results in comparable survival times to alternate immunosuppressive protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Woolcock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Andrea Wang
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Allison Haley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Simon R Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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58
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Ilyas U, Katare DP, Aeri V, Naseef PP. A Review on Hepatoprotective and Immunomodulatory Herbal Plants. Pharmacogn Rev 2016; 10:66-70. [PMID: 27041876 PMCID: PMC4791991 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.176544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ that plays an important role in maintaining various physiological processes in the body. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver and is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. There are five main viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D, and E. These five types are of the greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death. Liver injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the drug regulatory agencies and the pharmaceutical industry. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver disease for a long time. The immune system is the part of body that diagnoses the pathogen by using a specific receptor to reveal immediate response by the activation of immune components cells, chemokines, and cytokines, and also the release of the inflammatory mediator. They potentiate and modulate the immune system. The plant-derived phytoconstituents (polysaccharides, proteins and flavanoids, lignans, rotenoids, etc.) stimulate the immune system and maintained hepatic diseases. There are a number of hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory herbs that have been reported. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising phytochemicals from hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uorakkottil Ilyas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshikha P. Katare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vidhu Aeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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59
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Swann JW, Garden OA. Novel immunotherapies for immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs and people. Vet J 2016; 207:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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60
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Friedenberg SG, Buhrman G, Chdid L, Olby NJ, Olivry T, Guillaumin J, O'Toole T, Goggs R, Kennedy LJ, Rose RB, Meurs KM. Evaluation of a DLA-79 allele associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases in dogs. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:205-17. [PMID: 26711123 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases are common and life-threatening disorders in dogs. Many canine immune-mediated diseases have strong breed predispositions and are believed to be inherited. However, the genetic mutations that cause these diseases are mostly unknown. As many immune-mediated diseases in humans share polymorphisms among a common set of genes, we conducted a candidate gene study of 15 of these genes across four immune-mediated diseases (immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), and atopic dermatitis) in 195 affected and 206 unaffected dogs to assess whether causative or predictive polymorphisms might exist in similar genes in dogs. We demonstrate a strong association (Fisher's exact p = 0.0004 for allelic association, p = 0.0035 for genotypic association) between two polymorphic positions (10 bp apart) in exon 2 of one allele in DLA-79, DLA-79*001:02, and multiple immune-mediated diseases. The frequency of this allele was significantly higher in dogs with immune-mediated disease than in control dogs (0.21 vs. 0.12) and ranged from 0.28 in dogs with IMPA to 0.15 in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This allele has two non-synonymous substitutions (compared with the reference allele, DLA-79*001:01), resulting in F33L and N37D amino acid changes. These mutations occur in the peptide-binding pocket of the protein, and based upon our computational modeling studies, are likely to affect critical interactions with the peptide N-terminus. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings more broadly and to determine the specific mechanism by which the identified variants alter canine immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Greg Buhrman
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lhoucine Chdid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Theresa O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lorna J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PT
| | - Robert B Rose
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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61
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Warland J, Skelly B, Knudsen C, Herrtage M. Apparent resolution of canine primary hypoparathyroidism with immunosuppressive treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:400-4. [PMID: 25619526 PMCID: PMC4858098 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Warland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Spontaneous and transgenic rodent models of inflammatory bowel disease. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:47-68. [PMID: 26155200 PMCID: PMC4490147 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder with many different putative influences mediating disease onset, severity, progression and diminution. Spontaneous natural IBD is classically expressed as Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) commonly found in primates; lymphoplasmocytic enteritis, eosinophilic gastritis and colitis, and ulcerative colitis with neuronal hyperplasia in dogs; and colitis in horses. Spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease has been noted in a number of rodent models which differ in genetic strain background, induced mutation, microbiota influences and immunopathogenic pathways. Histological lesions in Crohn's Disease feature noncaseating granulomatous inflammation while UC lesions typically exhibit ulceration, lamina propria inflammatory infiltrates and lack of granuloma development. Intestinal inflammation caused by CD and UC is also associated with increased incidence of intestinal neoplasia. Transgenic murine models have determined underlying etiological influences and appropriate therapeutic targets in IBD. This literature review will discuss current opinion and findings in spontaneous IBD, highlight selected transgenic rodent models of IBD and discuss their respective pathogenic mechanisms. It is very important to provide accommodation of induced putative deficits in activities of daily living and to assess discomfort and pain levels in the face of significant morbidity and/or mortality in these models. Epigenetic, environmental (microbiome, metabolome) and nutritional factors are important in IBD pathogenesis, and evaluating ways in which they influence disease expression represent potential investigative approaches with the greatest potential for new discoveries.
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63
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Bruce JA, Kriese-Anderson L, Bruce AM, Pittman JR. Effect of premedication and other factors on the occurrence of acute transfusion reactions in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:620-30. [PMID: 26109490 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of premedication on transfusion reactions (TRs) within 24 hours after blood product transfusions in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective study between 2008 and 2011. SETTING Private veterinary referral hospital. ANIMALS Nine hundred and thirty-five transfusion events in 558 dogs. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Medical records of dogs receiving blood product transfusions were reviewed. Information collected included signalment, weight, transfusion product type, reason for transfusion, first or subsequent transfusion, whether an acute reaction occurred, type of reaction, whether the reaction was treated, premedication prior to the transfusion and the premedication used, other medications the animal was given, whether the animal had an immune-mediated process, and whether the transfusion was administered in the perioperative period. A total of 144 (15%) acute TRs were documented in 136 dogs. The most common TRs were fever alone (77/144 [53%]) and vomiting alone (26/144 [18%]). Six dogs died due to the TR (4%). TR was not associated with age (P = 0.257), sex (P = 0.754), weight (P = 0.829), or premedication (P = 0.312). The type of blood product transfused (P < 0.001) was significantly associated with TRs, with packed RBCs most likely associated with a TR, and plasma least likely. Immune disease (P = 0.015) was significantly associated with occurrence of a TR. Significantly fewer reactions were documented following transfusions given in the perioperative period (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS While most TRs were mild, there were some serious reactions observed including hemolysis, dyspnea, and 6 deaths. Immune-mediated disease was associated with development of a TR, while transfusion during the perioperative period was associated with lower likelihood of reaction. Packed RBC transfusions were associated with development of acute TRs. Overall occurrence of TR was not significantly altered with premedication; however, when evaluated alone, antihistamines decreased the incidence of acute allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashley M Bruce
- Department of Animal Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849
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Dowling SR, Webb J, Foster JD, Ginn J, Foy DS, Trepanier LA. Opportunistic fungal infections in dogs treated with ciclosporin and glucocorticoids: eight cases. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:105-109. [PMID: 25988822 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the standard of care for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders, and ciclosporin is increasingly being used off-label as an adjunct immunosuppressive drug in dogs. However, opportunistic infections can develop during combination immunosuppressive regimens. This case series describes atypical fungal infections in eight dogs treated with immunosuppressive dosages of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin. The median duration of combined treatment prior to the identification of fungal infection was 31 (range, 13 to 201) days, although two dogs received glucocorticoids for prolonged periods prior to the addition of ciclosporin. The estimated prevalence of serious fungal infections with this drug combination appears to be low (approximately 1 · 67%), but these infections led directly or indirectly to death or euthanasia in five of eight (63%) dogs. These cases highlight the need for frequent clinical monitoring of dogs receiving immunosuppressive dosages of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Dowling
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J Webb
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J D Foster
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J Ginn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO, 80033, USA
| | - D S Foy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO, 80033, USA
| | - L A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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65
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Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Kuper CF, Rühl-Fehlert C, Stropp G, Vogels J, Krul C, Vohr HW. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:326-42. [PMID: 25823813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Müller Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela Stropp
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-Product Stewardship Industrial Chemicals, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Ishikawa S, Takemitsu H, Li G, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Short communication: molecular characterization of dog and cat p65 subunits of NF-kappaB. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:145-8. [PMID: 25770673 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays an important role in the immune system. The p65 subunit is an important part of NF-κB unit, and studies of dog and cat p65 subunits of NF-κB (dp65 and cp65) are important in understanding their immune function. In this study, we described the molecular characterization of dp65 and cp65. The dp65 and cp65 complementary DNA encoded 542 and 555 amino acids, respectively, showing a high sequence homology with the mammalian p65 subunit (>87.5%). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that the p65 messenger RNA is highly expressed in the dog stomach and cat heart and adipose tissue. Functional NF-κB promoter-luciferase reporter vectors revealed that our isolated dp65 and cp65 cDNA encodes a functionally active protein. Transiently expressed dp65 and cp65 up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels in dog and cat, respectively. These findings suggest that dp65 and cp65 play important roles in regulating immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ishikawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemitsu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Gebin Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mori
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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67
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Hill M, Scudder CJ, Glanemann B, Drees R. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy in a dog imaged with CT. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Glanemann
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertfordshireUK
| | - Randi Drees
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertfordshireUK
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Pressler B, Vaden S, Gerber B, Langston C, Polzin D. Consensus guidelines for immunosuppressive treatment of dogs with glomerular disease absent a pathologic diagnosis. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 27 Suppl 1:S55-9. [PMID: 24635381 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In certain situations, veterinarians must decide whether or not to recommend immunosuppressive therapy for dogs with suspect glomerular disease in the absence of renal biopsy-derived evidence that active immune mechanisms are contributing to glomerular injury. The purpose of this report is to provide guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs under these conditions. ANIMALS Animals were not used in this study. METHODS Recommendations were developed by a formal consensus method. RESULTS Four recommendations were developed and accepted at a high level of consensus (median 92.5% agreement). Renal biopsy should not be performed when contraindications are present or when results will not alter treatment or outcome. Immunosuppressive drugs should not be given when the source of proteinuria is unknown, they are otherwise contraindicated, or a familial nephropathy or amyloidosis is likely. However, they should be considered when dogs are already being given standard therapy and the serum creatinine is >3.0 mg/dL, azotemia is progressive, or hypoalbuminemia is severe. Thorough client communication regarding pros and cons of such treatment as well as close and careful patient monitoring is required. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These recommendations can help guide the decision about renal biopsy in patients with proteinuria as well as the use of immunosuppressive drugs in those patients where the decision was made not to perform renal biopsy.
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Reactivity of the immunological system of rats stimulated with Biolex-Beta HP after cyclophosphamide immunosuppression. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:51-60. [PMID: 26155100 PMCID: PMC4439987 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.42125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the stimulating effect of the Biolex-Beta HP (β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan) dietary supplement on selected parameters of specific and non-specific humoral and cellular immunity in rats immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. The experimental material comprised 40 Wistar rats, divided into two equal groups: control and experimental. In the course of 3 successive days, the rats from the experimental group were administered cyclophosphamide intramuscularly at a rate of 50 mg/kg BW per day. On the 8(th) day of the experiment, 10 control and 10 experimental rats were sacrificed, and total protein and γ-globulin levels, lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity were determined in the blood serum. The proliferative response of blood lymphocytes after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A, respiratory burst activity and the potential killing activity of phagocytes were determined in whole heparinised blood. Starting on the 8(th) day of the experiment, the feed of the remaining rats from the experimental and control groups was supplemented for 14 consecutive days with Biolex-Beta HP at a rate of 50 mg/kg BW per day. On day 22, arterial blood samples were collected and immune parameters were determined. The results indicate that β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan has a positive effect on the analysed parameters of non-specific cellular and humoral immunity after cyclophosphamide-induced suppression. Nevertheless, the observed effect only marked a return to the norm, as most of the analysed parameters were merely restored to their initial levels, with the exception of lysozyme activity, which considerably exceeded the level noted before immunosuppression.
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70
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Yau VK, Bianco D. Treatment of five haemodynamically stable dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia using mycophenolate mofetil as single agent. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:330-3. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. K. Yau
- Pasadena Veterinary Specialists, Small Animal Internal Medicine; South Pasadena CA 91030 USA
| | - D. Bianco
- Advanced Critical Care, Emergency and Specialty Services; Internal Medicine Department; Woodland Hills CA 91364 USA
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Safra N, Johnson EG, Lit L, Foreman O, Wolf ZT, Aguilar M, Karmi N, Finno CJ, Bannasch DL. Clinical manifestations, response to treatment, and clinical outcome for Weimaraners with hypertrophic osteodystrophy: 53 cases (2009-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1260-6. [PMID: 23600784 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.9.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical manifestations, response to treatment, and outcome for Weimaraners with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD). DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 53 dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed for signalment, vaccination history, clinical signs, laboratory test results, response to treatment, and relapses. Radiographs were reviewed. RESULTS Clinical signs included pyrexia, lethargy, and ostealgia; signs involving the gastrointestinal, ocular, or cutaneous systems were detected. Of the 53 dogs, 28 (52.8%) had HOD-affected littermates. Dogs with HOD-affected littermates were more likely to relapse, compared with the likelihood of relapse for dogs with no HOD-affected littermates. All 53 dogs had been vaccinated 1 to 30 days before HOD onset; no difference was found between the number of dogs with a history of vaccination with a recombinant vaccine (n … 21) versus a nonrecombinant vaccine (32). Fifty (94.3%) dogs had radiographic lesions compatible with HOD at disease onset, and the other 3 (5.7%) had HOD lesions 48 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Twelve of 22 (54.5%) dogs treated with NSAIDs did not achieve remission by 7 days after initiation of treatment. All dogs treated initially with corticosteroids achieved remission within 8 to 48 hours. Of the 33 dogs that reached adulthood, 28 (84.8%) were healthy and 5 (15.2%) had episodes of pyrexia and malaise. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Treatment with corticosteroids was superior to treatment with NSAIDs in Weimaraners with HOD. It may be necessary to evaluate repeated radiographs to establish a diagnosis of HOD. Most HOD-affected Weimaraners had resolution of the condition with physeal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Safra
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA.
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Schneider S, Cianciolo R, Nabity M, Clubb F, Brown C, Lees G. Prevalence of Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritides in Dogs Biopsied for Suspected Glomerular Disease: 501 Cases (2007-2012). J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27 Suppl 1:S67-75. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
| | - R.E. Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH
| | - M.B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
| | - F.J. Clubb
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
| | - C.A. Brown
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - G.E. Lees
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
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73
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Segev G, Cowgill L, Heiene R, Labato M, Polzin D. Consensus Recommendations for Immunosuppressive Treatment of Dogs with Glomerular Disease Based on Established Pathology. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27 Suppl 1:S44-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (Segev); The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - L.D. Cowgill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Cowgill); School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA
| | - R. Heiene
- Blue Star Animal Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden and PetVett Dyresykehus; Oslo Norway (Heiene)
| | - M.A. Labato
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Labato); Foster Hospital for Small Animals; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA
| | - D.J. Polzin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Polzin); College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN
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74
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Rose JH, Harcourt-Brown TR. Screening diagnostics to identify triggers in 21 cases of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:575-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Rose
- Langford Small Animal Hospital; University of Bristol; Langford, Bristol Somerset BS405DU
| | - T. R. Harcourt-Brown
- Langford Small Animal Hospital; University of Bristol; Langford, Bristol Somerset BS405DU
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Collicutt NB, Garner B. Erythrocyte dysplasia in peripheral blood smears from 5 thrombocytopenic dogs treated with vincristine sulfate. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:458-64. [PMID: 24138476 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary dyserythropoiesis has been associated with vincristine administration in dogs. Evaluation of bone marrow aspirates for the presence of morphologic abnormalities in the erythroid lineage aids in the diagnosis. However, morphologic features of circulating erythroid precursors in these cases have not been described previously. The purpose of this report was to describe the cytologic features of dyserythropoiesis in peripheral blood and also bone marrow smears in a case series of dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) treated with vincristine sulfate. Nineteen dogs receiving vincristine for treatment of IMT were identified by retrospectively searching a computerized medical record system. There were 5 dogs that had dysplastic erythroid precursors in peripheral blood smears within 7 days of vincristine treatment. Two of those 5 dogs also had evidence for erythrodysplasia in modified Wright's-stained bone marrow smears obtained postvincristine administration. Morphologic changes included bizarre or inappropriate mitotic figures, abnormal nuclear configurations (fragmentation, elongation, indentation, and binucleation), atypical nuclear remnants (Howell-Jolly bodies), or nuclear and cytoplasmic asynchrony within the erythroid precursors. A brief review of the literature with discussion of the etiologies for dyserythropoiesis is provided. The dyserythropoiesis was clinically insignificant in all 5 cases and resolved. However, pathologists and clinicians should be aware of these potential findings to prevent misdiagnosis of other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Collicutt
- Veterinary Pathology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Dip R, Carmichael J, Letellier I, Strehlau G, Roberts E, Bensignor E, Rosenkrantz W. Concurrent short-term use of prednisolone with cyclosporine A accelerates pruritus reduction and improvement in clinical scoring in dogs with atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:173. [PMID: 24004561 PMCID: PMC3847128 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A randomized, unmasked, multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the rate of pruritus reduction and improvement in clinical scoring by cyclosporine A (5 mg/kg orally, once daily for 28 days) either alone (n = 25 dogs) or with concurrent prednisolone (1 mg/kg once daily for 7 days, followed by alternate dosing for 14 days; n = 23 dogs) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Dogs were included in the study after exclusion of other causes of pruritic dermatitis, and were assessed by dermatologists on days 0, 14 ± 1 and 28 ± 2. Assessments included: general physical examination, CADESI-03 lesion scoring, overall clinical response, evaluation of adverse events (AEs), body weight and clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis). Owner assessments, including pruritus (visual analogue scale, VAS) and overall assessment of response were conducted every 3–4 days, either during visits to the clinic or at home. Owners reported AEs to the investigator throughout the study. Results By day 28 ± 2 both treatment groups resulted in a significant improvement of the atopic dermatitis. Both investigators and owners agreed that concurrent therapy resulted in a quicker improvement of the dogs ‘overall’ skin condition and of pruritus (significant reduction of pruritus by day 3–4, 72.8% improvement by day 14 ± 1), when compared to cyclosporine A alone (significant reduction of pruritus by day 7–8, 24.7% improvement by day 14 ± 1). CADESI-03 scores significantly improved in both groups by day 14 ± 1 onwards, and there were no significant differences in the scores between treatment groups at any time points. A total of 56 AEs (cyclosporine A alone = 34; concurrent therapy = 22) were reported in 33 dogs. No dogs died or stopped treatment due to an AE. The most commonly reported AEs in the cyclosporine A group were associated with the digestive tract, whilst systemic disorders were reported more frequently observed following concurrent therapy. Evaluation of body weight change and clinical pathology indices showed no overall clinically significant abnormalities. Conclusions In dogs with atopic dermatitis, a short initiating course of prednisolone expedited the efficacy of cyclosporine A in resolving pruritus and associated clinical signs. The observed adverse events were consistent with those expected for the individual veterinary medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Dip
- Novartis Animal Health Inc,, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Wang A, Smith JR, Creevy KE. Treatment of canine idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia with mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids: 30 cases (2007 to 2011). J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:399-404. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Wang
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - J. R. Smith
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - K. E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
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Abstract
Treatment of immune-mediated disease in dogs and cats continues to evolve as new therapies are introduced or adapted from human medicine. Glucocorticoids remain the first-line therapy for many of the immune-mediated or inflammatory diseases of cats and dogs. The focus of this article is to provide an update on some of the common immunosuppressive therapies used in small animal veterinary medicine. The goals of therapy are to induce disease remission through the inhibition of inflammation and the modulation of lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Viviano
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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79
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Dandrieux JRS, Noble PJM, Scase TJ, Cripps PJ, German AJ. Comparison of a chlorambucil-prednisolone combination with an azathioprine-prednisolone combination for treatment of chronic enteropathy with concurrent protein-losing enteropathy in dogs: 27 cases (2007–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1705-14. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Cutaneous vasculitis is an inflammatory process targeting blood vessels. Underlying factors include drugs, infectious diseases, adverse reactions to food, malignancies, and immune-mediated diseases. Vasculitis is a reaction pattern warranting a workup to identify triggers. Presenting symptoms include purpura, pitting edema, and skin ulcerations. Constitutional signs include fever, depression, and anorexia and seem to be present in the majority of patients. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, treatment and follow-up must be tailored to the individual. High-dose immunosuppressive medications are only recommended once infectious diseases capable of producing a similar constellation of clinical signs have been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Innerå
- Finnsnes Dyreklinikk, Postboks 228, Finnsnes 9305, Norway.
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82
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Swann J, Skelly B. Systematic Review of Evidence Relating to the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 27:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.W. Swann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - B.J. Skelly
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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84
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Mundy P, da Silva EC, Ledbetter EC. Effects of cyclophosphamide myelosuppression in adult dogs with latent canine herpesvirus-1 infection. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:230-5. [PMID: 22480774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Latent canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection is common in domestic dogs, but triggers for viral reactivation and recrudescent CHV-1 disease are poorly understood. Cyclophosphamide is a potent immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive agent used for the therapy of a variety of neoplastic and immune-mediated canine disorders. Cyclophosphamide (200mg/m(2)) was administered to mature dogs latently infected with CHV-1 to determine its potential to induce recurrent CHV-1 disease and viral shedding. Non-infected dogs and dogs recovered from experimental primary ocular CHV-1 infection with experimentally confirmed latent CHV-1 infection were divided into groups and administered cyclophosphamide or placebo. Dogs were monitored for myelosuppression and viral reactivation for 28days using clinical and virological outcome measures. Clinical ophthalmic and in vivo ocular confocal microscopic examinations were performed at intervals. Samples were collected for CHV-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CHV-1 virus neutralizing (VN) antibody, and hemogram assays. Myelosuppression (i.e., decreased total leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, and erythrocyte counts) was detected on study day 7 in dogs administered cyclophosphamide, but not dogs administered placebo. There were no abnormalities suggestive of recurrent CHV-1 ocular disease during clinical ophthalmic or in vivo confocal microscopic examination in any dogs during the study. Ocular CHV-1 shedding was not detected by PCR and CHV-1 VN titers remained stable in all dogs. Following study conclusion, the presence of reactivatable latency was reconfirmed in the infected dogs by administering systemic prednisolone. Myelosuppression elicited by a single dose of cyclophosphamide does not result in detectable recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection in adult dogs with experimentally induced latent CHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mundy
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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85
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Nakamura RK, Tompkins E, Bianco D. Therapeutic options for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:59-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department; Veterinary Specialists of the Valley; Woodland Hills; CA; 91364
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86
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OHMI A, TSUKAMOTO A, OHNO K, UCHIDA K, NISHIMURA R, FUKUSHIMA K, TAKAHASHI M, NAKASHIMA K, FUJINO Y, TSUJIMOTO H. A Retrospective Study of Inflammatory Colorectal Polyps in Miniature Dachshunds. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:59-64. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aki OHMI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Atsushi TSUKAMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koichi OHNO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ryohei NISHIMURA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kenjiro FUKUSHIMA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masashi TAKAHASHI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ko NAKASHIMA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuhito FUJINO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hajime TSUJIMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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87
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Immunomodulatory drugs and their application to the management of canine immune-mediated disease. J Small Anim Pract 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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88
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Archer TM, Fellman CL, Stokes JV, Pinchuk LM, Lunsford KV, Pruett SB, Langston VC, Mackin AJ. Pharmacodynamic monitoring of canine T-cell cytokine responses to oral cyclosporine. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1391-7. [PMID: 22092633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacodynamic assays measure the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine on T-cells and offer an alternative assessment of efficacy in individual patients. OBJECTIVE To assess the immunosuppressive effects of high and low dosage cyclosporine on canine T-cells and to develop a novel testing system for individualized dose adjustment. ANIMALS Seven healthy female Walker hounds. METHODS Experimental study using a paired comparison design. Flow cytometry was used to measure T-cell expression of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ. Cytokine expression 8 days after oral administration of high and low dosages of cyclosporine was compared to baseline and washout values, respectively. The high dosage was initially 10 mg/kg q12h and was then adjusted to attain established immunosuppressive trough blood drug concentrations (>600 ng/mL). The low dosage was 5 mg/kg q24h. RESULTS High dosage cyclosporine resulted in significant decreases in IL-2 and IFN-γ expression (P = .0156, P = .0156), but not IL-4 expression (P = .2188). Low dosage cyclosporine was associated with a significant decrease in IFN-γ expression (P = .0156), while IL-2 expression was not affected (P = .1094). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE T-cell function is suppressed at trough blood drug concentrations exceeding 600 ng/mL, and is at least partially suppressed in some dogs at low dosages. Direct evaluation of T-cell function could be an effective, more sensitive alternative to measuring blood drug concentrations for monitoring immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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89
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Piek CJ. Canine idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia: a review with recommendations for future research. Vet Q 2011; 31:129-41. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2011.604979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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