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Diaz AA, Martinez CH, Harmouche R, Young TP, McDonald ML, Ross JC, Han ML, Bowler R, Make B, Regan EA, Silverman EK, Crapo J, Boriek AM, Kinney GL, Hokanson JE, Estepar RSJ, Washko GR. Pectoralis muscle area and mortality in smokers without airflow obstruction. Respir Res 2018; 19:62. [PMID: 29636050 PMCID: PMC5894181 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low muscle mass is associated with increased mortality in the general population but its prognostic value in at-risk smokers, those without expiratory airflow obstruction, is unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis that reduced muscle mass is associated with increased mortality in at-risk smokers. Methods Measures of both pectoralis and paravertebral erector spinae muscle cross-sectional area (PMA and PVMA, respectively) as well as emphysema on chest computed tomography (CT) scans were performed in 3705 current and former at-risk smokers (≥10 pack-years) aged 45–80 years enrolled into the COPDGene Study between 2008 and 2013. Vital status was ascertained through death certificate. The association between low muscle mass and mortality was assessed using Cox regression analysis. Results During a median of 6.5 years of follow-up, 212 (5.7%) at-risk smokers died. At-risk smokers in the lowest (vs. highest) sex-specific quartile of PMA but not PVMA had 84% higher risk of death in adjusted models for demographics, smoking, dyspnea, comorbidities, exercise capacity, lung function, emphysema on CT, and coronary artery calcium content (hazard ratio [HR] 1.85 95% Confidence interval [1.14–3.00] P = 0.01). Results were consistent when the PMA index (PMA/height2) was used instead of quartiles. The association between PMA and death was modified by smoking status (P = 0.04). Current smokers had a significantly increased risk of death (lowest vs. highest PMA quartile, HR 2.25 [1.25–4.03] P = 0.007) while former smokers did not. Conclusions Low muscle mass as measured on chest CT scans is associated with increased mortality in current smokers without airflow obstruction. Trial registration NCT00608764 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0771-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Carlos H Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rola Harmouche
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas P Young
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Merry-Lynn McDonald
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James C Ross
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mei Lan Han
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Russell Bowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Barry Make
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Regan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Crapo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory L Kinney
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John E Hokanson
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raul San Jose Estepar
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George R Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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In Reply:. Menopause 2017; 24:1323-1325. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Veronese N, Li Y, Manson JE, Willett WC, Fontana L, Hu FB. Combined associations of body weight and lifestyle factors with all cause and cause specific mortality in men and women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2016; 355:i5855. [PMID: 27884868 PMCID: PMC5122318 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the combined associations of diet, physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, and smoking with body weight on risk of all cause and cause specific mortality. DESIGN Longitudinal study with up to 32 years of follow-up. SETTING Nurses' Health Study (1980-2012) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012). PARTICIPANTS 74 582 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 39 284 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were free from cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Exposures included body mass index (BMI), score on the alternate healthy eating index, level of physical activity, smoking habits, and alcohol drinking while outcome was mortality (all cause, cardiovascular, cancer). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios of all cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality with their 95% confidence intervals across categories of BMI, with 22.5-24.9 as the reference. RESULTS During up to 32 years of follow-up, there were 30 013 deaths (including 10 808 from cancer and 7189 from cardiovascular disease). In each of the four categories of BMI studied (18.5-22.4, 22.5-24.9, 25-29.9, ≥30), people with one or more healthy lifestyle factors had a significantly lower risk of total, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality than individuals with no low risk lifestyle factors. A combination of at least three low risk lifestyle factors and BMI between 18.5-22.4 was associated with the lowest risk of all cause (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 0.43), cancer (0.40, 0.34 to 0.47), and cardiovascular (0.37, 0.29 to 0.46) mortality, compared with those with BMI between 22.5-24.9 and none of the four low risk lifestyle factors. CONCLUSION Although people with a higher BMI can have lower risk of premature mortality if they also have at least one low risk lifestyle factor, the lowest risk of premature mortality is in people in the 18.5-22.4 BMI range with high score on the alternate healthy eating index, high level of physical activity, moderate alcohol drinking, and who do not smoke. It is important to consider diet and lifestyle factors in the evaluation of the association between BMI and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Veronese
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gea J, Pascual S, Casadevall C, Orozco-Levi M, Barreiro E. Muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: update on causes and biological findings. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:E418-38. [PMID: 26623119 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory and/or limb muscle dysfunction, which are frequently observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, contribute to their disease prognosis irrespective of the lung function. Muscle dysfunction is caused by the interaction of local and systemic factors. The key deleterious etiologic factors are pulmonary hyperinflation for the respiratory muscles and deconditioning secondary to reduced physical activity for limb muscles. Nonetheless, cigarette smoke, systemic inflammation, nutritional abnormalities, exercise, exacerbations, anabolic insufficiency, drugs and comorbidities also seem to play a relevant role. All these factors modify the phenotype of the muscles, through the induction of several biological phenomena in patients with COPD. While respiratory muscles improve their aerobic phenotype (percentage of oxidative fibers, capillarization, mitochondrial density, enzyme activity in the aerobic pathways, etc.), limb muscles exhibit the opposite phenotype. In addition, both muscle groups show oxidative stress, signs of damage and epigenetic changes. However, fiber atrophy, increased number of inflammatory cells, altered regenerative capacity; signs of apoptosis and autophagy, and an imbalance between protein synthesis and breakdown are rather characteristic features of the limb muscles, mostly in patients with reduced body weight. Despite that significant progress has been achieved in the last decades, full elucidation of the specific roles of the target biological mechanisms involved in COPD muscle dysfunction is still required. Such an achievement will be crucial to adequately tackle with this relevant clinical problem of COPD patients in the near-future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Gea
- Servei de Pneumologia, Muscle & Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Hospital del Mar-I.M.I.M., Experimental Sciences and Health Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Pascual
- Servei de Pneumologia, Muscle & Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Hospital del Mar-I.M.I.M., Experimental Sciences and Health Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Casadevall
- Servei de Pneumologia, Muscle & Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Hospital del Mar-I.M.I.M., Experimental Sciences and Health Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mauricio Orozco-Levi
- Servei de Pneumologia, Muscle & Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Hospital del Mar-I.M.I.M., Experimental Sciences and Health Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Servei de Pneumologia, Muscle & Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Hospital del Mar-I.M.I.M., Experimental Sciences and Health Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, Stupka N, Brennan-Olsen SL, Holloway KL, Berk M. Sarcopenia and the Common Mental Disorders: a Potential Regulatory Role of Skeletal Muscle on Brain Function? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:351-7. [PMID: 26228522 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
While it is understood that body composition impacts on physical conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, it is only now apparent that body composition might play a role in the genesis of common mental disorders, depression and anxiety. Sarcopenia occurs in ageing and comprises a progressive decline in muscle mass, strength and function, leading to frailty, decreased independence and poorer quality of life. This review presents an emerging body of evidence to support the hypothesis that shared pathophysiological pathways for sarcopenia and the common mental disorders constitute links between skeletal muscle and brain function. Contracting skeletal muscle secretes neurotrophic factors that are known to play a role in mood and anxiety, and have the dual role of nourishing neuronal growth and differentiation, while protecting the size and number of motor units in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, skeletal muscle activity has important immune and redox effects that impact behaviour and reduce muscle catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Pasco
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia,
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Jeon YK, Shin MJ, Kim MH, Mok JH, Kim SS, Kim BH, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Chang JH, Shin YB, Kim IJ. Low pulmonary function is related with a high risk of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2423-9. [PMID: 25956284 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sarcopenia is the age-related reduction of skeletal muscle mass in older individuals. Respiratory muscle strength may be related to skeletal muscle mass and, thus, the present study attempted to estimate the risk of sarcopenia relative to decreased pulmonary function. The present findings demonstrated that low pulmonary function was associated with low muscle mass in community-dwelling older adults. INTRODUCTION Lean body mass is related to pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the relationship between muscle mass and pulmonary function in healthy older adults has yet to be clarified. Thus, the present study investigated the association of pulmonary function with muscle mass in an older community-dwelling Korean population. METHODS This study included 463 disease-free subjects over 65 years of age who underwent anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, spirometry, and the estimation of appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass in the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Low muscle mass was defined as the value of ASM divided by height squared (ASM/height(2)) that was less than two standard deviations (SD) below the sex-specific mean of the young reference group. RESULTS Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1[L]) and forced vital capacity (FVC[L]) were positively correlated with ASM/height(2) in males (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) but not in females (p = 0.360 and p = 0.779, respectively). A univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that males with low FEV1 or FVC were more likely to have low muscle mass (odds ratio [OR] = 3.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-5.99 for FEV1; OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.13-3.53 for FVC); similar results were found for females, but the significance was lower (OR = 11.37, 95% CI 0.97-132.91 for FEV1; OR = 7.31, 95% CI 1.25-42.74 for FVC). After adjusting for age, smoking, and moderate physical activity, a low FEV1 value was associated with low muscle mass in both males (OR = 2.90, 95% CI 1.50-5.63) and females (OR = 9.15, 95% CI 1.53-54.77). CONCLUSIONS Using nationally representative data from the 2008-2011 KNHANES, low pulmonary function was found to be associated with low muscle mass in community-dwelling older Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - M J Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - M H Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - J H Mok
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - S S Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - B H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - S-J Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y K Kim
- Kim Yong Ki Clinic, Busan, Korea
| | - J H Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y B Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - I J Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
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Dela Cruz AC, Vilchez V, Kim S, Barnes B, Ravinuthala A, Zanni A, Galuppo R, Sourianarayanane A, Patel T, Maynard E, Shah MB, Daily MF, Uhl T, Esser K, Gedaly R. A prospective analysis of factors associated with decreased physical activity in patients with cirrhosis undergoing transplant evaluation. Clin Transplant 2015; 29:958-64. [PMID: 26263921 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved recovery time after transplantation. Handgrip strength has been related to post-transplant outcomes. AIM To evaluate predictors of PA and grip strength in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant evaluation. METHODS Single-center, prospective analysis. RESULTS One hundred patients were evaluated (54% male, mean age 53 ± 9). Common etiologies of liver disease were non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (27%), hepatitis C (22%) and alcoholic liver disease (21%). Mean model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 13.5. Forty-one percent had a history of smoking. Ninety-three patients completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The median total PA score was 33 metabolic equivalent (MET)-min/wk. The mean total grip strength was 62.1 ± 22 lb. Total grip strength was found to be an independent predictor of low-moderate PA (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.4-16.2, p = 0.038), and smoking was the only significant factor associated with reduced grip strength (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplant evaluation have reduced total PA by IPAQ. Total grip strength was found to be a significant predictor of low-moderate PA in patients with cirrhosis. Smoking is a risk factor for reduced grip strength, an important indicator of muscle wasting in cirrhotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christina Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Valery Vilchez
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sooyeon Kim
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Benjamin Barnes
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abhishek Ravinuthala
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anthony Zanni
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Roberto Galuppo
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Achuthan Sourianarayanane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Trushar Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin Maynard
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Malay B Shah
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael F Daily
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Timothy Uhl
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Health Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karyn Esser
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Roberto Gedaly
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Costa TMDRL, Costa FM, Moreira CA, Rabelo LM, Boguszewski CL, Borba VZC. Sarcopenia in COPD: relationship with COPD severity and prognosis. J Bras Pneumol 2015; 41:415-21. [PMID: 26578132 PMCID: PMC4635087 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132015000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia in COPD patients, as well as to determine whether sarcopenia correlates with the severity and prognosis of COPD. METHODS A cross-sectional study with COPD patients followed at the pulmonary outpatient clinic of our institution. The patients underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was made on the basis of the skeletal muscle index, defined as appendicular lean mass/height2 only for low-weight subjects and adjusted for fat mass in normal/overweight subjects. Disease severity (COPD stage) was evaluated with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria. The degree of obstruction and prognosis were determined by the Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE) index. RESULTS We recruited 91 patients (50 females), with a mean age of 67.4 ± 8.7 years and a mean BMI of 25.8 ± 6.1 kg/m2. Sarcopenia was observed in 36 (39.6%) of the patients, with no differences related to gender, age, or smoking status. Sarcopenia was not associated with the GOLD stage or with FEV1 (used as an indicator of the degree of obstruction). The BMI, percentage of body fat, and total lean mass were lower in the patients with sarcopenia than in those without (p < 0.001). Sarcopenia was more prevalent among the patients in BODE quartile 3 or 4 than among those in BODE quartile 1 or 2 (p = 0.009). The multivariate analysis showed that the BODE quartile was significantly associated with sarcopenia, regardless of age, gender, smoking status, and GOLD stage. CONCLUSIONS In COPD patients, sarcopenia appears to be associated with unfavorable changes in body composition and with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Munhoz da Rocha Lemos Costa
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia - SEMPR - Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Fabio Marcelo Costa
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Carolina Aguiar Moreira
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia - SEMPR - Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Leda Maria Rabelo
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - César Luiz Boguszewski
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia - SEMPR - Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Victória Zeghbi Cochenski Borba
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia - SEMPR - Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
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STEFFL M, BOHANNON RW, PETR M, KOHLIKOVA E, HOLMEROVA I. Relation Between Cigarette Smoking and Sarcopenia: Meta-Analysis. Physiol Res 2015; 64:419-26. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for many diseases. It could be associated with sarcopenia. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether smoking is an isolated risk factor for sarcopenia. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Science Direct for articles addressing the relationship between cigarette smoking and sarcopenia. A total of 12 studies containing information on 22,515 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated for each study group and for all studies together. An OR was also calculated separately for each sex. We used a fixed-effect model in overall estimation and in males, because results of small studies were significantly different from the results of large studies in those cases and in females where the estimation showed only moderate heterogeneity we used a random-effect model. According to proposes of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. The resulting OR in the fixed-effect model was 1.12 (95 % CI 1.03-1.21), OR for each sex was in the fixed-effect model 1.20 (95 % CI 1.06-1.35) in males and in the random-effect model 1.21 (95 % CI 0.92-1.59) in females. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that cigarette smoking as an isolated factor may contribute to the development of sarcopenia. However, the results of the individual studies were largely inconsistent due to different approaches of measuring the main variables which affected the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - E. KOHLIKOVA
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Rom O, Reznick AZ, Keidar Z, Karkabi K, Aizenbud D. Smoking cessation-related weight gain--beneficial effects on muscle mass, strength and bone health. Addiction 2015; 110:326-35. [PMID: 25312589 DOI: 10.1111/add.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effects of smoking cessation on body composition and muscle strength in comparison with continued smoking. DESIGN AND SETTING Twelve-month longitudinal study of adult smokers conducted in Haifa, Israel. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-one smokers recruited from a smoking cessation programme combining group counselling and varenicline treatment. MEASUREMENTS Measurements were taken at the beginning of the programme and after 12 months. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscle strength was measured by handgrip dynamometry and predicted one-repetition maximum tests. Dietary intake and physical activity levels were estimated using questionnaires. Smoking status was determined by urine cotinine. The effect of smoking cessation was assessed using univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses. FINDINGS Forty-one participants (age 44 ± 12 years) completed all baseline and follow-up measurements (76% continued smokers; 24% quitters). All measures of body composition and muscle strength were increased among quitters when compared with continued smokers. Adjusted differences [95% confidence interval (CI)] between quitters and smokers were: body weight 4.43 kg (1.56-7.31 kg); lean mass 1.26 kg (0.24-2.28 kg); fat mass 3.15 kg (0.91-5.39 kg); bone mineral content 48.76 g (12.06-85.54 g); bone mineral density 0.024 g/cm(2) (0.004-0.043 g/cm(2) ); handgrip strength 3.6 kg (1.12-6.08 kg); predicted one-repetition maximum of chest press 7.85 kg (1.93-13.76 kg); and predicted one-repetition maximum of leg press 17.02 kg (7.29-26.75 kg). CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain mainly through accumulating extra fat, but is also associated with increased muscle mass, muscle strength and bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Papa V, Wannenes F, Crescioli C, Caporossi D, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S, Di Luigi L. The environmental pollutant cadmium induces homeostasis alteration in muscle cells in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:1073-80. [PMID: 25149082 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal widely distributed throughout the environment as a result of contamination from a variety of sources. It exerts toxic effects in many tissues but scarce data are present as yet on potential effects on skeletal muscle tissue. AIM To evaluate the potential alteration induced by Cd in skeletal muscle cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were treated with Cd at different times of cellular differentiation and gene expression was evaluated. RESULTS Exposure to Cd decreased significantly p21 mRNA expression and strongly up-regulated cyclin D1 mRNA expression in committed cells and in differentiated myotubes. Moreover, myogenin, fast MyHC-IIb and slow MyHC-I mRNAs expression were also significantly decreased both in committed cells and in myotubes. Moreover, Cd exposure induced a strong increase of Pax3, Pax7 and Myf5 mRNAs expression and stimulated an up-regulation of IL6 and TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION These data lead to hypothesize that environmental Cd exposure might trigger an injury-like event in muscle tissue, possibly by an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Papa
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza L. de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
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Tomoda K, Kubo K, Hino K, Kondoh Y, Nishii Y, Koyama N, Yamamoto Y, Yoshikawa M, Kimura H. Branched-chain amino acid-rich diet improves skeletal muscle wasting caused by cigarette smoke in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:331-7. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tomoda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University
| | - Kaoru Kubo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Nara Medical University
| | - Kazuo Hino
- Nutrition Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
| | - Yasunori Kondoh
- Nutrition Research Laboratory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
| | | | - Noriko Koyama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University
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Rom O, Kaisari S, Reznick AZ, Aizenbud D. Peroxynitrite induces degradation of myosin heavy chain via p38 MAPK and muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases in C2 skeletal myotubes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 832:1-8. [PMID: 25315626 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2014_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the catabolism of skeletal muscles. Recently, cigarette smoke (CS) was shown to stimulate muscle catabolism by activation of p38 MAPK and up-regulation of the muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) atrogin-1 and MuRF1 which are over-expressed during muscle atrophy. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), an oxidative ingredient of CS, also produced during oxidative stress and inflammation, was previously shown to induce ubiquitination and degradation of muscle proteins. To investigate the involvement of p38 MAPK and the muscle-specific E3s in ONOO--induced muscle catabolism, C2 myotubes, differentiated from a myoblast cell line, were exposed to ONOO- (25 μM) in a time-dependent manner. Following exposure, degradation of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and actin, activation of p38 MAPK, and levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 were studied by Western blotting. Peak phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was observed at 1 h of ONOO- exposure. ONOO- caused a significant increase in the levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF1. In accordance, a significant decrease in MyHC levels was observed in a time-dependent manner. These findings support previous studies in which the catabolic effects of ONOO- were shown. In addition, ONOO- was demonstrated to induce degradation of muscle proteins by activation of p38 MAPK and up-regulation of the muscle-specific E3s atrogin-1 and MuRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rom
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Efron St., 9649, Bat Galim, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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Rom O, Kaisari S, Aizenbud D, Reznick AZ. The effects of acetaldehyde and acrolein on muscle catabolism in C2 myotubes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:190-200. [PMID: 23792774 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The toxic aldehydes acetaldehyde and acrolein were previously suggested to damage skeletal muscle. Several conditions in which exposure to acetaldehyde and acrolein is increased were associated with muscle wasting and dysfunction. These include alcoholic myopathy, renal failure, oxidative stress, and inflammation. A main exogenous source of both acetaldehyde and acrolein is cigarette smoking, which was previously associated with increased muscle catabolism. Recently, we have shown that exposure of skeletal myotubes to cigarette smoke stimulated muscle catabolism via increased oxidative stress, activation of p38 MAPK, and upregulation of muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of acetaldehyde and acrolein on catabolism of skeletal muscle. Skeletal myotubes differentiated from the C2 myoblast cell line were exposed to acetaldehyde or acrolein and their effects on signaling pathways related to muscle catabolism were studied. Exposure of myotubes to acetaldehyde did not promote muscle catabolism. However, exposure to acrolein caused increased generation of free radicals, activation of p38 MAPK, upregulation of the muscle-specific E3 ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1, degradation of myosin heavy chain, and atrophy of myotubes. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB203580 abolished acrolein-induced muscle catabolism. Our findings demonstrate that acrolein but not acetaldehyde activates a signaling cascade resulting in muscle catabolism in skeletal myotubes. Although within the limitations of an in vitro study, these findings indicate that acrolein may promote muscle wasting in conditions of increased exposure to this aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Sharon Kaisari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dror Aizenbud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel; Orthodontic and Craniofacial Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Bat Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Abraham Z Reznick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Abstract
Age-related muscle loss impacts on whole-body metabolism and leads to frailty and sarcopenia, which are risk factors for fractures and mortality. Although nutrients are integral to muscle metabolism the relationship between nutrition and muscle loss has only been extensively investigated for protein and amino acids. The objective of the present paper is to describe other aspects of nutrition and their association with skeletal muscle mass. Mechanisms for muscle loss relate to imbalance in protein turnover with a number of anabolic pathways of which the mechanistic TOR pathway and the IGF-1–Akt–FoxO pathways are the most characterised. In terms of catabolism the ubiquitin proteasome system, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, oxidation and insulin resistance are among the major mechanisms proposed. The limited research associating vitamin D, alcohol, dietary acid–base load, dietary fat and anti-oxidant nutrients with age-related muscle loss is described. Vitamin D may be protective for muscle loss; a more alkalinogenic diet and diets higher in the anti-oxidant nutrients vitamin C and vitamin E may also prevent muscle loss. Although present recommendations for prevention of sarcopenia focus on protein, and to some extent on vitamin D, other aspects of the diet including fruits and vegetables should be considered. Clearly, more research into other aspects of nutrition and their role in prevention of muscle loss is required.
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Robinson SM, Jameson KA, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A. Clustering of lifestyle risk factors and poor physical function in older adults: the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:1684-91. [PMID: 24083502 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between number of lifestyle risk factors (out of low physical activity, poor diet, obesity, smoking) and physical function in older community-dwelling men and women. DESIGN Cross-sectional study, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Men (n = 1,682) and women (n = 1,540) aged 59 to 73. MEASUREMENTS Physical activity was assessed using an administered questionnaire with a score from 0 to 100; low activity was defined as a score of 50 or less. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire; diet quality was assessed according to a score for a principal component analysis-defined "healthy" dietary pattern. Poor diet was categorized as a dietary pattern score in the lowest quarter of the distribution. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 30.0 kg/m(2) or more. Physical function was assessed according to self-report (SF-36); poor function was defined as a score in lowest quarter of the distribution. A subgroup of participants had objective assessments of physical function (Timed Up-and-Go Test, timed 3-m walk, chair rises, one-legged standing balance). RESULTS There was a graded increase in prevalence of poor self-reported physical function in men and women with increasing number of risk factors (men, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for 3 or 4 risk factors vs none = 3.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.31-6.21; women, AOR = 5.37, 95% CI = 2.66-10.84). With the exception of balance, the objective assessments also showed graded relationships with number of risk factors, such that more risk factors was associated with poorer physical function. CONCLUSION These modifiable lifestyle risk factors are linked to marked differences in risk of poorer physical function in older adults. Efforts to encourage healthy lifestyles have the potential to improve physical function and to promote healthier ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân M Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Go SW, Cha YH, Lee JA, Park HS. Association between Sarcopenia, Bone Density, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Men. Korean J Fam Med 2013; 34:281-8. [PMID: 23904958 PMCID: PMC3726796 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass leading to decreased muscle strength, physical disability, and increased mortality. The genesis of both sarcopenia and osteoporosis is multifactorial, and several factors that play a role in osteoporosis are thought to contribute to sarcopenia. This study evaluated the association between sarcopenia and bone density and health-related quality of life in Korean men. Methods We used the data of 1,397 men over 50 years of age from the 2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by height2 (kg/m2) < 2 standard deviations below the sex-specific mean for young adults. Health-related quality of life was measured by the EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) instrument. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia, bone density, and health-related quality of life. Results The T-score of the lumbar spine, total femur, and femur neck in bone mineral density in subjects with sarcopenia were lower than those in subjects without sarcopenia. The score of the EQ-5D index was significantly lower and the rate of having problems with individual components of health-related quality of life was higher in the sarcopenic group. After adjustment for age and body mass index, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for sarcopenia were 2.06 (1.07-3.96) in osteopenic subjects and 3.49 (1.52-8.02) in osteoporotic subjects, respectively. After adjustment, the total score of the EQ-5D index was significantly lower in the sarcopenic subjects. The ORs (95% CI) for having problems of mobility and usual activity of the EQ-5D descriptive system were 1.70 (1.02-2.84) and 1.90 (1.09-3.31), respectively. Conclusion Sarcopenia was associated with decreased bone mineral density in Korean men. In addition, sarcopenia was related to poor quality of life, especially with regard to mobility and usual activity. Greater attention to and evaluation for sarcopenia are needed in subjects showing low bone mineral density to prevent and manage poor quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Won Go
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Flouris AD, Dinas PC, Tzatzarakis MN, Metsios GS, Kostikas K, Jamurtas AZ, Tsatsakis AM, Koutedakis Y. Exposure to secondhand smoke promotes sympathetic activity and cardiac muscle cachexia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 24:189-194. [PMID: 23802614 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.800966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent trials demonstrated that a single brief exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) generates acute adverse health effects. We evaluated the acute (immediately after exposure) and short-term (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after exposure) effects of SHS on cardiac autonomic control and myocardial integrity. Nineteen adult healthy never-smokers underwent a 1 h exposure to SHS at bar/restaurant levels and a 1 h control exposure. Heart rate variability (HRV), serum cotinine, and six cardiac protein markers were assessed before, during, and up to four hours following each exposure. SHS reduced the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals and increased cotinine levels, creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and myoglobin (p < 0.05). We conclude that acute exposure to SHS suppresses HRV and augments CK-MB and myoglobin. The SHS-induced elevations in CK-MB and myoglobin may reflect a generalized lytic state, especially of the cardiac muscle, which is apparent for at least 2 h following the SHS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- a FAME Laboratory , Centre for Research and Technology Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
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Rom O, Kaisari S, Aizenbud D, Reznick AZ. Essential Amino Acid Leucine and Proteasome Inhibitor MG132 Attenuate Cigarette Smoke Induced Catabolism in C2 Myotubes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 788:25-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6627-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rom O, Kaisari S, Aizenbud D, Reznick AZ. Cigarette smoke and muscle catabolism in C2 myotubes. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kaisari S, Rom O, Aizenbud D, Reznick AZ. Involvement of NF-κB and Muscle Specific E3 Ubiquitin Ligase MuRF1 in Cigarette Smoke-Induced Catabolism in C2 Myotubes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 788:7-17. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6627-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The term sarcopenia describes the loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function in old age. As the world population continues to grow older, more attention is given to the phenomena of sarcopenia and the search for strategies of prevention and treatment. The progression of sarcopenia is affected by age-related physiological and systemic changes in the body, including alterations in skeletal muscle tissue, hormonal changes, increased inflammatory activities, and oxidative stress. Sarcopenia progression is also affected by lifestyle factors which are far more controllable. These factors include various aspects of nutrition, physical activity, exercise, alcohol intake, and tobacco use. Raising the public awareness regarding the impact of these factors, as causes of sarcopenia and potential strategies of prevention and treatment, is of great importance. In this review we aim to describe various lifestyle factors that affect the etiology, prevention, and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel and
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Identification of possible cigarette smoke constituents responsible for muscle catabolism. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 33:199-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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