51
|
Comparing the Antifungal Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel versus Different Types of Root Canal Medicaments at Different Time Intervals Using the Agar Diffusion Test: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6550054. [PMID: 34938336 PMCID: PMC8687846 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6550054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel to those of four intracanal medicaments at various time intervals. Materials and Methods The agar well diffusion technique was utilized to test the antifungal activity of the following medicaments against Candida albinans (C. albicans): sodium hypochlorite gel, chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide paste, Ledermix, and Diapex Plus. The inhibition zone related to each medicine was measured in millimeter after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation at 37°C. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Games–Howell tests, at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results Except for Ledermix and Diapex Plus, which had no antifungal action, all of the medicaments showed varied inhibitory zones for C. albicans. At all periods, the NaOCl gel had the most significant inhibition zones, followed by the CHX gel and calcium hydroxide. At all time intervals, the NaOCl gel demonstrated comparable antifungal efficacy. When compared to a 24-hour time interval, the CHX gel showed an increased antifungal activity at the 48-hour and 72-hour intervals. Calcium hydroxide, on the other hand, showed a decrease in its antifungal activity at the 72-hour interval. Conclusion The antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel was the highest among the investigated medicaments. Chlorhexidine gel's antifungal activity improved over time, whereas calcium hydroxide's antifungal activity declined. Diapex Plus and Ledermix did not have any antifungal properties.
Collapse
|
52
|
Mineral trioxide aggregate immersed in sodium hypochlorite reduce the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22091. [PMID: 34764383 PMCID: PMC8585953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) is a root canal treatment material, which is known to exhibit a dark brown color when in contact with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl). This study aimed to investigate the effects of NaOCl on the surface properties of WMTA discs and WMTA-induced osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Mixed WMTA (ProRoot MTA) was filled into the molds to form WMTA discs. These discs were immersed in distilled water (D-WMTA) or 5% NaOCl (Na-WMTA). Their surface structures and Ca2+ release level was investigated. Moreover, they were cultured with a clonal human PDLSC line (line 1–17 cells). The main crystal structures of Na-WMTA were identical to the structures of D-WMTA. Globular aggregates with polygonal and needle-like crystals were found on D-WMTA and Na-WMTA, which included Ca, Si, Al, C and O. However, many amorphous structures were also identified on Na-WMTA. These structures consisted of Na and Cl, but did not include Ca. NaOCl immersion also reduced Ca2+ release level from whole WMTA discs. Line 1–17 cells cultured with D-WMTA formed many mineralized nodules and exhibited high expression levels of osteoblast-related genes. However, cells incubated with Na-WMTA generated a small number of nodules and showed low expression levels of osteoblast-related genes. These results indicated that NaOCl reduced Ca2+ release from WMTA by generating amorphous structures and changing its elemental distribution. NaOCl may also partially abolish the ability of WMTA to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs.
Collapse
|
53
|
Al-Saleh S, Albaqawi AH, Alrawi F, Tulbah HI, Al-Qahtani AS, Heer E, Nisar SS, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Effectiveness of synthetic and natural photosensitizers and different chemical disinfectants on the contaminated metal crown. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102601. [PMID: 34699981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Al-Saleh
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia..
| | - Ahmed Heji Albaqawi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, 55476, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Feras Alrawi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda I Tulbah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia..
| | - Amal S Al-Qahtani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia..
| | - Emal Heer
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Sadaf Nisar
- Department of Science of Dental Material, Dow International Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University; Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University; Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Al-Kheraif AA, Mohamed BA, Khan AA, Al-Shehri AM. Role of Riboflavin; Curcumin photosensitizers and Ozone when used as canal disinfectant on Push-out bond strength of glass fibre post to radicular dentin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102592. [PMID: 34673270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy of photosensitizers (CP, riboflavin) and gaseous ozone in comparison to the conventional radicular dentin disinfectant (NaOCl) on push-out bond strength (PBS) of PFRC post cemented to radicular dentin MATERIAL AND METHOD: Human single-rooted teeth were collected, steriled implanted in polyvinyl pipes up to a cement-o-enamel junction and de coronated. Cleaning and shaping of the canal were performed using the crown down technique followed by obturation of the canal space. Canal space was prepared using peso reamers and samples were divided into four groups based on types of canal disinfectant protocols. Group 1: Riboflavin+ 17%EDTA; group 2: Curcumin Photosensitizer + 17% EDTA; group 3: Gaseous Ozone disinfection (O3) +17% EDTA and group 4 control 2.5% NaOCl +17% EDTA. Within the canal space, fiber post was cemented and cured, and thermocycled. PBS was evaluated using a Universal testing machine (UTM) and failure modes using a stereomicroscope at 40x magnification. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the mean and standard deviation of push-out bond strength (PBS). The Tukey multiple comparison tests (p = 0.05) was used to compare the means of PBS RESULTS: The highest PBS was displayed in group 2 CP+ 17% EDTA at all three root levels, coronal (8.81±0.61), middle (7.77±0.55), and apical (5.25±0.61). The lowest PBS was revealed in group 4, disinfected with 2.5% NaOCl +17% EDTA (control) at coronal (6.12±0.54), middle (5.46±0.84), and apical (3.00±1.88) levels. The most prevailed fracture mode was an adhesive failure (cement-dentin interface). CONCLUSION Radicular dentin disinfected with PDT using CP, riboflavin, and O3 displayed similar PBS at all root segments. NaOCl is a convenient, traditional, and commonly used disinfectant, and it's effects on PBS is still controversial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A Al-Kheraif
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box: 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Badreldin A Mohamed
- Community Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box: 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Shehri
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box: 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Roy PK, Mizan MFR, Hossain MI, Han N, Nahar S, Ashrafudoulla M, Toushik SH, Shim WB, Kim YM, Ha SD. Elimination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilms on crab and shrimp surfaces using ultraviolet C irradiation coupled with sodium hypochlorite and slightly acidic electrolyzed water. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
56
|
Sismanoglu S, Ercal P. The cytotoxic effects of various endodontic irrigants on the viability of dental mesenchymal stem cells. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:305-312. [PMID: 34590392 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate cytotoxic effects of various irrigation solutions used in regenerative endodontic treatments (RETs) on mesenchymal stem cells, and further examine the long-term effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on the cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Stem cells were exposed to various concentrations of NaOCl, EDTA, chlorhexidine (CHX), etidronic acid (HEDP)/NaOCl combination and HOCl. HOCl was tested for its effects on ALP activity up to 21 days. Additionally, cell viability was measured fluorescently using calcein AM. The most cytotoxic irrigant was CHX even with the lowest concentration. NaOCl and HEDP/NaOCl with 1:100 dilution decreased viability to around 40%. HOCl showed the lowest cytotoxicity among all tested irrigants. HOCl also showed no significant reduction in ALP activity compared with the controls. The cytotoxicity of endodontic irrigants was time and concentration dependent. HOCl demonstrated promising results regarding viability and ALP activity, since RETs require host stem cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soner Sismanoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ercal
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University London (QMUL), London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Tan KS, Chew RJJ, Allen PF, Yu VSH. Aerosol-generating dental procedures: a reappraisal of analysis methods and infection control measures. J Hosp Infect 2021; 117:81-88. [PMID: 34534601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) have been associated with risk for transmitting infectious agents. However, existing infection control monitoring studies potentially underestimate the extent of contamination, due to methodological inadequacies. These studies employed settle plate methodology which only captures droplets that land on agar plates, but not those suspended in air. Furthermore, bacterial culture was used to determine the extent of contamination, without accounting for non-bacterial sources of contamination. AIMS This study sought to bridge these gaps by establishing a monitoring protocol involving active aerosol sampling and analysis of two dental AGPs, root canal treatment (RCT) and scaling. METHODS RCT and scaling were performed with standard aerosol mitigation precautions. Aerosols generated throughout each procedure were sampled using the air sampler device, while contamination of operatory fomites and personal protective equipment was sampled using surface swabs, before and post-treatment. The amount of contamination was quantified using bacterial culture and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. FINDINGS RCT generated insignificant aerosol and splatter, supporting the infection control procedures' effectiveness. Conversely, scaling significantly increased the amount of aerosol and splatter. When comparing bacterial culture and ATP assay, the magnitude of contamination obtained with ATP assay was greater, suggesting that ATP assay may have detected additional contamination of human origin and bacteria that was not recovered by the culture conditions employed. CONCLUSIONS This monitoring protocol is feasible in the dental setting and determines the extent of contamination generated during AGPs. This could be adopted in future studies to overcome the limitations of the existing literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - R J J Chew
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - P F Allen
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - V S H Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abdelkarim-Elafifi H, Parada-Avendaño I, Arnabat-Dominguez J. Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontics: A Helpful Tool to Combat Antibiotic Resistance? A Literature Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1106. [PMID: 34572688 PMCID: PMC8468135 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance has become a growing global problem where overprescription is a contributing factor for its development. In the endodontics field, complementary treatments, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), have been described to eliminate residual bacteria from the root canal space and reduce complications. The aim of this review is to describe the literature evidence up to now regarding the advantages, efficiency, and clinical outcomes of this therapy in endodontics as a possible tool to combat antibiotic resistance. METHODS A review of the literature from 2010 to 2021 was carried out using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Two steps were taken: First, articles were compiled through the terms and MeSH terms "Photochesdmotherapy" and "endodontics." Then, a second search was conducted using "photodynamic therapy" and "antibiotic resistance" or "drug resistance, microbial." RESULTS A total of 51 articles were included for evaluation: 27 laboratory studies, 14 reviews, and 10 clinical studies. Laboratory studies show that aPDT achieves significant bacterial elimination, even against antibiotic-resistant species, and is also effective in biofilm disruption. Clinical studies suggest that aPDT can be considered a promising technique to reduce bacterial complications, and reviews about the issue confirm its advantages. CONCLUSION The benefits of aPDT in reducing complications due to its antibacterial effects means a possible decrease in systemic antibiotic prescription in endodontics. In addition, it could be an alternative to local intracanal antibiotic therapy, avoiding the appearance of possible antibiotic resistance, as no bacterial resistance with aPDT has been described to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Parada-Avendaño
- Analysis and Design in Clinical Investigation, University of Barcelona, 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Josep Arnabat-Dominguez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
- Idibell Institute, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Philip PM, Sindhu J, Poornima M, Naveen DN, Nirupama DN, Nainan MT. Effects of conventional and herbal irrigants on microhardness and flexural strength of root canal dentin: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:83-87. [PMID: 34475686 PMCID: PMC8378487 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_426_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of herbal irrigants with conventional irrigants on microhardness and flexural strength of root dentin. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted permanent maxillary canines were selected. Decoronated roots were sectioned longitudinally into buccal and lingual segments to get 120 specimens. These were embedded in auto polymerizing acrylic resin and further grounded with fine emery papers under distilled water. Of these, 100 root segments without any defects were selected, further divided into four test groups and a control group according to the irrigants used (n = 20). Group 1: 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite, Group 2: Miswak stick extract, Group 3: Cashew leaves extract. Group 4: Mango leaves extract and Group 5: Normal saline (control). All specimens were treated with 5 ml of each irrigant for 10 minutes and rinsed immediately. Dentin microhardness was measured with a Vickers indenter, and the flexural strength test was done using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the intergroup comparison by student t-test. Results: The experimental groups showed a significant reduction in microhardness values when compared with the control group. Intragroup comparison among experimental groups, herbal irrigants showed the least reduction in microhardness values at cervical, middle, and apical thirds. When compared to the control group, the flexural strength values decreased significantly with experimental groups. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it was concluded that herbal irrigants were least detrimental to root dentin microhardness when compared with conventional irrigant. But the flexural strength was equally reduced by both conventional and herbal irrigants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Princy Maria Philip
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - J Sindhu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Poornima
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D N Naveen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D N Nirupama
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Thomas Nainan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lillygrace E, Kethineni B, Puppala R, Raichurkar HK, Ambati S, Saikiran KV. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triple Antibiotic Paste and Propolis as an Intracanal Medicament in Young Permanent Teeth: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 14:243-248. [PMID: 34413600 PMCID: PMC8343669 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste and propolis extracts as an intracanal medicament in young permanent teeth. Materials and methods A total of 30 single-rooted non-vital young permanent teeth with open apex were selected randomly from the children aged between 7 years and 14 years with no systemic complications. Group I—triple antibiotic paste and group II be propolis allocating 15 teeth in each group. After access opening, the first sample (S1) was collected by inserting paper point into the root canal, the second sample (S2) was collected immediately after irrigation, and the third sample (S3) was collected after post-intracanal medication after 3–4 weeks. Samples were sent for microbiological analysis to assess the bacterial count, and for the obtained data, statistical analysis was done. Results The mean colony count among the triple antibiotic paste group was 1906.75. After access opening, which was reduced to 315.12 after irrigation, and after 3–4 weeks, it was 817.25. There was a significant difference between sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3 (p value = 0.008). The mean colony count among the propolis group was 1427.87 after access opening, which was reduced to 436.00 after irrigation, and after 3–4 weeks, it has reduced to 252.37. There was a significant difference between sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3 (p value = 0.032). Intergroup comparison between the groups showed no statistical difference between the samples. Conclusion Propolis exhibited similar antimicrobial efficacy, which is comparable to triple antibiotic paste. So, propolis can be utilized as an intracanal medicament in young permanent teeth with an open apex. Clinical significance Propolis is a naturally occurring flavonoid-rich resinous product with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. It is safe without any drug allergies and bacterial sensitivity and is a promising alternative to triple antibiotic paste for disinfecting non-vital young permanent teeth. How to cite this article Lillygrace E, Kethineni B, Puppala R, et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triple Antibiotic Paste and Propolis as an Intracanal Medicament in Young Permanent Teeth: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):243–248.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edara Lillygrace
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Balaji Kethineni
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Ravindar Puppala
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Hemanth Kl Raichurkar
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Srilekha Ambati
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Kanamarlapudi V Saikiran
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Motwani N, Ikhar A, Chandak M, Gondivkar S. Disinfection Measures during COVID-19 for Dental Operatories. Open Dent J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602115010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
In the dental health-care setups, the environmental object and surfaces are expected to be infected by the COVID virus wherein definite procedures are performed. Consequently, these objects and surfaces, particularly where COVID-19 patients are being treated, must be appropriately cleaned and sanitized to stop further spread.
Objective:
The present article is intended for providing protocols about the cleaning and disinfection of objects and surfaces in the circumstances of COVID-19 for Dental operatories.
Methods:
Studies evaluating the surface characteristics of the virus as well as effective disinfection measures have been documented.
Results:
Various chemicals in different concentrations have a virocidal effect. The devices introduced include used UV radiation and ozone.
Conclusion:
These changes in dental clinical practice are needed to save humanity by preventing further transmission of disease.
Collapse
|
62
|
R R, Aravind A, Kumar V, Sharma S, Chawla A, Logani A. Influence of occlusal and proximal caries on the outcome of full pulpotomy in permanent mandibular molar teeth with partial irreversible pulpitis: A prospective study. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1699-1707. [PMID: 34101859 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the influence of occlusal and proximal deep carious lesions on the outcome of full pulpotomy performed in mandibular teeth with pulpal diagnosis of symptomatic partial irreversible pulpitis. METHODOLOGY Eighty deep carious mandibular molar teeth with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of symptomatic partial irreversible pulpitis without periapical rarefaction from patients of either gender between the age of 16-35 years were included. Depending upon the location of deep carious lesion, the teeth were distributed equally into occlusal (n = 40) and proximal caries groups (n = 40). Full pulpotomy was performed under local anaesthesia and aseptic conditions. The pulp tissue was removed until the root canal orifices, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was applied to arrest pulpal bleeding. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was compacted over the radicular pulp. Teeth were restored with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and bulk-fill composite resin. Pre- and post-operative pain was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h using a 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Patients were followed at 6 and 12 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation. Asymptomatic teeth without any radiographic evidence of periapical rarefaction were considered successful. The data were analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk W test, two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Kappa coefficient. The significance level was predetermined at p < .05. RESULT An intergroup comparison revealed that the pre- and post-operative pain scores at 24, 48 and 72 h were not significantly different (p > .05). At the end of follow-up period (12 months), success of full pulpotomy in occlusal and proximal caries group was 95% and 92.5%, respectively (p = .644). For both groups, the combined success rate of full pulpotomy was 93.75%. CONCLUSION The site of carious lesions (i.e., occlusal or proximal) did not affect the clinical and radiographic outcome of full pulpotomy performed in mature permanent mandibular teeth with symptomatic partial irreversible pulpitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rechithra R
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Aravind
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidhartha Sharma
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Chawla
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Logani
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Keskin NB, Aydın ZU, Uslu G, Özyürek T, Erdönmez D, Gündoğar M. Antibacterial efficacy of copper-added chitosan nanoparticles: a confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. Odontology 2021; 109:868-873. [PMID: 33988772 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of copper added chitosan nanoparticles (CU-CNPs) as an irrigation solution with different irrigants in terms of eliminating Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) from the root canals. Fifty mandibular premolar teeth were prepared and infected with E. faecalis for 21 days. After the incubation period, samples were randomly divided into a control group irrigated with distilled water and 4 experimental groups (n = 10) irrigated with as follows, %6 NaOCl, %6 NaOCl + %9 editronate (HEBP), Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), and CU-CNPs. To calculate the proportion of dead E. faecalis cell volume, stained using LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit and were scanned using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). All the irrigation solutions significantly (P < .05) killed the bacteria in the canal, except for the control group. CU-CNPs solution killed the highest (P < .05) number of bacteria compared with the other experimental groups. No significant difference was found between CNPs, NaOCl + HEBP, and NaOCl in terms of antibacterial activity. CU-CNPs solution was exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N B Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z U Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - G Uslu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - T Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Erdönmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - M Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Hussain AM, van der Weijden GAF, Slot DE. Effect of a sodium hypochlorite mouthwash on plaque and clinical parameters of periodontal disease-a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:40-52. [PMID: 33971082 PMCID: PMC9292655 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to establish the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite mouthwash (NaOCl-MW) compared with a control mouthwash on plaque and clinical parameters of periodontal disease. METHODS MEDLINE-PubMed, Embase and Cochrane-CENTRAL databases were searched for clinical trials on patients with gingivitis or periodontitis that assessed the effect of NaOCl-MW in comparison with a negative or positive control on plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding index (BI) scores and probing pocket depth (PPD). Data were extracted from the eligible studies. RESULTS Seven eligible papers were retrieved, which together represented six clinical trials. The studies showed considerable heterogeneity regarding methodological and clinical aspects that did not permit a meta-analysis. Two of the three studies in which NaOCl-MW was compared with a negative control showed that NaOCl-MW significantly reduced PI, GI and BI, and no effect was found on PPD. In three studies, NaOCl-MW was assessed using chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW) as a positive control; no difference was found for GI and BI. One of the three comparisons showed a statistically significant PI score favouring NaOCl-MW. One study measured PPD and found it to be significant in favour of NaOCl-MW. CONCLUSIONS Studies with a negative control group provided very weak quality evidence for a very small beneficial effect of NaOCl-MW on PI, GI and BI scores. Studies with a positive control group provided very weak quality evidence that NaOCl-MW had a similar effect as CHX-MW on PI, GI and BI scores. The outcome for PPD was inconclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Mehran Hussain
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A Fridus van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Else Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bactericidal effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on endodontic biofilm: An ex vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 218:112185. [PMID: 33819769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This ex vivo study aimed to evaluate the of Er,Cr:YSGG laser effectiveness in the decontamination of an endodontic biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-three single rooted human teeth, freshly were chosen. Each tooth was exposed to four associated species in an endodontic biofilm (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia) and randomly allocated to one of the seven experimental groups. The group 1 (7 teeth) was used to finalize the reliable biofilm-forming technique. The groups 2 and 3 (15 teeth each group) were irradiated with two different Er;Cr:YSGG laser settings (0,75 W - 40 Hz and 4 W - 40 Hz, respectively). The groups 4 and 5 (15 teeth each group) were irrigated with two different solutions and laser irradiated with the same settings (1,5 W - 15 Hz). The group 6 (6 teeth) was the control group treated only with 4 ml 2,5% NaOCl irrigation during 60 s. RESULTS The observations of group 2 and 3 specimens showed the ripeness of the biofilm with the presence of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus salivarius in chains but in group 3 thermal edge effects produced by the optic fiber in the canal walls were present. The group 4 specimens observation showed an average cleaning of the root canal walls while on the canal walls of group 5 samples the apical third presented several debris and smear layer and in the centre cracks and melting dentin of the radicular wall were observed. CONCLUSION In those experimental conditions, this study, demonstrated that Er,Cr:YSGG laser has a canals decontamination ability when associated to NaOCl irrigation.
Collapse
|
66
|
Influence of Lignocaine Hydrochloride with Adrenaline on Free Active Chlorine Content of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Admixed in Various Proportions. Eur Endod J 2021; 6:117-121. [PMID: 33531450 PMCID: PMC8056803 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.52523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Local anaesthetic solution that is commonly employed for supplemental intrapulpal injection (IPI) may routinely come in contact with subsequently used sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during endodontic treatment of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis cases. This in vitro study investigated the available free active chlorine (FAC) content of 3% NaOCl after mixing with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (LA) solution in three different proportions using iodometric titration analysis. Methods: Aliquots of 3% NaOCl (control) in different measures (30 mL, 27 mL, 21 mL and 15 mL) served as the effective concentrate of various proportions of NaOCl admixed with the test solutions, i.e., demineralised water (DM) and LA. The mixed aliquots containing NaOCl-DM and NaOCl-LA combination solutions admixed in various proportions (9:1, 7:3 and 1:1 w/v) respectively served as the experimental groups. Iodometric titration was performed to determine the FAC of each independent solution.The results were then evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc analysis to determine the differences between various groups and amongst the individual admixtures. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Inter-group comparisons revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between all the test groups. An intra-group analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in group 2, whereas no differences (P>0.05) were observed in group 3. Further, there was a dose dependent reduction in FAC content in both the experimental groups with lowest FAC values were observed in 1:1 solution admixtures followed by 7:3 and 9:1 proportions. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in NaOCl FAC content when admixed with lignocaine HCl even in small proportions. Hence, adequate measures should be taken to remove the residual LA from the pulpal space, before the use of NaOCl after IPI administration.
Collapse
|
67
|
Agrawal A, Mittal A, Dadu S, Dhaundiyal A, Tyagi N. Effect of root canal irrigants on calcium silicate cements: An In vitro study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijds.ijds_188_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
68
|
The Influence of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine on Postoperative Pain in Necrotic Teeth: A Systematic Review. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:177-185. [PMID: 33353925 PMCID: PMC7881388 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.94830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to provide the answer to the question: Can sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine influence postoperative pain after the endodontic treatment in necrotic teeth? Methods: The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42018096433 and was conducted following the PRISMA statements. The MeSH and free terms were used to search for articles published in the electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Virtual Health Library), in the gray literature, and by a manual search. The reviewers selected the studies considering predetermined eligibility criteria, performed data extraction, and evaluated the risk of bias. Only clinical trials comparing the effect of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine on postoperative pain in teeth of adult patients with necrotic pulps were included. Results: Five studies were qualified for the systematic review. Two studies were considered a low risk of bias. The results showed no statistically significant difference regarding postoperative pain in the groups. Only 1 study reported a statistically significant difference in the sixth postoperative hour, and the pain was associated with the sodium hypochlorite group. Conclusion: There was no influence of auxiliary chemical substance (NaOCl and CHX) on postoperative pain used in endodontic treatment in the teeth with pulp necrosis. However, one study observed a significant difference in the sixth postoperative hour, associated with the sodium hypochlorite group.
Collapse
|
69
|
Raura N, Garg A, Arora A, Roma M. Nanoparticle technology and its implications in endodontics: a review. Biomater Res 2020; 24:21. [PMID: 33292702 PMCID: PMC7716480 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-020-00198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The era of Nanomaterials has had a long lasting impression in the field of medical science. It’s excellent use in medicine has led to its application in dental science. Serious concerns regarding the eradication of microbial biofilms from the root canal system still exists in the field of endodontics. Nanoparticles have proven to be much more efficient with good bonding capabilities and surface chemistry as compared to the conventional materials. The practical applications of nanotechnology in endodontics has led to future prospects in research in this field. Main body Nanoparticles in endodontics have shown promising results. The various nanoaprticles like graphene, silver nanoparticles, chitosan, hydroxyapaptite nanoparticles, Iron compound, zirconia, Poly (lactic) co-glycolic acid, bioactive glass, mesoporous calcium silicate, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Magnesium, Calcium oxide and Copper oxide have been discussed. These nanoparticles have fetched and shown great results in various application in endodontics like incorporation of nanoparticles in selaers, obturating materials, irrigation, and intracanal medicament. Conclusion The application of nanoparticles from natural and synthetic materials is rapidly evolving in dentistry. These biomaterials have helped in treatment of oral diseases, in eradication of smear layer and biofilms, have been incorporated in various dental materials for their antimicrobial effects. Combining all their beneficial aspects, these nanoparticles will provide new paradigm shift in dentistry. This review on nanoparticles will provide the reader with the latest knowledge of these materials, their mechanism of action and its implications in endodontics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Raura
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirudh Garg
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Arpit Arora
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M Roma
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kharchi AS, Tagiyeva-Milne N, Kanagasingam S. Regenerative Endodontic Procedures, Disinfectants and Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Prim Dent J 2020; 9:65-84. [PMID: 33225847 DOI: 10.1177/2050168420963302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review aims to identify and synthesise available evidence to determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes of REP involving any disinfection irrigant together with a non-antibiotic intracanal medicament. METHODS Experimental and observational studies evaluating the outcomes of REP in immature non-vital permanent teeth in 6-16 year olds, where the protocol used any type of disinfectant irrigant together with a non-antibiotic intracanal medicament (non-setting calcium hydroxide) were included. Data was narratively synthesised and presented in respect to the primary outcome (elimination of symptoms and infection) and secondary outcomes (increase in root length/width; positive response to vitality testing; patient-reported outcomes; adverse effects). MAIN FINDINGS 1628 studies were identified, of which five met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review. Studies included one randomised control trial and four observational studies. All five studies showed an absence of clinical signs and symptoms for all teeth postoperatively with radiographic resolution or absence of pathology following the disinfection stages of the REP used. Choice of secondary outcomes were inconsistent but included further root development, coronal discolouration and root canal calcifications postoperatively. There was a high risk of bias in all five studies and subsequently the quality of the evidence base was judged to be low. PRINCIPLE CONCLUSIONS REP using a non-antibiotic disinfectant approach appears capable of providing satisfactory outcomes for a non-vital immature permanent tooth. Further high-quality research is required before solid recommendations towards clinical practice guidelines for the disinfection portion of REP can be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Kharchi
- Clinical teaching fellow, University of Leeds; Associate General Dental Practitioner with a Special Interest in Endodontology
| | - Nara Tagiyeva-Milne
- Co-Director, MIPH, Lecturer (Epidemiology), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Shalini Kanagasingam
- Senior Clinical Lecturer, Specialist Endodontist, Course Lead MSc & MClinDent Endodontology; School of Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Donnermeyer D, Schäfer E, Bürklein S. Real-time intracanal temperature measurement comparing mechanically and laser-activated irrigation to syringe irrigation. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 47:59-66. [PMID: 33159489 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial activity and tissue dilution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) are improved by moderately heating the irrigant. Temperature can be risen by preheating or intracanal activation. To assess intracanal temperature development of NaOCl during irrigation activation and syringe activation (SI) in a closed system at 37°C, Type-K thermocouples were inserted close to the root canal of one human single-rooted maxillary canine at the apex and 5 and 10 mm from the apical foramen via drilled holes. The root was positioned in a plastic vial filled with alginate simulating surrounding biological structures. Experiments were performed in a closed environment at 37°C (n = 14): EA: EndoActivator (Dentsply Sirona), EDDY: EDDY (VDW), PUI: passive ultrasonic irrigation, PIPS: Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (Fotona), S60: SI of 60°C-NaOCl, S45: SI of 45°C-NaOCl, and S20: SI of 20°C-NaOCl. S45, PUI and EDDY lead to minor intracanal temperature increases. EA and PIPS did not influence the intracanal temperature. SI with 60°C-NaOCl resulted in higher intracanal temperatures than activation systems. Temperature dissipation into simulated tissues buffered intracanal temperature changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Donnermeyer
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bürklein
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Singh S, Sharma P, Kumar M. Evaluation of the effects of 0.05% sodium hypochlorite and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate twice daily rinse on periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid HSV1 and CMV levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: a multicentric study. Med J Armed Forces India 2020; 78:157-163. [PMID: 35463538 PMCID: PMC9023539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical debridement of periodontal pockets remains the mainstay of therapy in all forms of periodontitis. There is 47% greater reduction in plaque amount when sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is used as an adjunct when compared with water rinsing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0.05% NaOCl and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate twice daily rinse on periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) HSV1 and CMV levels in chronic periodontitis. Methods Patients assigned to group A were prescribed 0.05% NaOCl mouthwash for twice daily rinse. Patients in group B were prescribed 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash to be used twice daily. Evaluation of periodontal parameters was done at baseline and after six months following therapy. GCF HSV1 and CMV levels were evaluated using a polymerase chain reaction. Results A statistically significant difference was noted in the improvement in periodontal parameters between both groups, when evaluated six months following therapy with greater reduction in group A vis-a-vis group B. Conclusion NaOCl when prescribed as a twice daily mouthwash can be recommended as a part of the home care regime in patients with chronic periodontitis. It is more cost-effective, easily available and can be beneficial to the troops in difficult terrains and extremes of climates, where oral healthcare facilities are not easily accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Singh
- Classified Specialist (Periodentology), Army Dental Centre (Research & Referral), New Delhi, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Parul Sharma
- Commanding Officer & Classified Specialist (Periodentology), 8 AFDC, 7 AFH Kanpur, India
| | - Mahadevan Kumar
- Professor (Microbiology), Bharti Vidyapeeth Medical College, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ichioka Y, Kado T, Aita H, Nezu T, Furuichi Y, Endo K. In vitro evaluation of NaOCl-mediated functionalization of biologically aged titanium surfaces. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:74-83. [PMID: 32908043 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the NaOCl-mediated biofunctionalization of titanium surfaces. Titanium disks stored for 2 weeks were immersed in 5% NaOCl solution for 24 h. A disk immersed in distilled water for 24 h was used as a control. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer assay of the titanium surface after NaOCl treatment demonstrated that organic contaminants containing carbon and nitrogen were removed and the number of hydroxyl groups increased. The NaOCl treatment substantially converted the titanium surface to superhydrophilic status (θ<5°), which resulted in an increased number of attached cells and enhanced cell spreading on the NaOCl-treated surfaces. These results indicate that biofunctionalization of the biologically degraded titanium surfaces can be achieved by chemical surface treatment with 5% NaOCl. The mechanism for desorption of strongly adsorbed organic molecules with polar groups such as amino and aldehyde groups from titanium surfaces by ClO- was elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ichioka
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Takashi Kado
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Hideki Aita
- Division of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Takashi Nezu
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Yasushi Furuichi
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Kazuhiko Endo
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Xu J, Gao Y, Meng Y, Wu W, Tsauo C, Guo T, Cao Y, Huang D, Zhou X, He J. Mechano-chemical coupling of irrigation enhances endodontic biofilm debridement. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:792-799. [PMID: 32873073 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1814753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of VIP Dental Care, Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chialing Tsauo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yangpei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Rath PP, Yiu CKY, Matinlinna JP, Kishen A, Neelakantan P. The effect of root canal irrigants on dentin: a focused review. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e39. [PMID: 32839720 PMCID: PMC7431934 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast literature on the effects of root canal irrigants on the dentin characteristics, the precise effects of clinically relevant irrigation sequences remain unclear. In this review, we systematically dissect the role of different sequential irrigation approaches that are used in clinical endodontics. Using a systematic search strategy, we attempt to answer the question: ‘Which irrigating sequence has the most deleterious effects on dentin structure and properties?’ The effect of irrigants on the dentin composition and mechanical properties have been reviewed. A wide variety of concentrations, duration and techniques have been employed to characterize the effects of chemicals on dentin properties, thus making it impossible to draw guidelines or recommendations of irrigant sequences to be followed clinically. It was apparent that all the studied irrigation sequences potentially result in some deleterious effects on dentin such as decrease in the flexural strength, microhardness, modulus of elasticity and inorganic content and organic-inorganic ratio of the dentin. However, the literature still lacks comprehensive investigations to compare the deleterious effect of different irrigation sequences, using a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods. Such investigations are essential to make clinical recommendations and strategize efforts to minimize chemically-induced damage to dentin characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Pragati Rath
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jukka Pekka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
PalatyŃska-Ulatowska A, BuŁa K, Klimek L. Influence of sodium hypochlorite and ultrasounds on surface features and chemical composition of Biodentine tricalcium silicate-based material. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:587-592. [PMID: 32224599 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are subjected to various factors during endodontic workflow. The aim was to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and ultrasound activation on the features and chemical composition of Biodentine. Fifty-four Biodentine samples were divided into 3 groups based on the material setting time. They were subjected to different modes and times of 2% and 5.25% NaOCl irrigation with or without ultrasounds, 12 min (group I), 45 min (group II) and 24 h (group III) after the material mixing. Visual assessment of the sample's surface was performed using the scanning electron microscope and chemical analysis was made with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Both NaOCl irrigation and ultrasounds affected the surface of the material; however, they did not change its chemical composition. The irrigation enhanced by ultrasounds following the placement of Biodentine should be performed after a longer material setting time. The immediate use of ultrasounds is not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna BuŁa
- Department of Dental Techniques, Chair of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz
| | - Leszek Klimek
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University of Lodz
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Chukka RR, Bellam MD, Marukala NR, Dinapadu S, Konda NK, Nagilla J. Efficiency of an Integrated Apex Locator in Determining Working Length in Various Irrigating Solutions: An In Vivo Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2020; 12:S410-S414. [PMID: 33149496 PMCID: PMC7595532 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_122_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this in vivo study was to compare and evaluate the accuracy of VDW Gold (VDW, Munich, Germany) integrated apex locator (IAL) and Root ZX Mini (J. Morita Corp., Kyoto, Japan) in two different irrigating solutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients who required extraction were included in the study. Following local anesthesia, access opening was performed under rubber dam isolation. Initial negotiation of canal was performed using size 10 K-Files (M-Access, Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Cervical preparation was carried out using Rotary ProTaper SX files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) under copious irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite. Patients were divided into two groups of 20 each: Group I (NaOCl) and Group II (CHX). The working length (WL) was determined in triplicates for each tooth using Root ZX apex locator and with S1 ProTaper rotary file in continuous motion in case of VDW Gold IAL in the presence of 3% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine. Therapeutic extraction was performed and WL was determined using size 15 K-Files under 20× magnification. RESULTS The paired sample independent t test showed that there was no significant difference between the Root ZX and VDW apex locator in determining the minor foramen in NaOCl group (P = 0.234, 0.453 respectively) and CHX group (P = 0.085, 0.087) when compared with actual working length. CONCLUSION Both the apex locators were equally effective in determining WL at 0.5 mm from the apex in presence of irrigating solutions, that is, NaOCl and chlorhexidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Reddy Chukka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Malati Devi Bellam
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Narender Reddy Marukala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sainath Dinapadu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Konda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Jithender Nagilla
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Ruksakiet K, Hanák L, Farkas N, Hegyi P, Sadaeng W, Czumbel LM, Sang-ngoen T, Garami A, Mikó A, Varga G, Lohinai Z. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite in Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Endod 2020; 46:1032-1041.e7. [PMID: 32413440 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
79
|
Uzunoglu-Özyürek E, Dik Güzel C, Dogan Buzoglu H. Effect of different irrigation methods in the presence of a separated instrument: an in vitro study. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:409-416. [PMID: 32105162 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1733076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation methods on sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)/debris extrusion and dentinal tubule penetration of 2.5% NaOCl in the presence of an apically separated instrument.Materials and methods: Sixty root canals of freshly extracted mandibular single-rooted premolars were chemomechanically prepared up to ProTaper F2. Manual needle irrigation (30-gauge/side-vented) with 2.5% NaOCl was performed between files and a smear layer was removed with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Three mm of notched ProTaper F3 files were separated in the apical third of the roots. Samples were then randomly divided according to the final irrigation systems as follows: EndoActivator, EndoVac, manual needle irrigation, passive ultrasonic activation, and RinsEndo. Samples were mounted to Eppendorf tubes and root canals were irrigated with 3-mL Rhodamine B-labelled 2.5% NaOCl, which was applied using one of the above-mentioned methods. The extruded NaOCl/debris weight was calculated by extracting pre-irrigation weights of tubes from post-irrigation ones. Samples embedded in acrylic resin were sectioned transversely in 1-mm thicknesses at apical 1- and 3-mm levels. NaOCl's penetration depth and percentage into the dentinal tubules were evaluated with the aid of a confocal laser scanning microscope. Data were analysed statistically with Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Siegel-Castellan tests (p < .05).Results: EndoVac significantly decreased the extruded NaOCl/debris compared to RinsEndo, passive ultrasonic activation, and EndoActivator in the presence of a separated instrument (p < .05). The penetrability of NaOCl significantly increased with the use of RinsEndo and EndoVac compared to the remaining groups (p < .05).Conclusion: In the presence of an irretrievable separated instrument, it could be suggested that devices with apical negative pressure such as EndoVac may improve the penetrability of irrigation solutions to the apical part of the root while preserving periapical tissues from NaOCl/debris extrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emel Uzunoglu-Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Hatice Dogan Buzoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Tanhaieian A, Pourgonabadi S, Akbari M, Mohammadipour HS. The effective and safe method for preventing and treating bacteria-induced dental diseases by herbal plants and a recombinant peptide. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e523-e532. [PMID: 32665810 PMCID: PMC7335610 DOI: 10.4317/jced.55717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted aimed at evaluating the antibacterial property of the recombinant peptide of bacteriocin entrocin P (EnP), the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum, and the extract of Ferulago angulata on some oral pathogens. Besides, the cytotoxicity of EnP was evaluated.
Material and Methods The antimicrobial property was tested on streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668), streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 9222), streptococcus oralis (ATCC 35037), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), using the microbroth dilution method. The 0.2% Chlorhexidin (CHX) mouthwash was used as the control group. Besides, the cytotoxicity analysis was done on gingival fibroblasts by the MTT colorimetric method. The data were reported using descriptive methods, and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s HSD test.
Results The strongest bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of C. cyminum and F. angulata were observed for S.mutans and S. oralis, respectively (with the MIC and MBC value being 62.5 μg/mL). The antibacterial properties of EnP were comparable to those of CHX, being several times stronger than medicinal plants (1-14 μg/mL). Based on the cytotoxicity evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference observed between the cytotoxicity of the control group and that of Enp for three evaluations, except after 72 hours when the cell viability at the concentration of 3.75 µg/ml was significantly lower than that of the control group (P=0.05). However, no concentration of EnP was observed to be over 50% of the growth inhibition (IC50) of the fibroblasts for the three evaluations.
Conclusions EnP could be utilized in dental materials as a natural and safe antimicrobial agent against oral streptococci and E. faecalis, being as effective as CHX mouthwash. Key words:Antimicrobial peptide, Bacteriocin Entrocin P, Chlorhexidine, Cuminum cyminum, Enterococcus faecalis, Ferulago angulata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Tanhaieian
- Dental research center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad, Iran
| | - Solmaz Pourgonabadi
- Oral and maxillofacial department, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Akbari
- Department of Restorative and Cosmetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh-Sadat Mohammadipour
- Dental materials research center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Berner T, Nakahara K, Kobayashi E, Tanaka A, Taniguchi Y, Iizuka T, Sawada K. Investigating the effect of antiseptic solution on the release of interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor beta 1 from human gingival fibroblasts using wound healing assays. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:293-297. [PMID: 32581176 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the effect of different antiseptics and different concentrations thereof in a model of wound healing using human gingival fibroblasts. The fibroblasts were rinsed with four different antiseptic solutions: sodium hypochlorite (HYP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and benzalkonium chloride (BC). The effect on the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In addition, the effects of the antiseptics on wound healing at 1, 12, 24, and 48 h were assessed through a wound healing assay. The viability of the fibroblasts rinsed with antiseptics was investigated with respect to the concentrations inhibiting cell growth by 50% (IC50), 25% (IC25), and ≤2% (IC2). A statistically significant increased release of IL-6 was obtained with BC IC25 and IC2 after 12, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.01). For TGF-β1, no significant release was found for CHX IC2 after 24 and 48 h or for IC50 and IC25 after 12 h. There was no significant effect on wound healing capacity for CHX or for BC IC25 and IC2. This study demonstrated that antiseptic rinses of human gingival fibroblasts alter the release of IL-6 and TGF-β1 and impact wound healing capacity, with both BC and CHX conferring neutral effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Berner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata.,Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich
| | - Ken Nakahara
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Eizaburo Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Yoichi Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tateyuki Iizuka
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern
| | - Kosaku Sawada
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Matochek MHM, Tomaz PLS, Oliveira TDS, Polassi MR, Alonso RCB, Scremin FM, Sauro S, Marcucci MC, D'Alpino PHP. Influence of a propolis-based irrigant solution on gap formation and bond strength of posts bonded to root canal dentin using different resin cements. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:490-499. [PMID: 32115490 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of an aqueous propolis-based solution (PROP) on gap formation and bond strength of posts bonded to root canal dentin using resin cements. Endodontically-treated bovine incisors received different irrigation protocols: 1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)/17% EDTA/NaOCl; 2) saline solution (NaCl)/EDTA/0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX); 3) NaOCl/PROP/NaOCl; 4) NaCl/PROP/CHX; 5) NaCl/PROP/NaCl. Posts were then bonded with cements: RelyX ARC; Panavia F2.0; or RelyX U200 (n=10). The specimens were cross-sectioned. Gaps were assessed and performed the push-out bond strength test. Surface roughness of dentin fragments was also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed (5%). RelyX U200 exhibited greater gap-free interfaces. Bond strength varied as a function of cements and irrigation protocols. PROP irrigation had no negative effect on the bond strength (p>0.05). Roughness increased significantly after NaOCl/EDTA/NaOCl, but remained unaltered after PROP irrigation protocols. Propolis-based irrigation protocols do not interfere in the bonding performance of posts cemented to root canal dentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Luiz Santos Tomaz
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN-SP)
| | - Thales de Sá Oliveira
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN-SP)
| | - Mackeler Ramos Polassi
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN-SP)
| | | | - Fernando Mateus Scremin
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN-SP).,School of Pharmacy, Educational Foundation Barriga Verde (UNIBAVE)
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, CEU Cardenal Herrera University.,Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
| | - Maria Cristina Marcucci
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN-SP)
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Ayoub S, Cheayto A, Bassam S, Najar M, Berbéri A, Fayyad-Kazan M. The Effects of Intracanal Irrigants and Medicaments on Dental-Derived Stem Cells Fate in Regenerative Endodontics: An update. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:650-660. [PMID: 32394343 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative endodontics is a biologically based treatment designed for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp to replace dentin and root structures, as well as dental pulp cells. This procedure has become a part of novel modality in endodontics therapeutic manner, and it is considered as an alternative to apexification. In the last decade, numerous case reports, which describe this procedure, have been published. This therapeutic approach succeeded due to its lower financial cost and ease of performance. Although the clinical protocol of this procedure is not standardized and the effects of irrigants and medicaments on dental stem cells fate remain somewhat ambiguous, however when successful, it is an improvement of endodontics treatment protocols which leads to continued root development, increased dentinal wall thickness, and apical closure of immature teeth. To ensure a successful regenerative procedure, it is essential to investigate the appropriate disinfection protocols and the use of biocompatible molecules in order to control the release of growth factors and the differentiation of stem cells. This is the first review in the literature to summarize the present knowledge regarding the effect of intracanal irrigants and medicaments on the dental derived stem cells fate in regenerative endodontic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ayoub
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Cheayto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Bassam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mehdi Najar
- Genetics and Immune Cell Therapy Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.,Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Research Center (CRCHUM), University of Montreal Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Berbéri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Doumani MD, Arnous WA, Alsafadi MF, Alnazer HA, Alanazi SM, Alotaibi KS, Al-Ammari AI. The Vital Pulp Therapy of Permanent Teeth: A Dental Practitioner's Perspective from Saudi Arabia. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:300-308. [PMID: 32802776 PMCID: PMC7402255 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_69_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the levels of knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners (DPs) toward vital pulp therapy (VPT) of young permanent teeth in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by taking convenient sample of general DPs and specialist attending Saudi International Dental Conference, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 200 DPs administered a structured, self-administered questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge and attitude toward VPT. The questionnaire comprised four parts: Part I: Characteristics of the study participants; Part II: Items related to indications and diagnosis of VPT; Part III: Questions related to the different VPTs for immature permanent teeth; and Part IV: Dental materials used in VPT and restoration. All the data were entered into the statistical analysis software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY) and analyzed by using descriptive statistics of frequency distribution and percentages for the categorical variables. RESULTS A total of 193 (men = 57% [110] and women = 43% [83]) DPs participated in this study with a response rate of 96.5%. Less than half of correct responses were observed with (Item 1) related to the duration of complete closure of root apex (43%) and (Item 14) use of sodium hypochlorite to serve as an excellent diagnostic tool to differentiate irreversible from reversible pulpitis. A high percentage of correct responses were seen with the (Item 9) indirect pulp capping--a procedure performed in a tooth with a deep carious lesion without signs or symptoms of pulp degeneration (75%). All other item responses ranged in between 52% and 72%. CONCLUSION DPs showed fair-to-good knowledge and attitude toward VPT of young permanent teeth. In general, there is a need to improve knowledge and attitude of dental professionals about the VPT by attending continuing dental educational programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen D Doumani
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waod A Arnous
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak F Alsafadi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba A Alnazer
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman M Alanazi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Alotaibi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Abusrewil S, Alshanta OA, Albashaireh K, Alqahtani S, Nile CJ, Scott JA, McLean W. Detection, treatment and prevention of endodontic biofilm infections: what's new in 2020? Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:194-212. [PMID: 32233822 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1739622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic disease, a biofilm infection of the root canal space, is a significant cause of dental morbidity worldwide. Endodontic treatment, or root canal treatment, as it is commonly known is founded on the ability to eradicate microbial biofilm infection and prevent re-infection of the highly complex root canal space. Despite many "advances" in clinical endodontics we have seen little improvement in outcomes. The aim of this critical review paper is to provide a contemporary view of endodontic microbiology and biofilm polymicrobiality, provide an understanding of the host response, and how together these impact upon clinical treatment. Ultimately, it is intended to provide insight into novel opportunities and strategies for the future diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of endodontic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Abusrewil
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Om Alkhir Alshanta
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Khawlah Albashaireh
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher J Nile
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Alun Scott
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Souza MA, Lago BLT, Pletsch A, Binotto A, Poletti A, Rodrigues FT, Ricci R, Bischoff KF, Dias CT, Palhano HS, Lago CTR, Farina AP, Cecchin D, Bervian J, de Figueiredo JAP. Association of calcium hypochlorite, reciprocating instrumentation and photodynamic therapy: Antimicrobial analysis and effects on root dentin structure. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
87
|
Antimicrobial effectiveness of etidronate powder (Dual Rinse ® HEDP) and two EDTA preparations against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary laboratory study. Odontology 2020; 108:396-405. [PMID: 32112364 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of two chelating agents: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined or not with detergents, and etidronic acid combined with sterile saline. The bacterial inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4083 strain. Antimicrobial tests were performed on a biofilm model after treatment with the chelating agents at different times (1, 3, and 5 min) using a biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) assays. Quantification of cell biomass and percentage of live and dead cells in the biomass was assessed for each group. The normality of the distributions for each variable was assessed using the D'Agostino and Pearson's omnibus normality test. The comparison of bacterial viability among groups and between any two groups was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Dunn's test, respectively. No significant between-group difference was observed regarding biomass reduction. On the other hand, EDTA combined with detergents displayed a substantial increase of the dead bacteria ranging between 35 and 43%; whereas, the number of cells killed in the control group and in the other treated groups always ranged between 1 and 6%, at all experimental times. The addition of detergents to EDTA can improve its anti-biofilm activity by reducing EPS production and enhancing the killing of sessile bacterial cells. Clinical relevance EDTA presents a relevant antimicrobial activity when combined with surface-active agents.
Collapse
|
88
|
In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties and Smear Layer Removal/Sealer Penetration of a Novel Silver-Citrate Root Canal Irrigant. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010194. [PMID: 31906551 PMCID: PMC6981809 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel silver-citrate root canal irrigation solution (BioAKT) on smear layer removal, sealer penetration after root canal instrumentation and antibacterial activity. Single-root teeth were endodontically treated, sealed with an epoxi-amine resin sealer and irrigated using: Group I: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group II: silver-citrate solution (BioAKT); Group III: phosphate buffer solution (PBS); Group IV: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Smear layer removal and silver deposition at the coronal, middle and apical portion of each canal were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at coronal, middle and apical portion was assessed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy (CSM). Both SEM and CSM micrographs were evaluated by two examiners (κ = 0.86), who were blind to the irrigation regimens; scores were given according to the degree of penetration of the sealer. Data analysis included Pearson’s x2 and Sidak’s multiple comparisons. Dentin discs were polished and sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown using a continuous-flow bioreactor under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Specimens were irrigated with the tested solutions, and bacterial viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Student’s post-hoc t-test (p < 0.05). BioAKT and EDTA were the most efficient solutions both in removing the smear layer and allowing sealer penetration. However, at the apical portion BioAKT performed significantly better compared to EDTA both in smear layer removal and sealer penetration (p < 0.05). BioAKT and NaOCl showed comparable antibacterial effect (p = 0.53). In conclusion, BioAKT represents a suitable smear layer removal agent, which allows for reliable sealer penetration at the apical portion of the root canal system and offers significant antibacterial properties.
Collapse
|
89
|
Adl A, Shojaee N, Zaeri Z, Shokouhi M, Sobhnamayan F. Influence of calcium hydroxide residues after using different irrigants on the accuracy of two electronic apex locators: An in vitro study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.276235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
90
|
Tan OL, Safii SH, Razali M. Commercial Local Pharmacotherapeutics and Adjunctive Agents for Nonsurgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Contemporary Review of Clinical Efficacies and Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 9:E11. [PMID: 31905889 PMCID: PMC7169417 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal infections tend to be site-specific, mostly confined to the periodontal pocket. With the surge of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the trend is shifting towards other therapeutic modalities, especially locally delivered approaches that include other pharmacotherapeutic drugs and medical devices. This narrative review aimed to provide insights into the clinical efficacy of local drug delivery and adjunctive agents used in nonsurgical management of periodontitis. Electronic (PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE) and bibliographic searches of past systematic reviews were carried out to identify previous publications on the topic. Only relevant literature and randomized controlled trials published in English were selected. In addition, a literature review was developed based on the selected articles. Experimental drugs or agents were excluded. This review highlights the clinically proven and commercially available therapeutic agents related to the management of periodontal disease with comparisons of their clinical efficacies and challenges. A vast array of commercial local pharmacotherapeutic agents had been clinically tested, but the methodologies and clinical results varied within and between each agent used, causing difficulty in drawing conclusions and providing support to the superiority of one agent over another. Considering the benefit-cost ratio with the modest clinical results, the long-term usefulness of these agents remains debatable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oi Leng Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Restorative Dentistry, Unit of Periodontology, National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Syarida Hasnur Safii
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Masfueh Razali
- Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Restorative Dentistry, Unit of Periodontology, National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Antibacterial Activity and Impact of Different Antiseptics on Biofilm-Contaminated Implant Surfaces. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several antiseptic agents have been proposed for the treatment of peri-implantitis as a complementary therapeutic strategy in addition to mechanical devices. The aim of this study was to compare six different antiseptics, as well as alternative formulations of the same chemical agent, with respect to their decontamination efficacy and impact on chemical properties of the implant surface. Titanium disks with a micro-rough surface, previously contaminated with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans biofilms, were treated for 2 min with different antiseptics (liquid sodium hypochlorite 5.25%, gel sodium hypochlorite 5.25%, liquid chlorhexidine 0.2%, gel chlorhexidine 1%, gel citric acid 40%, and gel orthophosphoric acid 37%) or sterile saline solution (control) and their antibacterial activity as well as their ability to remove biofilm were assessed by viable bacterial count and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Spectroscopic analysis was also performed on non-contaminated disks after exposure to the antiseptics, in order to detect any change in the elemental composition of the titanium surface. All the antimicrobial formulations examined were effective against P. gingivalis and S. mutans biofilms. SEM analysis revealed however that liquid sodium hypochlorite 5.25% was more effective in dissolving biofilm residues. Spectroscopic analysis detected traces of the antiseptics, probably due to insufficient rinsing of the titanium surfaces. In conclusion, since gel formulations of these antiseptic agents possessed a similar antibacterial activity to the liquid formulations, these may be proposed as alternative treatments given their properties to avoid overflows and increase contact time without significant side effects on the bone.
Collapse
|
92
|
Teves A, Blanco D, Casaretto M, Torres J, Alvarado D, Jaramillo DE. Effectiveness of different disinfection techniques of the root canal in the elimination of a multi-species biofilm. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e978-e983. [PMID: 31700570 PMCID: PMC6825738 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different root canal disinfection techniques in the elimination of a multi-species biofilm from inside the root canal. Material and Methods Fifty mandibular first premolars were used in the present study, standardized to 11mm of root length, and instrumented with a reciprocation system Reciproc, (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) to a #50. Longitudinally sectioned halves of the roots were obtained and washed with NaOCl 4%, EDTA 17% and 5% sodium thiosulfate, and sterilized by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 121°C. A multi-species biofilm broth was developed with three strains of bacteria under laboratory conditions: Enterococcus faecalis ATTC 29212, Eikenella corrodens ATTC 23834, Streptococcus anginosus ATTC 33397. Roots were autoclaved and transferred to the broth for 4 days and then were subjected to either disinfection with sodium hypochlorite 4% and XP-endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) or chlorhexidine 2% with and without activation with XP-endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland). Results The evaluations of the biofilm elimination showed results that indicate that the 4% sodium hypochlorite group with positive pressure irrigation presented significant differences with the group that had irrigation with sodium hypochlorite activated with XP-endo Finisher and the chlorhexidine groups to 2% (P<0.05). Conclusions Chlorhexidine 2% activated with the XP-endo Finisher does not exert elimination or improved cleaning effect on the multi-species biofilm. Activation of sodium hypochlorite 4% improved the elimination of the multi-species biofilm. Key words:Biofilm, multispecies, chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Torres
- Universidad Catolica Santo Toribio de Mogroviejo
| | | | - David E Jaramillo
- Professor of Endodontics University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Candida albicans Biofilm Heterogeneity and Tolerance of Clinical Isolates: Implications for Secondary Endodontic Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040204. [PMID: 31671533 PMCID: PMC6963865 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Endodontic infections are caused by the invasion of various microorganisms into the root canal system. Candida albicans is a biofilm forming yeast and the most prevalent eukaryotic microorganism in endodontic infections. In this study we investigated the ability of C. albicans to tolerate treatment with standard endodontic irrigants NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a combination thereof. We hypothesized that biofilm formed from a panel of clinical isolates differentially tolerate disinfectant regimens, and this may have implications for secondary endodontic infections. Methodology: Mature C. albicans biofilms were formed from 30 laboratory and oral clinical isolates and treated with either 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA or a sequential treatment of 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA for 5 min. Biofilms were then washed, media replenished and cells reincubated for an additional 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C. Regrowth was quantified using metabolic reduction, electrical impedance, biofilm biomass and microscopy at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: Microscopic analysis and viability readings revealed a significant initial killing effect by NaOCl, followed by a time dependent significant regrowth of C. albicans, but with inter-strain variability. In contrast to NaOCl, there was a continuous reduction in viability after EDTA treatment. Moreover, EDTA significantly inhibited regrowth after NaOCl treatment, though viable cells were still observed. Conclusions: Our results indicate that different C. albicans biofilm phenotypes grown in a non-complex surface topography have the potential to differentially tolerate standard endodontic irrigation protocols. This is the first study to report a strain dependent impact on efficacy of endodontic irrigants. Its suggested that within the complex topography of the root canal, a more difficult antimicrobial challenge, that existing endodontic irrigant regimens permit cells to regrow and drive secondary infections.
Collapse
|
94
|
Seraj B, Ghadimi S, Najafpoor E, Abdolalian F, Khanmohammadi R. Comparative evaluation of the effects of different methods of post space preparation in primary anterior teeth on the fracture resistance of tooth restorations. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019; 13:141-146. [PMID: 31592310 PMCID: PMC6773913 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Severely damaged teeth do not have adequate structure to support the composite crown; therefore, use of the canal space has been suggested to increase retention. Furthermore, the effect of post space irrigation protocols on the fracture resistance of the primary anterior teeth has not definitely been studied in postoperative modalities. This study compared the fracture resistance of restorations of primary anterior teeth following irrigation of the post space with sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine with and without application of burs.
Methods. Ninety-four extracted primary anterior teeth were selected. Root canal treatments were carried out, 4 mm of the post space was left empty and 1 mm was regarded as a bed. The post space was prepared with and without a bur and the irrigation procedures were carried out with 0.2% chlorhexidine and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions. Composite posts were inserted into the canals and the crowns were restored. Following composite etching and light-curing, the fracture resistance of the restored teeth was determined by a universal testing machine.
Results. In the sodium hypochlorite group, fracture resistance of the teeth was 376.8±107.29 N and 475.5±186.89 N without and with bur preparation, respectively. For chlorhexidine protocol, the values were 370.88±175.46 N and 430.85±178.22 N without and with bur preparation, respectively. The effect of irrigating material was not significant; however, the bur and irrigating preparation significantly increased the fracture resistance of the restored teeth (P=0.02).
Conclusion. Post space irrigation with 0.2% chlorhexidine or 2.5% sodium hypochlorite did not significantly affect the fracture resistance of primary anterior teeth in the post treatment modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Seraj
- Dental Research Center and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadimi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Najafpoor
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdolalian
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razieh Khanmohammadi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Etching Patterns of Sodium Hypochlorite Pretreated Hypocalcified Amelogenesis Imperfecta Primary Molars: SEM Study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 43:257-262. [PMID: 31094633 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-43.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the etching patterns of hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) in primary molars pretreated with 5.25% NaOCl prior to phosphoric acid application using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Study design: Ten hypocalcified AI primary molars were collected, sectioned longitudinally into 2 parts and allocated into two groups of ten specimens each. The enamel surface in the first group (control group) was etched using 37% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds; while in the second group (study group), it was pretreated using 5.25 sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl) for 60 seconds prior to acid etching. Each specimen was examined at 16 different sites, and evaluated for the etching pattern (types I, II, and III) distribution using SEM. A total of 320 microphotographs at 1,500 magnification were obtained using Auto-Cad 2007 software. Results: The etching pattern with phosphoric acid was not uniform with predominance of type III etching (65.63%), while the pretreated enamel surfaces showed a significant increase in type I and II(82.5%) etching patterns (P<0.001). Conclusion: Treatment of primary teeth affected by hypocalcified AI using 5.25% NaOCl prior to phosphoric acid etching significantly improves the etching pattern which is required for good resin bonding.
Collapse
|
96
|
Walia V, Goswami M, Mishra S, Walia N, Sahay D. Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Sodium Hypochlorite, the Diode Laser and Saline in Reducing the Microbial Count in Primary Teeth Root Canals - An In Vivo Study. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:268-274. [PMID: 31875118 PMCID: PMC6885898 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: One of the primary goals of pulpectomy is to decrease the sum total of microorganisms and disinfect the tooth root canal system. To achieve this, mechanical preparation, irrigation, disinfection and obturation of the root canal is necessary. The present study was set out to evaluate the difference in the antibacterial efficacy of primary teeth root canals either irrigated with chlorhexidine, saline, and sodium hypochlorite or irradiated with a soft tissue diode laser (980 nm, Photon Plus, Zolar Tech & Mfg Co. Inc, Ontario, Canada). Methods: Sixty primary teeth of children requiring pulpectomy were divided into 4 groups of 15 each, group 1 (2% chlorhexidine), group 2 (1% sodium hypochlorite), group 3 (laser irradiation) and group 4 (saline). Pulp tissue was extirpated from the canals and the samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points. After cleaning and shaping, the root canals of the teeth in each group were irrigated using sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and saline or were irradiated with the laser. The samples were obtained again and sent for microbiological examination. Results: The colony-forming unit (CFU) counts from pre-disinfection sample served as a baseline for comparisons throughout the study. The mean bacterial colony counts of all the isolated bacteria reduced after irrigation or irradiation. Intergroup comparisons showed no significant difference when groups 1, 2, and 3 were compared to each other (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference was seen when groups 1, 2, 3 were compared to group 4 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Two percent chlorhexidine, 1% sodium hypochlorite and laser irradiation succeeded in reducing the root canal infection. Hence, diode laser irradiation may be a possible supplement to existing protocols for disinfecting the root canal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Walia
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, India
| | - Mousumi Goswami
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shivesh Mishra
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nidhi Walia
- Department of Prosthodontics, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research center, Greater Noida, India
| | - Divya Sahay
- Department of Microbiology, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research center, Greater Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Baras BH, Sun J, Melo MAS, Tay FR, Oates TW, Zhang K, Weir MD, Xu HH. Novel root canal sealer with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate, nano-silver and nano-calcium phosphate to kill bacteria inside root dentin and increase dentin hardness. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1479-1489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
98
|
Kumar Tiwari S, Guo X, Huang Y, Zhou X, Xu HHK, Ren B, Peng X, Weir MD, Li M, Cheng L. The inhibitory effect of quaternary ammonium salt on bacteria in root canal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12463. [PMID: 31462657 PMCID: PMC6713705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persisting apical periodontitis is a primary reason for multiple intervention in root canal. Persisting bacteria in root canal is related with the persisting infection. Despite the advancement in treatment strategies the persisting infection is a major challenge for endodontist. Here we tested two newly developed quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) against endodontic bacteria and their biofilms. Their antibacterial and antibiofilm efficiency were compared with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). We measured the MIC, MBC and MBIC of DMADDM and DMAHDM respectively. We also detected the ratio of live/dead bacteria and bacterial composition in the biofilms treated by DMADDM and DMAHDM. We found that DMADDM and DMAHDM could inhibit the growth of bacteria and biofilms formation. The result showed that novel QAMs were remarkably efficient than CHX against biofilms. In addition, we found that Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were frequent isolates after treatment with antimicrobial compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Tiwari
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yannan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Satti P, Kakarla P, Jogendra Avula SS, Muppa R, Kiran Rompicharla SV, Biswas S. Indigenous irrigants as potent antimicrobials in endodontic treatment: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019; 37:275-281. [PMID: 31584028 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_112_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of an endodontic treatment depends on effective disinfection and complete sealing of root canal. The irrigants that are currently used in the field of endodontics have certain limitations, so the quest for an ideal root canal irrigant continues. Nowadays, the use of herbal extracts such as Triphala and liquorice are used for their potent antimicrobial activity and less side effects. AIM This study aims (1) to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice against Enterococcus faecalis.(2) To determine any cytotoxic effect on isolated human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice extracts was analyzed at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml) using the well-diffusion method. Three percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and distilled water were taken as positive and negative controls. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the active extract was determined by the broth dilution assay. Human PDL fibroblast tissue culture was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the preparations. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the mean antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice at 50 mg/ml is 20.33 and 9.33, respectively, which are statistically significant (P < 0.0001) as compared with a concentration 12.5 and 25 mg/ml. 50 mg/ml showed significant results (P < 0.001) on comparing with hypochlorite. Triphala and liquorice showed no cytotoxic effect as compared to NaOCl on human PDL fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Among the three tested materials Triphala showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy followed by NaOCl and liquorice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Satti
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pranitha Kakarla
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Sankar Jogendra Avula
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Radhika Muppa
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Drs. Sudha and Nageshwar Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Neves SO, Magalhães LMD, Corrêa JD, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Silva TA, Horta MCR, Souza PEA. Composite-derived monomers affect cell viability and cytokine expression in human leukocytes stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180529. [PMID: 31166413 PMCID: PMC6546269 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental composites release unreacted resin monomers into the oral environment, even after polymerization. Periodontal cells are, therefore, exposed to substances that potentially elicit the immune inflammatory response. The underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the interaction between resin monomers and human immune cells found in the gingival crevicular fluid are not fully understood yet. This study investigated the ability of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BISGMA), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) to induce apoptosis and cytokine release by human leukocytes stimulated with a periodontal pathogen. METHODOLOGY Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 16 healthy individuals were included in this study. To determine the toxicity, the PBMC were incubated for 20 hours, with monomers, for the analysis of cell viability using MTT assay. To evaluate cell death in the populations of monocytes and lymphocytes, they were exposed to sub-lethal doses of each monomer and of heat-inactivated Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) for 5 hours. Secretions of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA after 20 hours. RESULTS UDMA and TEGDMA induced apoptosis after a short-time exposure. Bacterial challenge induced significant production of IL-1β and TNF-α (p<0.05). TEGDMA reduced the bacterial-induced release of IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas UDMA reduced IL-1β release (p<0.05). These monomers did not affect IL-10 and IL-6 secretion. BISGMA did not significantly interfere in cytokine release. CONCLUSIONS These results show that resin monomers are toxic to PBMC in a dose-dependent manner, and may influence the local immune inflammatory response and tissue damage mechanisms via regulation of bacterial-induced IL-1β and TNF-α secretion by PBMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheyla Omonte Neves
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departmento de Morfologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jôice Dias Corrêa
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departmento de Morfologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais – INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Kenneth John Gollob
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais – INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Martinho Campolina Rebello Horta
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Alencar Souza
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|