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Serological and molecular detection of pathogenic Leptospira in domestic and stray cats on Reunion Island, French Indies. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e229. [PMID: 34372952 PMCID: PMC8569831 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882100176x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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52
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Camacho F, Stewart S, Tinson E. Successful management of suspected acorn (Quercus petraea) toxicity in a dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2021; 62:581-585. [PMID: 34219763 PMCID: PMC8118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A 7-year-old neutered male Labrador retriever dog was referred to a tertiary care veterinary hospital because of gastrointestinal signs and icterus. The dog developed a hepatopathy and acute kidney injury after ingesting acorns (Quercus petraea) 4 days prior to referral. The dog required hospitalization in an intensive care unit but made a full clinical recovery and was discharged after 6 days. This report documents that dogs can be affected by this toxicity and highlights the need for veterinarians to consider acorns as a potential cause of acute hepatotoxicity and renal injury. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of acorn toxicity in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Camacho
- The Royal Veterinary College - Hawkshead Campus, Hawkshead Lane Hatfield, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Stewart
- The Royal Veterinary College - Hawkshead Campus, Hawkshead Lane Hatfield, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Tinson
- The Royal Veterinary College - Hawkshead Campus, Hawkshead Lane Hatfield, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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53
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Taylor C, O'Neill DG, Catchpole B, Brodbelt DC. Incidence and demographic risk factors for leptospirosis in dogs in the UK. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e512. [PMID: 34057217 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the annual incidence risk of leptospirosis diagnosis in practice-attending dogs in the UK during 2016 and identify risk factors for diagnosis. METHODS Incidence of leptospirosis diagnosis in dogs during 2016 was estimated from dogs in primary-care practices from the VetCompass Programme (n = 905,543). A case-control study of laboratory cases (n = 362) versus VetCompass controls explored factors (age, sex, neutering, breed, Kennel Club group, urban-rural location, indices of deprivation) associated with leptospirosis diagnosis through multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Annual incidence risk of leptospirosis in the VetCompass population was 0.8 cases per 100,000 dogs (0.0008%, 95% CI 9.1 × 10-8 -5.2 × 10-5 ). Adult dogs, especially 1- < 5 years olds (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38, 95% CI 0.27-0.54), and dogs attending urban clinics (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.19-0.35) had reduced odds of leptospirosis versus dogs < 1 year old and rural dogs, respectively. Dogs attending clinics in less deprived areas had increased odds of diagnosis (OR = 3.63, 95% CI 2.28-5.78) compared to crossbreds, Cocker Spaniels (OR = 4.25, 95% CI 2.65-6.84), Collies (OR = 3.53, 95% CI 2.22-5.62) and Lurchers (OR = 3.49, 95% CI 1.50-8.11) had increased odds of diagnosis. DISCUSSION Leptospirosis is rarely diagnosed in clinical practice, suggesting that many true cases may be missed. Demographic risk factors identified here may inform the index of suspicion and encourage increased use of confirmatory diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collette Taylor
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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54
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Paz LN, Dias CS, Almeida DS, Balassiano IT, Medeiros MA, Costa F, Silva DN, Reis JN, Estrela-Lima A, Hamond C, Pinna MH. Multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs naturally infected by Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae: A prospective study. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101664. [PMID: 34091280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, is caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. In dogs, this disease is frequently misdiagnosed. Few studies have attempted to associate the detection of Leptospira spp. infection with clinicopathological and renal histopathological findings using a multidisciplinary approach. The present study isolated and characterized Leptospira spp. obtained from naturally infected dogs and described relevant clinical and histopathological findings. Blood and urine were collected from 57 dogs with clinical symptomatology suggestive of leptospirosis; 38 cases were confirmed by PCR in urine or by culture or microscopic agglutination testing (titers ≥800). A total of 12 strains of pathogenic Leptospira were isolated from the studied dogs (seven in blood, four in urine and one in both blood and urine samples). All isolates were characterized as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Of the confirmed cases, almost one-third of the animals had been vaccinated. Our analysis of laboratory testing revealed that azotemia and proteinuria were statistically significant predictors of infection. The main histopathological findings seen in kidney tissues were necrosis, degeneration, tubular regeneration, mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and congestion. A multidisciplinary approach involving clinicopathological and histopathological characterization of renal involvement can aid in the identification of acute leptospirosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nogueira Paz
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in Tropics - Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros av, 500, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva Dias
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in Tropics - Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros av, 500, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santos Almeida
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in Tropics - Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros av, 500, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ilana Teruszkin Balassiano
- Bacterial Zoonoses Laboratory, Leptospirosis National Reference Center/Leptospira collection, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Brazil av, 4365, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Alberto Medeiros
- Laboratory of Recombinant Technology, Bio-Manguinhos, Brazilian Ministry of Health, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil, 4365, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Collective Health Institute, UFBA, Basílio da Gama st, 40110-000, Canela, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Danielle Nascimento Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joice Neves Reis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia / UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila Hamond
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in Tropics - Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros av, 500, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Melissa Hanzen Pinna
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in Tropics - Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros av, 500, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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55
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Iverson SA, Levy C, Yaglom HD, Venkat HL, Artus A, Galloway R, Guagliardo SAJ, Reynolds L, Kretschmer MJ, LaFerla Jenni ME, Woodward P, Reindel AA, Tarrant S, Sylvester T, Klein R, Mundschenk P, Sunenshine R, Schafer IJ. Clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological features of a community-wide outbreak of canine leptospirosis in a low-prevalence region (Maricopa County, Arizona). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:616-629. [PMID: 33683958 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.6.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological features of an outbreak of leptospirosis in dogs in Maricopa County, Ariz, from January 2016 through June 2017. ANIMALS 71 case and 281 control dogs. PROCEDURES Cases were classified as confirmed, probable, suspect, or not a case on the basis of medical record data that fulfilled clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological criteria. Potential exposures were assessed by owner survey. For the case-control investigation, control dogs were recruited through owner completion of a July 2017 survey. Summary statistics and ORs for case dog lifestyle factors were reported. RESULTS 54 dogs were classified as confirmed and 17 as probable cases. For 4 dogs of a household cluster (5 confirmed and 3 probable), the highest microscopic agglutination titer was for serovar Djasiman (Leptospira kirschneri detected by PCR assay), and for 13 dogs of a community outbreak (49 confirmed and 14 probable cases), the highest titer was for serovar Canicola (Leptospira interrogans detected by PCR assay). The 44 case dogs included in the case-control investigation were 7.7 (95% CI, 3.5 to 16.7) and 2.9 times (95% CI, 1.3 to 6.6) as likely as control dogs to have visited dog daycare or to have been kenneled overnight at a boarding facility, respectively, 30 days prior to the onset of clinical signs or diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diagnostic and epidemiological findings indicated 2 outbreaks. Transmission where dogs congregated likely propagated the community outbreak. Outbreaks of leptospiral infections can occur in regions of low prevalence, and a dog's exposure to areas where dogs congregate should be considered when making Leptospira vaccination recommendations.
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56
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Smith AM, Stull JW, Evason MD, Weese JS, Wittum TE, Szlosek D, Arruda AG. Investigation of spatio-temporal clusters of positive leptospirosis polymerase chain reaction test results in dogs in the United States, 2009 to 2016. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1355-1360. [PMID: 33729616 PMCID: PMC8163129 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of concern and an investigation of recent spatio‐temporal trends of leptospirosis in dogs in the United States is needed. Leptospira PCR testing has become increasingly used in veterinary clinical medicine and these data might provide information on recent trends of disease occurrence. Objectives To identify and describe clusters of PCR‐positive Leptospira test results in dogs in the United States. Animals Leptospira real‐time PCR test results from dogs (n = 40 118) in the United States from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., between 2009 and 2016 were included in the analysis. Methods In this retrospective study, spatio‐temporal clusters for a real‐time PCR‐positive test were identified using the space‐time permutation scan statistic and the centroid of the zip code reported for each test. A maximum spatial window of 20% of the population at risk, and a maximum temporal window of 6 months were used. Results Seven statistically significant space‐time clusters of Leptospira real‐time PCR‐positive test results were identified across the United States: 1 each located within the states of Arizona (2016), California (2014‐2015), Florida (2010), South Carolina (2015), and 1 each located within the south‐central region (2015), midwest region (2014), and northeast region (2011). Clusters ranged from 3 to 108 dogs and were identified during all years under study, except 2009, 2012, and 2013. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The spatial and temporal components of leptospirosis in dogs in this study are similar to those in previous work. However, clusters were identified in new areas, demonstrating the complex epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason W Stull
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Michelle D Evason
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas E Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Andréia Gonçalves Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Dias CS, Paz LN, Solcà MS, Portela RWD, Bittencourt MV, Pinna MH. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in the detection of early kidney injury in dogs with leptospirosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101637. [PMID: 33706047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Renal damage, a common feature in canine leptospirosis, ranges from a subclinical affection to kidney dysfunction and death. Chances of recovery can be improved by early intervention. However, traditional biomarkers (serum urea and creatinine) have limited relevance for precocity. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a transmembrane protein upregulated in early stages of tubular injury. This study evaluated the use of urinary KIM-1 to detect early renal injury in naturally occurring canine leptospirosis. This exploratory research included 30 dogs divided into two groups: (1) dogs with leptospirosis (n = 25) and (2) healthy dogs (n = 5). Leptospira sp. infection was diagnosed through urine PCR and/or direct bacteriologic culture and/or serology (single MAT titters ≥800). Additionally, stage of infection was further characterized in acute and subacute phases based on the onset of clinical symptoms from 3 to 7 days. Urinary KIM-1 (uKIM-1) concentrations were measured in both groups with a commercial canine ELISA kit. uKIM-1 levels were statistically different (P < 0.01) between the studied groups, especially in non-azotemic dogs (P = 0.0042). The biomarker showed 88 % sensibility to diagnosis of kidney injury at> 1.49 ng/mL cut-off. Urine KIM-1 was negatively correlated with urine specific gravity (USG) but accompanied histopathological evidence of renal degeneration, necrosis and regeneration processes, extending information on kidney health. Measurement of KIM-1 in the urine of canine patients was able to detect naturally occurring acute and subacute leptospirosis accompanied by tubular injury in early non-azotemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dias
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - L N Paz
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - M S Solcà
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - R W D Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Reitor Miguel Calmon Av., Salvador, BA 40140-100, Brazil
| | - M V Bittencourt
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - M H Pinna
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil.
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58
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Bonacina E, Oltolina M, Robbiati R, Pinzauti P, Ebani VV. Serological Survey on the Occurrence of Anti- Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Red-Eared Terrapins ( Trachemys scripta elegans) Living in a Natural Park of Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030602. [PMID: 33668811 PMCID: PMC7996346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although it has been supposed that reptiles, including chelonians, are involved in the epidemiology of Leptospira, data about leptospirosis in turtles are very scant. In the present survey, Trachemys scripta elegans terrapins living in a natural park were tested to verify the presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp., with 6% being positive. Infected turtles could be a source of infection for other animals and humans, shedding leptospirae into the environment. However, further studies are necessary to verify if Leptospira may cause disease in turtles or if these animals may serve as reservoirs. Abstract Turtles are suspected to be involved in the epidemiology of Leptospira; however, data about the dissemination of this zoonotic pathogen among chelonians are scant. In the present study, the serum samples collected from 49 Trachemys scripta elegans living in a natural park of northern Italy were tested by a microagglutination test to measure detectable antibodies against different Leptospira serovars. Three (6.12%) turtles had agglutinins to the serovar Tarassovi, suggesting that they were exposed to the spirochaetes. Currently, it is not clear if Leptospira can cause disease in chelonians or if these animals can serve as reservoirs of leptospirae. Considering that chelonians often share the same environment with other animals and humans, and considering the One Health perspective, investigations to better understand the role of chelonians as a source of Leptospira infection are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bonacina
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo (BG), Italy; (E.B.); (M.O.); (R.R.)
| | - Maurizio Oltolina
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo (BG), Italy; (E.B.); (M.O.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Robbiati
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo (BG), Italy; (E.B.); (M.O.); (R.R.)
| | - Paolo Pinzauti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa (PI), Italy;
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa (PI), Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Lippi I, Puccinelli C, Perondi F, Ceccherini G, Pierini A, Marchetti V, Citi S. Predictors of Fatal Pulmonary Haemorrhage in Dogs Affected by Leptospirosis Approaching Haemodialysis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020025. [PMID: 33567544 PMCID: PMC7914731 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective case control study, which aimed to evaluate potential clinical, laboratory and imaging predictors of fatal pulmonary haemorrhage in dogs with Leptospirosis submitted to haemodialysis. The study population was divided in two groups according to the presence (PH) or absence (nPH) of pulmonary haemorrhage. A statistical comparison was performed at hospital admission for clinical (spontaneous bleeding, icterus, and respiratory distress), laboratory (serum creatinine, urea, phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate, bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALKP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glycaemia, sodium, potassium, CRP, RBC, HCT, HGB, WBC, PLT, PT, aPTT, fibrinogen), and pulmonary radiographic findings between the two groups of dogs. At hospital admission, dogs developing pulmonary haemorrhage were more likely to have respiratory distress (p = 0.002), severely elevated serum bilirubin (p = 0.002), AST (p = 0.04), ALT (p = 0.012), ALKP (p = 0.002), reduced serum glycaemia (p = 0.014), and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.04). Respiratory distress and elevated serum bilirubin (≥11.5 mg/dL) were independently associated with increased risk of pulmonary haemorrhage. In conclusion, the presence of respiratory distress at hospital admission is strongly associated (OR 40.9) with increased risk of pulmonary haemorrhage, even though no abnormalities are found at chest radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Perondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Gianila Ceccherini
- Ospedale Veterinario San Concordio, Via Savonarola 106/f, 55100 Lucca, Italy;
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2210-100
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
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Paz LN, Dias CS, Carvalho VMPD, Muramoto C, Estrela-Lima A, Pinna MH. Unusual case of polyarthritis and hepatorenal syndrome associated with Leptospira interrogans infection in a dog: A case report. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:186-190. [PMID: 33388616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetal bacterial of the genus Leptospira affecting virtually all mammals. The infection has a broad range of effects, from mild clinical manifestation to multiple organ failure, and ultimately death. A 5-months-old male unvaccinated dog was admitted to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital presenting dullness, dehydration, jaundiced mucous, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and hyporexia. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) detected serological titers of 1:1.600 for serogroup Canicola. After five days of monitoring by the medical team he developed fever and swelling of carpal and tarsal joints, accompanied by functional limitation. Initial antimicrobial treatment was instituted for leptospirosis. Polyarthritis responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy was observed through decreasing signs of inflammation of the affected joints. The diagnosis of leptospirosis was further confirmed by molecular investigation for Leptospira spp. on blood and synovial fluid samples. Amplification and sequencing of the secY partial gene characterized the infective bacterial as Leptospira interrogans. From the 7th day the respiratory condition worsened and on Day 14 the patient evolved to death, when necropsy and histological evaluation were performed. Prominent anatomopathological findings included: fibrinous polyarthritis, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, intense hepatocyte dissociation, cholestasis, and periportal multifocal hepatitis, diffuse acute tubular necrosis, and significant dystrophic mineralization in the renal parenchyma, lungs, and atrial endocardium. Here, we present a case report of systemic clinical manifestations polyarthritis associated with the presence of leptospiras in the synovial fluid. We highlight the need for richer knowledge about the different clinical manifestations of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nogueira Paz
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory (LABAC) - Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Carla Silva Dias
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory (LABAC) - Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vitor Moraes Pina de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology - Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caterina Muramoto
- Diagnostic Imaging - Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology - Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Melissa Hanzen Pinna
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory (LABAC) - Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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61
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Francey T, Schweighauser A, Reber A, Schuller S. Evaluation of changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs after introduction of a quadrivalent antileptospiral vaccine in a highly endemic area. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2405-2417. [PMID: 33103800 PMCID: PMC7694862 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2003, a marked increase in leptospirosis serogroup Australis has been observed in dogs in Switzerland. In 2013, a new quadrivalent antileptospiral vaccine (L4) was introduced, adding serogroups Australis and Grippotyphosa to Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae of the previous bivalent vaccines (L2). Objective To examine whether introduction of L4 was associated with decreased incidence of leptospirosis and decreased odds for dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) to be diagnosed with leptospirosis. Animals Four hundred and sixty‐nine dogs with AKI presented to a referral hospital, including 269 dogs with leptospirosis and 200 controls with other causes. Methods Descriptive section: disease incidence was evaluated for 3 consecutive periods: before (PRE, 2011‐2012), transition (TRANS, 2013‐2014), and after introduction of L4 (POST, 2015‐2017). Analytical section: variables associated with a diagnosis of leptospirosis were investigated in a case‐control study using multivariable logistic regression, and focusing on vaccination. Results The number of dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis (AKI‐L) decreased from 56.5 (PRE) to 15.7 (POST) cases/year while controls increased from 16.5 to 38.0 cases/year. Control dogs (AKI‐nL) showed a decrease in L2 vaccination (100% to 26%) and an increase in L4 vaccination (0% to 70%). The odds ratio for vaccinated dogs to be diagnosed with leptospirosis was 0.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06‐0.22; P < .001) for L4 and 2.08 (0.58‐7.42; P = .26) for L2. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The introduction of L4 was associated with a marked decrease in dogs with leptospirosis and AKI in Switzerland. Use of the L4 vaccine was associated with significantly decreased odds of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Francey
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Schweighauser
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Reber
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Simone Schuller
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Koizumi N, Izumiya H, Ohnishi M. Genetic relatedness of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Autumnalis isolated from humans, dogs, and mice in Japan. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:369. [PMID: 32746895 PMCID: PMC7398373 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of Leptospira spp., and peridomiciliary rodents are the most important reservoir animals for human infection. Dogs are known to be the reservoir animal of L. interrogans serovar Canicola, but the importance of dogs in zoonotic transmission of other Leptospira serotypes/genotypes remains unclear. This study reports the isolation of L. interrogans serogroup Autumnalis from two human patients in Japan and describes the genetic comparison between canine and mouse isolates using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). RESULTS MLVA revealed that 8 out of the 11 loci compared were identical between the two human isolates. The human isolates clustered with the dog but not the mouse isolates. Moreover, the profile of one of the human isolates was identical to that of one of the dog isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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Fagre AC, Mayo CE, Pabilonia KL, Landolt GA. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Colorado equids and association with clinical disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:718-721. [PMID: 32715980 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720943155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of Leptospira interrogans is difficult as a result of intermittent leptospiruria and brief leptospiremia. Hence, diagnosis relies heavily on serologic testing, the reference method of which is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In horses, clinical leptospirosis has been associated with abortion, recurrent uveitis, and sporadic cases of hepatic and renal disease. Little information exists on the seroprevalence of antibodies to L. interrogans in equids in the United States; past nationwide studies suggest that the seroprevalence in some areas is as high as 77% (reciprocal titer ≥ 100). We tested sera from 124 apparently healthy horses previously submitted for equine infectious anemia (EIA) serology using MAT for 6 serovars-Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona. When using a reciprocal MAT titer cutoff of ≥ 100, 102 of 124 (82%) of the samples were positive for at least one serovar. Seropositivity was significantly associated with increasing age. Query of specimens from clinical cases submitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for MAT since 2010 indicated significantly greater seroprevalence (p = 0.015) of pathogenic serovar Pomona in clinical cases compared to sera submitted from healthy equids for routine EIA testing. Information from our diagnostic laboratory submission forms also suggests a correlation between uveitis or other ophthalmic problems and serovar Pomona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology (Fagre, Mayo, Pabilonia) and Clinical Sciences (Landolt), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Christie E Mayo
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology (Fagre, Mayo, Pabilonia) and Clinical Sciences (Landolt), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Kristy L Pabilonia
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology (Fagre, Mayo, Pabilonia) and Clinical Sciences (Landolt), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Gabriele A Landolt
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology (Fagre, Mayo, Pabilonia) and Clinical Sciences (Landolt), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Le Guyader M, Fontana C, Simon-Dufay N, Balzer HJ, Pantchev N, Thibault JC, Cupillard L, Bomchil N, Kodjo A. Successful Leptospira genotyping strategy on DNA extracted from canine biological samples. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 176:106007. [PMID: 32710920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging worldwide zoonosis with a changing epidemiology responsible for an acute disease in humans and dogs. A better knowledge of the responsible bacterium Leptospira and in particular its various serovars and serogroups prevalence is essential for better diagnosis and prevention of the disease. The gold standard for leptospirosis diagnosis is the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) but it requires long and fastidious laboratory work and sometimes results in controversial data. For these reasons, PCR-based techniques for detection of pathogenic leptospiral DNA in biological samples are currently replacing the MAT. However, these strategies do not provide any information regarding the infecting serovar or serogroup. In this study, an optimized genotyping method is described to allow the identification of Leptospira ssp. directly at serovars level using DNA extracted from canine blood and urine. 16S rDNA, Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) and Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST) protocols were adapted to biological samples. Eighty-eight DNA samples were analyzed from 72 different European canine clinical cases of leptospirosis confirmed by real-time PCR. 92% of DNA samples with Ct values below 34 were fully typed, and typing success decreased to about 30% for the other samples. Typing failure also showed a specie-specific correlation, with 63% of complete typing for L. interrogans and only 40% for L. kirschneri. Additionally, an exact match was observed between serological and molecular data for the few investigated cases where MAT data were available. This methodology is a suitable alternative to the MAT for determining the infecting serovar when Leptospira DNA from blood or urine is detected at Ct values below 34, contributing to clinical surveillance of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Le Guyader
- VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire des Leptospires, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France.
| | - Célia Fontana
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, 813 cours du 3ème Millénaire, 69800 Saint-Priest, France.
| | - Nathalie Simon-Dufay
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, 813 cours du 3ème Millénaire, 69800 Saint-Priest, France.
| | - Hans-Jörg Balzer
- IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestraße 28/3, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany.
| | - Nikola Pantchev
- IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestraße 28/3, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany.
| | - Jean-Christophe Thibault
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Global Technical Services, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Cupillard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, 813 cours du 3ème Millénaire, 69800 Saint-Priest, France.
| | - Natalia Bomchil
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, 813 cours du 3ème Millénaire, 69800 Saint-Priest, France.
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire des Leptospires, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France.
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Detection of New Leptospira Genotypes Infecting Symptomatic Dogs: Is a New Vaccine Formulation Needed? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060484. [PMID: 32570803 PMCID: PMC7350335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis in dogs has been largely described worldwide, and epidemiological studies have been mainly based on serological data. This study aims to detect and genotype leptospires affecting symptomatic dogs in Northeast Italy between 2013 and 2019. Overall, 1631 dogs were tested using real-time PCR, and leptospires from 193 dogs were subjected to Multilocus Sequence Typing and a Multiple Loci Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis. Leptospires were successfully isolated from 15 symptomatic dogs. Six distinct Sequence Types (STs) were found for 135 leptospires, with 3 STs characterizing Leptospira interrogans (ST17, ST198 and ST24), 2 STs characterizing Leptospira kirschneri (ST117 and ST289) and 1 ST characterizing Leptospira borgpetersenii (ST155), revealing the circulation of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Sejroe and Pomona. The Multiple Loci Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis of 17 samples did not result in any additional discrimination. Genotypes were compared with those of strains present in the historical internal database, and possible transmission chains were identified from rat, mouse, hedgehog and pig. This work highlights the importance of molecular methods in revealing and identifying circulating Leptospira strains, and it also encourages the evaluation of the ability of commercially available vaccines to reduce the disease burden among dogs.
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"They Reckon They're Man's Best Friend and I Believe That." Understanding Relationships with Dogs in Australian Aboriginal Communities to Inform Effective Dog Population Management. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050810. [PMID: 32392871 PMCID: PMC7278576 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs are an important part of many communities; however, they can also cause problems, especially when they are able to roam freely. The best way to manage dog populations to avoid health and safety risks to people varies between different societies and communities. We aimed to better understand the role of dogs in Aboriginal communities in Australia, to inform dog health interventions. Interviews with dog owners in nine Aboriginal communities in New South Wales, Australia showed that dogs are valued as companions and guardians and are considered part of the family. Many dogs spend a lot of time with their families, are allowed indoors and often share beds with people. However, many dog owners had trouble accessing veterinary services for their dogs; cost and lack of transport were the most important barriers. Our findings demonstrate the positive role of dogs in Aboriginal families and communities but also highlight major challenges in accessing the veterinary services necessary to effectively maintain dog health and welfare. We also show that different ideas about the role of dogs in different communities should inform how dog management interventions are designed and delivered. Abstract Dogs are important companions to people in many societies; however, dogs can also be associated with risks to public health and safety. Dog population management is therefore an important consideration globally. This study aimed to better understand the role of dogs in Aboriginal communities and the barriers to accessing veterinary services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 85 dog owners from nine Aboriginal communities across New South Wales, Australia. Many positive aspects of dog ownership were identified and few negatives. Dogs are considered an important part of family and community life and many dogs are allowed indoors (63.4%), even sharing beds with their owners. Most dogs were kept for companionship (84.7%) and/or as guard dogs (45.9%) and all respondents considered their dog part of their family. However, respondents had low levels of engagement with mainstream veterinary services, and many respondents identified significant barriers to accessing veterinary services, especially cost and transport. This study demonstrates the important and positive role of dogs in Aboriginal families and communities but also highlights a significant veterinary service gap. Our findings demonstrate that different perspectives on the role of dogs necessitates a different, culturally inclusive approach to dog management interventions.
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Prevalence of leptospirosis in vaccinated working dogs and humans with occupational risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:62-75. [PMID: 32463609 PMCID: PMC7449099 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. Los perros de trabajo pueden infectarse con diversas serovariedades de Leptospira que se mantienen en sus túbulos renales e intersticios por mucho tiempo, por lo que se convierten en portadores y fuentes de infección para otros huéspedes. Objetivo. Establecer la prevalencia de Leptospira spp. en perros de trabajo vacunados y en población humana con riesgo ocupacional de seis unidades policiales en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Mediante tres instrumentos estructurados, se evaluaron 92 perros de trabajo con inmunización previa contra Leptospira spp. (65 machos y 27 hembras) y 69 personas de seis unidades policiales de los municipios de Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá y Cali. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas de las personas y de los perros, las cuales se evaluaron mediante la prueba de microaglutinación (Microscopic Agglutination Test, MAT) en 24 serogrupos. Se hizo un examen clínico de los perros y se obtuvieron muestras de orina para urocultivo. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en las personas fue de 2,9 % (n=2) y en los perros de 57,61 % (n=53). Los serogrupos más prevalentes en los perros fueron Leptospira canicola y L. panama. El urocultivo fue positivo en 58,7 % (54/92) de las muestras y se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la edad de los perros (≥10 años; p=0,043) y la ubicación de la unidad policial (p=0,016). Conclusión. Las características epidemiológicas de la leptospirosis en los perros sugieren una presentación endémica de la infección. Se requieren algoritmos diagnósticos sensibles y específicos para investigar la leptospirosis canina y diferenciar los anticuerpos vacunales de la infección natural.
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Day MJ, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Squires RA. Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E1-E35. [PMID: 32227347 PMCID: PMC7228315 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- University of Florida School of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Squires
- Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Alashraf AR, Lau SF, Khairani-Bejo S, Khor KH, Ajat M, Radzi R, Roslan MA, Abdul Rahman MS. First report of pathogenic Leptospira spp. isolated from urine and kidneys of naturally infected cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230048. [PMID: 32155209 PMCID: PMC7064249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases and can infect both humans and animals worldwide. Healthy cat, as a potential source of exposure to humans, are likely underestimated owing to the lack of overt clinical signs associated with Leptospira spp. infection in this species. The aim of the study was to determine the exposure, shedding, and carrier status of leptospires in shelter cats in Malaysia by using serological, molecular, and bacteriological methods. For this study, 82 healthy cats from two shelters were sampled. The blood, urine, and kidneys were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and bacterial culture. On the basis of serological, molecular, and/or culture techniques, the total detection of leptospiral infection was 29.3% (n = 24/82). Through culture techniques, 16.7% (n = 4/24) of the cats that tested positive were carriers with positive kidney cultures, and one cat was culture positive for both urine and kidney. The Leptospira spp. isolates were identified as pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Bataviae through serological and molecular methods. Through serological techniques, 87.5% (n = 21/24) had positive antibody titers (100-1600) and most of the Bataviae serogroup (n = 19/21). Using PCR, 16.7% (n = 4/24) of cats were shown to have pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA in their urine. Furthermore, three out of four culture positive cats were serology negative. The present study reports the first retrieval of pathogenic leptospires from urine and kidneys obtained from naturally infected cats. The results provide evidence of the potential role of naturally infected cats in the transmission of leptospires. Additionally, leptospiral infection occurs sub-clinically in cats. The culture isolation provides evidence that healthy cats could be reservoirs of leptospiral infection, and this information may promote the development of disease prevention strategies for the cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahman Alashraf
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Fong Lau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khairani-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Hua Khor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozanaliza Radzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Azri Roslan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sabri Abdul Rahman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Murillo A, Goris M, Ahmed A, Cuenca R, Pastor J. Leptospirosis in cats: Current literature review to guide diagnosis and management. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:216-228. [PMID: 32093581 PMCID: PMC11132596 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20903601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide. Mammals (eg, rats, horses, cows, pigs, dogs, cats and aquatic species, such as sea lions and northern elephant seals) can all be infected by leptospires. Infection in animals occurs through contact with urine or water contaminated with the bacteria. In people, the disease is acquired mainly from animal sources or through recreational activities in contaminated water. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Literature on the clinical presentation of leptospirosis in cats is scarce, although it has been demonstrated that cats are susceptible to infection and are capable of developing antibodies. The prevalence of antileptospiral antibodies in cats varies from 4% to 33.3% depending on the geographical location. Urinary shedding of leptospires in naturally infected cats has been reported, with a prevalence of up to 68%. Infection in cats has been associated with the consumption of infected prey, especially rodents. Thus, outdoor cats have a higher risk of becoming infected. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Clinical presentation of this disease in cats is rare and it is not known what role cats have in the transmission of leptospirosis. Ongoing work is needed to characterise feline leptospirosis. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at all veterinarians, both general practitioners who deal with cats on a daily basis in private practice, as well as feline practitioners, since both groups face the challenge of diagnosing and treating infectious and zoonotic diseases. EVIDENCE BASE The current literature on leptospirosis in cats is reviewed. To date, few case reports have been published in the field, and information has mostly been extrapolated from infections in people and dogs. This review is expected to serve as a guide for the diagnosis and management of the disease in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Murillo
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marga Goris
- OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis (NRL), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis (NRL), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rafaela Cuenca
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Pastor
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Bayton W, Watson PJ, Bexfield NH. Prednisolone therapy for chronic hepatitis in English springer spaniels: a prospective study of 12 cases. Vet Rec 2020; 186:e21. [PMID: 32051291 PMCID: PMC7365563 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background English springer spaniels (ESS) show an increased risk of chronic hepatitis (CH). In a previous study of 68 ESS with CH, in which only one dog received corticosteroids, a median survival time of 189 days was noted. Some ESS with CH appear to improve with prednisolone treatment; therefore, we aimed to investigate the response to prednisolone in this breed. Participants ESS with histologically confirmed idiopathic CH were treated with prednisolone 1–2 mg/kg/day. Nine female and three male ESS were enrolled (median age at diagnosis of five years). Patients were monitored clinically and had biochemistry samples taken to assess markers of hepatocellular damage and function. Results The mean starting dose of prednisolone was 1.1 mg/kg/day. All symptomatic patients showed an initial clinical improvement. Two cases were euthanased while receiving prednisolone. The median time since diagnosis is 1715 days (range: 672–2105 days) and the remaining patients are clinically well, with seven patients still receiving a mean dose of 0.4 mg/kg prednisolone every other day. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant (P<0.05) reductions in serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin following 2–4 weeks of prednisolone treatment. Conclusion This study demonstrates improved clinical and biochemical parameters when some ESS with CH are managed with prednisolone and standard supportive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bayton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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72
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Zhang W, Xie X, Wang J, Song N, Lv T, Wu D, Zhang N, Cao Y. Increased inflammation with crude E. coli LPS protects against acute leptospirosis in hamsters. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:140-147. [PMID: 31914888 PMCID: PMC6968624 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1710435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that causes acute kidney injury, liver disease, bleeding disorders, and even death. Treatment of the disease is largely dependent on the use of antibiotics, but recent studies on pathogenesis of leptospirosis have shown that immunomodulation may also be an effective treatment for this disease. Since the delay in inflammation correlates with higher pathogenicity of leptospira, we studied the effect of inducing inflammation on leptospirosis by using TLR4 activator LPS. In accordance with our hypothesis, treatment with LPS protected against leptospirosis by enhancing the inflammatory response in hamsters. The gene expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3 and inflammatory factors were higher in LPS-treated group during leptospira infection in hamsters. Although the levels of NO and iNOS were higher in LPS-treated group than in Leptospira-infected group, the protective effect induced by LPS is iNOS-independent. Treatment with LPS induced higher anti-leptospira IgG level than infection with leptospira alone. Then, expressions of costimulatory molecules and maturation markers were analysed. The data showed that treatment with LPS enhanced the expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86. Our results indicate that increased inflammation induced by LPS derived from Escherichia coli (E. coli) protects against leptospirosis in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Xie
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianbao Lv
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjun Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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73
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Smith AM, Arruda AG, Evason MD, Weese JS, Wittum TE, Szlosek D, Stull JW. A cross-sectional study of environmental, dog, and human-related risk factors for positive canine leptospirosis PCR test results in the United States, 2009 to 2016. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:412. [PMID: 31730465 PMCID: PMC6858729 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonotic disease concern in North America, and a better understanding of its epidemiology is needed. Wide-scale use and subsequent analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing may provide additional insight into leptospirosis. This study aimed to describe temporal trends, to descriptively map, and to identify environmental, dog, and human-level factors associated with positive canine leptospirosis PCR test results in the United States. Results Data obtained from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. on 40,118 canine leptospirosis PCR tests run in the United States between 2009 and 2016 were evaluated. Climate and socioeconomic (e.g. urban influence, income) data were obtained from public databases. Choropleth maps were created to identify high test-positive proportion areas and a cross-sectional analysis was completed with generalized (univariable, followed by multivariable) mixed logistic regression models accounting for county within state to identify significant predictors for a positive test. Overall test-positive proportion was 5.4% across the United States, with the regional point estimate highest in the southwest (8.1%). In the final multivariable model, the odds of a positive test were greater for male dogs (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.28) and dogs 0–4 years of age (ORs ranged from 0.35–0.71 for the other age groups). The odds of a positive test were greater for dogs living in areas with wet environmental conditions (OR = 1.24). Season and temperature, as well as the interaction between them, were significant predictors of a positive test. Dogs had a greater probability of testing positive during cool temperatures (< 4 °C) compared to the other temperature categories in the fall season. Conclusions These findings based on PCR testing allow for an improved understanding of factors influencing a positive canine leptospirosis PCR test and will assist targeted education and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Andréia Gonçalves Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michelle D Evason
- Department of Companion Animals and Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, C1A4P3, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, N1G2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, N1G2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas E Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Jason W Stull
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Companion Animals and Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, C1A4P3, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Lappin MR, Elston T, Evans L, Glaser C, Jarboe L, Karczmar P, Lund C, Ray M. 2019 AAFP Feline Zoonoses Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1008-1021. [PMID: 31613173 PMCID: PMC10814210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19880436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The overarching purpose of the 2019 AAFP Feline Zoonoses Guidelines (hereafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') is to provide accurate information about feline zoonotic diseases to owners, physicians and veterinarians to allow logical decisions to be made concerning cat ownership. SCOPE AND ACCESSIBILITY The Panelists are physicians and veterinarians who worked closely together in an attempt to make these Guidelines a document that can be used to support the International One Health movement. This version of the Guidelines builds upon the first feline zoonosis panel report, published in 2003 ( catvets.com/guidelines ), and provides an updated reference list and recommendations. Each of the recommendations received full support from every Panelist. Primary recommendations are highlighted in a series of 'Panelists' advice' boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tom Elston
- The Cat Hospital, 3069 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Lisanne Evans
- All Pets Veterinary Hospital, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA, USA
| | - Carol Glaser
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente, CA, USA
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Gutierrez L, Mendoza J, Rangel AB, Tapia G, Bernad MJ, Sumano H. Outpatient Clinical Trial in Dogs With Leptospirosis Treated With Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate (ENRO-C). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:360. [PMID: 31681813 PMCID: PMC6803455 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (enro-C) in dogs and Monte-Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. prompted a clinical study to treat the clinically apparent phase of this disease. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by real-time PCR from blood, micro-agglutination titers (MAT), clinical signs and blood parameters of the liver and kidney. In order to determine the clinical ability of the participants to diagnose leptospirosis on the first exam and establish an early treatment to avoid excessive organ damage, patients were clinically classified as: high-risk or medium-risk. Forty-five dogs were included in this trial (from 2017 to early 2019). The treatment consisted of IM injections of a 5% aqueous enro-C suspension (10 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and subsequently enro-C was administered orally for another 7 days in gelatin capsules. Thirty-four high-risk and 11 medium-risk dogs were treated, including 6 puppies (4 high-risk with ages between 6 to 10 months and 2 medium-risk dogs with an average age of 6 and 7 months). Other ages ranged from 1 to 5 years. Fifteen cases had a history of having received prior treatment with other antibiotics, including all puppies. The clinical diagnostic error was 13.5% (7/52 cases), and only one of the misdiagnosed dogs had been classified as a high-risk patient. Three to 5 days after finishing treatment with enro-C, 82.2% of the dogs were negative to real-time PCR from urine samples and 100% negativity was observed on day 30 after treatment, when antibody titrations dropped to 1:100-1:200. Based on the absence of clinical signs, real-time PCR, and MAT titers, all treated dogs were considered as successful treatments. Within 6-24 months of clinical follow-up, no relapses were recorded. Adverse effects were inconsequential. This study represents the first report of a successful treatment of canine leptospirosis using a fluoroquinolone, and due to its efficacy, it is suggested that enro-C be considered as a viable option for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Bertha Rangel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Josefa Bernad
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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LaFerla Jenni M, Woodward P, Yaglom H, Levy C, Iverson SA, Kretschmer M, Jarrett N, Dooley E, Narang J, Venkat H. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among veterinarians during an outbreak of canine leptospirosis-Maricopa County, Arizona, 2017. Prev Vet Med 2019; 172:104779. [PMID: 31557686 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira spp., is a zoonotic bacterial disease important to both human and animal health. Six pathogenic serovars are currently known to commonly infect and cause disease in dogs in the United States. While canine leptospirosis infection is historically rare in Arizona (≤5 cases reported annually) (ADHS unpublished data) several clusters were reported in Maricopa County (MC) during February 2016-January 2017. Public health initiated an outbreak response and developed a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey for veterinarians. The goals were to determine awareness and general attitudes about canine leptospirosis and to identify gaps in veterinarians' knowledge in treatment and prevention. We distributed a 40-question self-administered online survey to 1058 Arizona Veterinary Medical Association members, made available during February 9-May 15, 2017. We analyzed the results using Pearson's Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test; a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. We analyzed 202 complete responses. Veterinarians from 10 (66%) of 15 Arizona counties were represented. MC practices were more likely to stock leptospirosis vaccine (80%) than other counties combined (58%) (P = 0.004). The average composite knowledge score was 24.4 out of 38 (range 12-37, median 24); 49% of respondents demonstrated higher knowledge as defined by authors, largely in identification of leptospirosis risk factors (86%) and routes of exposure (73%). Fewer than half (45%) of respondents correctly identified the length of time bacteria can be shed in dogs' urine. Eighty-one percent of respondents demonstrated lower knowledge about clinical signs associated with leptospirosis; only 47% of respondents identified eight clinical signs commonly associated with leptospirosis. Sixty-one percent of MC respondents agreed that leptospirosis is an important canine disease in their geographic area, while only 40% of other county respondents agreed (P=0.03). Seventy percent of respondents identified diagnostic testing options. The majority correctly selected infection-control practices in line with recommendations from 2 national clinical guidelines. More respondents would recommend leptospirosis vaccination if dogs traveled or lived in rural areas (87-96%) than if dogs attended day care or were boarded (63%). We identified opportunities for education, including the local epidemiology of leptospirosis, transmission prevention strategies, vaccine safety, testing, clinical identification, and emerging risk factors. Our findings will help guide the design of educational materials for small animal veterinarians in Arizona regarding recommendations for prevention of animal and human leptospirosis infections; these efforts could also shift the culture of reporting companion animal diseases to improve future One Health collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret LaFerla Jenni
- Public Health Associate Program, Center for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA; Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Peter Woodward
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Hayley Yaglom
- Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave Suite 140, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA.
| | - Craig Levy
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Sally Ann Iverson
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA; Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave Suite 140, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Melissa Kretschmer
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Nicole Jarrett
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Dooley
- Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave Suite 140, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA.
| | - Jigna Narang
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, 4041 N Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Heather Venkat
- Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave Suite 140, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA; Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Center for Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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Pyskun A, Ukhovskyi V, Pyskun O, Nedosekov V, Kovalenko V, Nychyk S, Sytiuk M, Iwaniak W. Presence of Antibodies Against Leptospira interrogans Serovar hardjo in Serum Samples from Cattle in Ukraine. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:295-302. [PMID: 31880874 PMCID: PMC7260633 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents data on serological studies of 573 sera samples of cattle that were collected from the farms affected by leptospirosis in different regions of Ukraine in the period of 2014-2015. Samples were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which was conducted within eight serological groups of Leptospira and nine serovars: Sejroe (serovars polonica and hardjo), Hebdomadis (serovar kabura), Tarassovi (serovar tarassovi), Pomona (serovar pomona), Grippotyphosa (serovar grippotyphosa), Canicola (serovar canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar copenhageni), and Australis (serovar bratislava). The circulation of L. interrogans serovar hardjo among cattle has been observed in all 11 regions of Ukraine investigated within 25.8-60.0% of the leptospirosis-positive serum samples in these regions. Antibodies in the cattle sera against serovar hardjo (serogroup Sejroe) were detected in 139 of the 370 cows reacting positively in MAT. Overall, they were detected in 24.3% animals out of the total of 573 cows investigated. These are the preliminary results, however, in our opinion, they should allow to include the serovar hardjo in a standard panel of strains for MAT in Ukraine. The article presents data on serological studies of 573 sera samples of cattle that were collected from the farms affected by leptospirosis in different regions of Ukraine in the period of 2014–2015. Samples were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which was conducted within eight serological groups of Leptospira and nine serovars: Sejroe (serovars polonica and hardjo), Hebdomadis (serovar kabura), Tarassovi (serovar tarassovi), Pomona (serovar pomona), Grippotyphosa (serovar grippotyphosa), Canicola (serovar canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar copenhageni), and Australis (serovar bratislava). The circulation of L. interrogans serovar hardjo among cattle has been observed in all 11 regions of Ukraine investigated within 25.8–60.0% of the leptospirosis-positive serum samples in these regions. Antibodies in the cattle sera against serovar hardjo (serogroup Sejroe) were detected in 139 of the 370 cows reacting positively in MAT. Overall, they were detected in 24.3% animals out of the total of 573 cows investigated. These are the preliminary results, however, in our opinion, they should allow to include the serovar hardjo in a standard panel of strains for MAT in Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pyskun
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Ukhovskyi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olena Pyskun
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Nedosekov
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Kovalenko
- State Scientific Control Institute of Biotechnology and Strains of Microorganisms , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Serhiy Nychyk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Mykola Sytiuk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
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López MC, Vila A, Rodón J, Roura X. Leptospira seroprevalence in owned dogs from Spain. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02373. [PMID: 31485543 PMCID: PMC6717157 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospira is a widespread zoonosis that has been linked to transmission between dogs and humans. The main purposes were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira serum antibody and to identify the most common serovars in dogs in Spain. This is a cross-sectional study with 1,310 records of canine Leptospira testing data from Spain since 2015 to 2017. Inclusion criteria were individual cases with MAT test results for 8 serovars (Bratislava, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Autumnalis, Canicola and Saxkoebing) and to have the zip code data. Three hundred and thirty-eight samples (25.8%; 95%CI 23.6–28.4) were seropositive (≥1:100). According to geographic areas, North had the highest seroprevalence (38.0%; 95%CI 28.9–47.1) followed by South (29.4%; 95%CI 20.1–38.8), Center (28.6%; 95%CI 24.3–33.0), Mediterranean (22.3%; 95%CI 19.1–25.6) and Northwest (22.2%; 95%CI 7.9–36.4). Seropositivity (MAT ≥1:100) was most common to serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae (19.4%; 95%CI 17.2–21.5) and Bratislava (8.5%; 95%CI 7.0–10.0), followed by Grippotyphosa (7.2%; 95%CI 5.8–8.6), Australis (6.4%; 95%CI 5.0–7.7), Autumnalis (5.0%; 95%CI 3.8–6.2), Pomona (4.5%; 95%CI 3.3–5.6), Canicola (3.4%; 95%CI 2.4–4.4) and Saxkoebing (0.8%; 95%CI 0.3–1.3). An association was found between positivity (MAT ≥1:100) and males (P = 0.003) and dogs that were 6 years old or older were at higher risk of exposure (P = 0.001; OR 4.61; 95%CI 1.86–11.43). This study has shown that dogs in Spain are commonly exposed to Leptospira infection and points out the necessity to control the prevalence of this severe widespread zoonosis in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus UAB, Carrer de l'Hospital, s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Vila
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus UAB, Carrer de l'Hospital, s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rodón
- Idexx Laboratories, Carrer del Plom, 2, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus UAB, Carrer de l'Hospital, s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Athapattu TPJ, Fernando BR, Koizumi N, Gamage CD. Detection of pathogenic leptospires in the urine of domesticated elephants in Sri Lanka. Acta Trop 2019; 195:78-82. [PMID: 31047864 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally common zoonotic infectious disease in humans and animals. This disease is caused by pathogenic spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. The pathogen is able to survive in mammalian kidneys after infection and is excreted in urine intermittently. Pathogenic leptospires infect humans either by direct contact with infected animal urine or through contaminated soil or water. In Sri Lanka, some studies have demonstrated the involvement of animals, such as livestock species and peridomestic rats, in the transmission of leptospirosis to humans. However, none of the previous studies focused on domesticated elephants, which are in close contact with humans during cultural and religious events and bathe in rivers together with humans. If domesticated elephants act as carriers of pathogenic leptospires, it could be a major public health issue in the country. In this study, 13 healthy domesticated elephants were subjected to leptospiral DNA detection from urine samples collected on three consecutive days. Four elephants (31%) were confirmed to shed pathogenic leptospires in their urine. DNA sequencing followed by phylogenetic distance measurements revealed that all positive elephants were infected with L. interrogans. This study reveals the possibility that elephants act as a source of infection of leptospires to humans and recommends the screening of all domesticated elephants that are in close contact with humans for the shedding of pathogenic leptospires.
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80
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Webster CRL, Center SA, Cullen JM, Penninck DG, Richter KP, Twedt DC, Watson PJ. ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1173-1200. [PMID: 30844094 PMCID: PMC6524396 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus statement on chronic hepatitis (CH) in dogs is based on the expert opinion of 7 specialists with extensive experience in diagnosing, treating, and conducting clinical research in hepatology in dogs. It was generated from expert opinion and information gathered from searching of PubMed for manuscripts on CH, the Veterinary Information Network for abstracts and conference proceeding from annual meetings of the American College of Veterinary Medicine and the European College of Veterinary Medicine, and selected manuscripts from the human literature on CH. The panel recognizes that the diagnosis and treatment of CH in the dog is a complex process that requires integration of clinical presentation with clinical pathology, diagnostic imaging, and hepatic biopsy. Essential to this process is an index of suspicion for CH, knowledge of how to best collect tissue samples, access to a pathologist with experience in assessing hepatic histopathology, knowledge of reasonable medical interventions, and a strategy for monitoring treatment response and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R. L. Webster
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts UniversityGraftonMassachusetts
| | - Sharon A. Center
- Department of Clinical SciencesNew York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | - John M. Cullen
- Population Health and PathobiologyNorth Carolina State Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Dominique G. Penninck
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts UniversityGraftonMassachusetts
| | - Keith P. Richter
- Ethos Veterinary Health and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - David C. Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Penny J. Watson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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81
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Goh SH, Ismail R, Lau SF, Megat Abdul Rani PA, Mohd Mohidin TB, Daud F, Bahaman AR, Khairani-Bejo S, Radzi R, Khor KH. Risk Factors and Prediction of Leptospiral Seropositivity Among Dogs and Dog Handlers in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1499. [PMID: 31035316 PMCID: PMC6540030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the potential risk factors that may contribute to seropositivity among dogs and dog handlers from working dog and dog shelter institutions. Data was collected from dogs (n = 266) and dog handlers (n = 161) using a standardised guided questionnaire. Serum obtained from the dogs and dog handlers was tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A logistic regression analysis was used to predict leptospiral seropositivity of dogs and dog handlers based on potential risk factors. A total of 22.2% of dogs and 21.7% of dog handlers were seropositive. The significant predictors for the dogs' seropositivity were presence of rats (OR = 4.61 (95% CI: 1.05, 20.33), p = 0.043) and shared common area (OR = 5.12 (95% CI: 1.94, 13.46), p = 0.001) within the organisation. Significant predictor for dog handler seropositivity was contact time with the dogs of more than six hours/day (OR = 3.28 (95% CI: 1.28, 8.40), p = 0.013) after controlling for the effect of other risk factors such as small mammal contact, rat infestation at home, flooding at housing area (within three months) and urban locality. The exposure to various disease sources identified poses risk to dogs and dog handlers. Risk could be reduced with adequate application of protection at work while handling dogs and thus limiting contact with these sources and reducing exposure to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Heng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Rosnah Ismail
- Occupational Health Unit, Community Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Malaysia.
| | - Seng Fong Lau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Puteri Azaziah Megat Abdul Rani
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Taznim Begam Mohd Mohidin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Faiz Daud
- Occupational Health Unit, Community Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Rani Bahaman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Khairani-Bejo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Rozanaliza Radzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Hua Khor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
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82
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Buser FC, Schweighauser A, Im Hof-Gut M, Bigler B, Marti E, Mirkovitch J, Francey T. Evaluation of C-reactive protein and its kinetics as a prognostic indicator in canine leptospirosis. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:477-485. [PMID: 31006872 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate C-reactive protein at presentation and during hospitalisation in dogs with acute kidney injury resulting from leptospirosis to compare C-reactive protein at presentation in dogs with acute kidney injury of different aetiology and to study its correlation with markers of inflammation, azotaemia and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective observational study of 41 dogs with acute kidney injury secondary to leptospirosis and 15 control dogs with acute kidney injury of different aetiology. C-reactive protein was measured at presentation in both groups and daily for 7 days in a subgroup of 28 dogs with leptospirosis. The associations of C-reactive protein with neutrophil count, albumin, urea, creatinine and survival were analysed. RESULTS C-reactive protein was increased at presentation in all dogs with leptospirosis but was not significantly different from dogs with acute kidney injury of different cause. It was associated with markers of inflammation (neutrophil count, albumin) but not with azotaemia (creatinine, urea). It decreased gradually from presentation to day 4, with significantly lower concentrations in survivors than non-survivors. Initial C-reactive protein was only weakly associated with outcome, but its average concentration from presentation to day 2 was more strongly associated. Absolute and relative changes in C-reactive protein during hospitalisation and creatinine at presentation were not associated with survival. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Serial assessment of C-reactive protein may improve outcome prediction in dogs with leptospirosis compared with a single measurement at presentation or with markers of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Buser
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - A Schweighauser
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - M Im Hof-Gut
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - B Bigler
- Weissenbühlweg 23, 3007, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Marti
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research (Clinical Immunology), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - J Mirkovitch
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research (Clinical Immunology), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - T Francey
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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83
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Abstract
Several diagnostic tests are available to aid veterinarians in diagnosis of leptospirosis. Understanding the course of infection is imperative to determining which diagnostic test to order and sample to submit. Diagnostic tests for dogs suspected of having leptospirosis include antibody-based tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Paired acute and convalescent microscopic agglutination test (MAT) are diagnostic for leptospirosis. PCR performed on blood and/or urine can be a valuable tool to aid in diagnosis of leptospirosis. Commercially available rapid point-of-care diagnostics have been validated in dogs and have value early in the course of illness before MAT and PCR results are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle L Reagan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, 1 Shields Ave Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave Davis, CA 95616, USA
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84
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Jepson RE, Cardwell JM, Cortellini S, Holm L, Stevens K, Walker D. Cutaneous and Renal Glomerular Vasculopathy: What Do We Know so Far? Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:745-762. [PMID: 30961997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV), colloquially named "Alabama rot," is an emerging condition in the United Kingdom, previously reported from the United States and Germany. The cause of CRGV is not yet determined; no definitive link to an infectious agent has been made. Dogs diagnosed with CRGV initially develop cutaneous lesions, and a proportion of these dogs go on to manifest acute kidney injury, which may result in oligoanuric acute renal failure. Antemortem diagnosis is challenging given the lack of a specific diagnostic test, and confirmation of CRGV is therefore currently dependent on identification of thrombotic microangiopathy on renal histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, London AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Jacqueline M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Stefano Cortellini
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Laura Holm
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester SO21 2LL, UK
| | - Kim Stevens
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - David Walker
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester SO21 2LL, UK
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85
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Evidence of Pathogenic Leptospira Infection in a Free-ranging Andean Fox ( Lycalopex culpaeus) from Central Chile. J Wildl Dis 2019. [PMID: 30856050 DOI: 10.7589/2018-09-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We found evidence of infection and shedding of Leptospira serovars Ballum and Canicola in the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) in Chile. We used PCR to demonstrate the presence of Leptospira DNA and microagglutination tests to identify serovars.
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86
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Palerme JS, Lamperelli E, Gagne J, Cazlan C, Zhang M, Olds JE. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Dirofilaria immitis in Free-Roaming Cats in Iowa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:193-198. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Palerme
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Elizabeth Lamperelli
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jordan Gagne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Callie Cazlan
- Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, East Greenwich, Rhode Island
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - June E. Olds
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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87
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International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Vet J 2019; 247:8-25. [PMID: 30971357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract disease is a common clinical presentation in dogs and cats, and a common reason for antimicrobial prescription. This document is a revision and expansion on the 2011 Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats, providing recommendations for diagnosis and management of sporadic bacterial cystitis, recurrent bacterial cystitis, pyelonephritis, bacterial prostatitis, and subclinical bacteriuria. Issues pertaining to urinary catheters, medical dissolution of uroliths and prophylaxis for urological procedures are also addressed.
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88
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Guagliardo SAJ, Iverson SA, Reynolds L, Yaglom H, Venkat H, Galloway R, Levy C, Reindel A, Sylvester T, Kretschmer M, LaFerla Jenni M, Woodward P, Beatty N, Artus A, Klein R, Sunenshine R, Schafer IJ. Despite high-risk exposures, no evidence of zoonotic transmission during a canine outbreak of leptospirosis. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:223-231. [PMID: 30618076 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis that affects many mammals, including humans and dogs; dogs can transmit the bacteria to humans, but the frequency of transmission and highest risk exposures are poorly understood. During 2016-2017, the Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Arizona Department of Health Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated the zoonotic potential of a canine leptospirosis outbreak in the Phoenix metro area. We identified symptomatic persons exposed to canine leptospirosis cases by conducting active and passive surveillance. We tested dog owners (n = 9) and animal care providers (n = 109) for serological evidence of Leptospira spp. infection (via the microscopic agglutination test [MAT]) and interviewed these persons about their specific exposures to canine cases and general exposures to canine blood and urine. Through surveillance, seven symptomatic persons were identified; six were tested and all were negative by MAT, and of these six, four persons were negative by PCR (two did not have PCR testing). All serosurvey participants (n = 118) were also seronegative. Among animal care providers, bare skin contact with urine/blood from a canine case was reported by 23.2%; two persons reported dog urine splashing in their face. Veterinary technicians were more likely to have bare skin contact with blood from a canine case compared to veterinarians and boarding facility staff (p < 0.001). Infection control practices were inconsistent; when working with specimens from a canine leptospirosis case, 44.6% of participants reported always wearing gloves when working with urine (i.e., collecting specimens), and 54.5% always wore gloves when working with blood. Veterinary technicians were also most likely to engage in all activities involving potential urine/blood contact, such as conducting laboratory tests (p < 0.01). We therefore recommend that veterinary technicians specifically receive targeted education about infection control practices. Our results suggest that dog-to-human transmission of leptospirosis is uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Anne J Guagliardo
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sally Ann Iverson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona.,Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Laura Reynolds
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Hayley Yaglom
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Heather Venkat
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona.,Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig Levy
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alison Reindel
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tammy Sylvester
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Margaret LaFerla Jenni
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona.,Public Health Associate Program, Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter Woodward
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Norman Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Aileen Artus
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ronald Klein
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Sunenshine
- Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix, Arizona.,Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ilana J Schafer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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89
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Griebsch C, Whitney J, Angles J, Bennett P. Acute liver failure in two dogs following ingestion of cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi) roots. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 29:190-200. [PMID: 30507024 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the management and resolution of acute liver failure (ALF) in two dogs following ingestion of cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi) roots. CASE SUMMARIES A 2-year-old male entire Bullmastiff and a 5-year-old female neutered German Shepherd dog were presented for acute-onset lethargy and vomiting after chewing on tree roots of a cheese tree. Both dogs developed clinical abnormalities consistent with ALF, including hepatic encephalopathy, marked increase in alanine aminotransferase activity and bilirubin concentration, and prolonged coagulation times. Treatment included administration of intravenous fluids, hepatoprotectants, vitamin K1 , antibiotics, lactulose, antacids, antiemetics, and multiple fresh frozen plasma transfusions. Follow-up examinations performed 30 days after initial presentation revealed the dogs to be clinically healthy with serum biochemical and coagulation profiles within reference intervals. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION This is the first report describing ALF in two dogs following ingestion of cheese tree (G. ferdinandi) roots. In this clinical setting, despite a poor prognosis, survival and recovery of adequate liver function were possible with medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Whitney
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Angles
- Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush, Australia
| | - Peter Bennett
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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90
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Tubalinal GAS, Balbin MM, Villanueva MA, Domingo CYJ, Mingala CN. Evaluation of LAMP for detection and/or screening of Leptospira spp. infection among domestic animals in the Philippines. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5:459-465. [PMID: 31453158 PMCID: PMC6702914 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2018.e299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study assessed the applicability of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the detection of leptospirosis among domesticated animals and sewage rats. Specifically, it evaluated the ability of LAMP to amplify Leptospira spp. targeting the 16s rRNA gene in boiled urine samples. Materials and methods: A total of 140 samples from different domestic animals were tested for the presence of the antigen. A nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) protocol was used to compare and determine the sensitivity of LAMP in detecting Leptospira spp. The LAMP was also evaluated by comparing its amplification result using agarose gel electrophoresis and color change using dye. Results: Positivity rate of Leptospira spp. antigen was 29.0% (40/140) for LAMP and 9.3% (13/140) for nPCR. Also, LAMP results for gel electrophoresis and dye color change varied in some samples that may be due to the interpretation of the result in dye color change. Conclusion: Overall, LAMP is a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic method compared with nPCR. Also, LAMP has a potential application as pen-side screening, surveillance, and clinical diagnostic kits of infectious diseases without requiring advance equipment and skilled personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alexis Sp Tubalinal
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michelle M Balbin
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Marvin A Villanueva
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Clarissa Yvonne J Domingo
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
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91
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McCallum KE, Constantino-Casas F, Cullen JM, Warland JH, Swales H, Linghley N, Kortum AJ, Sterritt AJ, Cogan T, Watson PJ. Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:141-150. [PMID: 30499209 PMCID: PMC6335520 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of chronic hepatitis in dogs caused by Leptospira spp. are confined to small case series. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the identification of spirochetes in liver samples. Consequently, this technique may help elucidate the role of Leptospira spp. in cases of chronic hepatitis. Objectives To describe cases of hepatic leptospirosis in dogs diagnosed by FISH and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) speciation, with the absence of clinically relevant renal involvement. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs. Methods Retrospective case series from the University of Cambridge presented between 2013 and 2016 or cases consulted by telephone advice during this time period. Cases were selected based on histopathologically confirmed granulomatous hepatitis and leptospiral organisms identified by FISH and PCR speciation (Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri). Results All cases had increased liver enzyme activities, and FISH in combination with PCR speciation‐confirmed infection with L. interrogans/kirschneri. Four dogs underwent repeat liver biopsy, FISH and PCR speciation 4‐15 months after initial presentation and doxycycline treatment with 1 dog undergoing repeat sampling at necropsy. Three dogs that underwent repeat biopsy remained positive for L. interrogans/kirschneri infection. Six dogs were alive at the time of manuscript preparation and 4 dogs were euthanized as a result of progressive liver disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The presence of hepatic leptospiral organisms may be associated with chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical evidence of renal involvement. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the etiological role of these organisms in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McCallum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - James H Warland
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, NHS Blood & Transplant Donor Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Swales
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andre J Kortum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Sterritt
- Highcroft Veterinary Group, Whitchurch Veterinary Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penny J Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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92
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Sumano H, Ocampo L, Tapia G, Mendoza CDJ, Gutierrez L. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H 2O (Enro-C) in dogs and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic Monte Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:600-607. [PMID: 29649858 PMCID: PMC6167333 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratios of reference enrofloxacin (Enro-R) and enrofloxacin as HCl-2H2O (Enro-C), as well as Monte Carlo simulations based on composite MIC50 and MIC90 (MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration) vs. Leptospira spp., were carried out in dogs after their intramuscular (IM) or oral administration (10 mg/kg). Plasma determination of enrofloxacin was achieved by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma concentration values after oral administration were 1.47 ± 0.19 µg/mL and 5.3 ± 0.84 µg/mL for Enro-R and Enro-C, respectively, and 1.6 ± 0.12 µg/mL and 7.6 ± 0.93 µg/mL, respectively, after IM administration. Areas under the plasma vs. time concentration curve in 24 h (AUC0–24) were 8.02 µg/mL/h and 36.2 µg/mL/h for Enro-Roral and Enro-Coral, respectively, and 8.55 ± 0.85 µg/mL/h and 56.4 ± 6.21 µg/mL/h after IM administration of Enro-R and Enro-C, respectively. The PK/PD ratios and Monte Carlo simulations obtained with Enro-C, not Enro-R, indicated that its IM administration to dogs will result in therapeutic concentrations appropriate for treating leptospirosis. This is the first time enrofloxacin has been recommended to treat this disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Sumano
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Ocampo
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Departments of Genetics and Biostatistics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Corazon de Jesus Mendoza
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutierrez
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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93
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Mauro T, Harkin K. Persistent Leptospiruria in Five Dogs Despite Antimicrobial Treatment (2000-2017). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 55:42-47. [PMID: 30427719 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In dogs with leptospirosis, doxycycline therapy is recommended as the preferred therapy for its ability to eliminate the organism from all tissues, including the renal tubules. Elimination of organisms from the renal tubules terminates leptospiruria and prevents transmission of the organism. This report describes the discovery of persistent leptospiruria in the face of therapy with doxycycline in four dogs and enrofloxacin in one dog. Leptospiruria was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing for pathogenic leptospires in all five dogs. In two dogs, leptospiruria resolved after a change in therapy to enrofloxacin. In three dogs, doxycycline and/or enrofloxacin were ineffective at eliminating leptospiruria, which then resolved after therapy with clarithromycin. Pet owners could be at risk as persistent leptospiruria poses a potential zoonotic risk. The potential reasons for persistent leptospiruria as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Mauro
- From the Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kenneth Harkin
- From the Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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94
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André-Fontaine G, Triger L. MAT cross-reactions or vaccine cross-protection: retrospective study of 863 leptospirosis canine cases. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00869. [PMID: 30426097 PMCID: PMC6222973 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are naturally exposed to numerous pathogenic serogroups. Leptospirosis vaccines are claimed to afford a clinical protection restricted to the serogroups of which they are composed. Objectives Dogs exhibiting liver and kidney injury were suspected of having leptospirosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) results in naive and vaccinated dogs experiencing leptospirosis outcomes. Only MAT-positive animals were included in the study. Methods Over five years, 3 512 dogs were suspected of having leptospirosis. For each case, biochemical parameter results were recorded. Leptospirosis involvement was investigated by MAT performed against 6 major serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Australis, Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa and Sejroë). MAT-positive results confirmed leptospirosis cases in 147 naïve dogs and in 580 fully vaccinated dogs. Serological titres of agglutinating antibodies were related to the severity of liver and kidney failure. Results The most prevalent outcome of leptospirosis in unvaccinated dogs was liver failure (57.8%) compared to 51.7% for kidney disease, but the most severe onset (90.8%) was found among the cases of acute kidney injury compared to the severe (42.3%) hepatitis cases. In dogs vaccinated by bivalent Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola bacterins, hepatitis decreased from 57.8 to 46.5% and acute kidney injury from 51.7 to 21.6%. The decrease was shown in leptospirosis cases induced by field strains belonging to the six most prevalent serogroups, including the 4 serogroups heterologous to the vaccine. Conclusion Common vaccination was efficient in decreasing hepatitis and kidney failure induced by field Leptospira spp infection regardless of the MAT-prominent serogroup and limited the disease severity in the remaining cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève André-Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale et Moléculaire des Leptospires, École Nationale Vétérinaire, ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Laetitia Triger
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale et Moléculaire des Leptospires, École Nationale Vétérinaire, ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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95
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Bouvet J, Cariou C, Poulard A, Oberli F, Cupillard L, Guigal PM. Compatibility between a rabies vaccine and a combined vaccine against canine distemper, adenovirosis, parvovirosis, parainfluenza virus and leptospirosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:93-96. [PMID: 30459006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In many cicumstances, veterinarians are requiring to be able to administer rabies vaccine in dogs at the same time as vaccinating against canine distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, parainfluenza virus and leptospirosis. The aim of this study was to assess the compatibility between a multivalent vaccine and a rabies vaccine when injected at two separate sites. Lack of interference was assessed by comparing serological response to viral components during one year following primary vaccination with vaccines administered alone or concomitantly. Antibody response to all tested components was comparable, irrespective of whether vaccines were administered individually or concurrently. Notably, the rabies vaccine induced very strong and protective seroconversion in dogs, whether it was administered concomitantly with the combo vaccine or not. This facilitates administration of rabies vaccine, which is a key factor for controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouvet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, Parc Industriel de la Plaine de l'Ain, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France.
| | - C Cariou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon Porte des Alpes, rue de l'aviation, 69800, Saint-Priest, France
| | - A Poulard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, Parc Industriel de la Plaine de l'Ain, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - F Oberli
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, Parc Industriel de la Plaine de l'Ain, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - L Cupillard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon Porte des Alpes, rue de l'aviation, 69800, Saint-Priest, France
| | - P M Guigal
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, Parc Industriel de la Plaine de l'Ain, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France
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96
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Cárdenas NC, Infante GP, Pacheco DAR, Diaz JPD, Wagner DCM, Dias RA, Neto JSF, Amaku M, Vargas-Pinto P, Polo L, Grisi-Filho JHH. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp infection and its risk factors among domestic dogs in Bogotá, Colombia. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:64-68. [PMID: 32734054 PMCID: PMC7386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different analytical tools were used to determine the seroprevalence of and risk factors associated with Leptospira spp infection in 192 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in Bogotá, Colombia. Using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), a battery of 16 Leptospira serovars were tested. The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp was calculated as 36.46% (95% CI 0.30-0.43). A questionnaire was applied to the dogs' owners at the time of sampling and the variables "Water sources near home" and "Dog hunting rodents" were identified as risk factors for leptospirosis occurrence in the urban area of Bogotá. Geographical coordinates relating to the dogs' households were obtained in order to map out the spatial distribution of reactive and unreactive dogs. Additionally, we found that the mean annual precipitation was higher at geographical locations with reactive animals than at those with unreactive dogs (p < 0.05). Preventing exposure of dogs to rodents and waste-water bodies that could be contaminated with Leptospira might effectively reduce occurrences of leptospirosis. Moreover, promoting preventive programs and vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis in areas of higher precipitation and prior to rainy months could be an effective strategy for leptospirosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Amaku
- Universidade de São Paulo, 05508 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Polo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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97
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Bonaparte A, Page C, Beeler E. Orchitis and balanoposthitis in a dog with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola in Southern California. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria Leptospira. It can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows and pigs. Once infected, mammals may present with a variety of clinical manifestations. While the classical presentation of the disease is easily recognised by experienced clinicians practising in endemic regions, atypical systemic manifestations can be missed. In this case report, we describe the atypical manifestations of orchitis and balanoposthitis in a five-year-old male intact dog from Los Angeles County, California with confirmed leptospirosis. The dog was infected with serovar Canicola, which is uncommon for this region. Awareness of these atypical manifestations would hopefully guide clinicians towards early diagnosis.
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98
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Latosinski GS, Fornazari F, Babboni SD, Caffaro K, Paes AC, Langoni H. Serological and molecular detection of Leptospira spp in dogs. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:364-367. [PMID: 29972570 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0276-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to detect anti-Leptospira spp antibodies and Leptospira DNA in domestic dogs. METHODS Blood and urine from 106 dogs were evaluated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. RESULTS Six (5.7%) and one (1%) animals were positive by MAT and PCR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results show a low prevalence of infection by Leptospira spp. The absence of positive results for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup indicates the small relevance of these dogs as sources of human leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Soares Latosinski
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Felipe Fornazari
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Selene Daniela Babboni
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Caffaro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Antonio Carlos Paes
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Helio Langoni
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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99
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Murphy K. Leptospirosis in dogs and cats: new challenges from an old bacteria. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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100
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Ojeda J, Salgado M, Encina C, Santamaria C, Monti G. Evidence of interspecies transmission of pathogenic Leptospira between livestock and a domestic cat dwelling in a dairy cattle farm. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1305-1308. [PMID: 29962394 PMCID: PMC6115255 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A domestic cat dwelling in a dairy cattle farm with haematuria was referred for a physical examination. The examination showed no abnormalities therefore complementary exams were performed. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, monocytosis and hyperproteinaemia were detected. The urine analysis showed a bacterial infection without ultrasound findings. Serological titers to Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona and Autumnalis were detected. Molecular analysis demonstrated the presence of Leptospira spp. in urine. The findings were consistent with subclinical leptospirosis. The cattle herd had evidence of Leptospira infection. The microbiological exams confirmed the presence of the Leptospira spp. in urine and serum. According to the evidence presented in this study, cats that dwell within a dairy farm could play a role in the Leptospira infection epidemiologically. The importance of feline leptospirosis must be evaluated with leptospirosis control in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ojeda
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Carolina Encina
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Camila Santamaria
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
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