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Opportunities and challenges of alpha-synuclein as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:93. [PMID: 35869066 PMCID: PMC9307631 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, develops and progresses for 10–15 years before the clinical diagnostic symptoms of the disease are manifested. Furthermore, several aspects of PD pathology overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) linked to alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation, also called synucleinopathies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and validate early diagnostic and prognostic markers that reflect disease pathophysiology, progression, severity, and potential differences in disease mechanisms between PD and other NDDs. The close association between aSyn and the development of pathology in synucleinopathies, along with the identification of aSyn species in biological fluids, has led to increasing interest in aSyn species as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD and differentiate it from other synucleinopathies. In this review, we (1) provide an overview of the progress toward mapping the distribution of aSyn species in the brain, peripheral tissues, and biological fluids; (2) present comparative and critical analysis of previous studies that measured total aSyn as well as other species such as modified and aggregated forms of aSyn in different biological fluids; and (3) highlight conceptual and technical gaps and challenges that could hinder the development and validation of reliable aSyn biomarkers; and (4) outline a series of recommendations to address these challenges. Finally, we propose a combined biomarker approach based on integrating biochemical, aggregation and structure features of aSyn, in addition to other biomarkers of neurodegeneration. We believe that capturing the diversity of aSyn species is essential to develop robust assays and diagnostics for early detection, patient stratification, monitoring of disease progression, and differentiation between synucleinopathies. This could transform clinical trial design and implementation, accelerate the development of new therapies, and improve clinical decisions and treatment strategies.
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52
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Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Biology, Taxonomy, Clinical Relevance, and Current Research Status. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071760. [PMID: 35885064 PMCID: PMC9313182 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of neurodegenerative diseases, traditionally considered to be well-defined entities with distinguishable clinical phenotypes, has undergone a major shift over the last 20 years. The diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases primarily requires functional brain imaging techniques or invasive tests such as lumbar puncture to assess cerebrospinal fluid. A new biological approach and research efforts, especially in vivo, have focused on biomarkers indicating underlying proteinopathy in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of neurodegenerative processes within the central nervous system and the large number of overlapping clinical diagnoses, identifying individual proteinopathies is relatively difficult and often not entirely accurate. For this reason, there is an urgent need to develop laboratory methods for identifying specific biomarkers, understand the molecular basis of neurodegenerative disorders and classify the quantifiable and readily available tools that can accelerate efforts to translate the knowledge into disease-modifying therapies that can improve and simplify the areas of differential diagnosis, as well as monitor the disease course with the aim of estimating the prognosis or evaluating the effects of treatment. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about clinically relevant biomarkers in different neurodegenerative diseases.
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53
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Zhu S, Xing C, Li R, Cheng Z, Deng M, Luo Y, Li H, Zhang G, Sheng Y, Peng H, Wang Z. Proteomic profiling of plasma exosomes from patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11975. [PMID: 35831551 PMCID: PMC9279438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to comprehensively investigate the proteomic profile and underlying biological function of exosomal proteins associated with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exosomes were isolated from plasma samples collected from five patients with B-ALL and five healthy individuals, and their protein content was quantitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 342 differentially expressed proteins were identified in patients with B-ALL. The DEPs were mainly associated with protein metabolic processes and protein activity regulation and were significantly enriched in the Notch and autophagy pathways. Furthermore, we found that ADAM17 and ATG3 were upregulated in patients with B-ALL and enriched in the Notch and autophagy pathways, respectively. Further western blot analysis of exosomes collected from additional 18 patients with B-ALL and 10 healthy controls confirmed that both ADAM17 and ATG3 were overexpressed in exosomes derived from patients with B-ALL (p < 0.001). The areas under the curves of ADAM17 and ATG3 were 0.989 and 0.956, respectively, demonstrating their diagnostic potential. In conclusion, ADAM17 and ATG3 in plasma-derived exosomes may contribute to the progression of B-ALL by regulating the Notch and autophagy pathways. Hence, these proteins may represent valuable diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Xing
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunya Luo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangsen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Bashyal S, Thapa C, Lee S. Recent progresses in exosome-based systems for targeted drug delivery to the brain. J Control Release 2022; 348:723-744. [PMID: 35718214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the multiple ongoing and novel initiatives for developing brain-targeted drug delivery systems, insurmountable obstacles remain. A perfect drug delivery device that can bypass the brain-blood barrier and boost therapeutic efficacy is urgently needed for clinical applications. Exosomes hold unrivaled benefits as a drug delivery vehicle for treating brain diseases due to their endogenous and innate attributes. Unique properties, such as the ability to penetrate physical barriers, biocompatibility, innate targeting features, ability to leverage natural intracellular trafficking pathways, favored tumor homing, and stability, make exosomes suitable for brain-targeted drug delivery. Herein, we provide an overview of recent exosome-based drug delivery nanoplatforms and discuss how these inherent vesicles can be used to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain to cure neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and other brain disorders. Moreover, we review the current roadblocks associated with exosomes and other brain-targeted drug delivery systems and discuss future directions for achieving successful therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Bashyal
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chhitij Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Jin Z, Liu C, Yu X, Chen K, Meng D, Liu A, Fang B. Association Between Mitochondrial Function and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease: Revealed by Exosomal mRNA and lncRNA Expression Profiles. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:909622. [PMID: 35783124 PMCID: PMC9244703 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.909622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitation has been proposed as a valid measure complementary to the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism underlying is not clear yet. The differential expressions of exosomal messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may play a critical role in PD progression and rehabilitation. To compare the differential expressions of exosomal mRNAs and lncRNAs, patients with PD (PWPs, Hoehn and Yahr stages 1.5-2.5, n = 6) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 6) were included in this study. All PWPs received a 2-week rehabilitation treatment in the hospital, which seemingly led to improvement in both the motor and non-motor functions. A set of differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) extracted from exosomes in blood samples via next-generation sequencing (NGS) was screened out. Compared to HCs, 2,337 vs. 701 mRNAs and 1,278 vs. 445 lncRNAs were significantly upregulated and significantly downregulated, respectively, in pre-rehabilitation (pre-rehab) PWPs; 2,490 vs. 629 mRNAs and 1,561 vs. 370 lncRNAs were significantly upregulated and significantly downregulated, respectively, in post-rehabilitation (post-rehab) PWPs. Compared to pre-rehab PWPs, 606 vs. 1,056 mRNAs and 593 vs. 1,136 lncRNAs were significantly upregulated and significantly downregulated, respectively, in post-rehab PWPs. Overall, 14 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and 73 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were expressed in the blood exosomes of HCs, pre- and post-rehab PWPs, simultaneously. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses identified 243 significantly co-expressed lncRNA-mRNA pairs. One DEmRNA of interest (ENSG00000099795, NDUFB7) and three corresponding DElncRNAs (ENST00000564683, ENST00000570408, and ENST00000628340) were positively related. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validated that the expression levels of NDUFB7 mRNA and the 3 DElncRNAs increased significantly in pre-rehab PWPs, but decreased significantly in post-rehab PWPs compared to HCs. NDUFB7 mRNA is a marker related to mitochondrial respiration. It is reasonably believed that mitochondrial function is associated with PD rehabilitation, and the mitochondrial pathway may involve in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Keke Chen
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Detao Meng
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aixian Liu
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Aixian Liu
| | - Boyan Fang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Boyan Fang ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-433X
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Matsui T, Sakamaki Y, Nakashima S, Fukuda M. Rab39 and its effector UACA regulate basolateral exosome release from polarized epithelial cells. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110875. [PMID: 35649370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that originate from the intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We previously reported that polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells secrete two types of exosomes, apical and basolateral exosomes, from different MVBs. However, how these MVBs are selectively targeted to the apical or basolateral membrane remained unknown. Here, we analyze members of the Rab family small GTPases and show that different sets of Rabs mediate asymmetrical exosome release. Rab27, the best-known regulator of MVB transport for exosome release, is specifically but partially involved in apical exosome release, and Rab37, a close homolog of Rab27, is an additional apical exosome regulator. By contrast, Rab39 functions as a specific regulator of basolateral exosome release. Mechanistically, Rab39 interacts with its effector UACA, and UACA then recruits Lyspersin, a component of BLOC-1-related complex (BORC). Our findings suggest that the Rab39-UACA-BORC complex specifically mediates basolateral exosome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Matsui
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Microscopy Research Support Unit Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shumpei Nakashima
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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Motawi TK, Al-Kady RH, Abdelraouf SM, Senousy MA. Empagliflozin alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and augments autophagy in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Targeting the GRP78/PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway and miR-211-5p. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 362:110002. [PMID: 35654124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Empagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, has been demonstrated to provide additional non-glycemic benefits, including neuroprotection. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key player in neurodegeneration and occurs at the crossroads of other pathologic mechanisms; however, its role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still elusive. miR-211-5p regulates neuronal differentiation and viability and was predicted to target CHOP, a downstream effector in the ER stress pathway. For the first time, this study investigated the possible neuroprotective effect of empagliflozin in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD from the perspective of ER stress. Rotenone (1.5 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously every other day for 3 weeks. Meanwhile, the treated group received empagliflozin 10 mg/kg/day orally for 15 consecutive days post-PD induction. On the molecular level, the ER stress pathway components; GRP78, total and phosphorylated PERK, eIF2α and CHOP, along with miR-211-5p expression were upregulated in the striatum of rotenone-injected rats. Concurrently, the untreated rats showed elevated striatal α-synuclein levels along with diminished autophagy and the proteasome system as evidenced by reduced beclin-1 protein and ELF2/NERF mRNA expression levels. The rotenone-induced striatal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were expressed by reduced catalase activity and elevated interleukin (IL)-1β levels. miR-211-5p was positively correlated with PERK/eIF2α/CHOP, IL-1β and α-synuclein, while negatively correlated with ELF2/NERF, beclin-1 and catalase activity. Empagliflozin treatment showed a restorative effect on all biochemical alterations and improved the motor function of rats tested by open field, grip strength and footprint gait analysis. In the histopathological examination, empagliflozin increased the intact neuron count and attenuated astrogliosis and microgliosis by reducing the glial fibrillary protein and ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein 1 immunostaining. Conclusively, these results emphasize the neurotherapeutic impact of empagliflozin in PD by moderating the GRP78/PERK/eIF2α/CHOP ER stress pathway, downregulating miR-211-5p, resolving oxidative stress, lessening astrocyte/microglial activation and neuroinflammation, along with augmenting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rawan H Al-Kady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sahar M Abdelraouf
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A Senousy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Liu S, Wu X, Chandra S, Lyon C, Ning B, jiang L, Fan J, Hu TY. Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3822-3842. [PMID: 36213541 PMCID: PMC9532556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are present in all biological fluids of vertebrates, where they transfer DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites from donor to recipient cells in cell-to-cell communication. Some EV components can also indicate the type and biological status of their parent cells and serve as diagnostic targets for liquid biopsy. EVs can also natively carry or be modified to contain therapeutic agents (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and small molecules) by physical, chemical, or bioengineering strategies. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and stability, EVs are ideal nanocarriers for bioactive ingredients to induce signal transduction, immunoregulation, or other therapeutic effects, which can be targeted to specific cell types. Herein, we review EV classification, intercellular communication, isolation, and characterization strategies as they apply to EV therapeutics. This review focuses on recent advances in EV applications as therapeutic carriers from in vitro research towards in vivo animal models and early clinical applications, using representative examples in the fields of cancer chemotherapeutic drug, cancer vaccine, infectious disease vaccines, regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Finally, we discuss current challenges for EV therapeutics and their future development.
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Diagnostic Test to Identify Parkinson's Disease from the Blood Sera of Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:8683877. [PMID: 35432916 PMCID: PMC9007633 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8683877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, a hallmark by the formation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein proteins. The expression of potential microRNA (miRNA) candidates isolated from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exosomes of PD patients was assessed for their diagnostic value and their potential role as biomarkers for PD was explored. In this study, we characterize the expression level of miRNAs in the exosomes of blood sera and cerebrospinal fluid and explore their potential role as biomarkers for PD. Materials and Methods A total of 209 patients having an onset of PD, along with 60 neurodegenerative (ND) disorders and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Blood samples and CSF samples were collected and exosomes were isolated. The isolated exosomes were characterized using CD63 detection and exosomal RNA was extracted. Serum miRNA profiling was carried out by synthesizing cDNA from the purified RNA and miRNA transcripts were determined by qRT-PCR using SYBR Green PremixScript. microRNA profiling strategy was employed for extracting the exosomal miRNAs from the exosomes. Results Five common miRNAs viz. miR-151a-5p, miR-24, mir-485-5p, mir-331-5p, and mir-214 were found to be upregulated with statistical significance in both the serum exosome and CSF exosomes. The investigation revealed that serum and CSF exosomal miRNA molecules are definitive biomarkers for PD with proper specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions The significant level of miR-151a-5p, miR-24, mir-485-5p, mir-331-5p, and mir-214 was observed in the serum and CSF which may be established as a biomarker for the diagnosis of PD.
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Recent Advances in the Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030618. [PMID: 35335993 PMCID: PMC8949563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoscale vesicles that are released and received by almost all cells in the body. Exosomes can be transferred between cells and contain various molecular constitutes closely related to their origin and function, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs. The importance of exosomes in cellular communication makes them important vectors for delivering a variety of drugs throughout the body. Exosomes are ubiquitous in the circulatory system and can reach the site of injury or disease through a variety of biological barriers. Due to its unique structure and rich inclusions, it can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo) inherit the physiological functions of MSCs, including repairing and regenerating tissues, suppressing inflammatory responses, and regulating the body’s immunity; therefore, MSCs-Exo can be used as a natural drug delivery carrier with therapeutic effects, and has been increasingly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the research progress of MSCs-Exo as drug delivery vectors and their application for various drug deliveries, providing ideas and references for the study of MSCs-Exo in recent years.
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Ng L, Wang X, Yang C, Su C, Li M, Cheung AKL. Celastrol Downmodulates Alpha-Synuclein-Specific T Cell Responses by Mediating Antigen Trafficking in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833515. [PMID: 35309340 PMCID: PMC8926036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the elderly. It is associated with motor dysfunction due to the accumulation of misfolded or aggregated fibrillar alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the mid-brain. Current treatments are mainly focused on relieving the symptoms but are accompanied by side effects and are limited in halting disease progression. Increasing evidence points to peripheral immune cells underlying disease development, especially T cells contributing to α-syn-related neuroinflammation in PD. The onset of these cells is likely mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), whose role in α-syn-specific responses remain less studied. Moreover, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-derived compounds that are candidates to treat PD may alleviate DC-T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, our study focused on the role of DC in response to fibrillar α-syn and subsequent induction of antigen-specific T cell responses, and the effect of TCM Curcumin-analog C1 and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F-derived Celastrol. We found that although fibrillar α-syn did not induce significant inflammatory or T cell-mediating cytokines, robust pro-inflammatory T cell responses were found by co-culturing fibrillar α-syn-pulsed DCs with α-syn-specific CD4+ T cells. Celastrol, but not C1, reduced the onset of pro-inflammatory T cell differentiation, through promoting interaction of endosomal, amphisomal, and autophagic vesicles with fibrillar α-syn, which likely lead to its degradation and less antigen peptides available for presentation and T cell recognition. In conclusion, regulating the intracellular trafficking/processing of α-syn by DCs can be a potential approach to control the progression of PD, in which Celastrol is a potential candidate to accomplish this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ng
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
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Salarpour S, Barani M, Pardakhty A, Khatami M, Pal Singh Chauhan N. The application of exosomes and Exosome-nanoparticle in treating brain disorders. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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63
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Neurodegenerative Disease-Associated TDP-43 Fragments Are Extracellularly Secreted with CASA Complex Proteins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030516. [PMID: 35159325 PMCID: PMC8833957 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) since they may either spread the pathology or contribute to the intracellular protein quality control (PQC) system for the cellular clearance of NDs-associated proteins. Here, we investigated the crosstalk between large (LVs) and small (SVs) EVs and PQC in the disposal of TDP-43 and its FTLD and ALS-associated C-terminal fragments (TDP-35 and TDP-25). By taking advantage of neuronal cells (NSC-34 cells), we demonstrated that both EVs types, but particularly LVs, contained TDP-43, TDP-35 and TDP-25. When the PQC system was inhibited, as it occurs in NDs, we found that TDP-35 and TDP-25 secretion via EVs increased. In line with this observation, we specifically detected TDP-35 in EVs derived from plasma of FTLD patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that both neuronal and plasma-derived EVs transported components of the chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) complex (HSP70, BAG3 and HSPB8). Neuronal EVs also contained the autophagy-related MAP1LC3B-II protein. Notably, we found that, under PQC inhibition, HSPB8, BAG3 and MAP1LC3B-II secretion paralleled that of TDP-43 species. Taken together, our data highlight the role of EVs, particularly of LVs, in the disposal of disease-associated TDP-43 species, and suggest a possible new role for the CASA complex in NDs.
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Immuno-Acoustic Sorting of Disease-Specific Extracellular Vesicles by Acoustophoretic Force. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121534. [PMID: 34945384 PMCID: PMC8709371 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the isolation and analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively explored in the field of life science and in clinical diagnosis in recent years. The separation and efficient recovery of high-purity target EVs from biological samples are important prerequisites in the study of EVs. So far, commonly used methods of EV separation include ultracentrifugation, filtration, solvent precipitation and immunoaffinity capturing. However, these methods suffer from long processing time, EV damage and low enrichment efficiency. The use of acoustophoretic force facilitates the non-contact label-free manipulation of cells based on their size and compressibility but lacks specificity. Additionally, the acoustophoretic force exerted on sub-micron substances is normally weak and insufficient for separation. Here we present a novel immuno-acoustic sorting technology, where biological substances such as EVs, viruses, and biomolecules, can be specifically captured by antibody/receptor coated microparticles through immunoaffinity, and manipulated by an acoustophoretic force exerted on the microparticles. Using immuno-acoustic sorting technology, we successfully separated and purified HER2-positive EVs for further downstream analysis. This method holds great potential in isolating and purifying specific targets such as disease-related EVs from biological fluids and opens new possibilities for the EV-based early diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.
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65
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Zhang N, He F, Li T, Chen J, Jiang L, Ouyang XP, Zuo L. Role of Exosomes in Brain Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:743353. [PMID: 34588957 PMCID: PMC8473913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.743353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles that act as messengers to facilitate communication between cells. Non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and microRNAs are delivered by the exosomes to target molecules (such as proteins, mRNAs, or DNA) of host cells, thereby playing a key role in the maintenance of normal brain function. However, exosomes are also involved in the occurrence, prognosis, and clinical treatment of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. In this review, we have summarized novel findings that elucidate the role of exosomes in the occurrence, prognosis, and treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fengling He
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ting Li
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jinzhi Chen
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Taihe Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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66
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Müller T. View Point: Disease Modification and Cell Secretome Based Approaches in Parkinson's Disease: Are We on the Right Track? Biologics 2021; 15:307-316. [PMID: 34349499 PMCID: PMC8328382 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s267281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The term idiopathic Parkinson's disease describes an entity of various not well-characterized disorders resembling each other. They are characterized by chronic neuronal dying originating from various disease mechanisms. They result in the onset of motor and related non-motor features, both of which respond to administration of personalized drug combinations and surgical therapies. The unmet need is beneficial disease course modification with repair and neurogenesis. Objectives are to discuss the value of cell secretome based treatments including neuronal graft transplantation and to suggest as an alternative the stimulation of an endogenous available approach for neuronal repair. Chronic neurodegenerative processes result from different heterogeneous, but complementing metabolic, pathological cascade sequences. Accumulated evidence from experimental research suggested neuron transplantation, stem cell application and cell secretome-based therapies as a promising future treatment with cure as an ultimate goal. To date, clinical testing of disease-modifying treatments has focused on substitution or repair of the remaining dopamine synthesizing neurons following diagnosis. At diagnosis, many of the still surviving and functioning, but already affected neurons have lost most of their axons and are primed for cell death. A more promising therapeutic concept may be the stimulation of an existing, endogenous repair system in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The abundant protein repulsive guidance molecule A blocks restoration and neurogenesis, both of which are mediated via the neogenin receptor. Inhibition of the physiological effects of repulsive guidance molecule A is an endogenous available repair pathway in chronic neurodegeneration. Antagonism of this protein with antibodies or stimulation of the neogenin receptor should be considered as an initial repair step. It is an alternative to cell replacement, stem cell or associated cell secretome concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Berlin, 13088, Germany
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67
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Bai X, Dong Q, Zhao L, Yao Y, Wang B. microRNA-106b-containing extracellular vesicles affect autophagy of neurons by regulating CDKN2B in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136094. [PMID: 34216715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, and autophagy dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been established as an attractive therapeutic tool, since they can serve as biological nanoparticles with beneficial effects in PD. Herein, the study aimed to investigate the effects of EVs derived microRNA (miR)-106b on autophagy of neurons in PD. Following the development of a mouse model of PD, we conducted behavior test, TUNEL assay and HE staining to verify the success of modeling. Afterward, MSC-derived EVs were extracted and identified. In hippocampal tissues and neurons of PD mice, miR-106b was poorly expressed, while CDKN2B was highly expressed. miR-106b shuttled by MSC-derived EVs increased neuronal survival, autophagy, LC3II/LC3I ratio and Bcl-2 protein expression, while inhibited neuronal apoptosis and Bax expression in PD mice. It was also confirmed that CDKN2B is a downstream target of miR-106b. Overexpression of CDKN2B reversed the protective effects of miR-106b-containing EVs on neurons in mice with PD. Collectively, miR-106b-containing EVs alleviate neuronal apoptosis and enhance neuronal autophagy in PD by downregulating CDKN2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department Five of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Qiaoyun Dong
- Department Five of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department Five of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department Five of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department Five of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, PR China
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68
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Profiling Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid: An Optimized Diagnostic Model for Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030230. [PMID: 33669043 PMCID: PMC7996605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role in intercellular communication, which is relevant for inflammatory and immune processes implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD). We characterized and compared distinctive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived EVs in PD and atypical parkinsonisms (AP), aiming to integrate a diagnostic model based on immune profiling of plasma-derived EVs via artificial intelligence. Plasma- and CSF-derived EVs were isolated from patients with PD, multiple system atrophy (MSA), AP with tauopathies (AP-Tau), and healthy controls. Expression levels of 37 EV surface markers were measured by a flow cytometric bead-based platform and a diagnostic model based on expression of EV surface markers was built by supervised learning algorithms. The PD group showed higher amount of CSF-derived EVs than other groups. Among the 17 EV surface markers differentially expressed in plasma, eight were expressed also in CSF of a subgroup of PD, 10 in MSA, and 6 in AP-Tau. A two-level random forest model was built using EV markers co-expressed in plasma and CSF. The model discriminated PD from non-PD patients with high sensitivity (96.6%) and accuracy (92.6%). EV surface marker characterization bolsters the relevance of inflammation in PD and it underscores the role of EVs as pathways/biomarkers for protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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69
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Mathew B, Mansuri MS, Williams KR, Nairn AC. Exosomes as Emerging Biomarker Tools in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders-A Proteomics Perspective. Brain Sci 2021; 11:258. [PMID: 33669482 PMCID: PMC7922222 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are synthesized and secreted by different cell types and contain proteins, lipids, metabolites and RNA species that reflect the physiological status of the cell of origin. As such, exosomes are increasingly being used as a novel reservoir for disease biomarker discovery. However, isolation of exosomes can be challenging due to their nonuniformity of shape and variable tissue of origin. Moreover, various analytical techniques used for protein detection and quantitation remain insensitive to the low amounts of protein isolated from exosomes. Despite these challenges, techniques to improve proteomic yield and increase protein dynamic range continue to improve at a rapid rate. In this review, we highlight the importance of exosome proteomics in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders and the associated technical difficulties. Furthermore, current progress and technological advancements in exosome proteomics research are discussed with an emphasis on disease-associated protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boby Mathew
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (B.M.); (K.R.W.)
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - M. Shahid Mansuri
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (B.M.); (K.R.W.)
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Williams
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (B.M.); (K.R.W.)
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (B.M.); (K.R.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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