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Netherer S, Kandasamy D, Jirosová A, Kalinová B, Schebeck M, Schlyter F. Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal symbionts in times of drought. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 94:591-614. [PMID: 34720785 PMCID: PMC8550215 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and drought. Here, we review current knowledge on Norway spruce and I. typographus interactions from the perspective of drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour of beetles, with multi-level effects of symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular and behavioural perspectives, we provide a comprehensive picture on this complex, multitrophic system in the light of climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that are strongly affected by physiological stress such as drought. Spruce bark contains numerous terpenoid and phenolic substances, which are important for bark beetle aggregation and attack success. Abiotic stressors such as increased temperatures and drought affect composition, amounts and emission rates of volatile compounds. Thus, drought events may influence olfactory responses of I. typographus, and further the pheromone communication enabling mass attack. In addition, I. typographus is associated with numerous ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts with multiple effects on beetle life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade spruce toxins, help to exhaust tree defences, produce beetle semiochemicals, and possibly provide nutrition. As the various fungal associates have different temperature optima, they can influence the performance of I. typographus differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss why effects of drought on tree-killing by bark beetles are still poorly understood and provide an outlook on future research on this eruptive species using both, field and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Netherer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Jirosová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Kalinová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Chemical Ecology Plant Protection Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden
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Sommerfeld A, Rammer W, Heurich M, Hilmers T, Müller J, Seidl R. Do bark beetle outbreaks amplify or dampen future bark beetle disturbances in Central Europe? THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021; 109:737-749. [PMID: 33664526 PMCID: PMC7894307 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetle outbreaks have intensified in many forests around the globe in recent years. Yet, the legacy of these disturbances for future forest development remains unclear. Bark beetle disturbances are expected to increase further because of climate change. Consequently, feedbacks within the disturbance regime are of growing interest, for example, whether bark beetle outbreaks are amplifying future bark beetle activity (through the initiation of an even-aged cohort of trees) or dampening it (through increased structural and compositional diversity).We studied bark beetle-vegetation-climate interactions in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany), an area characterised by unprecedented bark beetle activity in the recent past. We simulated the effect of future bark beetle outbreaks on forest structure and composition and analysed how disturbance-mediated forest dynamics influence future bark beetle activity under different scenarios of climate change. We used process-based simulation modelling in combination with machine learning to disentangle the long-term interactions between vegetation, climate and bark beetles at the landscape scale.Disturbances by the European spruce bark beetle were strongly amplified by climate change, increasing between 59% and 221% compared to reference climate. Bark beetle outbreaks reduced the dominance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on the landscape, increasing compositional diversity. Disturbances decreased structural diversity within stands (α diversity) and increased structural diversity between stands (β diversity). Overall, disturbance-mediated changes in forest structure and composition dampened future disturbance activity (a reduction of up to -67%), but were not able to fully compensate for the amplifying effect of climate change. Synthesis. Our findings indicate that the recent disturbance episode at the Bavarian Forest National Park was caused by a convergence of highly susceptible forest structures with climatic conditions favourable for bark beetle outbreaks. While future climate is increasingly conducive to massive outbreaks, the emerging landscape structure is less and less likely to support them. This study improves our understanding of the long-term legacies of ongoing bark beetle disturbances in Central Europe. It indicates that increased diversity provides an important dampening feedback, and suggests that preventing disturbances or homogenizing post-disturbance forests could elevate the future susceptibility to large-scale bark beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sommerfeld
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupSchool of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Torben Hilmers
- Chair of Forest Growth and Yield ScienceSchool of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupSchool of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
- Berchtesgaden National ParkBerchtesgadenGermany
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53
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Climate Change Effects on Trophic Interactions of Bark Beetles in Inner Alpine Scots Pine Forests. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased tree mortality has become a widespread phenomenon and is largely attributed to climate change. Little field research has addressed the complex interactions between trees, herbivores, and their natural enemies as affected by temperature. We recorded the densities of bark insects and their natural enemies emerging from felled trees in Scots pine forests at 17 study sites along 6 elevation gradients encompassing different temperature ranges in 3 regions in Switzerland and Italy. We additionally measured tree resin defense at different elevations. The density of aggressive bark beetles decreased with increasing temperatures while that of non-aggressive species did not respond to temperature. Contrasting patterns were also found for natural enemies, with the densities of most predatory taxa decreasing with increasing temperature whereas densities of parasitoids increased. Consequently, bark beetle mortality by predators decreased and that by parasitoids increased with temperature. Exudation of resin increased with temperature. As the number of resin ducts did not change with temperature, this is assumed a physical effect of reduced viscosity. Despite lower densities of aggressive bark beetles and improved tree resin flow under higher temperatures, the currently experienced drought-induced reduction in tree vigor is likely to increase tree mortality under the ongoing climate warming.
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54
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Bark and Wood Boring Insects-Past, Present, and the Future Knowledge We Need. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010028. [PMID: 33406663 PMCID: PMC7823283 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rivera-Dávila OL, Sánchez-Martínez G, Rico-Martínez R. Ecotoxicity of pesticides and semiochemicals used for control and prevention of conifer bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp.) outbreaks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128375. [PMID: 33297283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Application of pyrethroid pesticides and semiochemicals are two treatments used worldwide to control conifer bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp.); their residues can reach water reservoirs and water currents through run off and affect non-target organisms such as freshwater invertebrates. Therefore, we assessed the 48-h lethal toxicity, chronic toxicity (reproduction inhibition), and bioaccumulation of three pyrethroid pesticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin) and two semiochemicals (verbenone and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) in two freshwater invertebrates: the cladoceran Alona guttata and the rotifer Lecane papuana. Bifenthrin was the most toxic of the five chemical compounds tested followed by deltamethrin and then cypermethrin, which was the least toxic pyrethroid for both species. Semiochemicals were far less toxic than pyrethroids and verbenone was most toxic than 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one for both species. For the rotifer Lecane papuana, the pyrethroid with the highest Bioconcentration Factor was bifenthrin, and for the semiochemicals it was 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. For the cladoceran Alona guttata, the pyrethroid with the highest bioconcentration factor was cypermethrin and for the semiochemicals it was verbenone. The pyrethroid with highest body burdens both lethal and chronic was cypermethrin. Semiochemicals showed lethal and chronic body burdens 12-fold higher than pyrethroids and were therefore less toxic than pyrethroids. These results showed that the semiochemicals verbenone and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one are a safe tool for the freshwater invertebrates tested when compared with pyrethroid pesticides. Cypermethrin was the least toxic of the pyrethroids tested and therefore could be considered as a good candidate to control outbreaks of the conifer bark beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lidia Rivera-Dávila
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, C.P. 20131, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Sánchez-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Regional Norte Centro, Campo Experimental Pabellón, INIFAP, Km. 32.5 Carretera Aguascalientes-Zacatecas, Pabellón de Arteaga, Ags. C.P, 20670, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, C.P. 20131, Mexico.
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56
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Reed CC, Hood SM. Few generalizable patterns of tree-level mortality during extreme drought and concurrent bark beetle outbreaks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141306. [PMID: 32846245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality associated with drought and concurrent bark beetle outbreaks is expected to increase with further climate change. When these two types of disturbance occur in concert it complicates our ability to accurately predict future forest mortality. The recent extreme California USA drought and bark beetle outbreaks resulted in extensive tree mortality and provides a unique opportunity to examine questions of why some trees die while others survive these co-occurring disturbances. We use plot-level data combined with a three-proxy tree-level approach using radial growth, carbon isotopes, and resin duct metrics to evaluate 1) whether variability in stand structure, tree growth or size, carbon isotope discrimination, or defenses precede mortality, 2) how relationships between these proxies differ for surviving and now-dead trees, and 3) whether generalizable risk factors for tree mortality exist across pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), white fir (Abies concolor), and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) affected by the combination of drought and beetle outbreaks. We find that risk factors associated with mortality differ between species, and that few generalizable patterns exist when bark beetle outbreaks occur in concert with a particularly long, hot drought. We see evidence that both long-term differences in physiology and shorter-term beetle-related selection and variability in defenses influence mortality susceptibility for ponderosa pine, whereas beetle dynamics may play a more prominent role in mortality patterns for white fir and pinyon pine. In contrast, incense cedar mortality appears to be attributable to long-term effects of growth suppression. Risk factors that predispose some trees to drought and beetle-related mortality likely reflect species-specific strategies for dealing with these particular disturbance types. The combined influence of beetles and drought necessitates the consideration of multiple, species-specific risk factors to more accurately model forest mortality in the face of similar extreme events more likely under future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Reed
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA.
| | - Sharon M Hood
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
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57
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Senf C, Buras A, Zang CS, Rammig A, Seidl R. Excess forest mortality is consistently linked to drought across Europe. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6200. [PMID: 33273460 PMCID: PMC7713373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulses of tree mortality caused by drought have been reported recently in forests around the globe, but large-scale quantitative evidence is lacking for Europe. Analyzing high-resolution annual satellite-based canopy mortality maps from 1987 to 2016 we here show that excess forest mortality (i.e., canopy mortality exceeding the long-term mortality trend) is significantly related to drought across continental Europe. The relationship between water availability and mortality showed threshold behavior, with excess mortality increasing steeply when the integrated climatic water balance from March to July fell below -1.6 standard deviations of its long-term average. For -3.0 standard deviations the probability of excess canopy mortality was 91.6% (83.8-97.5%). Overall, drought caused approximately 500,000 ha of excess forest mortality between 1987 and 2016 in Europe. We here provide evidence that drought is an important driver of tree mortality at the continental scale, and suggest that a future increase in drought could trigger widespread tree mortality in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Senf
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Allan Buras
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian S Zang
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Rammig
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Doktorberg 6, 83471, Berchtesgaden, Germany
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58
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Dobor L, Hlásny T, Zimová S. Contrasting vulnerability of monospecific and species-diverse forests to wind and bark beetle disturbance: The role of management. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12233-12245. [PMID: 33209284 PMCID: PMC7663067 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind and bark beetle disturbances have increased in recent decades, affecting Europe's coniferous forests with particular severity. Management fostering forest diversity and resilience is deemed to effectively mitigate disturbance impacts, yet its efficiency and interaction with other disturbance management measures remain unclear.We focused on Central Europe, which has become one of the hotspots of recent disturbance changes. We used the iLand ecosystem model to understand the interplay between species composition of the forest, forest disturbance dynamics affected by climate change, and disturbance management. The tested measures included (a) active transformation of tree species composition toward site-matching species; (b) intensive removal of windfelled trees, which can support the buildup of bark beetle populations; and (c) reduction of mature and vulnerable trees on the landscape via modified harvesting regimes.We found that management systems aiming to sustain the dominance of Norway spruce in the forest are failing under climate change, and none of the measures applied could mitigate the disturbance impacts. Conversely, management systems fostering forest diversity substantially reduced the level of disturbance. Significant disturbance reduction has been achieved even without salvaging and rotation length reduction, which is beneficial for ecosystem recovery, carbon, and biodiversity. Synthesis and applications: We conclude that climate change amplifies the contrast in vulnerability of monospecific and species-diverse forests to wind and bark beetle disturbance. Whereas forests dominated by Norway spruce are not likely to be sustained in Central Europe under climate change, different management strategies can be applied in species-diverse forests to reach the desired control over the disturbance dynamic. Our findings justify some unrealistic expectations about the options to control disturbance dynamics under climate change and highlight the importance of management that fosters forest diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dobor
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hlásny
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Soňa Zimová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
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59
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Unravelling the gut bacteriome of Ips (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): identifying core bacterial assemblage and their ecological relevance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18572. [PMID: 33122700 PMCID: PMC7596566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles often serve as forest damaging agents, causing landscape-level mortality. Understanding the biology and ecology of beetles are important for both, gathering knowledge about important forest insects and forest protection. Knowledge about the bark beetle gut-associated bacteria is one of the crucial yet surprisingly neglected areas of research with European tree-killing bark beetles. Hence, in this study, we survey the gut bacteriome from five Ips and one non-Ips bark beetles from Scolytinae. Results reveal 69 core bacterial genera among five Ips beetles that may perform conserved functions within the bark beetle holobiont. The most abundant bacterial genera from different bark beetle gut include Erwinia, Sodalis, Serratia, Tyzzerella, Raoultella, Rahnella, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Vibrio, and Pseudoxanthomonas. Notable differences in gut-associated bacterial community richness and diversity among the beetle species are observed. Furthermore, the impact of sampling location on the overall bark beetle gut bacterial community assemblage is also documented, which warrants further investigations. Nevertheless, our data expanded the current knowledge about core gut bacterial communities in Ips bark beetles and their putative function such as cellulose degradation, nitrogen fixation, detoxification of defensive plant compounds, and inhibition of pathogens, which could serve as a basis for further metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics investigations.
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60
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Chakraborty A, Modlinger R, Ashraf MZ, Synek J, Schlyter F, Roy A. Core Mycobiome and Their Ecological Relevance in the Gut of Five Ips Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:568853. [PMID: 33013799 PMCID: PMC7496905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.568853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles are destructive forest pests considering their remarkable contribution to forest depletion. Their association with fungi is useful against the challenges of survival on the noxious and nutritionally limited substrate, i.e., conifer tissues. Fungal symbionts help the beetles in nutrient acquisition and detoxification of toxic tree secondary metabolites. Although gut is the prime location for food digestion and detoxification, limited information is available on gut-mycobiome of bark beetles. The present study screened the gut-mycobiont from six bark beetles (five Ips and one non-Ips) from Scolytinae subfamily using high-throughput sequencing and explored their putative role in symbiosis with the host insect. Results revealed the predominance of four fungal classes- Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Eurothiomycetes, and Dothidomycetes in all bark beetles. Apart from these, Agaricomycetes, Leothiomycetes, Incertae sedis Basidiomycota, Tremellomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, and Microbotryomycetes were also documented in different beetles. Five Ips bark beetles share a consortium of core fungal communities in their gut tissues consisting of 47 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 19 fungal genera. The majority of these core fungal genera belong to the phylum Ascomycota. LEfSe analysis revealed a set of species-specific fungal biomarkers in bark beetles. The present study identified the gut mycobiont assemblage in bark beetles and their putative ecological relevance. An enriched understanding of bark beetle-fungal symbiosis is not only filling the existing knowledge gap in the field but may also unleash an unforeseen potential for future bark beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ashraf
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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61
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Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Tree growth sensitivity to climate is temporally variable. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1561-1572. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. P. Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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62
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Hartmann H, Bahn M, Carbone M, Richardson AD. Plant carbon allocation in a changing world - challenges and progress: introduction to a Virtual Issue on carbon allocation: Introduction to a virtual issue on carbon allocation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:981-988. [PMID: 32662104 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariah Carbone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, 200 Beckwith Way, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, 200 Beckwith Way, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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63
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Huang J, Rücker A, Schmidt A, Gleixner G, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Hartmann H. Production of constitutive and induced secondary metabolites is coordinated with growth and storage in Norway spruce saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:928-942. [PMID: 32268379 PMCID: PMC7325531 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how trees balance the trade-offs between growth, storage and defense is limited but crucial for predicting tree responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we investigated how trees allocate storage of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) to growth and constitutive and induced secondary metabolites (SM). We exposed Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings to 5 weeks of complete darkness to induce light and/or carbon limitation and then applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to simulate biotic attack. We measured changes in biomass, NSC (sum of soluble sugars and starches), and constitutive and induced SM (sum of phenolic compounds and terpenoids) in current-year developing and previous-year mature needles and branches, as well as volatiles emitted from the canopy. Under darkness, NSC storage was preferentially used for constitutive biosynthesis of monoterpenes rather than biosynthesis of stilbenes and growth of developing organs, while SM stored in mature organs cannot be remobilized and recycled. Furthermore, MeJA-induced production of SM was constrained by low NSC availability in developing organs but not in mature organs grown in the dark. Emissions of volatiles were suppressed in the dark but after 1 h of re-illumination, emissions of both constitutive and induced monoterpene hydrocarbons recovered rapidly, whereas emissions of linalool and sesquiterpene produced via de novo synthesis did not recover. Our results highlight that light and/or carbon limitation may constrain constitutive and JA-induced biosynthesis of SM in coordination with growth, NSC storage and mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
- Corresponding author ()
| | - Alexander Rücker
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
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64
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Anderegg WRL, Trugman AT, Badgley G, Anderson CM, Bartuska A, Ciais P, Cullenward D, Field CB, Freeman J, Goetz SJ, Hicke JA, Huntzinger D, Jackson RB, Nickerson J, Pacala S, Randerson JT. Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests. Science 2020; 368:368/6497/eaaz7005. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna T. Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Grayson Badgley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | | | - Ann Bartuska
- Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace CNRS CEA UVSQ Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France
| | | | - Christopher B. Field
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Scott J. Goetz
- School of Informatics and Computing, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Deborah Huntzinger
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Earth System Science and Precourt Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Stephen Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Schuldt B, Buras A, Arend M, Vitasse Y, Beierkuhnlein C, Damm A, Gharun M, Grams TE, Hauck M, Hajek P, Hartmann H, Hiltbrunner E, Hoch G, Holloway-Phillips M, Körner C, Larysch E, Lübbe T, Nelson DB, Rammig A, Rigling A, Rose L, Ruehr NK, Schumann K, Weiser F, Werner C, Wohlgemuth T, Zang CS, Kahmen A. A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Electrophysiological and behavioral responses Dendroctonus frontalis and D. terebrans (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to resin odors of host pines (Pinus spp.). CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Honkaniemi J, Rammer W, Seidl R. Norway spruce at the trailing edge: the effect of landscape configuration and composition on climate resilience. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2020; 35:591-606. [PMID: 32214662 PMCID: PMC7081663 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most widespread tree species in Europe's forests. Due to its high economic value it has been strongly favored by management, especially at the trailing edge of its natural distribution. However, disturbances from wind and bark beetles are increasingly impacting these forests, and their resilience under climate change has been called into question recently. OBJECTIVES We quantified the effects of landscape configuration and composition on (1) the risk from natural disturbances, and (2) on the overall resilience of Norway spruce to changing climate at the trailing edge. METHODS We simulated the dynamics of a 9183 ha forest landscape in Eastern Austria over 190 years. We used the simulation model iLand to experimentally study a wide range of landscape compositions and configurations under five different climate scenarios. RESULTS Natural disturbances increased considerably under all future climate scenarios. Dispersing Norway spruce throughout the landscape in mixed stands resulted in the highest levels of climate resilience. Reducing the percentage of Norway spruce on the landscape increased the resilience of the remaining Norway spruce trees, yet landscape configuration generally had a stronger effect on resilience than composition. CONCLUSIONS The resilience of Norway spruce at the trailing edge of its distribution is challenged by climate change, and considerable efforts are needed to sustain these ecosystems. While currently discussed adaptation measures focus largely on the stand level, we show that modifying landscape composition and configuration can be used to foster Norway spruce resilience while maintaining socio-economically relevant proportions of Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Honkaniemi
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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