51
|
Peng Y, van Wersch R, Zhang Y. Convergent and Divergent Signaling in PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:403-409. [PMID: 29135338 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0145-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use diverse immune receptors to sense pathogen attacks. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors localized on the plasma membrane leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Detection of pathogen effectors by intracellular or plasma membrane-localized immune receptors results in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite the large variations in the magnitude and duration of immune responses triggered by different PAMPs or pathogen effectors during PTI and ETI, plasma membrane-localized immune receptors activate similar downstream molecular events such as mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, oxidative burst, ion influx, and increased biosynthesis of plant defense hormones, indicating that defense signals initiated at the plasma membrane converge at later points. On the other hand, activation of ETI by immune receptors localized to the nucleus appears to be more directly associated with transcriptional regulation of defense gene expression. Here, we review recent progress in signal transductions downstream of different groups of plant immune receptors, highlighting the converging and diverging molecular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Peng
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Su J, Spears BJ, Kim SH, Gassmann W. Constant vigilance: plant functions guarded by resistance proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:637-650. [PMID: 29232015 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants do not have an adaptive immune system and have instead evolved sophisticated and multi-layered innate immune mechanisms. To overcome plant immunity, pathogens secrete a diverse array of effectors into the apoplast and virtually all cellular compartments to dampen immune signaling and interfere with plant functions. Here we describe the scope of the arms race throughout the cell and summarize various strategies used by both plants and pathogens. Through studying the ongoing evolutionary battle between plants and key pathogens, we may yet uncover potential ways to achieve the ultimate goal of engineering broad-spectrum resistant crops without affecting food quality or productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Su
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Benjamin J Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Vandereyken K, Van Leene J, De Coninck B, Cammue BPA. Hub Protein Controversy: Taking a Closer Look at Plant Stress Response Hubs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:694. [PMID: 29922309 PMCID: PMC5996676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress responses involve numerous changes at the molecular and cellular level and are regulated by highly complex signaling pathways. Studying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and the resulting networks is therefore becoming increasingly important in understanding these responses. Crucial in PPI networks are the so-called hubs or hub proteins, commonly defined as the most highly connected central proteins in scale-free PPI networks. However, despite their importance, a growing amount of confusion and controversy seems to exist regarding hub protein identification, characterization and classification. In order to highlight these inconsistencies and stimulate further clarification, this review critically analyses the current knowledge on hub proteins in the plant interactome field. We focus on current hub protein definitions, including the properties generally seen as hub-defining, and the challenges and approaches associated with hub protein identification. Furthermore, we give an overview of the most important large-scale plant PPI studies of the last decade that identified hub proteins, pointing out the lack of overlap between different studies. As such, it appears that although major advances are being made in the plant interactome field, defining hub proteins is still heavily dependent on the quality, origin and interpretation of the acquired PPI data. Nevertheless, many hub proteins seem to have a reported role in the plant stress response, including transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin proteasome system related proteins, (co-)chaperones and redox signaling proteins. A significant number of identified plant stress hubs are however still functionally uncharacterized, making them interesting targets for future research. This review clearly shows the ongoing improvements in the plant interactome field but also calls attention to the need for a more comprehensive and precise identification of hub proteins, allowing a more efficient systems biology driven unraveling of complex processes, including those involved in stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Vandereyken
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle Van Leene
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Bruno P. A. Cammue
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhang N, Wang Z, Bao Z, Yang L, Wu D, Shu X, Hua J. MOS1 functions closely with TCP transcription factors to modulate immunity and cell cycle in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:66-78. [PMID: 29086441 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates a close connection between cell-cycle progression and the plant immune responses. In Arabidopsis, MODIFIER OF snc1-1 (MOS1) modulates a number of processes including endoreduplication and plant disease resistance, but the molecular mechanism underlying this modulation was not fully understood. Here, we provide biochemical and genetic evidence that TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF1 (TCP) transcription factors TCP15 and its homologues are mediators of MOS1 function in the immune response and are likely to be also involved in cell-cycle control. MOS1 and TCP proteins have a direct physical interaction. They both bind to the promoter of the immune receptor gene SUPRESSOR OF npr1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1) and modulate its expression and consequently immune responses. MOS1 and TCP15 both affect the expression of cell-cycle genes D-type CYCLIN 3;1 (CYCD3;1), which may mediate the MOS1 function in cell-cycle modulation. In addition, CYCD3;1 overexpression upregulates immune responses, and SNC1 expression. This study investigated and revealed a role for MOS1 in transcriptional regulation through TCP15 and its homologues. This finding suggests the coordination of cell-cycle progression and plant immune responses at multiple levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhilong Bao
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dianxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Li M, Chen H, Chen J, Chang M, Palmer IA, Gassmann W, Liu F, Fu ZQ. TCP Transcription Factors Interact With NPR1 and Contribute Redundantly to Systemic Acquired Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1153. [PMID: 30154809 PMCID: PMC6102491 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF1 (TCP) transcription factors (TF) play critical functions in developmental processes. Recent studies suggest they also function in plant immunity, but whether they play an important role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is still unknown. NON-EXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1), as an essential transcriptional regulatory node in SAR, exerts its regulatory role in downstream genes expression through interaction with TFs. In this work, we provide biochemical and genetic evidence that TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 are involved in the SAR signaling pathway. TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 physically interacted with NPR1 in yeast two-hybrid assays, and these interactions were further confirmed in vivo. SAR against the infection of virulent strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 in the triple T-DNA insertion mutant tcp8-1 tcp14-5 tcp15-3 was partially compromised compared with Columbia 0 (Col-0) wild type plants. The induction of SAR marker genes PR1, PR2, and PR5 in local and systemic leaves was dramatically decreased in the tcp8-1 tcp14-5 tcp15-3 mutant compared with that in Col-0 after local treatment with Psm ES4326 carrying avrRpt2. Results from yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated that TCP15 can bind to a conserved TCP binding motif, GCGGGAC, within the promoter of PR5, and this binding was enhanced by NPR1. Results from RT-qPCR assays showed that TCP15 promotes the expression of PR5 in response to salicylic acid induction. Taken together, these data reveal that TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 physically interact with NPR1 and function redundantly to establish SAR, that TCP15 promotes the expression of PR5 through directly binding a TCP binding site within the promoter of PR5, and that this binding is enhanced by NPR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian A. Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengquan Liu
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Zheng Qing Fu
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Noman A, Liu Z, Aqeel M, Zainab M, Khan MI, Hussain A, Ashraf MF, Li X, Weng Y, He S. Basic leucine zipper domain transcription factors: the vanguards in plant immunity. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1779-1791. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
57
|
Abstract
The first plant disease resistance (R) genes were identified and cloned more than two decades ago. Since then, many more R genes have been identified and characterized in numerous plant pathosystems. Most of these encode members of the large family of intracellular NLRs (NOD-like receptors), which also includes animal immune receptors. New discoveries in this expanding field of research provide new elements for our understanding of plant NLR function. But what do we know about plant NLR function today? Genetic, structural, and functional analyses have uncovered a number of commonalities and differences in pathogen recognition strategies as well as how NLRs are regulated and activate defense signaling, but many unknowns remain. This review gives an update on the latest discoveries and breakthroughs in this field, with an emphasis on structural findings and some comparison to animal NLRs, which can provide additional insights and paradigms in plant NLR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Birkenbihl RP, Liu S, Somssich IE. Transcriptional events defining plant immune responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:1-9. [PMID: 28458046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and massive transcriptional reprogramming upon pathogen recognition is the decisive step in plant-phytopathogen interactions. Plant transcription factors (TFs) are key players in this process but they require a suite of other context-specific co-regulators to establish sensory transcription regulatory networks to bring about host immunity. Molecular, genetic and biochemical studies, particularly in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice, are continuously uncovering new components of the transcriptional machinery that can selectively impact host resistance toward a diverse range of pathogens. Moreover, detailed studies on key immune regulators, such as WRKY TFs and NPR1, are beginning to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which defense hormones influence the function of these factors. Here we provide a short update on such recent developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer P Birkenbihl
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Koeln, Germany.
| | - Shouan Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, China.
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Koeln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Dhaka N, Bhardwaj V, Sharma MK, Sharma R. Evolving Tale of TCPs: New Paradigms and Old Lacunae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:479. [PMID: 28421104 PMCID: PMC5376618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Teosinte Branched1/Cycloidea/Proliferating cell factors (TCP) genes are key mediators of genetic innovations underlying morphological novelties, stress adaptation, and evolution of immune response in plants. They have a remarkable ability to integrate and translate diverse endogenous, and environmental signals with high fidelity. Compilation of studies, aimed at elucidating the mechanism of TCP functions, shows that it takes an amalgamation and interplay of several different factors, regulatory processes and pathways, instead of individual components, to achieve the incredible functional diversity and specificity, demonstrated by TCP proteins. Through this minireview, we provide a brief description of key structural features and molecular components, known so far, that operate this conglomerate, and highlight the important conceptual challenges and lacunae in TCP research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Dhaka
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vasudha Bhardwaj
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of BiotechnologyJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj K. Sharma
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of BiotechnologyJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Interacting TCP and NLP transcription factors control plant responses to nitrate availability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2419-2424. [PMID: 28202720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615676114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved adaptive strategies that involve transcriptional networks to cope with and survive environmental challenges. Key transcriptional regulators that mediate responses to environmental fluctuations in nitrate have been identified; however, little is known about how these regulators interact to orchestrate nitrogen (N) responses and cell-cycle regulation. Here we report that teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor1-20 (TCP20) and NIN-like protein (NLP) transcription factors NLP6 and NLP7, which act as activators of nitrate assimilatory genes, bind to adjacent sites in the upstream promoter region of the nitrate reductase gene, NIA1, and physically interact under continuous nitrate and N-starvation conditions. Regions of these proteins necessary for these interactions were found to include the type I/II Phox and Bem1p (PB1) domains of NLP6&7, a protein-interaction module conserved in animals for nutrient signaling, and the histidine- and glutamine-rich domain of TCP20, which is conserved across plant species. Under N starvation, TCP20-NLP6&7 heterodimers accumulate in the nucleus, and this coincides with TCP20 and NLP6&7-dependent up-regulation of nitrate assimilation and signaling genes and down-regulation of the G2/M cell-cycle marker gene, CYCB1;1 TCP20 and NLP6&7 also support root meristem growth under N starvation. These findings provide insights into how plants coordinate responses to nitrate availability, linking nitrate assimilation and signaling with cell-cycle progression.
Collapse
|
61
|
Yang L, Teixeira PJPL, Biswas S, Finkel OM, He Y, Salas-Gonzalez I, English ME, Epple P, Mieczkowski P, Dangl JL. Pseudomonas syringae Type III Effector HopBB1 Promotes Host Transcriptional Repressor Degradation to Regulate Phytohormone Responses and Virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:156-168. [PMID: 28132837 PMCID: PMC5314207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Independently evolved pathogen effectors from three branches of life (ascomycete, eubacteria, and oomycete) converge onto the Arabidopsis TCP14 transcription factor to manipulate host defense. However, the mechanistic basis for defense control via TCP14 regulation is unknown. We demonstrate that TCP14 regulates the plant immune system by transcriptionally repressing a subset of the jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signaling outputs. A previously unstudied Pseudomonas syringae (Psy) type III effector, HopBB1, interacts with TCP14 and targets it to the SCFCOI1 degradation complex by connecting it to the JA signaling repressor JAZ3. Consequently, HopBB1 de-represses the TCP14-regulated subset of JA response genes and promotes pathogen virulence. Thus, HopBB1 fine-tunes host phytohormone crosstalk by precisely manipulating part of the JA regulon to avoid pleiotropic host responses while promoting pathogen proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Surojit Biswas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Omri M Finkel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yijian He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isai Salas-Gonzalez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marie E English
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Petra Epple
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Mazur MJ, Spears BJ, Djajasaputra A, van der Gragt M, Vlachakis G, Beerens B, Gassmann W, van den Burg HA. Arabidopsis TCP Transcription Factors Interact with the SUMO Conjugating Machinery in Nuclear Foci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2043. [PMID: 29250092 PMCID: PMC5714883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis more than 400 proteins have been identified as SUMO targets, both in vivo and in vitro. Among others, transcription factors (TFs) are common targets for SUMO conjugation. Here we aimed to exhaustively screen for TFs that interact with the SUMO machinery using an arrayed yeast two-hybrid library containing more than 1,100 TFs. We identified 76 interactors that foremost interact with the SUMO conjugation enzyme SCE1 and/or the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1. These interactors belong to various TF families, which control a wide range of processes in plant development and stress signaling. Amongst these interactors, the TCP family was overrepresented with several TCPs interacting with different proteins of the SUMO conjugation cycle. For a subset of these TCPs we confirmed that the catalytic site of SCE1 is essential for this interaction. In agreement, TCP1, TCP3, TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 were readily SUMO modified in an E. coli sumoylation assay. Strikingly, these TCP-SCE1 interactions were found to redistribute these TCPs into nuclear foci/speckles, suggesting that these TCP foci represent sites for SUMO (conjugation) activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J. Mazur
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - André Djajasaputra
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle van der Gragt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georgios Vlachakis
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas Beerens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Harrold A. van den Burg
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Francis A, Dhaka N, Bakshi M, Jung KH, Sharma MK, Sharma R. Comparative phylogenomic analysis provides insights into TCP gene functions in Sorghum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38488. [PMID: 27917941 PMCID: PMC5137041 DOI: 10.1038/srep38488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is a highly efficient C4 crop with potential to mitigate challenges associated with food, feed and fuel. TCP proteins are of particular interest for crop improvement programs due to their well-demonstrated roles in crop domestication and shaping plant architecture thereby, affecting agronomic traits. We identified 20 TCP genes from Sorghum. Except SbTCP8, all are either intronless or contain introns in the untranslated regions. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis, rice, Brachypodium and Sorghum TCP proteins revealed two distinct classes categorized into ten sub-clades. Sub-clade F is dicot-specific, whereas A2, G1 and I1 groups only contained genes from grasses. Sub-clade B was missing in Sorghum, whereas group A1 was missing in rice indicating species-specific divergence of TCP proteins. TCP proteins of Sorghum are enriched in disorder promoting residues with class I containing higher percent disorder than class II proteins. Seven pairs of paralogous TCP genes were identified from Sorghum, five of which seem to predate Rice-Sorghum divergence. All of them have diverged in their expression. Based on the expression and orthology analysis, five Sorghum genes have been shortlisted for further investigation for their roles in regulating plant morphology. Whereas, three genes have been identified as candidates for engineering abiotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Francis
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Namrata Dhaka
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mohit Bakshi
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoj K. Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Wu JF, Tsai HL, Joanito I, Wu YC, Chang CW, Li YH, Wang Y, Hong JC, Chu JW, Hsu CP, Wu SH. LWD-TCP complex activates the morning gene CCA1 in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13181. [PMID: 27734958 PMCID: PMC5065627 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A double-negative feedback loop formed by the morning genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1)/LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and the evening gene TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1) contributes to regulation of the circadian clock in Arabidopsis. A 24-h circadian cycle starts with the peak expression of CCA1 at dawn. Although CCA1 is targeted by multiple transcriptional repressors, including PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR9 (PRR9), PRR7, PRR5 and CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE), activators of CCA1 remain elusive. Here we use mathematical modelling to infer a co-activator role for LIGHT-REGULATED WD1 (LWD1) in CCA1 expression. We show that the TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1-CYCLOIDEA-PCF20 (TCP20) and TCP22 proteins act as LWD-interacting transcriptional activators. The concomitant binding of LWD1 and TCP20/TCP22 to the TCP-binding site in the CCA1 promoter activates CCA1. Our study reveals activators of the morning gene CCA1 and provides an action mechanism that ensures elevated expression of CCA1 at dawn to sustain a robust clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fen Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Lung Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ignasius Joanito
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wen Chang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hang Li
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science, Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, South Carolina MO 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jhih-Wei Chu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Nicolas M, Cubas P. TCP factors: new kids on the signaling block. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:33-41. [PMID: 27310029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The TCP transcription factors govern key plant developmental processes and have profound effects on the growth patterns of meristems and organs, partly explained by direct transcriptional control of cell cycle genes. This view is nevertheless incomplete, as accumulated evidence indicates that TCPs also act through other mechanisms, such as the regulation of hormone activity. Several TCP factors not only act as mediators of hormone-induced changes in cell proliferation, but also as modulators, or even key players, of hormone synthesis, transport and signal transduction. This adds another layer of complexity to the role of TCPs in plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicolas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Schreiber KJ, Baudin M, Hassan JA, Lewis JD. Die another day: Molecular mechanisms of effector-triggered immunity elicited by type III secreted effector proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
67
|
Duxbury Z, Ma Y, Furzer OJ, Huh SU, Cevik V, Jones JDG, Sarris PF. Pathogen perception by NLRs in plants and animals: Parallel worlds. Bioessays 2016; 38:769-81. [PMID: 27339076 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular NLR (Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich Repeat-containing) receptors are sensitive monitors that detect pathogen invasion of both plant and animal cells. NLRs confer recognition of diverse molecules associated with pathogen invasion. NLRs must exhibit strict intramolecular controls to avoid harmful ectopic activation in the absence of pathogens. Recent discoveries have elucidated the assembly and structure of oligomeric NLR signalling complexes in animals, and provided insights into how these complexes act as scaffolds for signal transduction. In plants, recent advances have provided novel insights into signalling-competent NLRs, and into the myriad strategies that diverse plant NLRs use to recognise pathogens. Here, we review recent insights into the NLR biology of both animals and plants. By assessing commonalities and differences between kingdoms, we are able to develop a more complete understanding of NLR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zane Duxbury
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yan Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sung Un Huh
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Garner CM, Kim SH, Spears BJ, Gassmann W. Express yourself: Transcriptional regulation of plant innate immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:150-162. [PMID: 27174437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant immune system is a complex network of components that function together to sense the presence and activity of potential biotic threats, and integrate these signals into an appropriate output, namely the transcription of genes that activate an immune response that is commensurate with the perceived threat. Given the variety of biotic threats a plant must face the immune response must be plastic, but because an immune response is costly to the plant in terms of energy expenditure and development it must also be under tight control. To meet these needs transcriptional control is exercised at multiple levels. In this article we will review some of the latest developments in understanding how the plant immune response is regulated at the level of transcription. New roles are being discovered for the long-studied WRKY and TGA transcription factor families, while additional critical defense functions are being attributed to TCPs and other transcription factors. Dynamically controlling access to DNA through post-translational modification of histones is emerging as an essential component of priming, maintaining, attenuating, and repressing transcription in response to biotic stress. Unsurprisingly, the plant's transcriptional response is targeted by pathogen effectors, and in turn resistance proteins stand guard over and participate in transcriptional regulation. Together, these multiple layers lead to the observed complexity of the plant transcriptional immune response, with different transcription factors or chromatin components playing a prominent role depending on the plant-pathogen interaction being studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Garner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin J Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Nguyen PDT, Pike S, Wang J, Nepal Poudel A, Heinz R, Schultz JC, Koo AJ, Mitchum MG, Appel HM, Gassmann W. The Arabidopsis immune regulator SRFR1 dampens defences against herbivory by Spodoptera exigua and parasitism by Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:588-600. [PMID: 26310916 PMCID: PMC6638418 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. Cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. Previously, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1) as a negative regulator of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4. The use of multiple stresses is a powerful tool to further define gene function. Here, we examined whether SRFR1 also impacts resistance to a herbivorous insect in leaves and to a cyst nematode in roots. Interestingly, srfr1-1 plants showed increased resistance to herbivory by the beet army worm Spodoptera exigua and to parasitism by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii compared with the corresponding wild-type Arabidopsis accession RLD. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure the transcript levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathway genes, we found that enhanced resistance of srfr1-1 plants to S. exigua correlated with specific upregulation of the MYC2 branch of the JA pathway concurrent with suppression of the SA pathway. In contrast, the greater susceptibility of RLD was accompanied by simultaneously increased transcript levels of SA, JA and JA/ET signalling pathway genes. Surprisingly, mutation of either SRFR1 or EDS1 increased resistance to H. schachtii, indicating that the concurrent presence of both wild-type genes promotes susceptibility. This finding suggests a novel form of resistance in Arabidopsis to the biotrophic pathogen H. schachtii or a root-specific regulation of the SA pathway by EDS1, and places SRFR1 at an intersection between multiple defence pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Dung T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jianying Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Arati Nepal Poudel
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Robert Heinz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jack C Schultz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Heidi M Appel
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Danisman S. TCP Transcription Factors at the Interface between Environmental Challenges and the Plant's Growth Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1930. [PMID: 28066483 PMCID: PMC5174091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile and as such their reactions to environmental challenges differ from those of mobile organisms. Many adaptions involve growth responses and hence, growth regulation is one of the most crucial biological processes for plant survival and fitness. The plant-specific TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF1 (TCP) transcription factor family is involved in plant development from cradle to grave, i.e., from seed germination throughout vegetative development until the formation of flowers and fruits. TCP transcription factors have an evolutionary conserved role as regulators in a variety of plant species, including orchids, tomatoes, peas, poplar, cotton, rice and the model plant Arabidopsis. Early TCP research focused on the regulatory functions of TCPs in the development of diverse organs via the cell cycle. Later research uncovered that TCP transcription factors are not static developmental regulators but crucial growth regulators that translate diverse endogenous and environmental signals into growth responses best fitted to ensure plant fitness and health. I will recapitulate the research on TCPs in this review focusing on two topics: the discovery of TCPs and the elucidation of their evolutionarily conserved roles across the plant kingdom, and the variety of signals, both endogenous (circadian clock, plant hormones) and environmental (pathogens, light, nutrients), TCPs respond to in the course of their developmental roles.
Collapse
|
71
|
Weßling R, Epple P, Altmann S, He Y, Yang L, Henz SR, McDonald N, Wiley K, Bader KC, Gläßer C, Mukhtar MS, Haigis S, Ghamsari L, Stephens AE, Ecker JR, Vidal M, Jones JDG, Mayer KFX, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Weigel D, Schulze-Lefert P, Dangl JL, Panstruga R, Braun P. Convergent targeting of a common host protein-network by pathogen effectors from three kingdoms of life. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:364-75. [PMID: 25211078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While conceptual principles governing plant immunity are becoming clear, its systems-level organization and the evolutionary dynamic of the host-pathogen interface are still obscure. We generated a systematic protein-protein interaction network of virulence effectors from the ascomycete pathogen Golovinomyces orontii and Arabidopsis thaliana host proteins. We combined this data set with corresponding data for the eubacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The resulting network identifies host proteins onto which intraspecies and interspecies pathogen effectors converge. Phenotyping of 124 Arabidopsis effector-interactor mutants revealed a correlation between intraspecies and interspecies convergence and several altered immune response phenotypes. Several effectors and the most heavily targeted host protein colocalized in subnuclear foci. Products of adaptively selected Arabidopsis genes are enriched for interactions with effector targets. Our data suggest the existence of a molecular host-pathogen interface that is conserved across Arabidopsis accessions, while evolutionary adaptation occurs in the immediate network neighborhood of effector targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weßling
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - Petra Epple
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Technische Universität München (TUM), Center for Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Department for Plant Systems Biology, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Yijian He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stefan R Henz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathan McDonald
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristin Wiley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kai Christian Bader
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Gläßer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sabine Haigis
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - Lila Ghamsari
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amber E Stephens
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Biology Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany; Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Pascal Braun
- Technische Universität München (TUM), Center for Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Department for Plant Systems Biology, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wang X, Gao J, Zhu Z, Dong X, Wang X, Ren G, Zhou X, Kuai B. TCP transcription factors are critical for the coordinated regulation of isochorismate synthase 1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:151-62. [PMID: 25702611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in various aspects of plant development and responses to stresses. To elucidate the sophisticated regulatory mechanism of SA synthesis and signaling, we used a yeast one-hybrid system to screen for regulators of isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), a gene encoding the key enzyme in SA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. A TCP family transcription factor AtTCP8 was initially identified as a candidate regulator of ICS1. The regulation of ICS1 by TCP proteins is supported by the presence of a typical TCP binding site in the ICS1 promoter. The binding of TCP8 to this site was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo assays. Expression patterns of TCP8 and its corresponding gene TCP9 largely overlapped with ICS1 under pathogen attack. A significant reduction in the expression of ICS1 during immune responses was observed in the tcp8 tcp9 double mutant. We also detected strong interactions between TCP8 and SAR deficient 1 (SARD1), WRKY family transcription factor 28 (WRKY28), NAC (NAM/ATAF1,ATAF2/CUC2) family transcription factor 019 (NAC019), as well as among TCP8, TCP9 and TCP20, suggesting a complex coordinated regulatory mechanism underlying ICS1 expression. Our results collectively demonstrate that TCP proteins are involved in the orchestrated regulation of ICS1 expression, with TCP8 and TCP9 being verified as major representatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Lopez JA, Sun Y, Blair PB, Mukhtar MS. TCP three-way handshake: linking developmental processes with plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:238-45. [PMID: 25655280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The TCP gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors involved in growth and development. Equally important are the interactions between TCP factors and other pathways extending far beyond development, as they have been found to regulate a variety of hormonal pathways and signaling cascades. Recent advances reveal that TCP factors are targets of pathogenic effectors and are likely to play a vital role in plant immunity. Our focus is on reviewing the involvement of TCP in known pathways and shedding light on other linkages in the nexus of plant immunity centered around TCP factors with an emphasis on the convergence of effectors, interconnected hormonal networks, utility of the circadian clock, and the potential mechanisms by which pathogen defense may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yali Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Peter B Blair
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Li S. The Arabidopsis thaliana TCP transcription factors: A broadening horizon beyond development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1044192. [PMID: 26039357 PMCID: PMC4622585 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1044192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The TCP family of transcription factors is named after the first 4 characterized members, namely TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 (TB1) from maize (Zea mays), CYCLOIDEA (CYC) from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), as well as PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN FACTOR1 (PCF1) and PCF2 from rice (Oryza sativa). Phylogenic analysis of this plant-specific protein family unveils a conserved bHLH-containing DNA-binding motif known as the TCP domain. In accordance with the structure of this shared domain, TCP proteins are grouped into class I (TCP-P) and class II (TCP-C), which are suggested to antagonistically modulate plant growth and development via competitively binding similar cis-regulatory modules called site II elements. Over the last decades, TCPs across the plant kingdom have been demonstrated to control a plethora of plant processes. Notably, TCPs also regulate plant development and defense responses via stimulating the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive metabolites, such as brassinosteroid (BR), jasmonic acid (JA) and flavonoids. Besides, mutagenesis analysis coupled with biochemical experiments identifies several crucial amino acids located within the TCP domain, which confer the redox sensitivity of class I TCPs and determine the distinct DNA-binding properties of TCPs. In this review, developmental functions of TCPs in various biological pathways are briefly described with an emphasis on their involvement in the synthesis of bioactive substances. Furthermore, novel biochemical aspects of TCPs with respect to redox regulation and DNA-binding preferences are elaborated. In addition, the unexpected participation of TCPs in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and defense against insects indicates that the widely recognized developmental regulators are capable of fine-tuning defense signaling and thereby enable plants to evade deleterious developmental phenotypes. Altogether, these recent impressive breakthroughs remarkably advance our understanding as to how TCPs integrate internal developmental cues with external environmental stimuli to orchestrate plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Li
- Department of Biology/Chemistry; Osnabrück University; Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence to: Shutian Li; ;
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Griebel T, Maekawa T, Parker JE. NOD-like receptor cooperativity in effector-triggered immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:562-70. [PMID: 25308923 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are basic elements of innate immunity in plants and animals. Whereas animal NLRs react to conserved microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, plant NLRs intercept the actions of diverse pathogen virulence factors (effectors). In this review, we discuss recent genetic and molecular evidence for functional NLR pairs, and discuss the significance of NLR self-association and heteromeric NLR assemblies in the triggering of downstream signaling pathways. We highlight the versatility and impact of cooperating NLR pairs that combine pathogen sensing with the initiation of defense signaling in both plant and animal immunity. We propose that different NLR receptor molecular configurations provide opportunities for fine-tuning resistance pathways and enhancing the host's pathogen recognition spectrum to keep pace with rapidly evolving microbial populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Griebel
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|