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Cui Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Qin S, Lu Y. Characterization and engineering of a dual-function diacylglycerol acyltransferase in the oleaginous marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:32. [PMID: 29449880 PMCID: PMC5806285 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthetic oleaginous microalgae are promising feedstocks for biofuels. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) represent rich sources for engineering microalgal lipid production. The principal activity of DGATs has been defined as a single-function enzyme catalyzing the esterification of diacylglycerol with acyl-CoA. RESULTS A dual-function PtWS/DGAT associated with diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is discovered in the current study. Distinctive to documented microalgal DGAT types, PtWS/DGAT exhibits activities of both a wax ester synthase (WS) and a DGAT. WS/DGATs are broadly distributed in microalgae, with different topology and phylogeny from those of DGAT1s, DGAT2s, and DGAT3s. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that PtWS/DGAT, functioning as either a WS or a DGAT, exhibited a preference on saturated FA substrate. Endogenous overexpression of PtWS/DGAT demonstrated that the DGAT activity was dominant, whereas the WS activity was condition dependent and relatively minor. Compared with the wild type (WT), overexpression of PtWS/DGAT in the diatom resulted in increased levels of total lipids (TL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) regardless of nitrogen availability. The stability and scalability of the introduced traits were further investigated at a 10-L photobioreactor, where the mutant growth resembled WT, with moderately increased productivity of TL and TAG. Furthermore, the production of wax esters increased considerably (from undetectable levels to 2.83%) under nitrogen-deplete conditions. CONCLUSIONS PtWS/DGAT is a bifunctional enzyme and may serve as a promising target for the engineering of microalga-based oils and waxes for future industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
| | - Jialin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408 China
| | - Yinchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
| | - Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228 China
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Wei L, Wang Q, Xin Y, Lu Y, Xu J. Enhancing photosynthetic biomass productivity of industrial oleaginous microalgae by overexpression of RuBisCO activase. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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A customized contamination controlling approach for culturing oleaginous Nannochloropsis oceanica. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Cell Growth, Protein, Carotenoid, PUFAs and Lipid Production of Chlorella pyrenoidosa ZF Strain. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Frébortová J, Plíhal O, Florová V, Kokáš F, Kubiasová K, Greplová M, Šimura J, Novák O, Frébort I. Light influences cytokinin biosynthesis and sensing in Nostoc (cyanobacteria). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:703-714. [PMID: 28378335 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are an important group of plant hormones that are also found in other organisms, including cyanobacteria. While various aspects of cytokinin function and metabolism are well understood in plants, the information is limited for cyanobacteria. In this study, we first experimentally confirmed a prenylation of tRNA by recombinant isopentenyl transferase NoIPT2 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, whose encoding gene we previously identified in Nostoc genome along with the gene for adenylate isopentenyl transferase NoIPT1. In contrast to NoIPT2, the transcription of NoIPT1 was strongly activated during the dark period and was followed by an increase in the cytokinin content several hours later in the light period. Dominant cytokinin metabolites detected at all time points were free bases and monophosphates of isopentenyladenine and cis-zeatin, while N-glucosides were not detected at all. Whole transcriptome differential expression analysis of cultures of the above Nostoc strain treated by cytokinin compared to untreated controls indicated that cytokinin together with light trigger expression of several genes related to signal transduction, including two-component sensor histidine kinases and two-component hybrid sensors and regulators. One of the affected histidine kinases with a cyclase/histidine kinase-associated sensory extracellular domain similar to the cytokinin-binding domain in plant cytokinin receptors was able to modestly bind isopentenyladenine. The data show that the genetic disposition allows Nostoc not only to produce free cytokinins and prenylate tRNA but also modulate the cytokinin biosynthesis in response to light, triggering complex changes in sensing and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Frébortová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Florová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kokáš
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kubiasová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Greplová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Singh R, Parihar P, Singh M, Bajguz A, Kumar J, Singh S, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Uncovering Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria and Algal Metabolites in Biology, Agriculture and Medicine: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28487674 PMCID: PMC5403934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and algae having complex photosynthetic systems can channelize absorbed solar energy into other forms of energy for production of food and metabolites. In addition, they are promising biocatalysts and can be used in the field of "white biotechnology" for enhancing the sustainable production of food, metabolites, and green energy sources such as biodiesel. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover the significance of various metabolites like phenolics, phytoene/terpenoids, phytols, sterols, free fatty acids, photoprotective compounds (MAAs, scytonemin, carotenoids, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds, etc.), phytohormones, cyanotoxins, biocides (algaecides, herbicides, and insecticides) etc. Apart from this, the importance of these metabolites as antibiotics, immunosuppressant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory agent has also been discussed. Metabolites obtained from cyanobacteria and algae have several biotechnological, industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic uses which have also been discussed in this review along with the emerging technology of their harvesting for enhancing the production of compounds like bioethanol, biofuel etc. at commercial level. In later sections, we have discussed genetically modified organisms and metabolite production from them. We have also briefly discussed the concept of bioprocessing highlighting the functioning of companies engaged in metabolites production as well as their cost effectiveness and challenges that are being addressed by these companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Botany, Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post-Graduate CollegeBaikunthpur, Koriya, India
| | - Sheo M. Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
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Park YG, Mun BG, Kang SM, Hussain A, Shahzad R, Seo CW, Kim AY, Lee SU, Oh KY, Lee DY, Lee IJ, Yun BW. Bacillus aryabhattai SRB02 tolerates oxidative and nitrosative stress and promotes the growth of soybean by modulating the production of phytohormones. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173203. [PMID: 28282395 PMCID: PMC5345817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are diverse, naturally occurring bacteria that establish a close association with plant roots and promote the growth and immunity of plants. Established mechanisms involved in PGPR-mediated plant growth promotion include regulation of phytohormones, improved nutrient availability, and antagonistic effects on plant pathogens. In this study, we isolated a bacterium from the rhizospheric soil of a soybean field in Chungcheong buk-do, South Korea. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the bacterium was identified as Bacillus aryabhattai strain SRB02. Here we show that this strain significantly promotes the growth of soybean. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that SRB02 produced significant amounts of abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, cytokinin and different gibberellic acids in culture. SRB02-treated soybean plants showed significantly better heat stress tolerance than did untreated plants. These plants also produced consistent levels of ABA under heat stress and exhibited ABA-mediated stomatal closure. High levels of IAA, JA, GA12, GA4, and GA7, were recorded in SRB02-treated plants. These plants produced longer roots and shoots than those of control plants. B. aryabhattai SRB02 was found to be highly tolerant to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and MV potentiated by high catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. SRB02 also tolerated high nitrosative stress induced by the nitric oxide donors GSNO and CysNO. Because of these attributes, B. aryabhattai SRB02 may prove to be a valuable resource for incorporation in biofertilizers and other soil amendments that seek to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Gyeong Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Seo
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Yeong Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Yeol Oh
- Gyeongnam Oriental Medicinal Herb Institute, Sancheong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeol Lee
- Gyeongnam Oriental Medicinal Herb Institute, Sancheong, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Wei L, Xin Y, Wang Q, Yang J, Hu H, Xu J. RNAi-based targeted gene knockdown in the model oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1236-1250. [PMID: 28188644 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising feedstock for renewable fuels such as biodiesel, yet development of industrial oleaginous strains has been hindered by the paucity and inefficiency of reverse genetics tools. Here we established an efficient RNAi-based targeted gene-knockdown method for Nannochloropsis spp., which are emerging model organisms for industrial microalgal oil production. The method achieved a 40-80% success rate in Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1. When transcript level of one carbonic anhydrase (CA) was inhibited by 62-83% via RNAi, mutant cells exhibited photosynthetic oxygen evolution (POE) rates that were 68-100% higher than wild-type (WT) at pH 6.0, equivalent to WT at pH 8.2, yet 39-45% lower than WT at pH 9.0. Moreover, the mutant POE rates were negatively correlated with the increase of culture pH, an exact opposite of WT. Thus, a dynamic carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) that is highly sensitive to pH homeostasis was revealed, where the CA inhibition likely partially abrogated the mechanism that normally deactivates CCM under a high level of dissolved CO2 . Extension of the method to another sequenced N. oceanica strain of CCMP 1779 demonstrated comparable performance. Finally, McrBC-PCR followed by bisulfite sequencing revealed that the gene knockdown is mediated by the CG, CHG and CHH types of DNA methylation at the coding region of the targeted gene. The efficiency, robustness and general applicability of this reverse genetics approach suggested the possibility of large-scale RNAi-based gene function screening in industrial microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
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Žižková E, Kubeš M, Dobrev PI, Přibyl P, Šimura J, Zahajská L, Záveská Drábková L, Novák O, Motyka V. Control of cytokinin and auxin homeostasis in cyanobacteria and algae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:151-166. [PMID: 27707748 PMCID: PMC5218379 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The metabolism of cytokinins (CKs) and auxins in vascular plants is relatively well understood, but data concerning their metabolic pathways in non-vascular plants are still rather rare. With the aim of filling this gap, 20 representatives of taxonomically major lineages of cyanobacteria and algae from Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and Klebsormidiophyceae were analysed for endogenous profiles of CKs and auxins and some of them were used for studies of the metabolic fate of exogenously applied radiolabelled CK, [3H]trans-zeatin (transZ) and auxin ([3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)), and the dynamics of endogenous CK and auxin pools during algal growth and cell division. METHODS Quantification of phytohormone levels was performed by high-performance or ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-MS/MS). The dynamics of exogenously applied [3H]transZ and [3H]IAA in cell cultures were monitored by HPLC with on-line radioactivity detection. KEY RESULTS The comprehensive screen of selected cyanobacteria and algae for endogenous CKs revealed a predominance of bioactive and phosphate CK forms while O- and N-glucosides evidently did not contribute greatly to the total CK pool. The abundance of cis-zeatin-type CKs and occurrence of CK 2-methylthio derivatives pointed to the tRNA pathway as a substantial source of CKs. The importance of the tRNA biosynthetic pathway was proved by the detection of tRNA-bound CKs during the course of Scenedesmus obliquus growth. Among auxins, free IAA and its oxidation catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid represented the prevailing endogenous forms. After treatment with [3H]IAA, IAA-aspartate and indole-3-acetyl-1-glucosyl ester were detected as major auxin metabolites. Moreover, different dynamics of endogenous CKs and auxin profiles during S. obliquus culture clearly demonstrated diverse roles of both phytohormones in algal growth and cell division. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the existence and functioning of a complex network of metabolic pathways and activity control of CKs and auxins in cyanobacteria and algae that apparently differ from those in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žižková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubeš
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Přibyl
- Centre for Phycology and Biorefinery Research Centre of Competence, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zahajská
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Department of Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Institute of Botany CAS, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Chokshi K, Pancha I, Ghosh A, Mishra S. Nitrogen starvation-induced cellular crosstalk of ROS-scavenging antioxidants and phytohormone enhanced the biofuel potential of green microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:60. [PMID: 28293290 PMCID: PMC5345260 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae accumulate a considerable amount of lipids and carbohydrate under nutrient-deficient conditions, which makes them one of the promising sustainable resources for biofuel production. In the present study, to obtain the biomass with higher lipid and carbohydrate contents, we implemented a short-term nitrogen starvation of 1, 2, and 3 days in a green microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus. Few recent reports suggest that oxidative stress-tolerant microalgae are highly efficient for biofuel production. To study the role of oxidative stress due to nitrogen deficiency, responses of various stress biomarkers like reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and non-enzymatic scavengers proline and polyphenols were also evaluated. Further, the endogenous levels of phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were also determined to study their response to nitrogen deficiency. RESULTS We observed that nitrogen starvation of 2 days is effective to produce biomass containing 29.92% of lipid (comprising about 75% of neutral lipid) and 34.80% of carbohydrate, which is significantly higher (about 23 and 64%, respectively) than that of the control culture. Among all nitrogen-starved cultures, the accumulations of ROS were lower in 2 days starved culture, which can be linked with the several folds higher activities of SOD and CAT in this culture. The accumulations of proline and total polyphenols were also significantly higher (about 4.7- and 1.7-folds, respectively, than that of the control) in 2 days nitrogen-starved culture. The levels of phytohormones once decreased significantly after 1 day, increased continuously up to 3 days of nitrogen starvation. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study highlight the interaction of nitrogen starvation-induced oxidative stress with the signaling involved in the growth and development of microalga. The study presents a comprehensive picture of the adaptive mechanisms of the cells from a physiological perspective along with providing the strategy to improve the biofuel potential of A. dimorphus through a short-term nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaumeel Chokshi
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
| | - Imran Pancha
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503 Japan
| | - Arup Ghosh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
- Division of Plant Omics, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
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Wang Q, Lu Y, Xin Y, Wei L, Huang S, Xu J. Genome editing of model oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis spp. by CRISPR/Cas9. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1071-1081. [PMID: 27538728 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising feedstock for biofuels yet mechanistic probing of their cellular network and industrial strain development have been hindered by lack of genome-editing tools. Nannochloropsis spp. are emerging model microalgae for scalable oil production and carbon sequestration. Here we established a CRISPR/Cas9-based precise genome-editing approach for the industrial oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica, using nitrate reductase (NR; g7988) as example. A new screening procedure that compares between restriction enzyme-digested nested PCR (nPCR) products derived from enzyme-digested and not-digested genomic DNA of transformant pools was developed to quickly, yet reliably, detect genome-engineered mutants. Deep sequencing of nPCR products directly amplified from pooled genomic DNA revealed over an 1% proportion of 5-bp deletion mutants and a lower frequency of 12-bp deletion mutants, with both types of editing precisely located at the targeted site. The isolated mutants, in which precise deletion of five bases caused a frameshift in NR translation, grow normally under NH4 Cl but fail to grow under NaNO3 , and thus represent a valuable chassis strain for transgenic-strain development. This demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in industrial microalgae opens many doors for microalgae-based biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qintao Wang
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yandu Lu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Negin B, Moshelion M. The evolution of the role of ABA in the regulation of water-use efficiency: From biochemical mechanisms to stomatal conductance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 251:82-89. [PMID: 27593466 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid is found in a wide variety of organisms. In the plant kingdom, ABA's role in mediating responses to abiotic stress has been conserved and enhanced throughout evolution. The emergence of plants to terrestrial environments required the development of mechanisms to cope with ongoing and severe abiotic stress such as drought and rapid changes in humidity and temperature. The common understanding is that terrestrial plants evolved strategies ranging from desiccation-tolerance mechanisms (mosses) to drought tolerance (CAM plants), to better exploit different ecological niches. In between these divergent water regulation strategies, ABA plays a significant role in managing plants' adaptation to new environments by optimizing water-use efficiency (WUE) under particular environmental conditions. ABA plays some very different roles in the regulation of WUE. ABA's role in the regulation of guard cells and transpiration has yielded a wide variety of WUE-regulation mechanisms, ranging from no sensitivity (ferns) to low sensitivity (anisohydric behavior) to hypersensitivity to ABA (isohydric behavior and putatively CAM plants). ABA also plays a role in the regulation of non-stomatal, biochemical mechanisms of WUE regulation. In angiosperms, this includes the control of osmotic adjustment and morphological changes, including changes in leaf size, stomatal density, stomatal size and root development. Under severe stress, ABA also appears to initiate leaf senescence via transcriptional regulation, to directly inhibit photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Negin
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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63
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Sulochana SB, Arumugam M. Influence of abscisic acid on growth, biomass and lipid yield of Scenedesmus quadricauda under nitrogen starved condition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 213:198-203. [PMID: 26949054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Scenedesmus quadricauda, accumulated more lipid but with a drastic reduction in biomass yield during nitrogen starvation. Abscisic acid (ABA) being a stress responsible hormone, its effect on growth and biomass with sustainable lipid yield during nitrogen depletion was studied. The result revealed that the ABA level shoots up at 24h (27.21pmol/L) during the onset of nitrogen starvation followed by a sharp decline. The external supplemented ABA showed a positive effect on growth pattern (38×10(6)cells/ml) at a lower concentration. The dry biomass yield is also increasing up to 2.1 fold compared to nitrogen deficient S. quadricauda. The lipid content sustains in 1 and 2μM concentration of ABA under nitrogen-deficient condition. The fatty acid composition of ABA treated S. quadricauda cultures with respect to nitrogen-starved cells showed 11.17% increment in saturated fatty acid content, the desired lipid composition for biofuel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Balakrishnan Sulochana
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Muthu Arumugam
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
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64
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Zürcher E, Müller B. Cytokinin Synthesis, Signaling, and Function--Advances and New Insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:1-38. [PMID: 27017005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormones referred to as cytokinins are chemical signals that control numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle, including gametogenesis, root meristem specification, vascular development, shoot and root growth, meristem homeostasis, senescence, and more. In addition, they mediate responses to environmental cues such as light, stress, and nutrient conditions. The core mechanistics of cytokinin metabolism and signaling have been elucidated, but more layers of regulation, additional functions, and interactions with other signals are continuously discovered and described. In this chapter, we recapitulate the highlights of over 100 years of cytokinin research covering its isolation, the elucidation of phosphorelay signaling, and how cytokinin functions in various developmental contexts including its interaction with other pathways. Additionally, given cytokinin's paracrine signaling mechanism, we postulate that cellular exporters for cytokinins exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zürcher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.
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65
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Wang J, Qi M, Liu J, Zhang Y. CARMO: a comprehensive annotation platform for functional exploration of rice multi-omics data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:359-74. [PMID: 26040787 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput technology is gradually becoming a powerful tool for routine research in rice. Interpretation of biological significance from the huge amount of data is a critical but non-trivial task, especially for rice, for which gene annotations rely heavily on sequence similarity rather than direct experimental evidence. Here we describe the annotation platform for comprehensive annotation of rice multi-omics data (CARMO), which provides multiple web-based analysis tools for in-depth data mining and visualization. The central idea involves systematic integration of 1819 samples from omics studies and diverse sources of functional evidence (15 401 terms), which are further organized into gene sets and higher-level gene modules. In this way, the high-throughput data may easily be compared across studies and platforms, and integration of multiple types of evidence allows biological interpretation from the level of gene functional modules with high confidence. In addition, the functions and pathways for thousands of genes lacking description or validation may be deduced based on concerted expression of genes within the constructed co-expression networks or gene modules. Overall, CARMO provides comprehensive annotations for transcriptomic datasets, epi-genomic modification sites, single nucleotide polymorphisms identified from genome re-sequencing, and the large gene lists derived from these omics studies. Well-organized results, as well as multiple tools for interactive visualization, are available through a user-friendly web interface. Finally, we illustrate how CARMO enables biological insights using four examples, demonstrating that CARMO is a highly useful resource for intensive data mining and hypothesis generation based on rice multi-omics data. CARMO is freely available online (http://bioinfo.sibs.ac.cn/carmo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meifang Qi
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Liu
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Lu Y, Xu J. Phytohormones in microalgae: a new opportunity for microalgal biotechnology? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:273-282. [PMID: 25697753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones, including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), ethylene (ET), and gibberellins (GAs), have been found in a broad spectrum of microalgal lineages. Although the functional role of microalgal endogenous phytohormones remains elusive, molecular evidence from the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica suggests that endogenous ABA and CK are functional and that their physiological effects are similar to those in higher plants. In this Opinion article, proceeding from genome-based metabolic reconstruction, we suggest that modern higher plant phytohormone biosynthesis pathways originate from ancient microalgae even though some of the microalgal phytohormone signaling pathways remain unknown. Dissection and manipulation of microalgal phytohormone systems could offer a new view of phytohormone evolution in plants and present new opportunities in developing microalgal feedstock for biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandu Lu
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China.
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