51
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Vernetti LA, Vogt A, Gough A, Taylor DL. Evolution of Experimental Models of the Liver to Predict Human Drug Hepatotoxicity and Efficacy. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21:197-214. [PMID: 27842772 PMCID: PMC6325638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the past applications of in vitro models in identifying human hepatotoxins and then focus on the use of multiscale experimental models in drug development, including the use of zebrafish and human cell-based, 3-dimensional, microfluidic systems of liver functions as key components in applying Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP). We have implemented QSP as a platform to improve the rate of success in the process of drug discovery and development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Vernetti
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Biomedical Science Tower 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Biomedical Science Tower 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Biomedical Science Tower 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Biomedical Science Tower 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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52
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Kostrzewski T, Cornforth T, Snow SA, Ouro-Gnao L, Rowe C, Large EM, Hughes DJ. Three-dimensional perfused human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:204-215. [PMID: 28127194 PMCID: PMC5236500 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), utilising primary hepatocytes cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) perfused platform.
METHODS Fat and lean culture media were developed to directly investigate the effects of fat loading on primary hepatocytes cultured in a 3D perfused culture system. Oil Red O staining was used to measure fat loading in the hepatocytes and the consumption of free fatty acids (FFA) from culture medium was monitored. Hepatic functions, gene expression profiles and adipokine release were compared for cells cultured in fat and lean conditions. To determine if fat loading in the system could be modulated hepatocytes were treated with known anti-steatotic compounds.
RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured in fat medium were found to accumulate three times more fat than lean cells and fat uptake was continuous over a 14-d culture. Fat loading of hepatocytes did not cause any hepatotoxicity and significantly increased albumin production. Numerous adipokines were expressed by fatty cells and genes associated with NAFLD and liver disease were upregulated including: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, fatty acid-binding protein 3 and CYP7A1. The metabolic activity of hepatocytes cultured in fatty conditions was found to be impaired and the activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were significantly reduced, similar to observations made in NAFLD patients. The utility of the model for drug screening was demonstrated by measuring the effects of known anti-steatotic compounds. Hepatocytes, cultured under fatty conditions and treated with metformin, had a reduced cellular fat content compared to untreated controls and consumed less FFA from cell culture medium.
CONCLUSION The 3D in vitro NAFLD model recapitulates many features of clinical NAFLD and is an ideal tool for analysing the efficacy of anti-steatotic compounds.
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Vanderburgh J, Sterling JA, Guelcher SA. 3D Printing of Tissue Engineered Constructs for In Vitro Modeling of Disease Progression and Drug Screening. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:164-179. [PMID: 27169894 PMCID: PMC5106334 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
2D cell culture and preclinical animal models have traditionally been implemented for investigating the underlying cellular mechanisms of human disease progression. However, the increasing significance of 3D vs. 2D cell culture has initiated a new era in cell culture research in which 3D in vitro models are emerging as a bridge between traditional 2D cell culture and in vivo animal models. Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing), defined as the layer-by-layer fabrication of parts directed by digital information from a 3D computer-aided design file, offers the advantages of simultaneous rapid prototyping and biofunctionalization as well as the precise placement of cells and extracellular matrix with high resolution. In this review, we highlight recent advances in 3D printing of tissue engineered constructs that recapitulate the physical and cellular properties of the tissue microenvironment for investigating mechanisms of disease progression and for screening drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vanderburgh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351604, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Julie A Sterling
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1235 MRB IV, 2222 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351604, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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54
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Tsamandouras N, Kostrzewski T, Stokes CL, Griffith LG, Hughes DJ, Cirit M. Quantitative Assessment of Population Variability in Hepatic Drug Metabolism Using a Perfused Three-Dimensional Human Liver Microphysiological System. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:95-105. [PMID: 27760784 PMCID: PMC5193075 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we first describe the population variability in hepatic drug metabolism using cryopreserved hepatocytes from five different donors cultured in a perfused three-dimensional human liver microphysiological system, and then show how the resulting data can be integrated with a modeling and simulation framework to accomplish in vitro–in vivo translation. For each donor, metabolic depletion profiles of six compounds (phenacetin, diclofenac, lidocaine, ibuprofen, propranolol, and prednisolone) were measured, along with metabolite formation, mRNA levels of 90 metabolism-related genes, and markers of functional viability [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, albumin, and urea production]. Drug depletion data were analyzed with mixed-effects modeling. Substantial interdonor variability was observed with respect to gene expression levels, drug metabolism, and other measured hepatocyte functions. Specifically, interdonor variability in intrinsic metabolic clearance ranged from 24.1% for phenacetin to 66.8% for propranolol (expressed as coefficient of variation). Albumin, urea, LDH, and cytochrome P450 mRNA levels were identified as significant predictors of in vitro metabolic clearance. Predicted clearance values from the liver microphysiological system were correlated with the observed in vivo values. A population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for lidocaine to illustrate the translation of the in vitro output to the observed pharmacokinetic variability in vivo. Stochastic simulations with this model successfully predicted the observed clinical concentration-time profiles and the associated population variability. This is the first study of population variability in drug metabolism in the context of a microphysiological system and has important implications for the use of these systems during the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsamandouras
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - T Kostrzewski
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - C L Stokes
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - L G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - D J Hughes
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
| | - M Cirit
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (N.T., L.G.G., M.C.); CN Bio Innovations, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (T.K., D.J.H.); and Stokes Consulting, Redwood City, California (C.L.S.)
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55
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Lauschke VM, Hendriks DFG, Bell CC, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel 3D Culture Systems for Studies of Human Liver Function and Assessments of the Hepatotoxicity of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1936-1955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Lauschke
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F. G. Hendriks
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine C. Bell
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development
Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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56
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Long TJ, Cosgrove PA, Dunn RT, Stolz DB, Hamadeh H, Afshari C, McBride H, Griffith LG. Modeling Therapeutic Antibody-Small Molecule Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Three-Dimensional Perfusable Human Liver Coculture Platform. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1940-1948. [PMID: 27621203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional in vitro human liver cell culture models lose key hepatic functions such as metabolic activity during short-term culture. Advanced three-dimensional (3D) liver coculture platforms offer the potential for extended hepatocyte functionality and allow for the study of more complex biologic interactions, which can improve and refine human drug safety evaluations. Here, we use a perfusion flow 3D microreactor platform for the coculture of cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes and Kupffer cells to study the regulation of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform (CYP3A4) activity by chronic interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated inflammation over 2 weeks. Hepatocyte cultures remained stable over 2 weeks, with consistent albumin production and basal IL-6 levels. Direct IL-6 stimulation that mimics an inflammatory state induced a dose-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 activity, an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) secretion, and a decrease in shed soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) levels, indicating expected hepatic IL-6 bioactivity. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, has been demonstrated clinically to impact small molecule drug pharmacokinetics by modulating cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, an effect not observed in traditional hepatic cultures. We have now recapitulated the clinical observation in a 3D bioreactor system. Tocilizumab was shown to desuppress CYP3A4 activity while reducing the CRP concentration after 72 hours in the continued presence of IL-6. This change in CYP3A4 activity decreased the half-life and area under the curve up to the last measurable concentration (AUClast) of the small molecule CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin hydroxy acid, measured before and after tocilizumab treatment. We conclude that next-generation in vitro liver culture platforms are well suited for these types of long-term treatment studies and show promise for improved drug safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Long
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Patrick A Cosgrove
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Robert T Dunn
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Hisham Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Cynthia Afshari
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Helen McBride
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
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57
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Chang SY, Weber EJ, Ness KV, Eaton DL, Kelly EJ. Liver and Kidney on Chips: Microphysiological Models to Understand Transporter Function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:464-478. [PMID: 27448090 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of complex cellular microenvironments of both the liver and kidneys, accurate modeling of transport function has remained a challenge, leaving a dire need for models that can faithfully recapitulate both the architecture and cell-cell interactions observed in vivo. The study of hepatic and renal transport function is a fundamental component of understanding the metabolic fate of drugs and xenobiotics; however, there are few in vitro systems conducive for these types of studies. For both the hepatic and renal systems, we provide an overview of the location and function of the most significant phase I/II/III (transporter) of enzymes, and then review current in vitro systems for the suitability of a transporter function study and provide details on microphysiological systems that lead the field in these investigations. Microphysiological modeling of the liver and kidneys using "organ-on-a-chip" technologies is rapidly advancing in transport function assessment and has emerged as a promising method to evaluate drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Future directions for the field are also discussed along with technical challenges encountered in complex multiple-organs-on-chips development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E J Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kp Van Ness
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D L Eaton
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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58
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Marx U, Andersson TB, Bahinski A, Beilmann M, Beken S, Cassee FR, Cirit M, Daneshian M, Fitzpatrick S, Frey O, Gaertner C, Giese C, Griffith L, Hartung T, Heringa MB, Hoeng J, de Jong WH, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Luch A, Maschmeyer I, Sakharov D, Sips AJAM, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tralau T, Tsyb S, van de Stolpe A, Vandebriel R, Vulto P, Wang J, Wiest J, Rodenburg M, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological system approaches to solve the prediction dilemma of substance testing. ALTEX 2016; 33:272-321. [PMID: 27180100 PMCID: PMC5396467 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1603161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent advent of microphysiological systems - microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro - is envisaged to enable a global paradigm shift in drug development. An extraordinary US governmental initiative and various dedicated research programs in Europe and Asia have led recently to the first cutting-edge achievements of human single-organ and multi-organ engineering based on microphysiological systems. The expectation is that test systems established on this basis would model various disease stages, and predict toxicity, immunogenicity, ADME profiles and treatment efficacy prior to clinical testing. Consequently, this technology could significantly affect the way drug substances are developed in the future. Furthermore, microphysiological system-based assays may revolutionize our current global programs of prioritization of hazard characterization for any new substances to be used, for example, in agriculture, food, ecosystems or cosmetics, thus, replacing laboratory animal models used currently. Thirty-six experts from academia, industry and regulatory bodies present here the results of an intensive workshop (held in June 2015, Berlin, Germany). They review the status quo of microphysiological systems available today against industry needs, and assess the broad variety of approaches with fit-for-purpose potential in the drug development cycle. Feasible technical solutions to reach the next levels of human biology in vitro are proposed. Furthermore, key organ-on-a-chip case studies, as well as various national and international programs are highlighted. Finally, a roadmap into the future is outlined, to allow for more predictive and regulatory-accepted substance testing on a global scale.
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59
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Lang Q, Ren Y, Wu Y, Guo Y, Zhao X, Tao Y, Liu J, Zhao H, Lei L, Jiang H. A multifunctional resealable perfusion chip for cell culture and tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multifunctional resealable perfusion chip is designed and fabricated to supply a dynamic in vitro environment to cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin 150081
- China
| | - Yongbo Guo
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Jiangwei Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Hong Zhao
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin 150081
- China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
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60
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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61
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Rivera-Burgos D, Sarkar U, Lever AR, Avram MJ, Coppeta JR, Wishnok JS, Borenstein JT, Tannenbaum SR. Glucocorticoid Clearance and Metabolite Profiling in an In Vitro Human Airway Epithelium Lung Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:220-6. [PMID: 26586376 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of microphysiologic epithelial lung models using human cells in a physiologically relevant microenvironment has the potential to be a powerful tool for preclinical drug development and to improve predictive power regarding in vivo drug clearance. In this study, an in vitro model of the airway comprising human primary lung epithelial cells cultured in a microfluidic platform was used to establish a physiologic state and to observe metabolic changes as a function of glucocorticoid exposure. Evaluation of mucus production rate and barrier function, along with lung-specific markers, demonstrated that the lungs maintained a differentiated phenotype. Initial concentrations of 100 nM hydrocortisone (HC) and 30 nM cortisone (C) were used to evaluate drug clearance and metabolite production. Measurements made using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-mass-accuracy mass spectrometry indicated that HC metabolism resulted in the production of C and dihydrocortisone (diHC). When the airway model was exposed to C, diHC was identified; however, no conversion to HC was observed. Multicompartmental modeling was used to characterize the lung bioreactor data, and pharmacokinetic parameters, including elimination clearance and elimination half-life, were estimated. Polymerse chain reaction data confirmed overexpression of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11βHSD2) over 11βHSD1, which is biologically relevant to human lung. Faster metabolism was observed relative to a static model on elevated rates of C and diHC formation. Overall, our results demonstrate that this lung airway model has been successfully developed and could interact with other human tissues in vitro to better predict in vivo drug behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinelia Rivera-Burgos
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Ujjal Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Amanda R Lever
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Michael J Avram
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Jonathan R Coppeta
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - John S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Jeffrey T Borenstein
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
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Hutzler JM, Ring BJ, Anderson SR. Low-Turnover Drug Molecules: A Current Challenge for Drug Metabolism Scientists. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1917-28. [PMID: 26363026 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays using liver subcellular fractions or suspended hepatocytes for characterizing the metabolism of drug candidates play an integral role in the optimization strategy employed by medicinal chemists. However, conventional in vitro assays have limitations in their ability to predict clearance and generate metabolites for low-turnover (slowly metabolized) drug molecules. Due to a rapid loss in the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes, in vitro incubations are typically performed for a maximum of 1 hour with liver microsomes to 4 hours with suspended hepatocytes. Such incubations are insufficient to generate a robust metabolic response for compounds that are slowly metabolized. Thus, the challenge of accurately estimating low human clearance with confidence has emerged to be among the top challenges that drug metabolism scientists are confronted with today. In response, investigators have evaluated novel methodologies to extend incubation times and more sufficiently measure metabolism of low-turnover drugs. These methods include plated human hepatocytes in monoculture, and a novel in vitro methodology using a relay of sequential incubations with suspended cryopreserved hepatocytes. In addition, more complex in vitro cellular models, such as HepatoPac (Hepregen, Medford, MA), a micropatterned hepatocyte-fibroblast coculture system, and the HµREL (Beverley Hills, CA) hepatic coculture system, have been developed and characterized that demonstrate prolonged enzyme activity. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each of these in vitro methodologies as it relates to the prediction of clearance and metabolite identification will be described in an effort to provide drug metabolism scientists with the most up-to-date experimental options for dealing with the complex issue of low-turnover drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Hutzler
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Barbara J Ring
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shelby R Anderson
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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