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TLR2 agonism reverses chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in Macaca fascicularis. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2553-2562. [PMID: 29296907 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutropenia is a common consequence of radiation and chemotherapy in cancer patients. The resulting immunocompromised patients become highly susceptible to potentially life-threatening infections. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known to stimulate neutrophil production and is widely used as a treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. A small-molecule G-CSF secretagogue without a requirement for refrigerated supply chain would offer a more convenient and cost-effective treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Bacterial lipopeptides activate innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and induce the release of cytokines, including G-CSF, from macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial. Pam2CSK4 is a synthetic lipopeptide that effectively mimics bacterial lipoproteins known to activate TLR2 receptor signaling through the TLR2/6 heterodimer. Substrate-based drug design led to the discovery of GSK3277329, which stimulated the release of G-CSF in activated THP-1 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When administered subcutaneously to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), GSK3277329 caused systemic elevation of G-CSF and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor α, indicating a selective cytokine-stimulation profile. Repeat daily injections of GSK3277329 in healthy monkeys also raised circulating neutrophils above the normal range over a 1-week treatment period. More importantly, repeated daily injections of GSK3277329 over a 2-week period restored neutrophil loss in monkeys given chemotherapy treatment (cyclophosphamide, Cytoxan). These data demonstrate preclinical in vivo proof of concept that TLR2 agonism can drive both G-CSF induction and subsequent neutrophil elevation in the cynomolgus monkey and could be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.
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52
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Das N, Dewan V, Grace PM, Gunn RJ, Tamura R, Tzarum N, Watkins LR, Wilson IA, Yin H. HMGB1 Activates Proinflammatory Signaling via TLR5 Leading to Allodynia. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1128-1140. [PMID: 27760316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and sterile inflammatory diseases are correlated with increased levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in tissues and serum. Extracellular HMGB1 is known to activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) in inflammatory conditions. Here, we find that TLR5 is also an HMGB1 receptor that was previously overlooked due to lack of functional expression in the cell lines usually used for studying TLR signaling. HMGB1 binding to TLR5 initiates the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependent manner, resulting in proinflammatory cytokine production and pain enhancement in vivo. Biophysical and in vitro results highlight an essential role for the C-terminal tail region of HMGB1 in facilitating interactions with TLR5. These results suggest that HMGB1-modulated TLR5 signaling is responsible for pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Varun Dewan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter M Grace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robin J Gunn
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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53
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Zhang S, Hu Z, Tanji H, Jiang S, Das N, Li J, Sakaniwa K, Jin J, Bian Y, Ohto U, Shimizu T, Yin H. Small-molecule inhibition of TLR8 through stabilization of its resting state. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 14:58-64. [PMID: 29155428 PMCID: PMC5726935 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR3/7/8/9) are highly analogous sensors
for various viral or bacterial RNA/DNA molecular patterns. Nonetheless, few
small-molecules can selectively modulate these TLRs. In this manuscript, we
identified the first human TLR8-specific small-molecule antagonists via a novel
inhibition mechanism. Crystal structures of two distinct TLR8-ligand complexes
validated a unique binding site on the protein-protein interface of the TLR8
homodimer. Upon binding to this new site, the small-molecule ligands stabilize
the preformed TLR8 dimer in its resting state, preventing activation. As a proof
of concept of their therapeutic potential, we have demonstrated that these
drug-like inhibitors are able to suppress TLR8-mediated proinflammatory
signaling in various cell lines, human primary cells, and patient specimens.
These results not only suggest a novel strategy for TLR inhibitor design, but
also shed critical mechanistic insight into these clinically important immune
receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenyi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hiromi Tanji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuangshuang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nabanita Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (Ministry of Education), Beijing, China
| | - Kentaro Sakaniwa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Bian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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54
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Eriksson M, Peña-Martínez P, Ramakrishnan R, Chapellier M, Högberg C, Glowacki G, Orsmark-Pietras C, Velasco-Hernández T, Lazarević VL, Juliusson G, Cammenga J, Mulloy JC, Richter J, Fioretos T, Ebert BL, Järås M. Agonistic targeting of TLR1/TLR2 induces p38 MAPK-dependent apoptosis and NFκB-dependent differentiation of AML cells. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2046-2057. [PMID: 29296851 PMCID: PMC5728277 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor survival, and there is a strong need to identify disease vulnerabilities that might reveal new treatment opportunities. Here, we found that Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and TLR2 are upregulated on primary AML CD34+CD38- cells relative to corresponding normal bone marrow cells. Activating the TLR1/TLR2 complex by the agonist Pam3CSK4 in MLL-AF9-driven human AML resulted in induction of apoptosis by p38 MAPK-dependent activation of Caspase 3 and myeloid differentiation in a NFκB-dependent manner. By using murine Trp53-/-MLL-AF9 AML cells, we demonstrate that p53 is dispensable for Pam3CSK4-induced apoptosis and differentiation. Moreover, murine AML1-ETO9a-driven AML cells also were forced into apoptosis and differentiation on TLR1/TLR2 activation, demonstrating that the antileukemic effects observed were not confined to MLL-rearranged AML. We further evaluated whether Pam3CSK4 would exhibit selective antileukemic effects. Ex vivo Pam3CSK4 treatment inhibited murine and human leukemia-initiating cells, whereas murine normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) were relatively less affected. Consistent with these findings, primary human AML cells across several genetic subtypes of AML were more vulnerable for TLR1/TLR2 activation relative to normal human HSPCs. In the MLL-AF9 AML mouse model, treatment with Pam3CSK4 provided proof of concept for in vivo therapeutic efficacy. Our results demonstrate that TLR1 and TLR2 are upregulated on primitive AML cells and that agonistic targeting of TLR1/TLR2 forces AML cells into apoptosis by p38 MAPK-dependent activation of Caspase 3, and differentiation by activating NFκB, thus revealing a new putative strategy for therapeutically targeting AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Lj Lazarević
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörg Cammenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Johan Richter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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55
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Hsieh CH, Rau CS, Kuo PJ, Liu SH, Wu CJ, Lu TH, Wu YC, Lin CW. Knockout of toll-like receptor impairs nerve regeneration after a crush injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80741-80756. [PMID: 29113341 PMCID: PMC5655236 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the initiation of Schwann cell activation and subsequent recruitment of macrophages for clearance of degenerated myelin and neuronal debris after nerve injury. The present study was designed to investigate the regenerative outcome and expression of myelination-related factors in Tlr-knockout mice following a sciatic nerve crush injury. Materials and methods A standard sciatic nerve crush injury, induced by applying constant pressure to the nerve with a No. 5 jeweler's forceps for 30 s, was performed in C57BL/6, Tlr2−/−, Tlr3−/−, Tlr4−/−, Tlr5−/−, and Tlr7−/− mice. Quantitative histomorphometric analysis of toluidine blue-stained nerve specimens and walking track analysis were performed to evaluate nerve regeneration outcomes. PCR Arrays were used to detect the expression of neurogenesis-related genes of dorsal root ganglia as well as of myelination-related genes of the distal nerve segments. Results Worse nerve regeneration after nerve crush injury was found in all Tlr-knockout mice than in C57BL/6 mice. Delayed expression of myelin genes and a different expression pattern of myelination-related neurotrophin genes and transcription factors were found in Tlr-knockout mice in comparison to C57BL/6 mice. In these TLR-mediated pathways, insulin-like growth factor 2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, as well as early growth response 2 and N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1, were significantly decreased in the early and late stages, respectively, of nerve regeneration after a crush injury. Conclusions Knockout of Tlr genes decreases the expression of myelination-related factors and impairs nerve regeneration after a sciatic nerve crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shyuan Rau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Jen Kuo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsuan Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chia-Jung Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Hsiang Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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56
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Balancing Inflammation: Computational Design of Small-Molecule Toll-like Receptor Modulators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:155-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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57
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Su Q, Grabowski M, Weindl G. Recognition of Propionibacterium acnes by human TLR2 heterodimers. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 307:108-112. [PMID: 28024924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes has been considered as a crucial contributor to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The interaction between P. acnes and the host is mainly mediated by Toll like receptor (TLR) 2 recognition. TLR2 homodimers recognize P. acnes in mice, but here we describe the prerequisite of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 heterodimers in human cells for P. acnes recognition. P. acnes-induced NF-κB and AP-1activation observed in HEK hTLR2-transfected but not control cells confirmed the specificity of TLR2 recognition. The activation was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6, as well as the TLR2 antagonist CU-CPT22, which showed no selectivity towards human TLR2 heterodimers. The combination of anti-TLR1 and anti-TLR6 antibodies completely abrogated activation by P. acnes. In primary human keratinocytes, P. acnes-increased NF-κB phosphorylation was inhibited by anti-TLR6 and anti-TLR2 antibodies. Furthermore, P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses were impaired by anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibodies and fully blocked by CU-CPT22. Our study suggests species-specific recognition of P. acnes by TLR2 heterodimers which can be exploited therapeutically by small molecules targeting TLR2 for the control of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Grabowski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany.
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58
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Morin MD, Wang Y, Jones BT, Su L, Surakattula MMRP, Berger M, Huang H, Beutler EK, Zhang H, Beutler B, Boger DL. Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of the Neoseptins: A New Class of Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) Agonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4812-30. [PMID: 27050713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report studies leading to the discovery of the neoseptins and a comprehensive examination of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of this new class of small-molecule mouse Toll-like receptor 4 (mTLR4) agonists. The compounds in this class, which emerged from screening an α-helix mimetic library, stimulate the immune response, act by a well-defined mechanism (mouse TLR4 agonist), are easy to produce and structurally manipulate, exhibit exquisite SARs, are nontoxic, and elicit improved and qualitatively different responses compared to lipopolysaccharide, even though they share the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Morin
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Brian T Jones
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lijing Su
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Murali M R P Surakattula
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael Berger
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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59
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Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S. Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:437-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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60
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Salyer ACD, Caruso G, Khetani KK, Fox LM, Malladi SS, David SA. Identification of Adjuvantic Activity of Amphotericin B in a Novel, Multiplexed, Poly-TLR/NLR High-Throughput Screen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149848. [PMID: 26919709 PMCID: PMC4769227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule agonists have been identified for TLR7, TLR8, TLR4 and TLR2 thus far, and chemotypes other than those of canonical ligands are yet to be explored for a number of innate immune receptors. The discovery of novel immunostimulatory molecules would enhance the repertoire of tools available for interrogating innate immune effector mechanisms, and provide additional venues for vaccine adjuvant development. A multiplexed, reporter gene-based high-throughput assay capable of detecting agonists of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, NOD1 and NOD2 was utilized in screening 123,943 compounds, in which amphotericin B (AmpB) and nystatin were identified as prominent hits. The polyene antifungal agents act as TLR2- and TLR4-agonists. The TLR4-stimulatory activity of AmpB was similar to that of monophosphoryl lipid A, suggestive of TRIF-biased signaling. The adjuvantic activity of AmpB, at a dose of 100 micrograms, was comparable to several other candidate adjuvants in rabbit models of immunization. These results point to its potential applicability as a safe and effective adjuvant for human vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. D. Salyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Karishma K. Khetani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Fox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Subbalakshmi S. Malladi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The majority of therapeutics target membrane proteins, accessible on the surface of cells, to alter cellular signaling. Cells use membrane proteins to transduce signals into cells, transport ions and molecules, bind cells to a surface or substrate, and catalyze reactions. Newly devised technologies allow us to drug conventionally "undruggable" regions of membrane proteins, enabling modulation of protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-nucleic acid interactions. In this review, we survey the state of the art of high-throughput screening and rational design in drug discovery, and we evaluate the advances in biological understanding and technological capacity that will drive pharmacotherapy forward against unorthodox membrane protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.,BioFrontiers Institute, and.,Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Aaron D Flynn
- BioFrontiers Institute, and.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309; ,
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62
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Yan L, Liang J, Yao C, Wu P, Zeng X, Cheng K, Yin H. Pyrimidine Triazole Thioether Derivatives as Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5)/Flagellin Complex Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:822-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
| | - Chengbo Yao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
| | - Peiyao Wu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
| | - Xianfeng Zeng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
| | - Hang Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100082 China
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