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Yang Y, Turchetti M, Vasireddy P, Putnam WP, Karnbach O, Nardi A, Kärtner FX, Berggren KK, Keathley PD. Light phase detection with on-chip petahertz electronic networks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3407. [PMID: 32641698 PMCID: PMC7343884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast, high-intensity light-matter interactions lead to optical-field-driven photocurrents with an attosecond-level temporal response. These photocurrents can be used to detect the carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) of short optical pulses, and enable optical-frequency, petahertz (PHz) electronics for high-speed information processing. Despite recent reports on optical-field-driven photocurrents in various nanoscale solid-state materials, little has been done in examining the large-scale electronic integration of these devices to improve their functionality and compactness. In this work, we demonstrate enhanced, on-chip CEP detection via optical-field-driven photocurrents in a monolithic array of electrically-connected plasmonic bow-tie nanoantennas that are contained within an area of hundreds of square microns. The technique is scalable and could potentially be used for shot-to-shot CEP tagging applications requiring orders-of-magnitude less pulse energy compared to alternative ionization-based techniques. Our results open avenues for compact time-domain, on-chip CEP detection, and inform the development of integrated circuits for PHz electronics as well as integrated platforms for attosecond and strong-field science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marco Turchetti
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Praful Vasireddy
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William P Putnam
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Karnbach
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Nardi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phillip D Keathley
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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52
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Fidler AP, Warrick ER, Marroux HJB, Bloch E, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Self-heterodyned detection of dressed state coherences in helium by noncollinear extreme ultraviolet wave mixing with attosecond pulses. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab869c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Noncollinear wave-mixing spectroscopies with attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses provide unprecedented insight into electronic dynamics. In infrared and visible regimes, heterodyne detection techniques utilize a reference field to amplify wave-mixing signals while simultaneously allowing for phase-sensitive measurements. Here, we implement a self-heterodyned detection scheme in noncollinear wave-mixing measurements with a short attosecond XUV pulse train and two few-cycle near infrared (NIR) pulses. The initial spatiotemporally overlapped XUV and NIR pulses generate a coherence of both odd (1snp) and even (1sns and 1snd) parity states within gaseous helium. A variably delayed noncollinear NIR pulse generates angularly-dependent four-wave mixing signals that report on the evolution of this coherence. The diffuse angular structure of the XUV harmonics underlying these emission signals is used as a reference field for heterodyne detection, leading to cycle oscillations in the transient wave-mixing spectra. With this detection scheme, wave-mixing signals emitting from at least eight distinct light-induced, or dressed, states can be observed, in contrast to only one light induced state identified in a similar homodyne wave-mixing measurement. In conjunction with the self-heterodyned detection scheme, the noncollinear geometry permits the conclusive identification and angular separation of distinct wave-mixing pathways, reducing the complexity of transient spectra. These results demonstrate that the application of heterodyne detection schemes can provide signal amplification and phase-sensitivity, while maintaining the versatility and selectivity of noncollinear attosecond XUV wave-mixing spectroscopies. These techniques will be important tools in the study of ultrafast dynamics within complex chemical systems in the XUV regime.
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53
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Leblanc A, Lassonde P, Dalla-Barba G, Cormier E, Ibrahim H, Légaré F. Characterizing the carrier-envelope phase stability of mid-infrared laser pulses by high harmonic generation in solids. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17161-17170. [PMID: 32679929 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for measuring the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stability of a laser source by employing the process of high harmonic generation (HHG) in solids. HHG in solids driven by few-cycle pulses is very sensitive to the waveform of the driving pulse, therefore enabling to track the shot-to-shot CEP fluctuations of a laser source. This strategy is particularly practical for pulses at long central wavelength up to the mid-infrared spectral range where usual techniques used in the visible or near-infrared regions are challenging to transpose. We experimentally demonstrate this novel tool by measuring the CEP fluctuations of a mid-infrared laser source centered at 9.5~μm.
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54
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Li J, Lu J, Chew A, Han S, Li J, Wu Y, Wang H, Ghimire S, Chang Z. Attosecond science based on high harmonic generation from gases and solids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2748. [PMID: 32488005 PMCID: PMC7265550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in high power ultrafast short-wave and mid-wave infrared lasers has enabled gas-phase high harmonic generation (HHG) in the water window and beyond, as well as the demonstration of HHG in condensed matter. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent advancements and future trends in generating and characterizing soft X-ray pulses from gas-phase HHG and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses from solid-state HHG. Then, we discuss their current and potential usage in time-resolved study of electron and nuclear dynamics in atomic, molecular and condensed matters. Different methods are demonstrated in recent years to produce attosecond pulses. Here, the authors discuss recent development and future prospects of the generation of such pulses from gases and solids and their potential applications in spectroscopy and ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and other complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China.,Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Andrew Chew
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Seunghwoi Han
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jialin Li
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - He Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Shambhu Ghimire
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zenghu Chang
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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55
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Lucarelli GD, Moio B, Inzani G, Fabris N, Moscardi L, Frassetto F, Poletto L, Nisoli M, Lucchini M. Novel beamline for attosecond transient reflection spectroscopy in a sequential two-foci geometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:053002. [PMID: 32486725 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative beamline for extreme ultraviolet (XUV)-infrared (IR) pump-probe reflection spectroscopy in solids with attosecond temporal resolution. The setup uses an actively stabilized interferometer, where attosecond pulse trains or isolated attosecond pulses are produced by high-order harmonic generation in gases. After collinear recombination, the attosecond XUV pulses and the femtosecond IR pulses are focused twice in sequence by toroidal mirrors, giving two spatially separated interaction regions. In the first region, the combination of a gas target with a time-of-flight spectrometer allows for attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. In the second focal region, an XUV reflectometer is used for attosecond transient reflection spectroscopy (ATRS) experiments. Since the two measurements can be performed simultaneously, precise pump-probe delay calibration can be achieved, thus opening the possibility for a new class of attosecond experiments on solids. Successful operation of the beamline is demonstrated by the generation and characterization of isolated attosecond pulses, the measurement of the absolute reflectivity of SiO2, and by performing simultaneous photoemission/ATRS in Ge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Moio
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Inzani
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Fabris
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Liliana Moscardi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Frassetto
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Poletto
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Nisoli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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56
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Kovács K, Tosa V. Generation of two successive attosecond pulses in separate spectral domains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7392. [PMID: 32355253 PMCID: PMC7193600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that two different single attosecond pulses (SAP) can be obtained from naturally separated spectral domains formed during high-order harmonic generation and propagation in a gas medium. We propose a feasible experimental configuration in which one can obtain an SAP in a lower energy domain (<300 eV), or another SAP in a higher energy domain (>300 eV). Without filtering, a double attosecond pulse emission with fixed temporal separation is obtained. The gap between the two spectral domains is close to the onset of the water window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kovács
- National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, RO, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Valer Tosa
- National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, RO, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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57
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Lü LJ, Bian XB. Ultrafast intraband electron dynamics of preexcited SiO 2. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13432-13442. [PMID: 32403818 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intraband high-order harmonics in solids reflect the nonlinear motion of carriers in the energy bands and have important applications. In general, multiple energy bands contribute to the intraband harmonics. We reveal the interference mechanism of intraband harmonics between electrons and holes by using the k-resolved semiclassical intraband model. The model gives a quantitative relationship between the intraband radiation yield, the energy band dispersion, and the laser parameters. Based on a preexcitation scheme, we present a method to reconstruct energy bands by using the intraband harmonics. We simulate the intraband harmonics of photo-carriers polarized by a bias field. The variation of harmonic yields as a function of a delay time results from the k-resolved energy band dispersion and reflects the Bloch oscillation of photo-carriers driven by the bias field.
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58
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Monoszlai B, Nugraha PS, Tóth G, Polónyi G, Pálfalvi L, Nasi L, Ollmann Z, Rohwer EJ, Gäumann G, Hebling J, Feurer T, Fülöp JA. Measurement of four-photon absorption in GaP and ZnTe semiconductors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:12352-12362. [PMID: 32403733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intensity-dependent effective four-photon absorption (4PA) coefficients in GaP and ZnTe semiconductors were measured by the z-scan method using pump pulses of 1.75 µm wavelength, 135 fs duration, and up to 500 GWcm-2 intensity. A nonlinear pulse propagation model, including linear dispersion and 4PA was used to obtain the 4PA coefficients from measurements. The intensity-dependent effective 4PA coefficients vary from 2.6 × 10-4 to 65 × 10-4 cm5GW-3 in GaP, and from 3.5 × 10-4 to 9.1 × 10-4 cm5GW-3 in ZnTe. The anisotropy in 4PA was shown in GaP. The knowledge of 4PA coefficients is important for the design of semiconductor photonics devices.
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59
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Lucchini M, Sato SA, Schlaepfer F, Yabana K, Gallmann L, Rubio A, Keller U. Attosecond timing of the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab70cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
To what extent do intra- or inter-band transitions dominate the optical response of dielectrics when pumped by a few-cycle near-infrared transient electric field? In order to find an answer to this question we investigate the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect in polycrystalline diamond and discuss in detail the attosecond delay of the induced electron dynamics with regard to the driving transient electric field while the peak intensity is varied between 1 × 1012 and 10 × 1012 W cm−2. We found that the main oscillating feature in transient absorption at 43 eV is in phase with the electric field of the pump, to within 49 ± 78 as. However, the phase delay shows a slightly asymmetric V-shaped linear energy dispersion with a rate of about 200 as eV–1. Theoretical calculations within the dipole approximation reproduce the data and allow us to conclude that intra-band motion dominates under our experimental conditions.
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60
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Barreau L, Ross AD, Garg S, Kraus PM, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Efficient table-top dual-wavelength beamline for ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy in the soft X-ray region. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5773. [PMID: 32238820 PMCID: PMC7113301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a table-top beamline providing a soft X-ray supercontinuum extending up to 370 eV from high-order harmonic generation with sub-13 fs 1300 nm driving pulses and simultaneous production of sub-5 fs pulses centered at 800 nm. Optimization of high harmonic generation in a long and dense gas medium yields a photon flux of ~ 1.4 × 106 photons/s/1% bandwidth at 300 eV. The temporal resolution of X-ray transient absorption experiments with this beamline is measured to be 11 fs for 800 nm excitation. This dual-wavelength approach, combined with high flux and high spectral and temporal resolution soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, is a new route to the study of ultrafast electronic dynamics in carbon-containing molecules and materials at the carbon K-edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Barreau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew D Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Samay Garg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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61
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Effect of high slice energy spread of an electron beam on the generation of isolated, terawatt, attosecond X-ray free-electron laser pulse. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1312. [PMID: 31992720 PMCID: PMC6987125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attosecond (asec) X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) has attracted considerable interest over the past years. Nowadays typical XFEL application experiments demand 1010–1011 photons per pulse, which corresponds to a peak power of terawatts (TW) in case of asec hard X-ray pulse. To the realization of such TW asec-XFEL pulse, however, the unavoidable increase of slice energy spread (SES) due to laser heater, which is commonly used to mitigate the micro-bunching instability (MBI), would be a major obstacle. To deal with this problem, the effect of such a SES is investigated in this work. The results reveal that (1) SES of a current spike is linearly proportional to the peak current of a current spike in an electron beam, (2) surprisingly, this linearity is independent of the wavelength of an energy modulation driving laser which is used to make a current spike and (3) the gain length of current spike in the undulator is sensitive to the initial SES, so there is an optimal peak current of the current spike for successful FEL lasing process. Utilizing these characteristics, a series of simulations with parameters for Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser was carried out to demonstrate that an isolated, TW asec-XFEL pulse can be generated even when the SES is increased due to the usage of laser heater to prevent the MBI in the XFEL. We show that an isolated X-ray pulse with >1 TW and a pulse duration of 73 as (~3 × 1010 photons/pulse at 12.4 keV or 0.1 nm) can be generated by using ten current spikes with optimal peak current. It becomes clear for the first time that the disadvantage from the increased SES can be indeed overcome.
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62
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Abstract
The sub-cycle interaction of light and matter is one of the key frontiers of inquiry made accessible by attosecond science. Here, we show that when light excites a pair of charge carriers inside of a solid, the transition probability is strongly localized to instants slightly after the extrema of the electric field. The extreme temporal localization is utilized in a simple electronic circuit to record the waveforms of infrared to ultraviolet light fields. This form of petahertz-bandwidth field metrology gives access to both the modulated transition probability and its temporal offset from the laser field, providing sub-fs temporal precision in reconstructing the sub-cycle electronic response of a solid state structure. Characterization of light pulses is important in order to understand their interaction with matter. Here the authors demonstrate a nonlinear photoconductive sampling method to measure electric field wave-forms in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet spectral ranges.
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63
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Kato K, Mashiko H, Kunihashi Y, Omi H, Gotoh H, Oguri K. Highly sensitive transient reflection measurement in extreme ultraviolet region for tracking carrier and coherent phonon dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:1595-1602. [PMID: 32121867 DOI: 10.1364/oe.381585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for detecting transient reflection in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) region was developed on the basis of high-order harmonics for tracking carrier and coherent phonon dynamics. The use of lock-in detection and boxcar integration enables us to observe optical modulation (ΔR/R) as high as 1 × 10-4, and the data acquisition takes only four minutes. XUV transient reflections of bismuth exhibited exponential decay originating from excited carriers and periodic oscillation originating from A1g optical phonons. The linear power dependence of the electronic and phonon amplitudes indicated that one-photon excitation occurred under the experimental conditions. The cosine of the initial phase of the phonon oscillation revealed that a displacive excitation mechanism contributed to phonon generation. The phonon parameters obtained by the XUV and NIR probes were consistent even though their penetration depths were different. The result indicated that the XUV and NIR pulses probe the same excited region, which should be near the surface due to the short penetration depth of the NIR pump pulses. The present highly sensitive means of detecting XUV transient reflections in solid-state materials could be utilized for detecting attosecond dynamics in the future.
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64
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Catone D, Di Mario L, Martelli F, O'Keeffe P, Paladini A, Stefano Pelli Cresi J, Sivan AK, Tian L, Toschi F, Turchini S. Ultrafast optical spectroscopy of semiconducting and plasmonic nanostructures and their hybrids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 32:025703. [PMID: 32937606 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the carrier dynamics in nanostructures is of fundamental importance for the development of (opto)electronic devices. This is true for semiconducting nanostructures as well as for plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs). Indeed, improvement of photocatalytic efficiencies by combining semiconductor and plasmonic nanostructures is one of the reasons why their ultrafast dynamics are intensively studied. In this work, we will review our activity on ultrafast spectroscopy in nanostructures carried out in the recently established EuroFEL Support Laboratory. We have investigated the dynamical plasmonic responses of metal NPs both in solution and in 2D and 3D arrays on surfaces, with particular attention being paid to the effects of the NP shape and to the conversion of absorbed light into heat on a nano-localized scale. We will summarize the results obtained on the carrier dynamics in nanostructured perovskites with emphasis on the hot-carrier dynamics and in semiconductor nanosystems such as ZnSe and Si nanowires, with particular attention to the band-gap bleaching dynamics. Subsequently, the study of semiconductor-metal NP hybrids, such as CeO2-Ag NPs, ZnSe-Ag NPs and ZnSe-Au NPs, allows the discussion of interaction mechanisms such as charge carrier transfer and Förster interaction. Finally, we assess an alternative method for the sensitization of wide band gap semiconductors to visible light by discussing the relationship between the carrier dynamics of TiO2 NPs and V-doped TiO2 NPs and their catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Mario
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Faustino Martelli
- CNR-IMM, Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick O'Keeffe
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Paladini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Jacopo Stefano Pelli Cresi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Aswathi K Sivan
- CNR-IMM, Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lin Tian
- CNR-IMM, Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Toschi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Stefano Turchini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
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65
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Dou Y, Shi X, Jiang X. New dynamical nonlinear mechanism, a way to enhance nonlinear efficiency and detect ultrafast electronic processes in photonic crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35710-35718. [PMID: 31878738 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We quantitatively investigate the energy efficiency and the possibility of detecting the electronic ultrafast processes of a new dynamical nonlinear mechanism suitable for the nonlinear photonic crystal switching effect with femtosecond pumping. It is found that the energy efficiency of the new dynamical nonlinear mechanism is considerably higher than traditional band-gap shift mechanism, and the characteristics of the transmission curve are related to the parameters of the electronic ultrafast processes. Thus, the dynamical nonlinear mechanism is a new way to enhance the nonlinear efficiency and to indirectly detect the electronic femtosecond or even attosecond processes. Besides that, the totally new patterns of transmission and reflection spectra revealed in this work also imply the deep differences between two mechanisms. Wide potential usages could be expected for the properties found by this work.
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66
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Covington C, Kidd D, Buckner H, Appel H, Varga K. Time propagation of the coupled Maxwell and Kohn-Sham equations using the Riemann-Silberstein formalism. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:053301. [PMID: 31869973 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.053301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The coupled Maxwell and time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations are solved using the Riemann-Silberstein vectors to represent the electromagnetic fields. Momentum-space time propagation of the Riemann-Silberstein vectors are proposed and test calculations are presented to show the accuracy of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Covington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA and Department of Chemistry, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044, USA
| | | | - Haley Buckner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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67
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Amini K, Biegert J, Calegari F, Chacón A, Ciappina MF, Dauphin A, Efimov DK, Figueira de Morisson Faria C, Giergiel K, Gniewek P, Landsman AS, Lesiuk M, Mandrysz M, Maxwell AS, Moszyński R, Ortmann L, Antonio Pérez-Hernández J, Picón A, Pisanty E, Prauzner-Bechcicki J, Sacha K, Suárez N, Zaïr A, Zakrzewski J, Lewenstein M. Symphony on strong field approximation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:116001. [PMID: 31226696 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab2bb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper has been prepared by the Symphony collaboration (University of Warsaw, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, DESY/CNR and ICFO) on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the 'simple man's models' which underlie most of the phenomena that occur when intense ultrashort laser pulses interact with matter. The phenomena in question include high-harmonic generation (HHG), above-threshold ionization (ATI), and non-sequential multielectron ionization (NSMI). 'Simple man's models' provide both an intuitive basis for understanding the numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the motivation for the powerful analytic approximations generally known as the strong field approximation (SFA). In this paper we first review the SFA in the form developed by us in the last 25 years. In this approach the SFA is a method to solve the TDSE, in which the non-perturbative interactions are described by including continuum-continuum interactions in a systematic perturbation-like theory. In this review we focus on recent applications of the SFA to HHG, ATI and NSMI from multi-electron atoms and from multi-atom molecules. The main novel part of the presented theory concerns generalizations of the SFA to: (i) time-dependent treatment of two-electron atoms, allowing for studies of an interplay between electron impact ionization and resonant excitation with subsequent ionization; (ii) time-dependent treatment in the single active electron approximation of 'large' molecules and targets which are themselves undergoing dynamics during the HHG or ATI processes. In particular, we formulate the general expressions for the case of arbitrary molecules, combining input from quantum chemistry and quantum dynamics. We formulate also theory of time-dependent separable molecular potentials to model analytically the dynamics of realistic electronic wave packets for molecules in strong laser fields. We dedicate this work to the memory of Bertrand Carré, who passed away in March 2018 at the age of 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Amini
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland. ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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68
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Zhou S, Chen K, Cole MT, Li Z, Chen J, Li C, Dai Q. Ultrafast Field-Emission Electron Sources Based on Nanomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805845. [PMID: 30724407 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for electron sources with simultaneous optimal spatial and temporal resolution has become an area of intense activity for a wide variety of applications in the emerging fields of lightwave electronics and attosecond science. Most recently, increasing efforts are focused on the investigation of ultrafast field-emission phenomena of nanomaterials, which not only are fascinating from a fundamental scientific point of view, but also are of interest for a range of potential applications. Here, the current state-of-the-art in ultrafast field-emission, particularly sub-optical-cycle field emission, based on various nanostructures (e.g., metallic nanotips, carbon nanotubes) is reviewed. A number of promising nanomaterials and possible future research directions are also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Zhou
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Matthew Thomas Cole
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chi Li
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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69
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Yuan G, Jiang S, Wang Z, Hua W, Yu C, Jin C, Lu R. The role of transition dipole phase in atomic attosecond transient absorption from the multi-level model. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:054102. [PMID: 31649962 PMCID: PMC6796354 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Based on a multilevel model considering enough bound electronic states of atoms, we theoretically study the role of the transition dipole phase (TDP) in the attosecond transient absorption (ATA) spectrum of helium in intense laser fields. By solving the stationary Schrödinger equation with B-spline basis sets, we first calculate the transition dipole moments with well-defined phases between the bound states. Using the modified multilevel model, we reveal that the TDP plays an important role in determining the spectral structures if two or more paths populate the excited states from the ground state. Our multilevel model with the accurate TDP is convenient to address the origin of atomic ATA spectral structures by freely removing or adding specific electronic states and has been justified by comparing with the ATA spectra via directly solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Hopefully, further incorporating macroscopic propagation into the model will provide indepth physical insights into experimental ATA spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglu Yuan
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Hua
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
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70
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Timmers H, Zhu X, Li Z, Kobayashi Y, Sabbar M, Hollstein M, Reduzzi M, Martínez TJ, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Disentangling conical intersection and coherent molecular dynamics in methyl bromide with attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3133. [PMID: 31311933 PMCID: PMC6635414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attosecond probing of core-level electronic transitions provides a sensitive tool for studying valence molecular dynamics with atomic, state, and charge specificity. In this report, we employ attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to follow the valence dynamics of strong-field initiated processes in methyl bromide. By probing the 3d core-to-valence transition, we resolve the strong field excitation and ensuing fragmentation of the neutral σ* excited states of methyl bromide. The results provide a clear signature of the non-adiabatic passage of the excited state wavepacket through a conical intersection. We additionally observe competing, strong field initiated processes arising in both the ground state and ionized molecule corresponding to vibrational and spin-orbit motion, respectively. The demonstrated ability to resolve simultaneous dynamics with few-femtosecond resolution presents a clear path forward in the implementation of attosecond XUV spectroscopy as a general tool for probing competing and complex molecular phenomena with unmatched temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Timmers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mazyar Sabbar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Reduzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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71
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Mahl J, Neppl S, Roth F, Borgwardt M, Saladrigas C, Toulson B, Cooper J, Rahman T, Bluhm H, Guo J, Yang W, Huse N, Eberhardt W, Gessner O. Decomposing electronic and lattice contributions in optical pump - X-ray probe transient inner-shell absorption spectroscopy of CuO. Faraday Discuss 2019; 216:414-433. [PMID: 31020294 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and lattice contributions to picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectra (trXAS) of CuO at the oxygen K-edge are analyzed by comparing trXAS spectra, recorded using excitation wavelengths of 355 nm and 532 nm, to steady-state, temperature-dependent XAS measurements. The trXAS spectra at pump-probe time-delays ≥150 ps are dominated by lattice heating effects. Insight into the temporal evolution of lattice temperature profiles on timescales up to 100s of nanoseconds after laser excitation are reported, on an absolute temperature scale, with a temporal sensitivity and a spatial selectivity on the order of 10s of picoseconds and 10s of nanometers, respectively, effectively establishing an "ultrafast thermometer". In particular, for the 532 nm experiment at ∼5 mJ cm-2 fluence, both the initial sample temperature and its dynamic evolution are well captured by a one-dimensional thermal energy deposition and diffusion model. The thermal conductivity k = (1.3 ± 0.4) W m-1 K-1 derived from this model is in good agreement with the literature value for CuO powder, kpowder = 1.013 W m-1 K-1. For 355 nm excitation, a quantitative analysis of the experiments is hampered by the large temperature gradients within the probed sample volume owing to the small UV penetration depth. The impact of the findings on mitigating or utilizing photoinduced lattice temperature changes in future X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mahl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. and Physics Department Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Neppl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Friedrich Roth
- Institute for Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mario Borgwardt
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Catherine Saladrigas
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Toulson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Jason Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tahiyat Rahman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nils Huse
- Physics Department Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY, Hamburg, Germany and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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72
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Siegrist F, Gessner JA, Ossiander M, Denker C, Chang YP, Schröder MC, Guggenmos A, Cui Y, Walowski J, Martens U, Dewhurst JK, Kleineberg U, Münzenberg M, Sharma S, Schultze M. Light-wave dynamic control of magnetism. Nature 2019; 571:240-244. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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73
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Tian L, Di Mario L, Sivan AK, Catone D, O'Keeffe P, Paladini A, Turchini S, Martelli F. Carrier dynamics in silicon nanowires studied via femtosecond transient optical spectroscopy from 1.1 to 3.5 eV. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:214001. [PMID: 30716721 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present femtosecond transient transmission (or absorbance) measurements in silicon nanowires in the energy range 1.1-3.5 eV, from below the indirect band-gap to above the direct band-gap. Our pump-probe measurements allow us to give a complete picture of the carrier dynamics in silicon. In this way we perform an experimental study with a spectral completeness that is lacking in the whole literature on carrier dynamics in silicon. A particular emphasis is given to the dynamics of the transient absorbance at the energies relative to the direct band gap at 3.3 eV. Indeed, the use of pump energies below and above 3.3 eV allowed us to disentangle the dynamics of electrons and holes in their respective bands. The band gap renormalization of the direct band gap is also investigated for different pump energies. A critical discussion is given on the results below 3.3 eV where phonon-assisted processes are required in the optical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi (IMM), CNR, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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74
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Geneaux R, Marroux HJB, Guggenmos A, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Transient absorption spectroscopy using high harmonic generation: a review of ultrafast X-ray dynamics in molecules and solids. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170463. [PMID: 30929624 PMCID: PMC6452051 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond science opened the door to observing nuclear and electronic dynamics in real time and has begun to expand beyond its traditional grounds. Among several spectroscopic techniques, X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy has become key in understanding matter on ultrafast time scales. In this review, we illustrate the capabilities of this unique tool through a number of iconic experiments. We outline how coherent broadband X-ray radiation, emitted in high-harmonic generation, can be used to follow dynamics in increasingly complex systems. Experiments performed in both molecules and solids are discussed at length, on time scales ranging from attoseconds to picoseconds, and in perturbative or strong-field excitation regimes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Geneaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Hugo J. B. Marroux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Guggenmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
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75
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Interference-Induced Phenomena in High-Order Harmonic Generation from Bulk Solids. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We consider a quantum mechanical model for the high-order harmonic generation in bulk solids. The bandgap is assumed to be considerably larger than the exciting photon energy. Using dipole approximation, the dynamical equations for different initial Bloch states are decoupled in the velocity gauge. Although there is no quantum mechanical interference between the time evolution of different initial states, the complete harmonic radiation results from the interference of fields emitted by all the initial (valence band) states. In particular, the suppression of the even-order harmonics can also be viewed as a consequence of this interference. The number of the observable harmonics (essentially the cutoff) is also determined by interference phenomena.
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76
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Yamada S, Noda M, Nobusada K, Yabana K. First-principles method for propagation of ultrashort pulsed light in thin films. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920501003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a first-principles method to simulate the propagation of intense and ultrashort pulsed light in crystalline thin films solving the Maxwell equations for light electromagnetic fields and the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation for electrons simultaneously using common spatial and temporal grids. As a demonstration, we apply the method to silicon thin films.
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77
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Uemoto M, Kuwabara Y, Sato SA, Yabana K. Nonlinear polarization evolution using time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5068711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Uemoto
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunsuke A. Sato
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yabana
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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78
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Kobayashi Y, Zeng T, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Ab initio investigation of Br-3 d core-excited states in HBr and HBr + toward XUV probing of photochemical dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:014101. [PMID: 30868084 PMCID: PMC6404917 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast X-ray/XUV transient absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool for real-time probing of chemical dynamics. Interpretation of the transient absorption spectra requires knowledge of core-excited potentials, which necessitates assistance from high-level electronic-structure computations. In this study, we investigate Br-3d core-excited electronic structures of hydrogen bromide (HBr) using spin-orbit general multiconfigurational quasidegenerate perturbation theory (SO-GMC-QDPT). Potential energy curves and transition dipole moments are calculated from the Franck-Condon region to the asymptotic limit and used to construct core-to-valence absorption strengths for five electronic states of HBr (Σ 1 0 + , 3 Π 1 , 1 Π 1 , 3 Π 0 + , 3 Σ 1 ) and two electronic states of HBr+ (2Π3∕2, 2Σ1∕2). The results illustrate the capabilities of Br-3d edge probing to capture transitions of the electronic-state symmetry as well as nonadiabatic dissociation processes that evolve across avoided crossings. Furthermore, core-to-valence absorption spectra are simulated from the neutralΣ 1 0 + state and the ionicΠ 2 1 / 2 , 3 / 2 states by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum. The comprehensive and quantitative picture of the core-excited states obtained in this work allows for transparent analysis of the core-to-valence absorption signals, filling gaps in the theoretical understanding of the Br-3d transient absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
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79
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Heide C, Higuchi T, Ullmann K, Weber HB, Hommelhoff P. Lightwave-controlled electron dynamics in graphene. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920505002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that currents induced in graphene by ultrashort laser pulses are sensitive to the exact shape of the electric-field waveform. By increasing the field strength, we found a transition of the light–matter interaction from the weak-field to the strong-field regime at around 2 V/nm, where intraband dynamics influence interband transitions. In this strong-field regime, the light-matter interaction can be described by the wavenumber trajectories of electrons in the reciprocal space. For linearly polarized light the electron dynamics are governed by repeated sub-optical-cycle Landau-Zener transitions between the valence- and conduction band, resulting in Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg interference, whereas for circular polarized light this interference is supressed.
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80
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Stooß V, Cavaletto SM, Donsa S, Blättermann A, Birk P, Keitel CH, Březinová I, Burgdörfer J, Ott C, Pfeifer T. Real-Time Reconstruction of the Strong-Field-Driven Dipole Response. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:173005. [PMID: 30411962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of the full temporal dipole response of a strongly driven time-dependent system from a single absorption spectrum is demonstrated, only requiring that a sufficiently short pulse is employed to initialize the coherent excitation of the system. We apply this finding to the time-domain observation of Rabi cycling between doubly excited atomic states in the few-femtosecond regime. This allows us to pinpoint the breakdown of few-level quantum dynamics at the critical laser intensity near 2 TW/cm^{2} in doubly excited helium. The present approach unlocks single-shot real-time-resolved signal reconstruction across timescales down to attoseconds for nonequilibrium states of matter. In contrast to conventional pump-probe schemes, there is no need for scanning time delays in order to access real-time information. The potential future applications of this technique range from testing fundamental quantum dynamics in strong fields to measuring and controlling ultrafast chemical and biological reaction processes when applied to traditional transient-absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stooß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - S M Cavaletto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - A Blättermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - P Birk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - C H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - I Březinová
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - C Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
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81
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Cleary SP, Li H, Bagal D, Loo JA, Campuzano IDG, Prell JS. Extracting Charge and Mass Information from Highly Congested Mass Spectra Using Fourier-Domain Harmonics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2067-2080. [PMID: 30003534 PMCID: PMC6330157 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectra of large, polydisperse biomolecules with repeated subunits, such as lipoprotein Nanodiscs, can often be challenging to analyze by conventional methods. The presence of tens of closely spaced, overlapping peaks in these mass spectra can make charge state, total mass, or subunit mass determinations difficult to measure by traditional methods. Recently, we introduced a Fourier Transform-based algorithm that can be used to deconvolve highly congested mass spectra for polydisperse ion populations with repeated subunits and facilitate identification of the charge states, subunit mass, charge-state-specific, and total mass distributions present in the ion population. Here, we extend this method by investigating the advantages of using overtone peaks in the Fourier spectrum, particularly for mass spectra with low signal-to-noise and poor resolution. This method is illustrated for lipoprotein Nanodisc mass spectra acquired on three common platforms, including the first reported native mass spectrum of empty "large" Nanodiscs assembled with MSP1E3D1 and over 300 noncovalently associated lipids. It is shown that overtone peaks contain nearly identical stoichiometry and charge state information to fundamental peaks but can be significantly better resolved, resulting in more reliable reconstruction of charge-state-specific mass spectra and peak width characterization. We further demonstrate how these parameters can be used to improve results from Bayesian spectral fitting algorithms, such as UniDec. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cleary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dhanashri Bagal
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA.
- Materials Science Institute, 1252 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1252, USA.
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82
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Ab Initio Simulation of Attosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Two-Dimensional Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We extend the first-principles analysis of attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to two-dimensional materials. As an example of two-dimensional materials, we apply the analysis to monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and compute its transient optical properties under intense few-cycle infrared laser pulses. Nonadiabatic features are observed in the computed transient absorption spectra. To elucidate the microscopic origin of these features, we analyze the electronic structure of h-BN with density functional theory and investigate the dynamics of specific energy bands with a simple two-band model. Finally, we find that laser-induced intraband transitions play a significant role in the transient absorption even for the two-dimensional material and that the nonadiabatic features are induced by the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect with an anomalous band dispersion.
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83
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Reimann J, Schlauderer S, Schmid CP, Langer F, Baierl S, Kokh KA, Tereshchenko OE, Kimura A, Lange C, Güdde J, Höfer U, Huber R. Subcycle observation of lightwave-driven Dirac currents in a topological surface band. Nature 2018; 562:396-400. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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Cushing SK, Zürch M, Kraus PM, Carneiro LM, Lee A, Chang HT, Kaplan CJ, Leone SR. Hot phonon and carrier relaxation in Si(100) determined by transient extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:054302. [PMID: 30246050 PMCID: PMC6133686 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The thermalization of hot carriers and phonons gives direct insight into the scattering processes that mediate electrical and thermal transport. Obtaining the scattering rates for both hot carriers and phonons currently requires multiple measurements with incommensurate timescales. Here, transient extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopy on the silicon 2p core level at 100 eV is used to measure hot carrier and phonon thermalization in Si(100) from tens of femtoseconds to 200 ps, following photoexcitation of the indirect transition to the Δ valley at 800 nm. The ground state XUV spectrum is first theoretically predicted using a combination of a single plasmon pole model and the Bethe-Salpeter equation with density functional theory. The excited state spectrum is predicted by incorporating the electronic effects of photo-induced state-filling, broadening, and band-gap renormalization into the ground state XUV spectrum. A time-dependent lattice deformation and expansion is also required to describe the excited state spectrum. The kinetics of these structural components match the kinetics of phonons excited from the electron-phonon and phonon-phonon scattering processes following photoexcitation. Separating the contributions of electronic and structural effects on the transient XUV spectra allows the carrier population, the population of phonons involved in inter- and intra-valley electron-phonon scattering, and the population of phonons involved in phonon-phonon scattering to be quantified as a function of delay time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Zürch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Angela Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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85
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Kraus PM, Zürch M, Cushing SK, Neumark DM, Leone SR. The ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic revolution in chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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86
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Jordan I, Jain A, Gaumnitz T, Ma J, Wörner HJ. Photoelectron spectrometer for liquid and gas-phase attosecond spectroscopy with field-free and magnetic bottle operation modes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:053103. [PMID: 29864864 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A compact time-of-flight spectrometer for applications in attosecond spectroscopy in the liquid and gas phases is presented. It allows for altering the collection efficiency by transitioning between field-free and magnetic-bottle operation modes. High energy resolution (ΔE/E = 0.03 for kinetic energies >20 eV) is achieved despite the short flight-tube length through a homogeneous deceleration potential at the beginning of the flight tube. A closing mechanism allows isolating the vacuum system of the flight tube from the interaction region in order to efficiently perform liquid-microjet experiments. The capabilities of the instrument are demonstrated through photoelectron spectra from multiphoton ionization of argon and xenon, as well as photoelectron spectra of liquid and gaseous water generated by an attosecond pulse train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Jordan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arohi Jain
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gaumnitz
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Ma
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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87
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Schmidt C, Pertot Y, Balciunas T, Zinchenko K, Matthews M, Wörner HJ, Wolf JP. High-order harmonic source spanning up to the oxygen K-edge based on filamentation pulse compression. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11834-11842. [PMID: 29716100 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a 0.2 TW sub-two-cycle 1.8 µm carrier-envelope-phase stable source based on two-stage pulse compression by filamentation for driving high-order harmonic generation extending beyond the oxygen K absorption edge. The 1 kHz repetition rate, high temporal resolution enabled by the short 11.8 fs driving pulse duration, and bright high-order harmonics generated in helium make this an attractive source for solid-state and molecular-dynamics studies.
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88
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Bauer D, Hansen KK. High-Harmonic Generation in Solids with and without Topological Edge States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:177401. [PMID: 29756832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.177401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation in the two topological phases of a finite, one-dimensional, periodic structure is investigated using a self-consistent time-dependent density functional theory approach. For harmonic photon energies smaller than the band gap, the harmonic yield is found to differ by up to 14 orders of magnitude for the two topological phases. This giant topological effect is explained by the degree of destructive interference in the harmonic emission of all valence-band (and edge-state) electrons, which strongly depends on whether or not topological edge states are present. The combination of strong-field laser physics with topological condensed matter opens up new possibilities to electronically control strong-field-based light or particle sources or-conversely-to steer by all optical means topological electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Bauer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kenneth K Hansen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Denmark
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89
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Mashiko H, Chisuga Y, Katayama I, Oguri K, Masuda H, Takeda J, Gotoh H. Multi-petahertz electron interference in Cr:Al 2O 3 solid-state material. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1468. [PMID: 29670122 PMCID: PMC5906618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lightwave-field-induced ultrafast electric dipole oscillation is promising for realizing petahertz (1015 Hz: PHz) signal processing in the future. In building the ultrahigh-clock-rate logic operation system, one of the major challenges will be petahertz electron manipulation accompanied with multiple frequencies. Here we study multi-petahertz interference with electronic dipole oscillations in alumina with chromium dopant (Cr:Al2O3). An intense near-infrared lightwave-field induces multiple electric inter-band polarizations, which are characterized by Fourier transform extreme ultraviolet attosecond spectroscopy. The interference results from the superposition state of periodic dipole oscillations of 667 to 383 attosecond (frequency of 1.5 to 2.6 PHz) measured by direct time-dependent spectroscopy and consists of various modulations on attosecond time scale through individual electron dephasing times of the Cr donor-like and Al2O3 conduction band states. The results indicate the possible manipulation of petahertz interference signal with multiple dipole oscillations using material band engineering and such a control will contribute to the study of ultrahigh-speed signal operation. Signal processing in electronic devices is in the THz regime. Here the authors measure NIR lightwave-field-induced multiple dipole oscillations in Cr:Al2O3 in the time domain reaching PHz scale by using an isolated attosecond pulse and this method shows potential for higher speed signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mashiko
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan.
| | - Yuta Chisuga
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan.,Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ikufumi Katayama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuya Oguri
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Masuda
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan.,Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Takeda
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Gotoh
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan
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90
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Ultrafast quantum control of ionization dynamics in krypton. Nat Commun 2018; 9:719. [PMID: 29459621 PMCID: PMC5818503 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast spectroscopy with attosecond resolution has enabled the real time observation of ultrafast electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids. These experiments employ attosecond pulses or pulse trains and explore dynamical processes in a pump–probe scheme that is selectively sensitive to electronic state of matter via photoelectron or XUV absorption spectroscopy or that includes changes of the ionic state detected via photo-ion mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate how the implementation of combined photo-ion and absorption spectroscopy with attosecond resolution enables tracking the complex multidimensional excitation and decay cascade of an Auger auto-ionization process of a few femtoseconds in highly excited krypton. In tandem with theory, our study reveals the role of intermediate electronic states in the formation of multiply charged ions. Amplitude tuning of a dressing laser field addresses different groups of decay channels and allows exerting temporal and quantitative control over the ionization dynamics in rare gas atoms. Photoionization of atoms and molecules is a complex process and requires sensitive probes to explore the ultrafast dynamics. Here the authors combine transient absorption and photo-ion spectroscopy methods to explore and control the attosecond pulse initiated excitation, ionization and Auger decay in Kr atoms.
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91
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Yuan H, He L, Wang F, Wang B, Zhu X, Lan P, Lu P. Tomography of asymmetric molecular orbitals with a one-color inhomogeneous field. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:931-934. [PMID: 29444030 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate image asymmetric molecular orbitals via high-order harmonic generation in a one-color inhomogeneous field. Due to the broken inversion symmetry of the inhomogeneous field in space, the returning electrons with energy in a broad range can be forced to recollide from only one direction for all the orientation angles of molecules, which therefore can be used to reconstruct asymmetric molecular orbitals. Following the procedure of molecular orbital tomography, the highest occupied molecular orbital of carbon monoxide (CO) is satisfactorily reconstructed with high-order harmonic spectra driven by the inhomogeneous field. This scheme is helpful to relax the requirement of laser conditions and is also applicable to other asymmetric molecules.
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92
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Moulet A, Bertrand JB, Klostermann T, Guggenmos A, Karpowicz N, Goulielmakis E. Soft x-ray excitonics. Science 2018; 357:1134-1138. [PMID: 28912241 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic response of excitons in solids is central to modern condensed-phase physics, material sciences, and photonic technologies. However, study and control have hitherto been limited to photon energies lower than the fundamental band gap. Here we report application of attosecond soft x-ray and attosecond optical pulses to study the dynamics of core-excitons at the L2,3 edge of Si in silicon dioxide (SiO2). This attosecond x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (AXANES) technique enables direct probing of the excitons' quasiparticle character, tracking of their subfemtosecond relaxation, the measurement of excitonic polarizability, and observation of dark core-excitonic states. Direct measurement and control of core-excitons in solids lay the foundation of x-ray excitonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moulet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J B Bertrand
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Klostermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Guggenmos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - N Karpowicz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Goulielmakis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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93
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Douguet N, Schneider BI, Argenti L. Application of the complex Kohn variational method to attosecond spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A 2018; 98:10.1103/PhysRevA.98.023403. [PMID: 33313458 PMCID: PMC7727740 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.98.023403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The complex Kohn variational method is extended to compute light-driven electronic transitions between continuum wave functions in atomic and molecular systems. This development enables the study of multiphoton processes in the perturbative regime for arbitrary light polarization. As a proof of principle, we apply the method to compute the photoelectron spectrum arising from the pump-probe two-photon ionization of helium induced by a sequence of extreme ultraviolet and infrared light pulses. We compare several two-photon ionization pump-probe spectra, resonant with the (2s2p) 1P 1 o Feshbach resonance, with independent simulations based on the atomic B-spline close-coupling STOCK code, and find good agreement between the two approaches. This finite-pulse perturbative approach is a step towards the ab initio study of weak-field attosecond processes in polyelectronic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Douguet
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32186, USA
| | - B I Schneider
- Physics Division, National Science Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - L Argenti
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32186, USA
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94
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Biswas S, Husek J, Baker LR. Elucidating ultrafast electron dynamics at surfaces using extreme ultraviolet (XUV) reflection–absorption spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4216-4230. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved XUV reflection–absorption spectroscopy probes core-to-valence transitions to reveal state-specific electron dynamics at surfaces.
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95
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Ruberti M, Decleva P, Averbukh V. Multi-channel dynamics in high harmonic generation of aligned CO2: ab initio analysis with time-dependent B-spline algebraic diagrammatic construction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron-correlation effects on the multi-channel dynamics underlying strong-field HHG response of CO2 molecule were demonstrated by ab initio ADC study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruberti
- Department of Physics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - P. Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Universita' di Trieste
- I-34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - V. Averbukh
- Department of Physics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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96
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Seres E, Seres J, Namba S, Afa J, Serrat C. Attosecond sublevel beating and nonlinear dressing on the 3d-to-5p and 3p-to-5s core-transitions at 91.3 eV and 210.4 eV in krypton. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31774-31788. [PMID: 29245847 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Applying extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy, the dynamics of the two laser dressed transitions 3d5/2-to-5p3/2 and 3p3/2-to-5s1/2 at photon energies of 91.3 eV and 210.4 eV were examined with attosecond temporal resolution. The dressing process was modeled with density matrix equations which are found to describe very accurately both the experimentally observed transmission dynamics and the linear and nonlinear dressing oscillations at 0.75 PHz and 1.5 PHz frequencies. Furthermore, using Fourier transform XUV spectroscopy, quantum beats from the 3d5/2-3d3/2 and 3p3/2-3p1/2 sublevels at 0.3 PHz and 2.0 PHz were experimentally identified and resolved.
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97
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Razskazovskaya O, Ossiander M, Siegrist F, Pervak V, Schultze M. Carrier frequency tuning of few-cycle light pulses by a broadband attenuating mirror. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:8978-8982. [PMID: 29131178 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the performance of a novel multilayer dielectric reflective thin-film attenuator capable of reshaping the super-octave spectrum of near-single-cycle visible laser pulses without deteriorating the phase properties of the reflected light. These novel broadband attenuating mirrors reshape in a virtually dispersion-free manner the incident spectrum such that the carrier wavelength of the reflected pulses shifts from ∼700 nm (Eγ=1.77 eV) to ∼540 nm (Eγ=2.25 eV) or beyond while maintaining their initial near-single-cycle pulse duration. This constitutes a viable approach to convert a number of established few-cycle ultrafast laser systems into sources with a selectable excitation wavelength to meet the requirements of single-color/multicolor high temporal resolution spectroscopic experiments.
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98
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McDonald CR, Amin KS, Aalmalki S, Brabec T. Enhancing High Harmonic Output in Solids through Quantum Confinement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:183902. [PMID: 29219570 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.183902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate theoretically the effect of quantum confinement on high harmonic generation (HHG) in semiconductors by systematically varying the width of a model quantum nanowire. Our analysis reveals a reduction in ionization and a concurrent growth in HHG efficiency with increasing confinement. The drop in ionization results from an increase in the band gap due to stronger confinement. The increase in harmonic efficiency comes as a result of the confinement restricting the spreading of the transverse wave packet. As a result, intense laser driven 1D and 2D nanosystems present a potential pathway to increasing yield and photon energy of HHG in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R McDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - K S Amin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - S Aalmalki
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T Brabec
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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99
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Crassee I, Gallmann L, Gäumann G, Matthews M, Yanagisawa H, Feurer T, Hengsberger M, Keller U, Osterwalder J, Wörner HJ, Wolf JP. Strong field transient manipulation of electronic states and bands. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061505. [PMID: 29308417 PMCID: PMC5739908 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, laser fields are so strong that they become part of the electronic potential, and sometimes even dominate the Coulomb contribution. This manipulation of atomic potentials and of the associated states and bands finds fascinating applications in gases and solids, both in the bulk and at the surface. We present some recent spectacular examples obtained within the NCCR MUST in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Crassee
- Applied Physics, GAP, University of Geneva, 22 Ch. de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - G Gäumann
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstr 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Matthews
- Applied Physics, GAP, University of Geneva, 22 Ch. de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - H Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstr 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Hengsberger
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Keller
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH-Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Osterwalder
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETHZ, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J P Wolf
- Applied Physics, GAP, University of Geneva, 22 Ch. de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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100
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Light-field-driven currents in graphene. Nature 2017; 550:224-228. [DOI: 10.1038/nature23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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