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Arav A, Natan Y. The Near Future of Vitrification of Oocytes and Embryos: Looking into Past Experience and Planning into the Future. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:182-187. [PMID: 31244586 DOI: 10.1159/000497749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently vitrification is the method of choice for low-temperature preservation of oocytes and embryos. However, that was not the case until about 10 years ago when freezing methods were used relatively successfully for embryos and investigated (unsuccessfully) for oocyte preservation. In this paper we will review the history of oocyte and embryo cryopreservation and look into ways and methods for overcoming and improving the vitrification method since it suffers from inherent disadvantages since it is a cumbersome, time-consuming and costly procedure.
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52
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The Impact of Varying Cooling and Thawing Rates on the Quality of Cryopreserved Human Peripheral Blood T Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3417. [PMID: 30833714 PMCID: PMC6399228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For the clinical delivery of immunotherapies it is anticipated that cells will be cryopreserved and shipped to the patient where they will be thawed and administered. An established view in cellular cryopreservation is that following freezing, cells must be warmed rapidly (≤5 minutes) in order to maintain high viability. In this study we examine the interaction between the rate of cooling and rate of warming on the viability, and function of T cells formulated in a conventional DMSO based cryoprotectant and processed in conventional cryovials. The data obtained show that provided the cooling rate is -1 °C min-1 or slower, there is effectively no impact of warming rate on viable cell number within the range of warming rates examined (1.6 °C min-1 to 113 °C min-1). It is only following a rapid rate of cooling (-10 °C min-1) that a reduction in viable cell number is observed following slow rates of warming (1.6 °C min-1 and 6.2 °C min-1), but not rapid rates of warming (113 °C min-1 and 45 °C min-1). Cryomicroscopy studies revealed that this loss of viability is correlated with changes in the ice crystal structure during warming. At high cooling rates (-10 °C min-1) the ice structure appeared highly amorphous, and when subsequently thawed at slow rates (6.2 °C min-1 and below) ice recrystallization was observed during thaw suggesting mechanical disruption of the frozen cells. This data provides a fascinating insight into the crystal structure dependent behaviour during phase change of frozen cell therapies and its effect on live cell suspensions. Furthermore, it provides an operating envelope for the cryopreservation of T cells as an emerging industry defines formulation volumes and cryocontainers for immunotherapy products.
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53
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Cryopreservation of mammalian embryos: Derivation of a method. Cryobiology 2019; 86:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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54
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Smith GD, Takayama S. Cryopreservation and microfluidics: a focus on the oocyte. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:93-104. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos has played a critical role in successful assisted reproductive technologies in rodents, domestic farm species, endangered species and humans. With improved success, and changing needs, the utility of gamete or embryo cryopreservation has escalated. In this review we address some of the foundational history of mammalian cryobiology, species-specific utilities, fundamental understandings of cryoprotectant agents and their use in slow-rate freezing and vitrification, and expand on the recent success and uses of oocyte vitrification and warming. In the area of female gamete cryopreservation, emphasis will be placed on not just cell survival, but also perceived and measured affects of cryopreservation on intracellular structures and functions that affect subsequent completion of meiosis with chromatin segregation fidelity, normal fertilisation and embryonic developmental competence. We compare and contrast data from cow, mouse and humans with a focus on using species-comparative developmental biology to guide future studies for improving methodologies for all species. The application of the relatively new technology microfluidics is discussed in relation to moving gradually (i.e. changing the solution over cells in an automated fashion) compared with the stepwise manual movement of cells through changing solution currently used. This use of microfluidics to change the way cells are exposed to cryoprotectant agents can provide new insights into the effects of osmotic stress and cellular strain rates previously unappreciated, precise methods of computational and biological data acquisition and appreciation of morphometric changes to cellular structure in response to different osmotic stresses and strain rates achieved with varying cryoprotectant exposures. Collectively, these devices and methodologies provide a means of achieving incremental improvement of oocyte and zygote cryopreservation with normalised and improved developmental competence. Finally, we look to the past and the future to acknowledge the accomplishment of leaders in the field of mammalian gamete and embryo cryobiology, their inspirational works, their tireless dissemination of information and the potential of new technologies in bioengineering to improve the efficiency and safety of gamete and embryo cryopreservation.
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55
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Fonseca J, Batista R, Souza-Fabjan J, Oliveira M, Brandão F, Viana J. Freezing goat embryos at different developmental stages and quality using ethylene glycol and a slow cooling rate. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The efficiency of an alternative freezing protocol for goat embryos of different morphology and quality was tested. Fifty-eight embryos on Day 6-7 stage were transferred as fresh or after freeze-thawing (n=29/group). For freezing, embryos were placed into 1.5M ethylene-glycol solution for 10min. During this time, they were loaded in the central part of 0.25mL straw, separated by air bubble from columns containing PBS/BSA 0.4% plus 20% BFS. Straws were then frozen using a freezing machine from 20ºC to -6ºC at a cooling rate of 3ºC/min, stabilization for 15min (seeding after 5min), from -6 C to -32ºC at 0.6 C/min,and plunged into liquid nitrogen. Frozen embryos were thawed for 30s at 37ºC in a water bath. Embryos subjected to fresh transfer were maintained in holding medium (37ºC). Fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were transferred at day 7 post-estrus to 30 recipients. Kidding and kid born rates were similar (P> 0.05), respectively, for recipients receiving fresh (66.7% or 10/15; 55.2% or 16/29) or frozen-thawed (60% or 9/15; 51.7% or 15/29) embryos. The cryopreservation of goat embryos using slow-freezing protocol and 1.5MEG resulted in similar efficiency rates of fresh embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - J.H.M. Viana
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil
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56
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Moore SG, Hasler JF. A 100-Year Review: Reproductive technologies in dairy science. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10314-10331. [PMID: 29153167 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive technology revolutionized dairy production during the past century. Artificial insemination was first successfully applied to cattle in the early 1900s. The next major developments involved semen extenders, invention of the electroejaculator, progeny testing, addition of antibiotics to semen during the 1930s and 1940s, and the major discovery of sperm cryopreservation with glycerol in 1949. The 1950s and 1960s were particularly productive with the development of protocols for the superovulation of cattle with both pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin/equine chorionic gonadotrophin and FSH, the first successful bovine embryo transfer, the discovery of sperm capacitation, the birth of rabbits after in vitro fertilization, and the development of insulated liquid nitrogen tanks. Improved semen extenders and the replacement of glass ampules with plastic semen straws followed. Some of the most noteworthy developments in the 1970s included the initial successes with in vitro culture of embryos, calves born after chromosomal sexing as embryos, embryo splitting resulting in the birth of twins, and development of computer-assisted semen analysis. The 1980s brought flow cytometric separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm, in vitro fertilization leading to the birth of live calves, clones produced by nuclear transfer from embryonic cells, and ovum pick-up via ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. The 20th century ended with the birth of calves produced from AI with sexed semen, sheep and cattle clones produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cell nuclei, and the birth of transgenic cloned calves. The 21st century has seen the introduction of perhaps the most powerful biotechnology since the development of artificial insemination and cryopreservation. Quick, inexpensive genomic analysis via the use of single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping chips is revolutionizing the cattle breeding industry. Now, with the introduction of genome editing technology, the changes are becoming almost too rapid to fully digest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Moore
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
| | - J F Hasler
- Vetoquinol USA, Fort Worth, TX; 427 Obenchain Rd., Laporte, CO 80535
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57
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58
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Raspa M, Fray M, Paoletti R, Montoliu L, Giuliani A, Scavizzi F. A new, simple and efficient liquid nitrogen free method to cryopreserve mouse spermatozoa at -80 °C. Theriogenology 2018; 119:52-59. [PMID: 29982136 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is widely used for biomedical research and an increasing number of genetically altered models are currently generated, therefore centralized repositories are essentials to secure the important mouse strains that have been developed. We have previously reported that spermatozoa of wild type and mutant strains frozen using standard laboratory protocols can be transported in dry ice (-79 °C) for 7 days and safely stored in a -80 °C freezer for up to two years. The objective of this new study was to compare the effects of the freezing techniques using LN2 or -80 °C freezer on fertility of frozen-thawed mouse spermatozoa. After thawing, sperm fertility was comparable (P > 0,05) between the LN2 and the -80 °C samples for at least 1 year. Furthermore, we showed that it is possible to freeze and store mouse semen directly at -80 °C and eventually transfer it to LN2 irrespective of storage time. This study is relevant because it shows for the first time that mouse spermatozoa can be efficiently frozen and stored at -80 °C with no use of liquid nitrogen for a long period of time. A new, simple, efficient and flexible, liquid nitrogen free, method was developed for freezing and maintaining spermatozoa of wild type and mutant C57BL/6N lines. Lines on this genetic background are used in collaborative research infrastructures for systematic phenotyping, e.g. the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) and therefore largely cryopreserved in repositories like EMMA/Infrafrontier. The importance of this finding will be especially useful for small laboratories with no or limited access to liquid nitrogen and for laboratories generating many mouse mutant lines by CRISPR/Cas9 who do not want to saturate the limited space of a LN2 tank, using a more accessible -80 °C freezer. This study underlines, once more, that mouse spermatozoa are very resistant and can be frozen, transported, shared and stored at -80 °C for a long time without a significant loss of viability. This new approach simplifies the freezing process and facilitates the long term storage of mouse spermatozoa at -80 °C, always allowing the transfer to LN2 for indefinite storage without noticeable detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lluis Montoliu
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
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59
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Seki S, Basaki K, Komatsu Y, Fukuda Y, Yano M, Matsuo Y, Obata T, Matsuda Y, Nishijima K. Vitrification of one-cell mouse embryos in cryotubes. Cryobiology 2018; 81:132-137. [PMID: 29428531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preventing intracellular ice formation is essential to cryopreserve cells. Prevention can be achieved by converting cell water into a non-crystalline glass, that is, to vitrify. The prevailing belief is that to achieve vitrification, cells must be suspended in a solution containing a high concentration of glass-inducing solutes and cooled rapidly. In this study, we vitrified 1-cell mouse embryos and examined the effect of the cooling rate, the warming rate, and the concentration of cryoprotectant on cell survival. Embryos were vitrified in cryotubes. The vitrification solutions used were EFS20, EFS30, and EFS40, which contained ethylene glycol (20, 30 and 40% v/v, respectively), Ficoll (24%, 21%, and 18% w/v, respectively) and sucrose (0.4 0.35, and 0.3 M, respectively). A 5-μl EFS solution suspended with 1-cell embryos was placed in a cryotube. After 2 min in an EFS solution at 23 °C, embryos were vitrified by direct immersion into liquid nitrogen. The sample was warmed at 34 °C/min, 4,600 °C/min and 6,600 °C/min. With EFS40, the survival was low regardless of the warming rate. With EFS30 and EFS20, survival was also low when the warming rate was low, but increased with higher warming rates, likely due to prevention of intracellular ice formation. When 1-cell embryos were vitrified with EFS20 and warmed rapidly, almost all of the embryos developed to blastocysts in vitro. Moreover, when vitrified 1-cell embryos were transferred to recipients at the 2-cell stage, 43% of them developed to term. In conclusion, we developed a vitrification method for 1-cell mouse embryos by rapid warming using cryotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Seki
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Keita Basaki
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yukie Komatsu
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Fukuda
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Megumi Yano
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuhei Matsuo
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takahiro Obata
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Matsuda
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nishijima
- Experimental Animal Division, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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60
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Long term maintenance of frozen mouse spermatozoa at −80 °C. Theriogenology 2018; 107:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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61
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Development and Application of Cryoprotectants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1081:339-354. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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62
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Liu J, Mochida K, Hasegawa A, Inoue K, Ogura A. Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with the susceptibility of mouse spermatozoa to cryopreservation. J Reprod Dev 2017; 64:117-127. [PMID: 29269609 PMCID: PMC5902899 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that the susceptibility of mouse spermatozoa to freezing-thawing varies greatly with genetic background, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, to map genetic regions responsible for the susceptibility of spermatozoa to freezing-thawing, we performed in vitro fertilization using spermatozoa from recombinant inbred mice derived from the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains, whose spermatozoa showed distinct fertilization abilities after freezing. Genome-wide interval mapping identified two suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with fertilization on chromosomes 1 and 11. The strongest QTL on chromosome 11 included 70 genes at 59.237260-61.324742 Mb and another QTL on chromosome 1 included 43 genes at 153.969506-158.217850 Mb. These regions included at least 15 genes involved with testicular expression and possibly with capacitation or sperm motility. Specifically, the Abl2 gene on chromosome 1, which may affect subcellular actin distribution, had polymorphisms between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J that caused at least three amino acid substitutions. A correlation analysis using recombinant inbred strains revealed that the fertilization rate was strongly correlated with the capacitation rate of frozen-thawed spermatozoa after preincubation. This result is consistent with the fact that C57BL/6J frozen-thawed spermatozoa recover their fertilization capacity following treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin to enhance sperm capacitation. Thus, our data provide important clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying cryodamage to mouse spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsha Liu
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | | | - Kimiko Inoue
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.,The Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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63
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Khosla K, Wang Y, Hagedorn M, Qin Z, Bischof J. Gold Nanorod Induced Warming of Embryos from the Cryogenic State Enhances Viability. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7869-7878. [PMID: 28702993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos can attain a stable cryogenic state by microinjection of cryoprotectants followed by rapid cooling, but the massive size of the embryo has consistently led to failure during the convective warming process. Here we address this zebrafish cryopreservation problem by using gold nanorods (GNRs) to assist in the warming process. Specifically, we microinjected the cryoprotectant propylene glycol into zebrafish embryos along with GNRs, and the samples were cooled at a rate of 90 000 °C/min in liquid nitrogen. We demonstrated the ability to unfreeze the zebrafish rapidly (1.4 × 107 °C/min) by irradiating the sample with a 1064 nm laser pulse for 1 ms due to the excitation of GNRs. This rapid warming process led to the outrunning of ice formation, which can damage the embryos. The results from 14 trials (n = 223) demonstrated viable embryos with consistent structure at 1 h (31%) and continuing development at 3 h (17%) and movement at 24 h (10%) postwarming. This compares starkly with 0% viability, structure, or movement at all time points in convectively warmed controls (n = 50, p < 0.001, ANOVA). Our nanoparticle-based warming process could be applied to the storage of fish, and with proper modification, can potentially be used for other vertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanav Khosla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities , 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities , 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary Hagedorn
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park , 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, United States
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, United States
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities , 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities , 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities , 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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64
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Risk of Contamination of Gametes and Embryos during Cryopreservation and Measures to Prevent Cross-Contamination. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1840417. [PMID: 28890894 PMCID: PMC5584362 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1840417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduction and widespread application of vitrification are one of the most important achievements in human assisted reproduction techniques (ART) of the past decade despite controversy and unclarified issues, mostly related to concerns about disease transmission. Guidance documents published by US Food and Drug Administration, which focused on the safety of tissue/organ donations during Zika virus spread in 2016, as well as some reports of virus, bacteria, and fungi survival to cryogenic temperatures, highlighted the need for a review of the way how potentially infectious material is handled and stored in ART-related procedures. It was experimentally demonstrated that cross-contamination between liquid nitrogen (LN2) and embryos may occur when infectious agents are present in LN2 and oocytes/embryos are not protected by a hermetically sealed device. Thus, this review summarizes pertinent data and opinions regarding the potential hazard of infectious transmission through cryopreserved and banked reproductive cells and tissues in LN2. Special attention is given to the survival of pathogens in LN2, the risk of cross-contamination, vitrification methods, sterility of LN2, and the risks associated with the use of straws, cryovials, and storage dewars.
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65
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Kenyon J, Fray MD. Sharing mutations: are biobanks still required in the post-CRISPR/Cas9 era? Mamm Genome 2017; 28:383-387. [PMID: 28726007 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is seen as a key aspect of good colony management which supports the drive towards improvements in animal care and the implementation of the 3Rs. However, following the advent of gene editing technologies, the generation of new mouse models is quicker and cheaper than ever before. This has led some to question the future value of biobanks around the world. In the following commentary, we argue that the need to cryopreserve mouse strains and distribute them from well-funded repositories is as strong as it has ever been. Repositories are not simply archives for unwanted mouse strains. Biobanks distribute identical QC verified mouse strains to the community and eliminate the need to recreate mice. They provide a check point in the development of mouse strains that minimises genetic drift and breeding failures. What is more, cryopreservation makes resource sharing easier, cheaper and improves animal care by eliminating the need for live animal shipments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kenyon
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Martin D Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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66
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Raspa M, Guan M, Paoletti R, Montoliu L, Ayadi A, Marschall S, Fray M, Scavizzi F. Dry ice is a reliable substrate for the distribution of frozen mouse spermatozoa: A multi-centric study. Theriogenology 2017; 96:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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67
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Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ. Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures. Cryobiology 2017; 76:74-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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68
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Abstract
Cryopreservation is one of the keystones in clinical infertility treatment. In particular vitrification has become a well-established and widely used routine procedure that has allowed important expansion of therapeutic strategies when IVF is used to treat infertility. Vitrification of human blastocysts allows us to maximize the potential for conception from any single in vitro fertilization cycle and prevents wastage of embryos. The technology may even be used to eliminate fresh embryo transfers for reasons of convenience, uterine receptivity, fertility preservation, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, or emergency management. In this chapter, the application of vitrification technology for cryopreserving human blastocysts will be revealed through step-by-step protocols. The results that are presented using the described protocols underscore the robustness of the vitrification technology for embryo cryopreservation.
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69
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Chen P, Pan Y, Cui Y, Wen Z, Liu P, He H, Li Q, Peng X, Zhao T, Yu S. Insulin-like growth factor I enhances the developmental competence of yak embryos by modulating aquaporin 3. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:825-835. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Chen
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Y Pan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Y Cui
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Z Wen
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - P Liu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - H He
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Q Li
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - X Peng
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - T Zhao
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - S Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
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Chapter 9 Slow Freezing and Thawing of Human Cleavage Stage Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28421493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6828-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The ability to store human embryos in a viable state at very low temperatures has been critical to the evolution of responsible practice in clinical Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). It has encouraged a reduction in the frequency of simultaneous multiple embryo transfer and thereby reduced the risks associated with multiple pregnancy while maintaining high cumulative pregnancy rates from single oocyte collection cycles. In this chapter, we describe a simple slow freezing procedure for human early cleavage stage embryos that results in a high proportion of post-thaw embryos surviving and retaining their implantation potential.
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Full-term potential of goat in vitro produced embryos after different cryopreservation methods. Cryobiology 2017; 75:75-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rienzi L, Gracia C, Maggiulli R, LaBarbera AR, Kaser DJ, Ubaldi FM, Vanderpoel S, Racowsky C. Oocyte, embryo and blastocyst cryopreservation in ART: systematic review and meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification to produce evidence for the development of global guidance. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:139-155. [PMID: 27827818 PMCID: PMC5850862 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos is essential not only to maximize the safety and efficacy of ovarian stimulation cycles in an IVF treatment, but also to enable fertility preservation. Two cryopreservation methods are routinely used: slow-freezing or vitrification. Slow-freezing allows for freezing to occur at a sufficiently slow rate to permit adequate cellular dehydration while minimizing intracellular ice formation. Vitrification allows the solidification of the cell(s) and of the extracellular milieu into a glass-like state without the formation of ice. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of our study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes following slow-freezing/thawing versus vitrification/warming of oocytes and embryos and to inform the development of World Health Organization guidance on the most effective cryopreservation method. SEARCH METHODS A Medline search was performed from 1966 to 1 August 2016 using the following search terms: (Oocyte(s) [tiab] OR (Pronuclear[tiab] OR Embryo[tiab] OR Blastocyst[tiab]) AND (vitrification[tiab] OR freezing[tiab] OR freeze[tiab]) AND (pregnancy[tiab] OR birth[tiab] OR clinical[tiab]). Queries were limited to those involving humans. RCTs and cohort studies that were published in full-length were considered eligible. Each reference was reviewed for relevance and only primary evidence and relevant articles from the bibliographies of included articles were considered. References were included if they reported cryosurvival rate, clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), live-birth rate (LBR) or delivery rate for slow-frozen or vitrified human oocytes or embryos. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate relative risk ratios (RR) and 95% CI. OUTCOMES One RCT study comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification of oocytes was included. Vitrification was associated with increased ongoing CPR per cycle (RR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.05-7.51; P = 0.039; 48 and 30 cycles, respectively, per transfer (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 0.71-4.67; P = 0.214; 47 and 19 transfers) and per warmed/thawed oocyte (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28; P = 0.018; 260 and 238 oocytes). One RCT comparing vitrification versus fresh oocytes was analysed. In vitrification and fresh cycles, respectively, no evidence for a difference in ongoing CPR per randomized woman (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.87-1.21; P = 0.744, 300 women in each group), per cycle (RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.86-1.18; P = 0.934; 267 versus 259 cycles) and per oocyte utilized (RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.82-1.26; P = 0.873; 3286 versus 3185 oocytes) was reported. Findings were consistent with relevant cohort studies. Of the seven RCTs on embryo cryopreservation identified, three met the inclusion criteria (638 warming/thawing cycles at cleavage and blastocyst stage), none of which involved pronuclear-stage embryos. A higher CPR per cycle was noted with embryo vitrification compared with slow-freezing, though this was of borderline statistical significance (RR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00-3.59; P = 0.051; three RCTs; I2 = 71.9%). LBR per cycle was reported by one RCT performed with cleavage-stage embryos and was higher for vitrification (RR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.17-4.44; P = 0.016; 216 cycles; one RCT). A secondary analysis was performed focusing on embryo cryosurvival rate. Pooled data from seven RCTs (3615 embryos) revealed a significant improvement in embryo cryosurvival following vitrification as compared with slow-freezing (RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.30-1.93; P < 0.001; I2 = 93%). WIDER IMPLICATIONS Data from available RCTs suggest that vitrification/warming is superior to slow-freezing/thawing with regard to clinical outcomes (low quality of the evidence) and cryosurvival rates (moderate quality of the evidence) for oocytes, cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts. The results were confirmed by cohort studies. The improvements obtained with the introduction of vitrification have several important clinical implications in ART. Based on this evidence, in particular regarding cryosurvival rates, laboratories that continue to use slow-freezing should consider transitioning to the use of vitrification for cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rienzi
- GENERA Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, via de Notaris 2b, Rome, Italy
| | - Clarisa Gracia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberta Maggiulli
- GENERA Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, via de Notaris 2b, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniel J. Kaser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Filippo M. Ubaldi
- GENERA Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, via de Notaris 2b, Rome, Italy
| | - Sheryl Vanderpoel
- HRP (the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction), Geneva, Switzerland(at the time of the study)
- Population Council, Reproductive Health Programme, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Racowsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Beilby K, Quinn P. Appendix F: Quinn's Advantage Embryo Freeze Kit. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1568:343-354. [PMID: 28421510 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6828-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large focus on the use of vitrification to cryopreserve embryos in recent years, there are still arguments for the use of slow freezing for the cleavage-stage embryo. Having said this, there are lessons to be learned from the process of vitrification that could be applied to slow freezing to improve post-thaw survival and ultimately clinical pregnancy rates. Specifically, increasing the concentration of sucrose in the freezing solution from 0.1 to 0.2 M and subsequently increasing the sucrose concentrations in thawing solutions could prove beneficial. The use of vitrification warming solutions in the thawing of slow-frozen embryos may also be an option that not only improves survival but also streamlines product purchasing and protocols within the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Beilby
- Monash University, 3168, VIC, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Patrick Quinn
- Quinn's IVF Consulting, 3700 S Ironwood Dr. Lot 139, Apache Junction, AZ, 85120, USA
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Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the science of cryopreservation of gametes and embryos of various species including human. It attempts to record in brief the main contributions of workers in their attempts to cryopreserve gametes and embryos. The initial difficulties faced and subsequent developments and triumphs leading to present-day state of the art are given in a concise manner. The main players and their contributions are mentioned and the authors' aim is to do justice to them. This work also attempts to ensure that credit is correctly attributed for significant advances in gamete and embryo cryopreservation. In general this chapter has tried to describe the historical development of the science of cryopreservation of gametes and embryos as accurately as possible without bias or partiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Naif H AlHarbi
- REIM Department, Women's Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, 59046, Riyadh, 11525, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafisa Ali
- School of Sociology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Wakasa I, Hayashi M, Abe Y, Suzuki H. Distribution of follicles in canine ovarian tissues and xenotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissues with even distribution of follicles. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:219-223. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Wakasa
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - M Hayashi
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - Y Abe
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - H Suzuki
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Polge
- ARC Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, 307 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0JQ
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77
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Zhou G, Zeng Y, Guo J, Meng Q, Meng Q, Jia G, Cheng K, Zeng C, Zhang M, Liu G, Zhu S. Vitrification transiently alters Oct-4, Bcl2 and P53 expression in mouse morulae but does not affect embryo development in vitro. Cryobiology 2016; 73:120-5. [PMID: 27590081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the impact of vitrification on the expression of genes regulating pluripotency and apoptosis in mouse morulae. The morulae were randomly allocated into three groups: (1) untreated (control), (2) exposed to vitrification solution without freezing (toxicity), or (3) vitrified by open-pulled straw method (vitrification). In vitro development was evaluated by morphology and assessed by the blastocyst rate and the blastocyst total cell number. Gene expression in morulae and blastocysts was assessed by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The results showed that at morulae stage, the POU class 5 homeobox1 (Oct-4) and B-cell lymphoma2 (Bcl2) mRNA levels of vitrification group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of control. Strikingly, the p53 mRNA level was significantly higher in vitrification group. However, the Oct-4, Bcl2 and p53 mRNA levels in mouse blastocysts were not statistically different. Furthermore, western blot results showed that there was no significant difference in Oct-4, Bcl2 and p53 expression at protein level in mouse morulae among three groups. Additionally, the blastocyst rate (96.67%-100.00%) and the average cell number of blastocysts (89.67-92.33) were similar between all groups. The data demonstrate that vitrification transiently changes the mRNA expression of several key genes in mouse morulae regulating early embryo development but does not affect embryo developmental potential in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Gongxue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Keren Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Changjun Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shi'en Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Jin B, Seki S, Paredes E, Qiu J, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Ma C, Jiang S, Li J, Yuan F, Wang S, Shao X, Mazur P. Intracellular ice formation in mouse zygotes and early morulae vs. cooling rate and temperature-experimental vs. theory. Cryobiology 2016; 73:181-6. [PMID: 27481511 PMCID: PMC5042431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, mature female mice of the ICR strain were induced to superovultate, mated, and collected at either zygote or early morula stages. Embryos suspended in 1 M ethylene glycol in PBS containing 10 mg/L Snomax for 15 min, then transferred in sample holder to Linkam cryostage, cooled to and seeded at 7 °C, and then observed and photographed while being cooled to −70 °C at 0.5–20 °C/min. Intracellular ice formation (IIF) was observed as abrupt ‘‘flashing’’. Two types of flashing or IIF were observed in this study. Extracellular freezing occurred at a mean of −7.7 °C. In morulae, about 25% turned dark within ±1 °C of extracellular ice formation (EIF). These we refer to as “high temperature’’ flashers. In zygotes, there were no high temperature flashers. All the zygotes flashed at temperatures well below the temperature for EIF. Presumably high temperature flashers were a consequence of membrane damage prior to EIF or damage from EIF. We shall not discuss them further. In the majority of cases, IIF occurred well below −7.7 °C; these we call ‘‘low temperature’’ flashers. None flashed with cooling rate (CR) of 0.5 °C/min in either zygotes or morulae. Nearly all flashed with CR of 4 °C/min or higher, but the distribution of temperatures is much broader with morulae than with zygotes. Also, the mean flashing temperature is much higher with morulae (−20.9 °C) than with zygotes (−40.3 °C). We computed the kinetics of water loss with respect to CR and temperature in both mouse zygotes and in morulae based on published estimates of Lp and it is Ea. The resulting dehydration curves combined with knowledge of the embryo nucleation temperature permits an estimate of the likelihood of IIF as a function of CR and subzero temperature. The agreement between these computed probabilities and the observed values are good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China.
| | - Shinsuke Seki
- Division of Animal Sciences, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Estefania Paredes
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Juan Qiu
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Shuyan Jiang
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shao
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116031, China.
| | - Peter Mazur
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
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Edashige K. The movement of water and cryoprotectants across the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes and embryos and its relevance to vitrification. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:317-21. [PMID: 27193425 PMCID: PMC5004785 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability of the plasma membrane to water and cryoprotectants is one of the most
important factors for determining suitable conditions for vitrification of mammalian
oocytes and embryos. In mouse oocytes and early stage embryos, water and cryoprotectants
move slowly, principally by simple diffusion. In contrast, in morulae (and probably
blastocysts), water, glycerol, and ethylene glycerol move rapidly, principally by
facilitated diffusion via aquaporin 3, and DMSO moves rapidly via channels other than
aquaporin 3. However, propylene glycol moves principally by simple diffusion. In cows and
pigs, similar results were obtained. However, in bovine morulae, DMSO moves principally by
simple diffusion. In pigs, permeability to water, glycerol, and ethylene glycol increases
not at the morula stage but at the blastocyst stage, and increases further at the expanded
blastocyst stage. Therefore, in general, the permeability of mammalian oocytes and early
stage embryos to water and cryoprotectants is low. Then, at later stages, the permeability
to water and some cryoprotectants markedly increases and occurs by facilitated diffusion
via channels, although there are some species-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Edashige
- Laboratory of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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80
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Mazur P, Paredes E. Roles of intracellular ice formation, vitrification of cell water, and recrystallisation of intracellular ice on the survival of mouse embryos and oocytes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:RD16021. [PMID: 26927709 DOI: 10.1071/rd16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mazur and collaborators began examining the validity of initial views regarding mouse oocyte and embryo vitrification and found that most are partially or fully wrong. First, the relative effects of warming and cooling rates on the survival of mouse oocytes subjected to a vitrification procedure were determined. The high sensitivity to warming rate strongly suggests that the lethality of slow warming is a consequence of either the crystallisation of intracellular glassy water during warming or the recrystallisation during slow warming of small intracellular crystals that had formed during cooling. Warming rates of 107°C min-1 were achieved in 0.1-µL drops of ethylene glycol-acetamide-Ficoll-sucrose (EAFS) solution plus a small amount of India ink on Cryotops warmed using an infrared laser pulse. Under these conditions, survival rates of 90% were obtained even when mouse oocytes were suspended in 0.3× EAFS, a concentration that falls in the range that many cells can tolerate. A second important finding was that the survival of oocytes is more dependent on the osmotic withdrawal of much of the intracellular water before vitrification than it is on the penetration of cryoprotective solutes into the cells. Herein we review the roles of internal ice formation, vitrification and recrystallisation. It remains to be seen how widely these findings will be applicable to other types of cells and tissues from other species.
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Paredes E. Exploring the evolution of marine invertebrate cryopreservation – Landmarks, state of the art and future lines of research. Cryobiology 2015; 71:198-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cavusoglu T, Popken J, Guengoer T, Yilmaz O, Uyanikgil Y, Ates U, Baka M, Oztas E, Zakhartchenko V. Ultra-Structural Alterations in In Vitro Produced Four-Cell Bovine Embryos Following Controlled Slow Freezing or Vitrification. Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:291-307. [PMID: 26293816 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the process of freezing and preserving cells and tissues at low temperatures. Controlled slow freezing and vitrification have successfully been used for cryopreservation of mammalian embryos. We investigated the effect of these two cryopreservation methods on in vitro produced four-cell stage bovine embryos which were classified according to their quality and separated into three groups. The first group was maintained as untreated controls (n = 350). Embryos of the second (n = 385) and the third (n = 385) groups were cryopreserved either by controlled slow freezing or by vitrification. Embryos in groups 2 and 3 were thawed after 1 day. Hundred embryos were randomly selected from the control group, and 100 morphologically intact embryos from the second and third group were thawed after 1 day and cultured to observe the development up to the blastocyst stage. The blastocyst development rate was 22% in the control group, 1% in the slow-freezing group and 3% in the vitrification group. Remaining embryos of all three groups were examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with subsequent histological staining procedures. Cryopreservation caused degenerative changes at the ultra-structural level. Compared with vitrification, slow freezing caused an increased mitochondrial degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, disruption of the nuclear and plasma membrane integrity, organelle disintegration, cytoskeletal damage, a reduced thickness of the zona pellucida and a formation of fractures in the zona pellucida. Further studies are required to understand and decrease the harmful effects of cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cavusoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.,Cord Blood, Cell-Tissue Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - J Popken
- Division of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - T Guengoer
- Department of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - O Yilmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.,Cord Blood, Cell-Tissue Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Y Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.,Cord Blood, Cell-Tissue Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - U Ates
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bilim University School of Medicine, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Baka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.,Cord Blood, Cell-Tissue Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - E Oztas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - V Zakhartchenko
- Department of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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83
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[Vitrification: Principles and results]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:485-95. [PMID: 25869444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sperm and embryos cryopreservation is a commonly applied technique for several years. Recently authorized in France, vitrification tends to replace gradually the conventional technique of slow freezing, so upsetting the practices in the management of patients. It allows from now on the cryopreservation of oocytes and opens new perspectives in egg donation either still in fertility preservation. This review thus attempted to examine the contribution of vitrification in the freezing of oocytes and human embryos at various stages of development. If obviously vitrification appears as the current method of choice for the cryopreservation of oocytes as well as blastocysts, the results are less cut as regards embryos to early stages. No increase in adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes in children conceived from vitrified oocytes or embryos is noted in the literature.
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84
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Zhao X, Hao H, Du W, Zhu H. Effect of vitrification on the microRNA transcriptome in mouse blastocysts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123451. [PMID: 25853900 PMCID: PMC4390370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrification is commonly used in the cryopreservation of mammalian blastocysts to overcome the temporal and spatial limitations of embryo transfer. Previous studies have shown that the implantation ability of vitrified blastocysts is impaired and that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the critical genes for embryo implantation. However, little information is available about the effect of vitrification on the miRNA transcriptome in blastocysts. In the present study, the miRNA transcriptomes in fresh and vitrified mouse blastocysts were analyzed by miRNA Taqman assay based method, and the results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Then, the differentially expressed miRNAs were assessed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Overall, 760 known mouse miRNAs were detected in the vitrified and fresh mouse blastocysts. Of these, the expression levels of five miRNAs differed significantly: in the vitrified blastocysts, four miRNAs (mmu-miR-199a-5p, mmu-miR-329-3p, mmu-miR-136-5p and mmu-miR-16-1-3p) were upregulated, and one (mmu-miR-212-3p) was downregulated. The expression levels of all miRNAs measured by the miRNA Taqman assay based method and qRT-PCR were consistent. The four upregulated miRNAs were predicted to regulate 877 candidate target genes, and the downregulated miRNA was predicted to regulate 231 genes. The biological analysis further showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs mainly regulated the implantation of embryos. In conclusion, the results of our study showed that vitrification significantly altered the miRNA transcriptome in mouse blastocysts, which may decrease the implantation potential of vitrified blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haisheng Hao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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85
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Baston-Büst DM, Krüssel JS. [Saved from infertility in maturity?]. MMW Fortschr Med 2015; 157:40-3. [PMID: 25743981 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-015-2771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Maria Baston-Büst
- Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf Frauenklinik, Universitäres interdisziplinäres Kinderwunschzentrum Düsseldorf (UniKiD), Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
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86
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Amstislavsky SY, Brusentsev EY, Okotrub KA, Rozhkova IN. Embryo and gamete cryopreservation for genetic resources conservation of laboratory animals. Russ J Dev Biol 2015; 46:47-59. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360415020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
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87
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Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Nakagata N, Yamasaki S, Takeda N, Ohmuraya M, Yamamoto T. Application of oocyte cryopreservation technology in TALEN-mediated mouse genome editing. Exp Anim 2015; 63:349-55. [PMID: 25077765 PMCID: PMC4206739 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive engineering techniques, such as in vitro fertilization
(IVF) and cryopreservation of embryos or spermatozoa, are essential for preservation,
reproduction, and transportation of genetically engineered mice. However, it has not yet
been elucidated whether these techniques can be applied for the generation of
genome-edited mice using engineered nucleases such as transcription activator-like
effector nucleases (TALENs). Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of frozen oocytes
fertilized in vitro using frozen sperm for TALEN-mediated genome editing
in mice. We examined side-by-side comparisons concerning sperm (fresh vs. frozen),
fertilization method (mating vs. IVF), and fertilized oocytes (fresh vs. frozen) for the
source of oocytes used for TALEN injection; we found that fertilized oocytes created under
all tested conditions were applicable for TALEN-mediated mutagenesis. In addition, we
investigated whether the ages in weeks of parental female mice can affect the efficiency
of gene modification, by comparing 5-week-old and 8–12-week-old mice as the source of
oocytes used for TALEN injection. The genome editing efficiency of an endogenous gene was
consistently 95–100% when either 5-week-old or 8–12-week-old mice were used with or
without freezing the oocytes. Thus, our report describes the availability of freeze-thawed
oocytes and oocytes from female mice at various weeks of age for TALEN-mediated genome
editing, thus boosting the convenience of such innovative gene targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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88
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Recent advances in optimal cell banking of mammalian cells for biopharmaceutical production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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89
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Abstract
Freeze-drying spermatozoa is the ultimate method for the maintenance of animal strains, in that the gametes can be preserved for a long time in a refrigerator at 4 °C. Furthermore, it is possible to realize easy and safe transportation of spermatozoa at an ambient temperature that requires neither liquid nitrogen nor dry ice. Freeze-drying spermatozoa has been established as a new method for storing genetic resources instead of cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen. This chapter introduces our latest protocols for freeze-drying of mouse and rat spermatozoa, and the anticipated results of the fertilizing ability of these gametes following long-term preservation or transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Kaneko
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan,
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90
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Guan M, Bogani D, Marschall S, Raspa M, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Fray M. Conservation of Mouse Models Through Embryo Freezing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:205-27. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Guan
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Debora Bogani
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Susan Marschall
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH); Neuherberg Germany
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBCN) CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC); Rome Italy
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
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91
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Mitchell PD, Ratcliffe E, Hourd P, Williams DJ, Thomas RJ. A Quality-by-Design Approach to Risk Reduction and Optimization for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cryopreservation Processes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:941-50. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Mitchell
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Ratcliffe
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Hourd
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Williams
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Thomas
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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92
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Abstract
A plethora of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have come into routine use over the past half century. Some of these procedures were used much earlier experimentally. For example, Spallanzani performed artificial insemination in the dog in the late 1700s, and Heape did successful embryo transfer in the rabbit in 1890. Truly revolutionary tools and concepts important for ART occur at approximately half-decade intervals, for example, recombinant DNA procedures, transgenic technology, somatic cell nuclear transplantation, the polymerase chain reaction, and microRNAs. Similarly, obvious technologies sometimes take decades to come into practical use, such as sexing sperm and in vitro fertilization. I have categorized ARTs into five somewhat arbitrary categories in terms of perceived difficulty and feasibility: (a) when the seemingly possible turns out to be (essentially) impossible, e.g., homozygous, uniparental females; (b) when the seemingly impossible becomes possible, e.g., cryopreservation of embryos and transgenesis; (c) when the seemingly difficult turns out to be relatively easy, e.g., cryopreservation of sperm; (d) when the seemingly easy turns out to be difficult in key species, e.g., in vitro fertilization; and (e) when the seemingly difficult remains difficult, e.g., making true embryonic stem cells. The adage that "it is easy when you know how" applies repeatedly. The boundaries between what appears impossible/possible and difficult/easy change constantly owing to new tools and insights, one of the more important lessons learned. ARTs frequently are synergistic with each other. For example, somatic cell nuclear transplantation has made many kinds of experiments feasible that otherwise were impractical. Another example is that sexing sperm is useless for application without artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. ARTs frequently are perceived as neat tricks and stimulate further thinking. This is useful for both teaching and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Seidel
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683;
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93
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Arav A. Cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. Theriogenology 2014; 81:96-102. [PMID: 24274414 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred years have passed since the first description of supercooled water by Gey-Lussac to the recently high survival rates of embryo and oocytes after vitrification. This review discusses important milestones that have made vitrification the method of choice for oocytes and embryos cryopreservation. We will go through the first cells ever to survive low temperature exposure in the beginning of the last century, the finding of glycerol in the late 1940s and the first mouse and bovine embryos freezing in the 1970s. During the 1980s, embryo vitrification began and the time since is a tribute to the development of oocytes vitrification. Standardization and an automatic vitrification procedure are currently under development. The next evolutionary step in oocyte and embryo cryopreservation will be preserving them in the dry state at room temperature, allowing home storage for future use a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arav
- FertileSafe, Shlomzion Hamalca, Tel Aviv, Israel 62266.
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94
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Hasler JF. Forty years of embryo transfer in cattle: a review focusing on the journal Theriogenology, the growth of the industry in North America, and personal reminisces. Theriogenology 2014; 81:152-69. [PMID: 24274419 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
After the first successful transfer of mammalian embryos in 1890, it was approximately 60 years before significant progress was reported in the basic technology of embryo transfer (ET) in cattle. Starting in the early 1970s, technology had progressed sufficiently to support the founding of commercial ET programs in several countries. Today, well-established and reliable techniques involving superovulation, embryo recovery and transfer, cryopreservation, and IVF are utilized worldwide in hundreds, if not thousands, of commercial businesses located in many countries. The mean number of embryos produced via superovulation has changed little in 40 years, but there have been improvements in synchrony and hormonal protocols. Cryopreservation of in vivo-derived embryos is a reliable procedure, but improvements are needed for biopsied and in vitro-derived embryos. High pregnancy rates are achieved when good quality embryos are transferred into suitable recipients and low pregnancy rates are often owing to problems in recipient management and not technology per se. In the future, unanticipated disease outbreaks and the ever-changing economics of cattle and milk prices will continue to influence the ET industry. The issue of abnormal pregnancies involving in vitro embryos has not been satisfactorily resolved and the involvement of abnormal epigenetics associate with this technology merits continued research. Last, genomic testing of bovine embryos is likely to be available in the foreseeable future. This may markedly decrease the number of embryos that are actually transferred and stimulate the evolution of more sophisticated ET businesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Hasler
- Bioniche Animal Health, Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA.
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95
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Rieger D, Pool T. Stanley Paul Leibo (1937–2014): scientist, mentor and friend. Reprod Biomed Online 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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96
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Comparison of vitrification and conventional freezing for cryopreservation of caprine embryos. ZYGOTE 2014; 23:594-602. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199414000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe experiment aimed to compare conventional freezing and different vitrification protocols for cryopreservation of caprine embryos at morphological, ultrastructural, and functional levels. Caprine embryos produced in vivo were allocated randomly to three groups: (1) conventional freezing with ethylene glycol (EG); (2) dimethyl sulfoxide + EG (DMSO/EG) vitrification; and (3) dimethylformamide + EG (DMF/EG) vitrification. All groups were scored for cell viability (propidium iodide staining and ultrastructural levels) and re-expansion rate after thawing or warming. Embryos subjected to DMSO/EG vitrification showed higher cell viability (73.33%), compared with DMF/EG vitrification and conventional freezing group embryos (40.00 and 66.66%, respectively). The ultrastructural study revealed that vitrified embryos had greater preservation of cellular structure than embryos from conventional freezing with EG. DMSO/EG vitrification resulted in higher rates of re-expansion in vitro (47.36%) than DMF/EG vitrification (31.58%), and conventional freezing (25.00%). In conclusion, caprine embryos produced in vivo are better cryopreserved after vitrification than conventional freezing, therefore we conclude that DMSO/EG vitrification is the most effective protocol for cryopreservation.
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97
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Benson JD, Benson CT, Critser JK. Mathematical model formulation and validation of water and solute transport in whole hamster pancreatic islets. Math Biosci 2014; 254:64-75. [PMID: 24950195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of cryopreservation protocols for cells and tissues requires accurate models of heat and mass transport. Model selection often depends on the configuration of the tissue. Here, a mathematical and conceptual model of water and solute transport for whole hamster pancreatic islets has been developed and experimentally validated incorporating fundamental biophysical data from previous studies on individual hamster islet cells while retaining whole-islet structural information. It describes coupled transport of water and solutes through the islet by three methods: intracellularly, intercellularly, and in combination. In particular we use domain decomposition techniques to couple a transmembrane flux model with an interstitial mass transfer model. The only significant undetermined variable is the cellular surface area which is in contact with the intercellularly transported solutes, Ais. The model was validated and Ais determined using a 3×3 factorial experimental design blocked for experimental day. Whole islet physical experiments were compared with model predictions at three temperatures, three perfusing solutions, and three islet size groups. A mean of 4.4 islets were compared at each of the 27 experimental conditions and found to correlate with a coefficient of determination of 0.87±0.06 (mean ± SD). Only the treatment variable of perfusing solution was found to be significant (p<0.05). We have devised a model that retains much of the intrinsic geometric configuration of the system, and thus fewer laboratory experiments are needed to determine model parameters and thus to develop new optimized cryopreservation protocols. Additionally, extensions to ovarian follicles and other concentric tissue structures may be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Benson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60178, USA.
| | - Charles T Benson
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - John K Critser
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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98
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Comparison of different cryoprotectant regimes for vitrification of ovine embryos produced in vivo. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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99
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Saenz-de-Juano MD, Marco-Jimenez F, Viudes-de-Castro MP, Lavara R, Vicente JS. Direct Comparison of the Effects of Slow Freezing and Vitrification on Late Blastocyst Gene Expression, Development, Implantation and Offspring of Rabbit Morulae. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:505-11. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MD Saenz-de-Juano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - F Marco-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - MP Viudes-de-Castro
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal; Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias; Segorbe Spain
| | - R Lavara
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - JS Vicente
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Valencia Spain
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100
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Konc J, Kanyó K, Kriston R, Somoskői B, Cseh S. Cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes in human assisted reproduction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:307268. [PMID: 24779007 PMCID: PMC3980916 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both sperm and embryo cryopreservation have become routine procedures in human assisted reproduction and oocyte cryopreservation is being introduced into clinical practice and is getting more and more widely used. Embryo cryopreservation has decreased the number of fresh embryo transfers and maximized the effectiveness of the IVF cycle. The data shows that women who had transfers of fresh and frozen embryos obtained 8% additional births by using their cryopreserved embryos. Oocyte cryopreservation offers more advantages compared to embryo freezing, such as fertility preservation in women at risk of losing fertility due to oncological treatment or chronic disease, egg donation, and postponing childbirth, and eliminates religious and/or other ethical, legal, and moral concerns of embryo freezing. In this review, the basic principles, methodology, and practical experiences as well as safety and other aspects concerning slow cooling and ultrarapid cooling (vitrification) of human embryos and oocytes are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Konc
- Infertility and IVF Center of Buda, Szent János Hospital, Budapest 1125, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kanyó
- Infertility and IVF Center of Buda, Szent János Hospital, Budapest 1125, Hungary
| | - Rita Kriston
- Infertility and IVF Center of Buda, Szent János Hospital, Budapest 1125, Hungary
| | - Bence Somoskői
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Sándor Cseh
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest 1078, Hungary
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