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Helicobacter pylori FabX contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster essential for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6932. [PMID: 34836944 PMCID: PMC8626469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are essential for functional membrane phospholipids in most bacteria. The bifunctional dehydrogenase/isomerase FabX is an essential UFA biosynthesis enzyme in the widespread human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium etiologically related to 95% of gastric cancers. Here, we present the crystal structures of FabX alone and in complexes with an octanoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) substrate or with holo-ACP. FabX belongs to the nitronate monooxygenase (NMO) flavoprotein family but contains an atypical [4Fe-4S] cluster absent in all other family members characterized to date. FabX binds ACP via its positively charged α7 helix that interacts with the negatively charged α2 and α3 helices of ACP. We demonstrate that the [4Fe-4S] cluster potentiates FMN oxidation during dehydrogenase catalysis, generating superoxide from an oxygen molecule that is locked in an oxyanion hole between the FMN and the active site residue His182. Both the [4Fe-4S] and FMN cofactors are essential for UFA synthesis, and the superoxide is subsequently excreted by H. pylori as a major resource of peroxide which may contribute to its pathogenic function in the corrosion of gastric mucosa.
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Tyagi A, Haq S, Ramakrishna S. Redox regulation of DUBs and its therapeutic implications in cancer. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102194. [PMID: 34814083 PMCID: PMC8608616 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as a double-edged sword in cancer, where low levels of ROS are beneficial but excessive accumulation leads to cancer progression. Elevated levels of ROS in cancer are counteracted by the antioxidant defense system. An imbalance between ROS generation and the antioxidant system alters gene expression and cellular signaling, leading to cancer progression or death. Post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and SUMOylation, play a critical role in the maintenance of ROS homeostasis by controlling ROS production and clearance. Recent evidence suggests that deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs)-mediated ubiquitin removal from substrates is regulated by ROS. ROS-mediated oxidation of the catalytic cysteine (Cys) of DUBs, leading to their reversible inactivation, has emerged as a key mechanism regulating DUB-controlled cellular events. A better understanding of the mechanism by which DUBs are susceptible to ROS and exploring the ways to utilize ROS to pharmacologically modulate DUB-mediated signaling pathways might provide new insight for anticancer therapeutics. This review assesses the recent findings regarding ROS-mediated signaling in cancers, emphasizes DUB regulation by oxidation, highlights the relevant recent findings, and proposes directions of future research based on the ROS-induced modifications of DUB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorvi Tyagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Saba Haq
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Japir AAWMM, Ke W, Li J, Mukerabigwi JF, Ibrahim A, Wang Y, Li X, Zhou Q, Mohammed F, Ge Z. Tumor-dilated polymersome nanofactories for enhanced enzyme prodrug chemo-immunotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 339:418-429. [PMID: 34662586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combination chemo-immunotherapy of cancers has attracted great attention due to its significant synergistic antitumor effect. The response rates and therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy can be enhanced significantly after proper combination with chemotherapy. However, chemo-immunotherapy is frequently limited by severe immune-related adverse events and systemic side toxicity. In this report, efficient nanofactory-directed enzyme prodrug chemo-immunotherapy is demonstrated based on enzyme-loaded tumor-dilatable polymersomes with optimized membrane cross-linking density. Upon intravenous injection of the nanofactories, they can passively accumulate at the tumor site. The tumor pH-responsive nanofactories can swell from ~100 nm to ~200 nm under the trigger of tumor acidity, leading to prolonged retention of up to one week inside tumor tissues. Simultaneously, the membrane permeability of the nanofactories has improved significantly, which allows hydrophilic small molecules to pass across the membranes while keeping the enzymes in the inner cavities. Subsequently, the non-toxic prodrug mixtures of chemo-immunotherapy are administrated three times within 6 days, which are in situ activated by the nanofactories selectively at tumor sites. Activated chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells and generate tumor-associated antigens to promote the maturation of dendritic cells. Activated indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, primary tumors can be effectively suppressed while causing minimal systemic toxicity. The distant tumors that are established after treatment can also be inhibited completely via activation of antitumor immunity in mice. Thus, the tumor-dilatable polymersome nanofactories with long-term intratumoral retention offer a promising paradigm for enhanced enzyme prodrug chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Al-Wali Mohammed M Japir
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Jean Felix Mukerabigwi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Alhadi Ibrahim
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qinghao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Fathelrahman Mohammed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
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54
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Ma M, Cheng H, Sun F, Lu X, He G, Laroussi M. Differences in Cytotoxicity Induced by Cold Atmospheric Plasma and Exogenous RONS Solutions on Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2020.3043540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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55
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Iorio M, Umesh Ganesh N, De Luise M, Porcelli AM, Gasparre G, Kurelac I. The Neglected Liaison: Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolic Reprogramming Modifies the Composition of Non-Malignant Populations of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215447. [PMID: 34771610 PMCID: PMC8582418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a well-known hallmark of cancer, whereby the development of drugs that target cancer cell metabolism is gaining momentum. However, when establishing preclinical studies and clinical trials, it is often neglected that a tumor mass is a complex system in which cancer cells coexist and interact with several types of microenvironment populations, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells. We are just starting to understand how such populations are affected by the metabolic changes occurring in a transformed cell and little is known about the impact of metabolism-targeting drugs on the non-malignant tumor components. Here we provide a general overview of the links between cancer cell metabolism and tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly focusing on the emerging literature reporting TME-specific effects of metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iorio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.I.); (N.U.G.); (M.D.L.); (G.G.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Centro Studi e Ricerca sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche (CSR), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nikkitha Umesh Ganesh
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.I.); (N.U.G.); (M.D.L.); (G.G.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Centro Studi e Ricerca sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche (CSR), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica De Luise
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.I.); (N.U.G.); (M.D.L.); (G.G.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Centro Studi e Ricerca sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche (CSR), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Porcelli
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Centro Studi e Ricerca sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche (CSR), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Industrial Research (CIRI) Life Science and Health Technologies, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.I.); (N.U.G.); (M.D.L.); (G.G.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Centro Studi e Ricerca sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche (CSR), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivana Kurelac
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.I.); (N.U.G.); (M.D.L.); (G.G.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Centro Studi e Ricerca sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche (CSR), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2088-418
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56
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Tasdogan A, Ubellacker JM, Morrison SJ. Redox Regulation in Cancer Cells during Metastasis. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2682-2692. [PMID: 34649956 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is an inefficient process in which the vast majority of cancer cells are fated to die, partly because they experience oxidative stress. Metastasizing cancer cells migrate through diverse environments that differ dramatically from their tumor of origin, leading to redox imbalances. The rare metastasizing cells that survive undergo reversible metabolic changes that confer oxidative stress resistance. We review the changes in redox regulation that cancer cells undergo during metastasis. By better understanding these mechanisms, it may be possible to develop pro-oxidant therapies that block disease progression by exacerbating oxidative stress in cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: Oxidative stress often limits cancer cell survival during metastasis, raising the possibility of inhibiting cancer progression with pro-oxidant therapies. This is the opposite strategy of treating patients with antioxidants, an approach that worsened outcomes in large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jessalyn M Ubellacker
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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57
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Lund PJ, Lopes M, Sidoli S, Coradin M, Vitorino FNDL, da Cunha JPC, Garcia BA. FGF-2 induces a failure of cell cycle progression in cells harboring amplified K-Ras, revealing new insights into oncogene-induced senescence. Mol Omics 2021; 17:725-739. [PMID: 34636387 PMCID: PMC8511509 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00019e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, oncogenes that drive cell cycle progression may also trigger pathways leading to senescence, thereby inhibiting the growth of tumorigenic cells. Knowledge of how these pathways operate, and how tumor cells may evade these pathways, is important for understanding tumorigenesis. The Y1 cell line, which harbors an amplification of the proto-oncogene Ras, rapidly senesces in response to the mitogen fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). To gain a more complete picture of how FGF-2 promotes senescence, we employed a multi-omics approach to analyze histone modifications, mRNA and protein expression, and protein phosphorylation in Y1 cells treated with FGF-2. Compared to control cells treated with serum alone, FGF-2 caused a delayed accumulation of acetylation on histone H4 and higher levels of H3K27me3. Sequencing analysis revealed decreased expression of cell cycle-related genes with concomitant loss of H3K27ac. At the same time, FGF-2 promoted the expression of p21, various cytokines, and MAPK-related genes. Nuclear envelope proteins, particularly lamin B1, displayed increased phosphorylation in response to FGF-2. Proteome analysis suggested alterations in cellular metabolism, as evident by modulated expression of enzymes involved in purine biosynthesis, tRNA aminoacylation, and the TCA cycle. We propose that Y1 cells senesce due to an inability to progress through the cell cycle, which may stem from DNA damage or TGFb signaling. Altogether, the phenotype of Y1 cells is consistent with rapidly established oncogene-induced senescence, demonstrating the synergy between growth factors and oncogenes in driving senescence and bringing additional insight into this tumor suppressor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder J Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mariana Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Laboratório de Ciclo Celular, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling - CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mariel Coradin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Francisca Nathália de Luna Vitorino
- Laboratório de Ciclo Celular, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling - CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Julia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha
- Laboratório de Ciclo Celular, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling - CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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58
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Inhibition of Membrane-Associated Catalase, Extracellular ROS/RNS Signaling and Aquaporin/H 2O 2-Mediated Intracellular Glutathione Depletion Cooperate during Apoptosis Induction in the Human Gastric Carcinoma Cell Line MKN-45. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101585. [PMID: 34679719 PMCID: PMC8533628 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastric carcinoma cell line MKN-45 is a prototype of bona fide tumor cells, as it is protected from the NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1)-driven HOCl- and nitric oxide (NO)/peroxynitrite apoptosis-inducing signaling pathways by a membrane-associated catalase. The use of inhibitors/scavengers shows that inhibition of membrane-associated catalase is sufficient for the activation of NO/peroxynitrite or HOCl signaling. However, this signaling is not sufficient for apoptosis induction, as intracellular glutathione peroxidase/glutathione counteracts these signaling effects. Therefore, intrusion of extracellular tumor cell-derived H2O2 through aquaporins is required for the full apoptosis-inducing effect of extracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. This secondary step in apoptosis induction can be prevented by inhibition of aquaporins, inhibition of NOX1 and decomposition of H2O2. Pretreatment with inhibitors of glutathione synthase or the cysteine-glutamine antiporter (xC transporter) abrogate the requirement for aquaporin/H2O2-mediated glutathione depletion, thus demonstrating that intracellular glutathione is the target of intruding H2O2. These data allow definition of mechanistic interactions between ROS/RNS signaling after inhibition of membrane-associated catalase, the sensitizing effects of aquaporins/H2O2 and the counteraction of the xC transporter/glutathione synthase system. Knowledge of these mechanistic interactions is required for the understanding of selective apoptosis induction in tumor cells through reestablishment of apoptosis-inducing ROS/RNS signaling.
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59
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Sorolla MA, Hidalgo I, Sorolla A, Montal R, Pallisé O, Salud A, Parisi E. Microenvironmental Reactive Oxygen Species in Colorectal Cancer: Involved Processes and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5037. [PMID: 34680186 PMCID: PMC8534037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although screening programs have reduced mortality rates, there is a need for research focused on finding the main factors that lead primary CRC to progress and metastasize. During tumor progression, malignant cells modify their habitat, corrupting or transforming cells of different origins and creating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cells forming the TME like macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modify the cancer niche. The effects of ROS in cancer are very diverse: they promote cellular proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), evasion of cell death programs, migration, and angiogenesis. Due to the multifaceted role of ROS in cancer cell survival and function, ROS-modulating agents such as antioxidants or pro-oxidants could have therapeutic potential in cancer prevention and/or as a complement to systemic treatments. In this review, we will examine the main ROS producer cells and their effects on cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, we will enumerate the latest clinical trials where pro-oxidants and antioxidants have therapeutic uses in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alba Sorolla
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivan Hidalgo
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Robert Montal
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (HUAV), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ona Pallisé
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (HUAV), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonieta Salud
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (HUAV), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Parisi
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (I.H.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (A.S.)
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Wu S, Li T, Liu W, Huang Y. Ferroptosis and Cancer: Complex Relationship and Potential Application of Exosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:733751. [PMID: 34568341 PMCID: PMC8455874 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.733751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death induction has become popular as a novel cancer treatment. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of cell death, features regulated, iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. Since this word “ferroptosis” was coined, numerous studies have examined the complex relationship between ferroptosis and cancer. Here, starting from the intrinsic hallmarks of cancer and cell death, we discuss the theoretical basis of cell death induction as a cancer treatment. We review various aspects of the relationship between ferroptosis and cancer, including the genetic basis, epigenetic modification, cancer stem cells, and the tumor microenvironment, to provide information and support for further research on ferroptosis. We also note that exosomes can be applied in ferroptosis-based therapy. These extracellular vesicles can deliver different molecules to modulate cancer cells and cell death pathways. Using exosomes to control ferroptosis occurring in targeted cells is promising for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianye Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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61
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Alfarouk KO, Alqahtani SS, Alshahrani S, Morgenstern J, Supuran CT, Reshkin SJ. The possible role of methylglyoxal metabolism in cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:2010-2015. [PMID: 34517737 PMCID: PMC8451662 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1972994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours reprogram their metabolism to acquire an evolutionary advantage over normal cells. However, not all such metabolic pathways support energy production. An example of these metabolic pathways is the Methylglyoxal (MG) one. This pathway helps maintain the redox state, and it might act as a phosphate sensor that monitors the intracellular phosphate levels. In this work, we discuss the biochemical step of the MG pathway and interrelate it with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O Alfarouk
- Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology, and Tumor Metabolism, Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Universita Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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62
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Carpentieri G, Leoni C, Pietraforte D, Cecchetti S, Iorio E, Belardo A, Pietrucci D, Di Nottia M, Pajalunga D, Megiorni F, Mercurio L, Tatti M, Camero S, Marchese C, Rizza T, Tirelli V, Onesimo R, Carrozzo R, Rinalducci S, Chillemi G, Zampino G, Tartaglia M, Flex E. Hyperactive HRAS dysregulates energetic metabolism in fibroblasts from patients with Costello syndrome via enhanced production of reactive oxidizing species. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:561-575. [PMID: 34508588 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline activating mutations in HRAS cause Costello Syndrome (CS), a cancer prone multisystem disorder characterized by reduced postnatal growth. In CS, poor weight gain and growth are not caused by low caloric intake. Here we show that constitutive plasma membrane translocation and activation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter, via ROS-dependent AMPKα and p38 hyperactivation, occurs in CS, resulting in accelerated glycolysis, and increased fatty acid synthesis and storage as lipid droplets in primary fibroblasts. An accelerated autophagic flux was also identified as contributing to the increased energetic expenditure in CS. Concomitant inhibition of p38 and PI3K signaling by wortmannin was able to rescue both the dysregulated glucose intake and accelerated autophagic flux. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between upregulated HRAS function, defective growth and increased resting energetic expenditure in CS, and document that targeting p38 and PI3K signaling is able to revert this metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Carpentieri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Cecchetti
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Belardo
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Daniele Pietrucci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michela Di Nottia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Pajalunga
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mercurio
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Tatti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Camero
- Department Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, SAPIENZA University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rizza
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Rinalducci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and m 6A RNA Methylation in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6545728. [PMID: 34484567 PMCID: PMC8416400 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6545728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation. Excessive ROS levels are an important factor in tumor development. Damage stimulation and excessive activation of oncogenes cause elevated ROS production in cancer, accompanied by an increase in the antioxidant capacity to retain redox homeostasis in tumor cells at an increased level. Although moderate concentrations of ROS produced in cancer cells contribute to maintaining cell survival and cancer progression, massive ROS accumulation can exert toxicity, leading to cancer cell death. RNA modification is a posttranscriptional control mechanism that regulates gene expression and RNA metabolism, and m6A RNA methylation is the most common type of RNA modification in eukaryotes. m6A modifications can modulate cellular ROS levels through different mechanisms. It is worth noting that ROS signaling also plays a regulatory role in m6A modifications. In this review, we concluded the effects of m6A modification and oxidative stress on tumor biological functions. In particular, we discuss the interplay between oxidative stress and m6A modifications.
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Cinobufagin-induced DNA damage response activates G 2/M checkpoint and apoptosis to cause selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:446. [PMID: 34425836 PMCID: PMC8381584 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Processed extracts from toad skin and parotoid gland have long been used to treat various illnesses including cancer in many Asian countries. Recent studies have uncovered a family of bufadienolides as the responsible pharmacological compounds, and the two major molecules, cinobufagin and bufalin, have been shown to possess robust antitumor activity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry, and DNA damage was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and the alkaline comet assay. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT as well as colony formation assays, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, apoptosis was further characterized by TUNEL and mitochondrial membrane potential assays. Results Here we showed that sublethal doses of cinobufagin suppressed the viability of many cancer but not noncancerous cell lines. This tumor-selective cytotoxicity was preceded by a rapid, cancer-specific increase in cellular ROS and was significantly reduced by the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), indicating oxidative stress as the primary source of cinobufagin-induced cancer cell toxicity. Sublethal cinobufagin-induced ROS overload resulted in oxidative DNA damage and intense replication stress in cancer cells, leading to strong DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. Subsequent phosphorylation of CDC25C and stabilization of p53 downstream of DDR resulted in activation of the G2/M checkpoint followed by induction of apoptosis. These data indicate that cinobufagin suppresses cancer cell viability via DDR-mediated G2 arrest and apoptosis. Conclusion As elevated oxidative pressure is shared by most cancer cells that renders them sensitive to further oxidative insult, these studies suggest that nontoxic doses of cinobufagin can be used to exploit a cancer vulnerability for induction of cancer-specific cytotoxicity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary materials available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02150-0.
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65
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Bartolacci C, Andreani C, El-Gammal Y, Scaglioni PP. Lipid Metabolism Regulates Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis in RAS-Driven Cancers: A Perspective on Cancer Progression and Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:706650. [PMID: 34485382 PMCID: PMC8415548 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.706650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HRAS, NRAS and KRAS, collectively referred to as oncogenic RAS, are the most frequently mutated driver proto-oncogenes in cancer. Oncogenic RAS aberrantly rewires metabolic pathways promoting the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In particular, lipids have gained increasing attention serving critical biological roles as building blocks for cellular membranes, moieties for post-translational protein modifications, signaling molecules and substrates for ß-oxidation. However, thus far, the understanding of lipid metabolism in cancer has been hampered by the lack of sensitive analytical platforms able to identify and quantify such complex molecules and to assess their metabolic flux in vitro and, even more so, in primary tumors. Similarly, the role of ROS in RAS-driven cancer cells has remained elusive. On the one hand, ROS are beneficial to the development and progression of precancerous lesions, by upregulating survival and growth factor signaling, on the other, they promote accumulation of oxidative by-products that decrease the threshold of cancer cells to undergo ferroptosis. Here, we overview the recent advances in the study of the relation between RAS and lipid metabolism, in the context of different cancer types. In particular, we will focus our attention on how lipids and oxidative stress can either promote or sensitize to ferroptosis RAS driven cancers. Finally, we will explore whether this fine balance could be modulated for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Cuesta C, Arévalo-Alameda C, Castellano E. The Importance of Being PI3K in the RAS Signaling Network. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071094. [PMID: 34356110 PMCID: PMC8303222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. Ras-driven cancers are usually aggressive and difficult to treat. Although the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first Ras G12C inhibitor is an important milestone, only a small percentage of patients will benefit from it. A better understanding of the context in which Ras operates in different tumor types and the outcomes mediated by each effector pathway may help to identify additional strategies and targets to treat Ras-driven tumors. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that both oncogenic Ras signaling in tumor cells and non-oncogenic Ras signaling in stromal cells play an essential role in cancer. PI3K is one of the main Ras effectors, regulating important cellular processes such as cell viability or resistance to therapy or angiogenesis upon oncogenic Ras activation. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of Ras-dependent activation of PI3K both in physiological conditions and cancer, with a focus on how this signaling pathway contributes to the formation of a tumor stroma that promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and spread.
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67
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Chen K, Guo L, Wu C. How signaling pathways link extracellular mechano-environment to proline biosynthesis: A hypothesis: PINCH-1 and kindlin-2 sense mechanical signals from extracellular matrix and link them to proline biosynthesis. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100116. [PMID: 34218442 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We propose a signaling pathway in which cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion components PINCH-1 and kindlin-2 sense mechanical signals from ECM and link them to proline biosynthesis, a vital metabolic pathway for macromolecule synthesis, redox balance, and ECM remodeling. ECM stiffening promotes PINCH-1 expression via integrin signaling, which suppresses dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) expression and mitochondrial fission, resulting in increased kindlin-2 translocation into mitochondria and interaction with Δ1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase 1 (PYCR1). Kindlin-2 interaction with PYCR1 protects the latter from proteolytic degradation, leading to elevated PYCR1 level. Additionally, PINCH-1 promotes P5C synthase (P5CS) expression and P5C synthesis, which, together with increased PYCR1 level, support augmented proline biosynthesis. This signaling pathway is frequently activated in fibrosis and cancer, resulting in increased proline biosynthesis and excessive collagen matrix production, which in turn further promotes ECM stiffening. Targeting this signaling pathway, therefore, may provide an effective strategy for alleviating fibrosis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Chen
- Greater Bay Biomedical InnoCenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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68
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Mushtaq U, Bashir M, Nabi S, Khanday FA. Epidermal growth factor receptor and integrins meet redox signaling through P66shc and Rac1. Cytokine 2021; 146:155625. [PMID: 34157521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the concerted role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and integrins in regulating Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through different signaling pathways. ROS as such are not always deleterious to the cells but they also act as signaling molecules, that regulates numerous indespensible physiological fuctions of life. Many adaptor proteins, particularly Shc and Grb2, are involved in mediating the downstream signaling pathways stimulated by EGFR and integrins. Integrin-induced activation of EGFR and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of a class of acceptor sites on EGFR leads to alignment and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, PLCγ, the p85 subunit of PI-3 K, and Cbl, followed by activation of the downstream targets Erk and Akt/PKB. Functional interactions between these receptors result in the activation of Rac1 via these adaptor proteins, thereby leading to Reactive Oxygen Species. Both GF and integrin activation can produce oxidants independently, however synergistically there is increased ROS generation, suggesting a mutual cooperation between integrins and GFRs for redox signalling. The ROS produced further promotes feed-forward stimulation of redox signaling events such as MAPK activation and gene expression. This relationship has not been reviewed previously. The literature presented here can have multiple implications, ranging from looking at synergistic effects of integrin and EGFR mediated signaling mechanisms of different proteins to possible therapeutic interventions operated by these two receptors. Furthermore, such mutual redox regulation of crosstalk between EGFR and integrins not only add to the established models of pathological oxidative stress, but also can impart new avenues and opportunities for targeted antioxidant based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, JK 191201, India
| | - Muneesa Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India; Department of Higher Education, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, 190001, India
| | - Sumaiya Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India
| | - Firdous A Khanday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India.
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Astaxanthin Relieves Busulfan-Induced Oxidative Apoptosis in Cultured Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells by Activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:374-394. [PMID: 34129218 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many child cancer patients endure anticancer therapy containing alkylating agents before sexual maturity. Busulfan (BU), as an alkylating agent, is a chemotherapy drug, causing DNA damage and cytotoxicity in germ cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of astaxanthin (AST), as a potent antioxidant and powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, on BU-induced toxicity in human spermatogonial stem cells. For this purpose, testes were obtained from four brain-dead donors. After tissue enzymatic digestions, testicular cells were cultured for 3 weeks for spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) isolation and purification. K562 cell line was cultured to survey the effect of AST on cancer treatment. The cultured SSCs and K562 cell line were finally treated with AST (10μM), BU (0.1nM), and AST+BU. The expression of NRF-2, HO-1, SOD2, SOD3, TP53, and apoptotic genes, including CASP9, CASP3, BCL2, and BAX, were assayed using real-time PCR. Moreover, ROS level in different groups and malondialdehyde level and total antioxidant capacity in cell contraction of SSCs were measured using ELISA. Data showed that AST significantly upregulated the expression of NRF-2 gene (P<0.001) and protein (P<0.005) and also significantly decreased the production of BU-induced ROS (P<0.001). AST activated the NRF-2/HO-1 pathway that could remarkably restrain BU-induced apoptosis in SSCs. Interestingly, AST upregulated the expression level of apoptosis genes in the K562 cell line. The results of this study indicated that AST reduces the side effects of BU on SSCs without interference with its chemotherapy effect on cancerous cells through modulation of the NRF-2/HO-1 and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathways.
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Vermot A, Petit-Härtlein I, Smith SME, Fieschi F. NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:890. [PMID: 34205998 PMCID: PMC8228183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Isabelle Petit-Härtlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Susan M. E. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
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Renaudin X. Reactive oxygen species and DNA damage response in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:139-161. [PMID: 34507782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compared with normal cells, cancer cells often have an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. This high level of ROS allows the activation of different pathways essential for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis development. Increase of ROS can be due to increase of production or decrease of detoxification, both situations being well described in various cancers. Oxidative stress is involved at every step of cancer development from the initiation to the metastasis. How ROS arise is still a matter of debates and may vary with tissues, cell types or other conditions and may happen following a large diversity of mechanisms. Both oncogenic and tumor suppressor mutations can lead to an increase of ROS. In this chapter, I review how ROS are produced and detoxified and how ROS can damage DNA leading to the genomic instability featured in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Renaudin
- CNRS UMR9019, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France; Equipe labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer", Villejuif, France.
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72
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Senavirathna L, Ma C, Chen R, Pan S. Proteomic Investigation of Glyceraldehyde-Derived Intracellular AGEs and Their Potential Influence on Pancreatic Ductal Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051005. [PMID: 33923186 PMCID: PMC8145644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Accumulation of intracellular AGEs could stimulate cancer induction and facilitate cancer progression. We evaluated the toxic effect of glyceraldehyde-derived intracellular AGEs on normal and malignant pancreatic ductal cells by assessing the cell viability, toxicity, and oxidative stress, followed by proteomic analysis. Our functional studies showed that pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2) were more resistant to glyceraldehyde treatment compared to normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE), while cytotoxicity effects were observed in all cell types. Furthermore, using 13C isotopic labeled glyceraldehyde, the proteomic data revealed a dose-dependent increment of the number of glycation adducts in both these cell types. HPDE cells showed a higher number of intracellular AGEs compared to cancer cells. At a molecular level, the glycations in the lysine residues of proteins showed a concurrent increase with the concentration of the glyceraldehyde treatment, while the arginine glycations appeared to be less affected by the glyceraldehyde doses. Further pathway analysis of these glycated proteins suggested that the glycated proteins participate in important biological processes that are major hallmarks of cancer initiation and progression, including metabolic processes, immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and S100 protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmini Senavirathna
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cheng Ma
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Ru Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sheng Pan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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73
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Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cell Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050642. [PMID: 33922139 PMCID: PMC8143540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cellular processes whereas deregulated ROS leads to the development of a diseased state in humans including cancers. Several studies have been found to be marked with increased ROS production which activates pro-tumorigenic signaling, enhances cell survival and proliferation and drives DNA damage and genetic instability. However, higher ROS levels have been found to promote anti-tumorigenic signaling by initiating oxidative stress-induced tumor cell death. Tumor cells develop a mechanism where they adjust to the high ROS by expressing elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify them while maintaining pro-tumorigenic signaling and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, ROS manipulation can be a potential target for cancer therapies as cancer cells present an altered redox balance in comparison to their normal counterparts. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the generation and sources of ROS within tumor cells, ROS-associated signaling pathways, their regulation by antioxidant defense systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production in tumor progression. It will provide an insight into how pro- and anti-tumorigenic ROS signaling pathways could be manipulated during the treatment of cancer.
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74
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Kolouchova K, Groborz O, Cernochova Z, Skarkova A, Brabek J, Rosel D, Svec P, Starcuk Z, Slouf M, Hruby M. Thermo- and ROS-Responsive Self-Assembled Polymer Nanoparticle Tracers for 19F MRI Theranostics. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2325-2337. [PMID: 33881829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) enables detailed in vivo tracking of fluorine-containing tracers and is therefore becoming a particularly useful tool in noninvasive medical imaging. In previous studies, we introduced biocompatible polymers based on the hydrophilic monomer N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and the thermoresponsive monomer N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)acrylamide (DFEA). These polymers have abundant magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms and advantageous properties as 19F MRI tracers. Furthermore, in this pilot study, we modified these polymers by introducing a redox-responsive monomer. As a result, our polymers changed their physicochemical properties once exposed to an oxidative environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive polymers were prepared by incorporating small amounts (0.9-4.5 mol %) of the N-[2-(ferrocenylcarboxamido)ethyl]acrylamide (FcCEA) monomer, which is hydrophobic and diamagnetic in the reduced electroneutral (Fe(II), ferrocene) state but hydrophilic and paramagnetic in the oxidized (Fe(III), ferrocenium cation) state. This property can be useful for theranostic purposes (therapy and diagnostic purposes), especially, in terms of ROS-responsive drug-delivery systems. In the reduced state, these nanoparticles remain self-assembled with the encapsulated drug but release the drug upon oxidation in ROS-rich tumors or inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Kolouchova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Groborz
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Salmovská 1, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zulfiya Cernochova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Skarkova
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svec
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhou Q, Mukerabigwi JF, Ke W, Lu N, Ge Z. Ferrocene-containing polymersome nanoreactors for synergistically amplified tumor-specific chemodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2021; 333:500-510. [PMID: 33848558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has been proposed to convert tumoral H2O2 into toxic hydroxyl radicals (OH) via Fenton or Fenton-like reactions for antitumor efficacy, which is frequently limited by low H2O2 concentrations or lack of enough metal ions inside tumor tissues. In this report, we present ferrocene-containing responsive polymersome nanoreactors via loading glucose oxidase (GOD) and hypoxia-activable prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) in the inner aqueous cavities. After intravenous injection, the polymersome nanoreactors with the optimized nanoparticle size of ~100 nm and poly(ethylene glycol) corona facilitate tumor accumulation. The tumor acidic microenvironment can trigger the permeability of the polymersome membranes to activate the nanoreactors and release the loaded TPZ prodrugs. Tumor oxygen and glucose can enter the polymersome nanoreactors and are transformed into H2O2 under the catalysis of GOD, which are further converted into OH via Fenton reaction under catalysis of ferrocene moieties. The oxygen consumption can aggravate tumor hypoxia to activate hypoxia-responsive TPZ prodrugs which can produce benzotriazinyl (BTZ) radicals and OH. All the produced radicals synergistically kill tumor cells via the amplified CDT and suppress the tumor growth efficiently. Thus, the ferrocene-containing responsive polymersome nanoreactors loading GOD and TPZ represent a potent nanoplatform to exert amplified CDT for improved anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qinghao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jean Felix Mukerabigwi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Willaume S, Rass E, Fontanilla-Ramirez P, Moussa A, Wanschoor P, Bertrand P. A Link between Replicative Stress, Lamin Proteins, and Inflammation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040552. [PMID: 33918867 PMCID: PMC8070205 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded breaks (DSB), the most toxic DNA lesions, are either a consequence of cellular metabolism, programmed as in during V(D)J recombination, or induced by anti-tumoral therapies or accidental genotoxic exposure. One origin of DSB sources is replicative stress, a major source of genome instability, especially when the integrity of the replication forks is not properly guaranteed. To complete stalled replication, restarting the fork requires complex molecular mechanisms, such as protection, remodeling, and processing. Recently, a link has been made between DNA damage accumulation and inflammation. Indeed, defects in DNA repair or in replication can lead to the release of DNA fragments in the cytosol. The recognition of this self-DNA by DNA sensors leads to the production of inflammatory factors. This beneficial response activating an innate immune response and destruction of cells bearing DNA damage may be considered as a novel part of DNA damage response. However, upon accumulation of DNA damage, a chronic inflammatory cellular microenvironment may lead to inflammatory pathologies, aging, and progression of tumor cells. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage repair, replication stress, and cytosolic DNA production would allow to propose new therapeutical strategies against cancer or inflammatory diseases associated with aging. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in DSB repair, the replicative stress management, and its consequences. We also focus on new emerging links between key components of the nuclear envelope, the lamins, and DNA repair, management of replicative stress, and inflammation.
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Vostrikova SM, Grinev AB, Gogvadze VG. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1254-1266. [PMID: 33202210 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Strictly regulated balance between the formation and utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the basis of normal functioning of organisms. ROS play an important role in the regulation of many metabolic processes; however, excessive content of ROS leads to the development of various disorders, including oncological diseases, as a result of ROS-induced mutations in DNA. In tumors, high levels of oxygen radicals promote cell proliferation and metastasis. On the other hand, high content of ROS can trigger cell death, a phenomenon used in the antitumor therapy. Water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants, as well as antioxidant enzyme systems, can inhibit ROS generation; however, they should be used with caution. Antioxidants can suppress ROS-dependent cell proliferation and metastasis, but at the same time, they may inhibit the death of tumor cells if the antitumor therapeutic agents stimulate oxidative stress. The data on the role of antioxidants in the death of tumor cells and on the effects of antioxidants taken as dietary supplements during antitumor therapy, are contradictory. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which antioxidants can affect tumor and healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Vostrikova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A B Grinev
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V G Gogvadze
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia. .,Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
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Park C, Lee WS, Go SI, Jeong SH, Yoo J, Cha HJ, Lee YJ, Kim HS, Leem SH, Kim HJ, Kim GS, Hong SC, Choi YH. Apoptotic Effects of Anthocyanins from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Are Enhanced by Augmented Enhancer of the Rudimentary Homolog (ERH) in Human Gastric Carcinoma MKN28 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3030. [PMID: 33809701 PMCID: PMC8002340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that augmented expression of a certain gene can influence the efficacy of targeted and conventional chemotherapies. Here, we tested whether the high expression of enhancer of the rudimentary homolog (ERH), which serves as a prognostic factor in some cancers, can influence the efficacy of anthocyanins isolated from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, Meoru in Korea (AIMs) on human gastric cancer cells. The anticancer efficacy of AIMs was augmented in ERH-transfected MKN28 cells (E-MKN28 cells). Molecularly, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and -9. The ERH-augmented apoptotic effect was related to mitochondrial depolarization and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins, XIAP, and Bcl-2. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was augmented in AIMs-treated E-MKN28 cells compared to AIMs-treated naïve MKN28 cells. In conclusion, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent mitochondrial-related apoptosis in MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and subsequent excessive ROS generation would be the mechanism for ERH-augmented mitochondrial-related apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of XIAP would be another mechanism for ERH-augmented caspase-dependent apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Liberal Studies, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea;
| | - Se-Il Go
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Jeong
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (Y.-J.L.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Department of Microbiology/Research Institute of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Jinju 660-701, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Young-Joon Lee
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (Y.-J.L.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea;
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea;
| | - Soon-Chan Hong
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (Y.-J.L.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
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Wang Y, Qi H, Liu Y, Duan C, Liu X, Xia T, Chen D, Piao HL, Liu HX. The double-edged roles of ROS in cancer prevention and therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:4839-4857. [PMID: 33754031 PMCID: PMC7978298 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as cell signaling molecules generated in oxidative metabolism and are associated with a number of human diseases. The reprogramming of redox metabolism induces abnormal accumulation of ROS in cancer cells. It has been widely accepted that ROS play opposite roles in tumor growth, metastasis and apoptosis according to their different distributions, concentrations and durations in specific subcellular structures. These double-edged roles in cancer progression include the ROS-dependent malignant transformation and the oxidative stress-induced cell death. In this review, we summarize the notable literatures on ROS generation and scavenging, and discuss the related signal transduction networks and corresponding anticancer therapies. There is no doubt that an improved understanding of the sophisticated mechanism of redox biology is imperative to conquer cancer.
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80
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Ney GM, Yang KB, Ng V, Liu L, Zhao M, Kuk W, Alaka L, Sampang L, Ross A, Jones MA, Jin X, McKay LM, Evarts H, Li Q. Oncogenic N-Ras Mitigates Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1240-1251. [PMID: 33441311 PMCID: PMC8647627 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic relapse is believed to be driven by transformed hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that harbor oncogenic mutations or have lost tumor suppressor function. Recent comprehensive sequencing studies have shown that mutations predicted to activate Ras signaling are highly prevalent in hematologic malignancies and, notably, in refractory and relapsed cases. To better understand what drives this clinical phenomenon, we expressed oncogenic NrasG12D within the hematopoietic system in mice and interrogated its effects on HSC survival. N-RasG12D conferred a survival benefit to HSCs and progenitors following metabolic and genotoxic stress. This effect was limited to HSCs and early progenitors and was independent of autophagy and cell proliferation. N-RasG12D-mediated HSC survival was not affected by inhibition of canonical Ras effectors such as MEK and PI3K. However, inhibition of the noncanonical Ras effector pathway protein kinase C (PKC) ameliorated the protective effects of N-RasG12D. Mechanistically, N-RasG12D lowered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which correlated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. Inhibition of PKC restored the levels of ROS to that of control HSCs and abrogated the protective effects granted by N-RasG12D. Thus, N-RasG12D activation within HSCs promotes cell survival through the mitigation of ROS, and targeting this mechanism may represent a viable strategy to induce apoptosis during malignant transformation of HSCs. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeting oncogenic N-Ras-mediated reduction of ROS in hematopoietic stem cells through inhibition of the noncanonical Ras effector PKC may serve as a novel strategy for treatment of leukemia and other Ras-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Ney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin B Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor Ng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meiling Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wun Kuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lila Alaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leilani Sampang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adam Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Morgan A Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura M McKay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hadie Evarts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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81
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Aboelella NS, Brandle C, Kim T, Ding ZC, Zhou G. Oxidative Stress in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Relevance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050986. [PMID: 33673398 PMCID: PMC7956301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells are consistently under oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven by aberrant cell growth. This feature has been exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that control tumor growth by modulating the oxidative stress in tumor cells. This review provides an overview of recent advances in cancer therapies targeting tumor oxidative stress, and highlights the emerging evidence implicating the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in intensifying tumor oxidative stress. The promises and challenges of combining ROS-inducing agents with cancer immunotherapy are also discussed. Abstract It has been well-established that cancer cells are under constant oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven by aberrant cell growth. Cancer cells can adapt to maintain redox homeostasis through a variety of mechanisms. The prevalent perception about ROS is that they are one of the key drivers promoting tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Based on this notion, numerous antioxidants that aim to mitigate tumor oxidative stress have been tested for cancer prevention or treatment, although the effectiveness of this strategy has yet to be established. In recent years, it has been increasingly appreciated that ROS have a complex, multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and that tumor redox can be targeted to amplify oxidative stress inside the tumor to cause tumor destruction. Accumulating evidence indicates that cancer immunotherapies can alter tumor redox to intensify tumor oxidative stress, resulting in ROS-dependent tumor rejection. Herein we review the recent progresses regarding the impact of ROS on cancer cells and various immune cells in the TME, and discuss the emerging ROS-modulating strategies that can be used in combination with cancer immunotherapies to achieve enhanced antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S. Aboelella
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Caitlin Brandle
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
| | - Timothy Kim
- The Center for Undergraduate Research and Scholarship, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Zhi-Chun Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Gang Zhou
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-4472
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82
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Patergnani S, Bouhamida E, Leo S, Pinton P, Rimessi A. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and "Mito-Inflammation": Actors in the Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020216. [PMID: 33672477 PMCID: PMC7923430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in mitochondrial redox homeostasis has been associated with the development of a wide range of inflammatory-related diseases. Continue discoveries demonstrate that mitochondria are pivotal elements to trigger inflammation and stimulate innate immune signaling cascades to intensify the inflammatory response at front of different stimuli. Here, we review the evidence that an exacerbation in the levels of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to mito-inflammation, a new concept that identifies the compartmentalization of the inflammatory process, in which the mitochondrion acts as central regulator, checkpoint, and arbitrator. In particular, we discuss how ROS contribute to specific aspects of mito-inflammation in different inflammatory-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Taken together, these observations indicate that mitochondrial ROS influence and regulate a number of key aspects of mito-inflammation and that strategies directed to reduce or neutralize mitochondrial ROS levels might have broad beneficial effects on inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Sara Leo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (P.P.)
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (P.P.)
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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83
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Liu M, Wang D, Luo Y, Hu L, Bi Y, Ji J, Huang H, Wang G, Zhu L, Ma J, Kim E, Luo CK, Abbruzzese JL, Li X, Yang VW, Li Z, Lu W. Selective killing of cancer cells harboring mutant RAS by concomitant inhibition of NADPH oxidase and glutathione biosynthesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:189. [PMID: 33594044 PMCID: PMC7887267 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS is a critical driver for the initiation and progression of several types of cancers. However, effective therapeutic strategies by targeting RAS, in particular RASG12D and RASG12V, and associated downstream pathways have been so far unsuccessful. Treatment of oncogenic RAS-ravaged cancer patients remains a currently unmet clinical need. Consistent with a major role in cancer metabolism, oncogenic RAS activation elevates both reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and ROS-scavenging glutathione biosynthesis. At a certain threshold, the heightened oxidative stress and antioxidant capability achieve a higher level of redox balance, on which cancer cells depend to gain a selective advantage on survival and proliferation. However, this prominent metabolic feature may irrevocably render cancer cells vulnerable to concurrent inhibition of both NOX activity and glutathione biosynthesis, which may be exploited as a novel therapeutic strategy. In this report, we test this hypothesis by treating the HRASG12V-transformed ovarian epithelial cells, mutant KRAS-harboring pancreatic and colon cancer cells of mouse and human origins, as well as cancer xenografts, with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) combination, which inhibit NOX activity and glutathione biosynthesis, respectively. Our results demonstrate that concomitant targeting of NOX and glutathione biosynthesis induces a highly potent lethality to cancer cells harboring oncogenic RAS. Therefore, our studies provide a novel strategy against RAS-bearing cancers that warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, No. 905 Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yongde Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lianghao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Bi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Juntao Ji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liang Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Eunice Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Catherine K Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - James L Abbruzzese
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Rafiei H, Mohammadinejad R, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Anti-tumor activity of resveratrol against gastric cancer: a review of recent advances with an emphasis on molecular pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:66. [PMID: 33478512 PMCID: PMC7818776 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers with high malignancy. In spite of the great development in diagnostic tools and application of anti-tumor drugs, we have not witnessed a significant increase in the survival time of patients with GC. Multiple studies have revealed that Wnt, Nrf2, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in GC invasion. Besides, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs function as upstream mediators in GC malignancy. GC cells have acquired resistance to currently applied anti-tumor drugs. Besides, combination therapy is associated with higher anti-tumor activity. Resveratrol (Res) is a non-flavonoid polyphenol with high anti-tumor activity used in treatment of various cancers. A number of studies have demonstrated the potential of Res in regulation of molecular pathways involved in cancer malignancy. At the present review, we show that Res targets a variety of signaling pathways to induce apoptotic cell death and simultaneously, to inhibit the migration and metastasis of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, 9318614139, Iran.
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85
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Comprehensive Review of Methodology to Detect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mammalian Species and Establish Its Relationship with Antioxidants and Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010128. [PMID: 33477494 PMCID: PMC7831054 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. ROS and antioxidants exert both beneficial and harmful effects on cancer. ROS at different concentrations exhibit different functions. This creates necessity to understand the relation between ROS, antioxidants, and cancer, and methods for detection of ROS. This review highlights various sources and types of ROS, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; types of antioxidants, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; and abnormal ROS detoxification in cancer; and methods to measure ROS. We conclude that improving genetic screening methods and bringing higher clarity in determination of enzymatic pathways and scale-up in cancer models profiling, using omics technology, would support in-depth understanding of antioxidant pathways and ROS complexities. Although numerous methods for ROS detection are developing very rapidly, yet further modifications are required to minimize the limitations associated with currently available methods.
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86
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Kuo MT, Chen HHW, Feun LG, Savaraj N. Targeting the Proline-Glutamine-Asparagine-Arginine Metabolic Axis in Amino Acid Starvation Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010072. [PMID: 33477430 PMCID: PMC7830038 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline, glutamine, asparagine, and arginine are conditionally non-essential amino acids that can be produced in our body. However, they are essential for the growth of highly proliferative cells such as cancers. Many cancers express reduced levels of these amino acids and thus require import from the environment. Meanwhile, the biosynthesis of these amino acids is inter-connected but can be intervened individually through the inhibition of key enzymes of the biosynthesis of these amino acids, resulting in amino acid starvation and cell death. Amino acid starvation strategies have been in various stages of clinical applications. Targeting asparagine using asparaginase has been approved for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Targeting glutamine and arginine starvations are in various stages of clinical trials, and targeting proline starvation is in preclinical development. The most important obstacle of these therapies is drug resistance, which is mostly due to reactivation of the key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the targeted amino acids and reprogramming of compensatory survival pathways via transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-translational mechanisms. Here, we review the interactive regulatory mechanisms that control cellular levels of these amino acids for amino acid starvation therapy and how drug resistance is evolved underlying treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Helen H. W. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;
| | - Lynn G. Feun
- Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Heaithcare System, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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87
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Ramdzan ZM, Vickridge E, Li L, Faraco CCF, Djerir B, Leduy L, Maréchal A, Nepveu A. CUT Domains Stimulate Pol β Enzymatic Activities to Accelerate Completion of Base Excision Repair. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166806. [PMID: 33450246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.166806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The full-length CUX1 protein isoform was previously shown to function as an auxiliary factor in base excision repair (BER). Specifically, CUT domains within CUX1 stimulate the enzymatic activities of the OGG1 DNA glycosylase and APE1 endonuclease. Moreover, ectopic expression of CUX1 or CUT domains increased the resistance of cancer cells to treatments that cause oxidative DNA damage and mono-alkylation of bases. Stimulation of OGG1 AP/lyase and APE1 endonuclease activities, however, cannot explain how CUT domains confer resistance to these treatments since these enzymes produce DNA single-strand breaks that are highly toxic to cells. In the present study, we show that CUT domains stimulate the polymerase and deoxyribose phosphate (dRP)-lyase activities of DNA polymerase β to promote BER completion. In agreement with these results, CUX1 knockdown decreases BER completion in cell extracts and causes an increase in the number of abasic sites in genomic DNA following temozolomide treatment. We also show that CUT domains stimulate bypass of intrastrand G-crosslinks by Pol β in vitro, while the resistance of cancer cells to cisplatin treatment is reduced by CUX1 knockdown but restored by ectopic expression of CUT domains. Altogether our results establish CUX1 as an important auxiliary factor that stimulates multiple steps of base excision repair, from the recognition and removal of altered bases to the addition of new nucleotides and removal of 5'-deoxyribose phosphate required for ligation and BER completion. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed correlation between CUX1 expression and the resistance of cancer cells to genotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaidah M Ramdzan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Camila C F Faraco
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Billel Djerir
- Department of Biology, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lam Leduy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Department of Biology, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Medicine, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Oncology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada.
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88
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Nan Y, Gu Y, Liu Z, Zhou Q, Zhao W, Xu W. Versatile quantitative biopsy: an approach for cost-effective detection of hydrogen peroxide in tissue specimens. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of H2O2, the amylose released by the micelles is converted into glucose by glucoamylase and detected by a PGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Qiulan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Weijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
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89
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Wu H, Xing H, Wu MC, Shen F, Chen Y, Yang T. Extracellular-vesicles delivered tumor-specific sequential nanocatalysts can be used for MRI-informed nanocatalytic Therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:64-78. [PMID: 33391461 PMCID: PMC7681081 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Conventional therapeutic strategies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a great challenge, therefore the alternative therapeutic modality for specific and efficient HCC suppression is urgently needed. Methods: In this work, HCC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were applied as surface nanocarrier for sequential nanocatalysts GOD-ESIONs@EVs (GE@EVs) of tumor-specific and cascade nanocatalytic therapy against HCC. By enhancing the intracellular endocytosis through arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-targeting effect and membrane fusion, sequential nanocatalysts led to more efficient treatment in the HCC tumor region in a shorter period of time. Results: Through glucose consumption as catalyzed by the loaded glucose oxidase (GOD) to overproduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), highly toxic hydroxyl radicals were generated by Fenton-like reaction as catalyzed by ESIONs, which was achieved under the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment, enabling the stimuli of the apoptosis and necrosis of HCC cells. This strategy demonstrated the high active-targeting capability of GE@EVs into HCC, achieving highly efficient tumor suppression both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the as-synthesized nanoreactor could act as a desirable nanoscale contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging, which exhibited desirable imaging capability during the sequential nanocatalytic treatment. Conclusion: This application of surface-engineering EVs not only proves the high-performance catalytic therapeutic modality of GE@EVs for HCC, but also broadens the versatile bio-applications of EVs.
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90
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Yang JJ, Wang YH, Yin J, Leng H, Shen SD. Polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller inhibit cell proliferation via activating MAPK signaling in A549 and H1650 cells. Food Funct 2021; 12:6915-6924. [PMID: 34132294 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00294e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have recently been reported to cause a significant increase in the production and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are closely correlated with lung cancer metastasis. The aim of the present study is to determine the inhibitory effects of a polysaccharide isolated from Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller (U. prolifera) on the invasive potential of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and further to explore the underlying mechanisms connected to that potential. The data showed that increased MMP-9 resulting from H2O2 exposure was mediated by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Pre-treatment with polysaccharides suppressed the activation of H2O2-mediated MAPK pathways and cell invasion. Hence, MMP-9 production triggered by H2O2 was demonstrated by activating MAPK signaling in a Myc-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggested that polysaccharides suppress H2O2-induced cell invasion by inhibiting Myc-mediated MMP-9 gene transcription through the MAPK signaling pathway in A549 and NCI-H1650 cells. Our data also suggested that polysaccharides may be useful in minimizing the development of lung cancer metastasis. In the future, pretreatment with polysaccharides because of their antioxidant properties might be beneficial to enhance surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Juan Yang
- Department of cell Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical, Soochow University, No. 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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91
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Chang M, Wang H, Niu J, Song Y, Zou Z. Alkannin-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage Synergizes With PARP Inhibition to Cause Cancer-Specific Cytotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:610205. [PMID: 33519476 PMCID: PMC7844861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.610205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oncogenic transformation is associated with elevated oxidative stress that promotes tumor progression but also renders cancer cells vulnerable to further oxidative insult. Agents that stimulate ROS generation or suppress antioxidant systems can drive oxidative pressure to toxic levels selectively in tumor cells, resulting in oxidative DNA damage to endanger cancer cell survival. However, DNA damage response signaling protects cancer cells by activating DNA repair and genome maintenance mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effects of combining the pro-oxidative natural naphthoquinone alkannin with inhibition of DNA repair by PARP inhibitors. Methods and Results: The results showed that sublethal doses of alkannin induced ROS elevation and oxidative DNA damage in colorectal cancer but not normal colon epithelial cells. Blocking DNA repair with the PARP inhibitor olaparib markedly synergized with alkannin to yield synergistic cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells at nontoxic doses of both drugs. Synergy between alkannin and olaparib resulted from interrupted repair of alkannin-induced oxidative DNA damage and PARP-trapping, as it was significantly attenuated by NAC or by OGG1 inhibition and the non-trapping PARP inhibitor veliparib did not yield synergism. Mechanistically, the combination of alkannin and olaparib caused intense replication stress and DNA strand breaks in colorectal cancer cells, leading to apoptotic cancer cell death after G2 arrest. Consequently, coadministration of alkannin and olaparib induced significant regression of tumor xenografts in vivo, while each agent alone had no effect. Conclusion: These studies clearly show that combining alkannin and olaparib can result in synergistic cancer cell lethality at nontoxic doses of the drugs. The combination exploits a cancer vulnerability driven by the intrinsic oxidative pressure in most cancer cells and hence provides a promising strategy to develop broad-spectrum anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongge Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiajing Niu
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihua Zou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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92
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Deshmukh S, Saini S. Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Tumor Progression, and Its Possible Role in the Onset of Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:604528. [PMID: 33329751 PMCID: PMC7734151 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity among isogenic cells/individuals has been known for at least 150 years. Even Mendel, working on pea plants, realized that not all tall plants were identical. However, Mendel was more interested in the discontinuous variation between genetically distinct individuals. The concept of environment dictating distinct phenotypes among isogenic individuals has since been shown to impact the evolution of populations in numerous examples at different scales of life. In this review, we discuss how phenotypic heterogeneity and its evolutionary implications exist at all levels of life, from viruses to mammals. In particular, we discuss how a particular disease condition (cancer) is impacted by heterogeneity among isogenic cells, and propose a potential role that phenotypic heterogeneity might play toward the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Supreet Saini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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93
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Hong X, Roh W, Sullivan RJ, Wong KHK, Wittner BS, Guo H, Dubash TD, Sade-Feldman M, Wesley B, Horwitz E, Boland GM, Marvin DL, Bonesteel T, Lu C, Aguet F, Burr R, Freeman SS, Parida L, Calhoun K, Jewett MK, Nieman LT, Hacohen N, Näär AM, Ting DT, Toner M, Stott SL, Getz G, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. The Lipogenic Regulator SREBP2 Induces Transferrin in Circulating Melanoma Cells and Suppresses Ferroptosis. Cancer Discov 2020; 11:678-695. [PMID: 33203734 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are shed by cancer into the bloodstream, where a viable subset overcomes oxidative stress to initiate metastasis. We show that single CTCs from patients with melanoma coordinately upregulate lipogenesis and iron homeostasis pathways. These are correlated with both intrinsic and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors across clonal cultures of BRAF-mutant CTCs. The lipogenesis regulator SREBP2 directly induces transcription of the iron carrier Transferrin (TF), reducing intracellular iron pools, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation, thereby conferring resistance to inducers of ferroptosis. Knockdown of endogenous TF impairs tumor formation by melanoma CTCs, and their tumorigenic defects are partially rescued by the lipophilic antioxidants ferrostatin-1 and vitamin E. In a prospective melanoma cohort, presence of CTCs with high lipogenic and iron metabolic RNA signatures is correlated with adverse clinical outcome, irrespective of treatment regimen. Thus, SREBP2-driven iron homeostatic pathways contribute to cancer progression, drug resistance, and metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: Through single-cell analysis of primary and cultured melanoma CTCs, we have uncovered intrinsic cancer cell heterogeneity within lipogenic and iron homeostatic pathways that modulates resistance to BRAF inhibitors and to ferroptosis inducers. Activation of these pathways within CTCs is correlated with adverse clinical outcome, pointing to therapeutic opportunities.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Whijae Roh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith H K Wong
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ben S Wittner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongshan Guo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taronish D Dubash
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Wesley
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elad Horwitz
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dieuwke L Marvin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Todd Bonesteel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chenyue Lu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - François Aguet
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Risa Burr
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Laxmi Parida
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Calhoun
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle K Jewett
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda T Nieman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anders M Näär
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David T Ting
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gad Getz
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, New York
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94
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Kirtonia A, Sethi G, Garg M. The multifaceted role of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4459-4483. [PMID: 32358622 PMCID: PMC11105050 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is an essential requirement of the biological systems for performing various normal cellular functions including cellular growth, differentiation, senescence, survival and aging in humans. The changes in the basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are detrimental to cells and often lead to several disease conditions including cardiovascular, neurological, diabetes and cancer. During the last two decades, substantial research has been done which clearly suggests that ROS are essential for the initiation, progression, angiogenesis as well as metastasis of cancer in several ways. During the last two decades, the potential of dysregulated ROS to enhance tumor formation through the activation of various oncogenic signaling pathways, DNA mutations, immune escape, tumor microenvironment, metastasis, angiogenesis and extension of telomere has been discovered. At present, surgery followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is the major therapeutic modality for treating patients with either early or advanced stages of cancer. However, the majority of patients relapse or did not respond to initial treatment. One of the reasons for recurrence/relapse is the altered levels of ROS in tumor cells as well as in cancer-initiating stem cells. One of the critical issues is targeting the intracellular/extracellular ROS for significant antitumor response and relapse-free survival. Indeed, a large number of FDA-approved anticancer drugs are efficient to eliminate cancer cells and drug resistance by increasing ROS production. Thus, the modulation of oxidative stress response might represent a potential approach to eradicate cancer in combination with FDA-approved chemotherapies, radiotherapies as well as immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kirtonia
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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95
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Volovat SR, Volovat C, Miron I, Kanbay M, Goldsmith D, Lungulescu C, Badarau SC, Covic A. Oncogenic mechanisms in renal insufficiency. Clin Kidney J 2020; 14:507-515. [PMID: 33623673 PMCID: PMC7886561 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of both cancer and end-stage renal disease is increasing. In addition, medical advances have meant increased survival rates for both diseases. Many chemotherapeutics are renally excreted, and conversely, renal insufficiency promotes a pro-neoplastic state, including genitourinary and other cancers. Dialysis prolongs life while increasing cancer risk. Proposed oncogenic mechanisms include immune dysfunction, chronic inflammation, changes in gut microbiota and stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system. This review summarizes current concepts in the relationship between cancer and renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Grigore T Popa', Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Grigore T Popa', Iasi, Romania
| | - Ingrith Miron
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Grigore T Popa', Iasi, Romania
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - David Goldsmith
- Department of Nephrology, St George's University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Cristian Lungulescu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Silvia Corina Badarau
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Grigore T Popa', Iasi, Romania
| | - Adrian Covic
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Grigore T Popa', Iasi, Romania
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96
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On the Anti-Cancer Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma and the Possible Role of Catalase-Dependent Apoptotic Pathways. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102330. [PMID: 33096638 PMCID: PMC7589812 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising new agent for (selective) cancer treatment, but the underlying cause of the anti-cancer effect of CAP is not well understood yet. Among different theories and observations, one theory in particular has been postulated in great detail and consists of a very complex network of reactions that are claimed to account for the anti-cancer effect of CAP. Here, the key concept is a reactivation of two specific apoptotic cell signaling pathways through catalase inactivation caused by CAP. Thus, it is postulated that the anti-cancer effect of CAP is due to its ability to inactivate catalase, either directly or indirectly. A theoretical investigation of the proposed theory, especially the role of catalase inactivation, can contribute to the understanding of the underlying cause of the anti-cancer effect of CAP. In the present study, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the proposed catalase-dependent anti-cancer effect of CAP. Our results show that a catalase-dependent reactivation of the two apoptotic pathways of interest is unlikely to contribute to the observed anti-cancer effect of CAP. Thus, we believe that other theories of the underlying cause should be considered and evaluated to gain knowledge about the principles of CAP-induced cancer cell death.
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97
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Majumder D, Nath P, Debnath R, Maiti D. Understanding the complicated relationship between antioxidants and carcinogenesis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22643. [PMID: 32996240 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-product of cellular respiration and also due to the exposure of various xenobiotics, whereas mitochondrial electron transport chain is considered as the main source of ROS generation. The sequential addition to molecular oxygen gives rise to various forms of ROS like superoxide anion, peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hydroxyl ion, and so forth. However, the uncontrolled level of ROS generation and accumulation alters the body homeostasis. Excessive generation of ROS leads to oxidative stress and various kinds of diseases including cancer. To counteract ROS, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants' armory is available in our body. Apart from endogenous antioxidants, we are also consuming various exogenous antioxidants. Antioxidants protect us from ROS-mediated damages and inhibit ROS-induced carcinogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that antioxidants could also act as tumor-promoting agents. Various anticancer drugs are used to kill the cancer cells through the generation of oxidative stress in them, but the cancer cells can counteract the effect with the help of various endogenous as well as exogenous antioxidants. Our review will summarize the multifaceted relationship between antioxidants and carcinogenesis, and it will help to create new directions in antioxidant-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Majumder
- Department of Human Physiology, Immunology Microbiology Lab, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
| | - Priyatosh Nath
- Department of Human Physiology, Immunology Microbiology Lab, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
| | - Rahul Debnath
- Department of Human Physiology, Immunology Microbiology Lab, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
| | - Debasish Maiti
- Department of Human Physiology, Immunology Microbiology Lab, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
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98
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Zhang J, Duan D, Song ZL, Liu T, Hou Y, Fang J. Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:342-394. [PMID: 32981100 DOI: 10.1002/med.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells exhibit increased ROS to maintain their malignant phenotypes and are more dependent on the "redox adaptation" mechanism. Thus, there are two apparently contradictory but virtually complementary therapeutic strategies for the regulation of ROS to prevent or treat cancer. The first strategy, that is, chemoprevention, is to prevent or reduce intracellular ROS either by suppressing ROS production pathways or by employing antioxidants to enhance ROS clearance, which protects normal cells from malignant transformation and inhibits the early stage of tumorigenesis. The second strategy is the ROS-mediated anticancer therapy, which stimulates intracellular ROS to a toxicity threshold to activate ROS-induced cell death pathways. Therefore, targeting the regulation of intracellular ROS-related pathways by small-molecule candidates is considered to be a promising treatment for tumors. We herein first briefly introduce the source and regulation of ROS, and then focus on small molecules that regulate ROS-related pathways and show efficacy in cancer therapy from the perspective of pharmacophores. Finally, we discuss several challenges in developing cancer therapeutic agents based on ROS regulation and propose the direction of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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99
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Gunata M, Parlakpinar H. A review of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: Pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:190-217. [PMID: 32892450 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are known to be the most fatal diseases worldwide. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is at the centre of the pathology of the most common cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization estimates, ischaemic heart disease is the leading global cause of death, causing more than 9 million deaths in 2016. After cardiovascular events, thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery are applied as treatment. However, after restoring coronary blood flow, myocardial I/R injury may occur. It is known that this damage occurs due to many pathophysiological mechanisms, especially increasing reactive oxygen types. Besides causing cardiomyocyte death through multiple mechanisms, it may be an important reason for affecting other cell types such as platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and immune cells. Also, polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with myocardial I/R damage during reperfusion. This damage may be insufficient in patients with co-morbidity, as it is demonstrated that it can be prevented by various endogenous antioxidant systems. In this context, the resulting data suggest that optimal cardioprotection may require a combination of additional or synergistic multi-target treatments. In this review, we discussed the pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, treatment and its relationship with genetics in myocardial I/R injury. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This review summarized current information on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological therapy) for researchers and reveals guiding data for researchers, especially in the field of cardiovascular system and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gunata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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100
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Yu H, Yin Y, Yi Y, Cheng Z, Kuang W, Li R, Zhong H, Cui Y, Yuan L, Gong F, Wang Z, Li H, Peng H, Zhang G. Targeting lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) exerts antileukemic effects on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:501-517. [PMID: 32820611 PMCID: PMC7571401 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) is an uncommon and aggressive subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the serum of T‐ALL patients, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is increased. We proposed that targeting LDHA may be a potential strategy to improve T‐ALL outcomes. The current study was conducted to investigate the antileukemic effect of LDHA gene‐targeting treatment on T‐ALL and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods Primary T‐ALL cell lines Jurkat and DU528 were treated with the LDH inhibitor oxamate. MTT, colony formation, apoptosis, and cell cycle assays were performed to investigate the effects of oxamate on T‐ALL cells. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting analyses were applied to determine the related signaling pathways. A mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was performed to evaluate ROS production after T‐ALL cells were treated with oxamate. A T‐ALL transgenic zebrafish model with LDHA gene knockdown was established using CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing technology, and then TUNEL, Western blotting, and T‐ALL tumor progression analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of LDHA gene knockdown on T‐ALL transgenic zebrafish. Results Oxamate significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of Jurkat and DU528 cells. It also arrested Jurkat and DU528 cells in G0/G1 phase and stimulated ROS production (all P < 0.001). Blocking LDHA significantly decreased the gene and protein expression of c‐Myc, as well as the levels of phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK‐3β) in the phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. LDHA gene knockdown delayed disease progression and down‐regulated c‐Myc mRNA and protein expression in T‐ALL transgenic zebrafish. Conclusion Targeting LDHA exerted an antileukemic effect on T‐ALL, representing a potential strategy for T‐ALL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhi Yu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Yin
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Department of Hematology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411100, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Yi
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Department of Hematology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Wenyong Kuang
- Department of Hematology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Zhong
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Cui
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Yuan
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Fanjie Gong
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
| | - Guangsen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China
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