51
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Ghosh MK, Re S, Feig M, Sugita Y, Choi CH. Interionic Hydration Structures of NaCl in Aqueous Solution: A Combined Study of Quantum Mechanical Cluster Calculations and QM/EFP-MD Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:289-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308731z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manik K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and
Green-Nano Materials Research Center, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Suyong Re
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute,
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michael Feig
- Chemistry and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuji Sugita
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute,
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry and
Green-Nano Materials Research Center, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
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52
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Yu JY, Zhang Y, Tan SH, Liu Y, Zhang YH. Observation on the Ion Association Equilibria in NaNO3 Droplets Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12581-9. [PMID: 23003561 DOI: 10.1021/jp306367v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Yu
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - See-Hua Tan
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado—Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United
States
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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53
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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54
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LI M, DONG JG, HUANG ZX, LI L, GAO W, NIAN HQ, FU Z, CHENG P, ZHOU Z. Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Aerosol by Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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55
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Abstract
For more than two decades a cadre of physical chemists has focused on understanding the formation processes, chemical composition, and chemical kinetics of atmospheric aerosol particles and droplets with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to ∼10,000 nm. They have adapted or invented a range of fundamental experimental and theoretical tools to investigate the thermochemistry, mass transport, and chemical kinetics of processes occurring at nanoscale gas-liquid and gas-solid interfaces for a wide range of nonideal, real-world substances. State-of-the-art laboratory methods devised to study molecular spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, and molecular dynamics also have been incorporated into field measurement instruments that are deployed routinely on research aircraft, ships, and mobile laboratories as well as at field sites from megacities to the most remote jungle, desert, and polar locations. These instruments can now provide real-time, size-resolved aerosol particle physical property and chemical composition data anywhere in Earth's troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976
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56
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Baustian KJ, Cziczo DJ, Wise ME, Pratt KA, Kulkarni G, Hallar AG, Tolbert MA. Importance of aerosol composition, mixing state, and morphology for heterogeneous ice nucleation: A combined field and laboratory approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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57
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Yu JY, Zhang Y, Zeng G, Zheng CM, Liu Y, Zhang YH. Suppression of NaNO3 crystal nucleation by glycerol: micro-Raman observation on the efflorescence process of mixed glycerol/NaNO3/water droplets. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:1642-50. [PMID: 22229521 DOI: 10.1021/jp210824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the hygroscopicity of a NaNO(3)/water microdroplet and a polyalcohol/water microdroplet, two of the most important aerosols in atmosphere, has been widely studied, little is known about the relationship between the hygroscopic behavior of mixed NaNO(3)/polyalcohol/water droplets and their structures on the molecular level. In this study, the hygroscopicity of mixed glycerol/NaNO(3)/water droplets deposited on a hydrophobic substrate was studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy with organic-to-inorganic molar ratios (OIRs) of 0.5, 1, and 2. In the mixed glycerol/NaNO(3)/water droplets, glycerol molecules tended to combine with Na(+) and NO(3)(-) ions by electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, respectively. On the basis of the analyses of the changes of symmetric stretching (v(s)-CH(2)), asymmetric stretching (v(a)-CH(2)), their area ratio (Av(a)-CH(2)/Av(s)-CH(2)) of glycerol, and symmetric stretching band of NO(3)(-) (ν(1)-NO(3)(-)) with relative humidity (RH), it was found that the conformation of glycerol was transformed from αα mainly to γγ and partly to αγ with a decreasing RH in the mixed droplets, contrary to the case in the glycerol/water droplet. In addition, the glycerol with γγ and αγ conformation had strong interaction with Na(+) and NO(3)(-) respectively, which suppressed the formation of contact of ions and delayed the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) for the mixed droplets compared to the NaNO(3)/water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Yu
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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58
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Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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59
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Gaston CJ, Furutani H, Guazzotti SA, Coffee KR, Bates TS, Quinn PK, Aluwihare LI, Mitchell BG, Prather KA. Unique ocean-derived particles serve as a proxy for changes in ocean chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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60
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Richards NK, Wingen LM, Callahan KM, Nishino N, Kleinman MT, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrate Ion Photolysis in Thin Water Films in the Presence of Bromide Ions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5810-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Karen M. Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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61
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Feng Y, Cheng M, Kong XY, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Microscopic solvation of NaBO2 in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15865-72. [PMID: 21814667 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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62
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Geng H, Kang S, Jung HJ, Choël M, Kim H, Ro CU. Characterization of individual submicrometer aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea, by quantitative transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Pratt KA, Twohy CH, Murphy SM, Moffet RC, Heymsfield AJ, Gaston CJ, DeMott PJ, Field PR, Henn TR, Rogers DC, Gilles MK, Seinfeld JH, Prather KA. Observation of playa salts as nuclei in orographic wave clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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64
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Geng H, Ryu J, Jung HJ, Chung H, Ahn KH, Ro CU. Single-particle characterization of summertime arctic aerosols collected at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2348-2353. [PMID: 20199069 DOI: 10.1021/es903268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Single-particle characterization of summertime Arctic aerosols is useful to understand the impact of air pollutants on the polar atmosphere. In the present study, a quantitative single particle analytical technique, low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis, was used to characterize 8100 individual particles overall in 16 sets of aerosol samples collected at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Norway on 25-31 July, 2007. Based on their X-ray spectral and secondary electron image data of individual particles, 13 particle types were identified, in which particles of marine origin were the most abundant, followed by carbonaceous and mineral dust particles. A number of aged (reacted) sea salt (and mixture) particles produced by the atmospheric reaction of genuine sea-salts, especially with NO(x) or HNO(3), were significantly encountered in almost all the aerosol samples. They greatly outnumbered genuine sea salt particles, implying that the summertime Arctic atmosphere, generally regarded as a clean background environment, is disturbed by anthropogenic air pollutants. The main sources of airborne NO(x) (or HNO(3)) are probably ship emissions around the Arctic Ocean, industry emission from northern Europe and northwestern Siberia, and renoxification of NO(3)(-) within or on the melting snow/ice surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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65
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Gaston CJ, Pratt KA, Qin X, Prather KA. Real-Time detection and mixing state of methanesulfonate in single particles at an inland urban location during a phytoplankton bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1566-72. [PMID: 20121235 DOI: 10.1021/es902069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), produced by oceanic phytoplankton, is oxidized to form methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfate, which influence particle chemistry and hygroscopicity. Unlike sulfate, MSA has no known anthropogenic source making it a useful tracer for ocean-derived biogenic sulfur. Despite numerous observations of MSA, predominately in marine environments, the production pathways of MSA have remained elusive highlighting the need for additional measurements, particularly at inland locations. During the Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside, CA from July-August 2005, MSA was detected in submicrometer and supermicrometer particles using real-time, single-particle mass spectrometry. MSA was detected due to blooms of DMS-producing organisms along the California coast. The detection of MSA depended on both the origin of the sampled air mass as well as the concentration of oceanic chlorophyll present. MSA was mainly mixed with coastally emitted particle types implying that partitioning of MSA occurred before transport to Riverside. Importantly, particles containing vanadium had elevated levels of MSA compared to particles not containing vanadium, suggesting a possible catalytic role of vanadium in MSA formation. This study demonstrates how anthropogenic, metal-containing aerosols can enhance the atmospheric processing of biogenic emissions, which needs to be considered when modeling coastal as well as urban locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Gaston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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66
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Herich H, Kammermann L, Friedman B, Gross DS, Weingartner E, Lohmann U, Spichtinger P, Gysel M, Baltensperger U, Cziczo DJ. Subarctic atmospheric aerosol composition: 2. Hygroscopic growth properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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67
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Chen H, Yang X, Chen J, Geng F. Particulate nitrate formation in a highly polluted urban area: a case study by single-particle mass spectrometry in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3061-6. [PMID: 19534114 DOI: 10.1021/es8020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer was deployed in August 2007 to characterize the 0.1-2.0 microm diameter particles in Shanghai to examine nitrate-containing particles. About 39% of the mass spectra of single particles contained nitrate ion peaks. The relative intensity of nitrate signals showed a pronounced diurnal profile, peaking in the late night or early morning during highly polluted days, and is closely correlated with the ambient relative humidity (RH). However, during the sampling days with good air quality, the diurnal pattern of nitrate changed by showing much lower signal intensity of nitrate with irregular variation. Poor correlation between the signals of ammonium and nitrate inthe mass spectra excluded the possibility of NH4NO3 as a major form of particulate nitrate, whose formation is favored by high RH and low temperature. The peak intensities of nitrate during the nighttime and high concentrations of O3 and NO2 strongly suggest that the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 and NO3 onthe aerosol surface dominated the particulate nitrate formation on polluted days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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68
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Ho MH, Klein ML, Kuo IFW. Bulk and interfacial aqueous fluoride: an investigation via first principles molecular dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2070-4. [PMID: 19173578 PMCID: PMC2765570 DOI: 10.1021/jp808735x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using first principles molecular dynamics simulation, we have studied a fluoride anion embedded in a periodically replicated water slab composed of 215 water molecules to mimic both bulk and interfacial solvation. In contrast to some recent experiments, our findings suggest that there are only small structural changes for fluoride and its first solvation shell in the bulk. Moreover, the presence of fluoride does not significantly alter the rotational dynamics of nearby water. In addition, we have computed the molecular dipole moments using Wannier centers. At the interface, the presence of fluoride increases the molecular dipole moments of nearby water molecules, whereas in the bulk, the dipole moments for water appear to be essentially invariant to the presence of fluoride in the vicinity. Previous studies of the air-water interface have showed interfacial water to have higher average HOMO energies and, thus, likely to be more prone to electrophilic attack. With the addition of fluoride, the most likely reactive site for electrophilic reactions shifts to the anion. This finding could explain the known large increase in reaction rates for heterogeneous process of interest in atmospheric science. The reactive properties of other anions near the air-water interface are of general interest in heterogeneous chemistry and can be elucidated using a similar type of analysis, as performed here for the fluoride anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsun Ho
- Center for Molecular Modeling and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Center for Molecular Modeling and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - I-F. William Kuo
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551
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69
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Pratt KA, Mayer JE, Holecek JC, Moffet RC, Sanchez RO, Rebotier TP, Furutani H, Gonin M, Fuhrer K, Su Y, Guazzotti S, Prather KA. Development and Characterization of an Aircraft Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1792-800. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801942r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Joseph E. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - John C. Holecek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Rene O. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P. Rebotier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Furutani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Marc Gonin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Fuhrer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Yongxuan Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Guazzotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
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70
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7760-79. [DOI: 10.1039/b906540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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71
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen H, Yang X, Chen J, Allen JO. Source apportionment of lead-containing aerosol particles in Shanghai using single particle mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:501-507. [PMID: 19027137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in individual aerosol particles was measured using single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) in the summer of 2007 in Shanghai, China. Pb was found in 3% of particles with diameters in the range 0.1-2.0 microm. Single particle data were analyzed focusing on the particles with high Pb content which were mostly submicron. Using the ART-2a neural network algorithm, these fine Pb-rich particles were classified into eight main classes by their mass spectral patterns. Based on the size distribution, temporal variation of number density, chemical composition and the correlation between different chemical species for each class, three major emission sources were identified. About 45% of the Pb-rich particles contained organic or elemental carbon and were attributed to the emission from coal combustion; particles with good correlation between Cl and Pb content were mostly attributed to waste incineration. One unique class of particles was identified by strong phosphate and Pb signals, which were assigned to emissions from phosphate industry. Other Pb-rich particles included aged sea salt and particles from metallurgical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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72
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Bilgin DD, Aldea M, O'Neill BF, Benitez M, Li M, Clough SJ, DeLucia EH. Elevated ozone alters soybean-virus interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1297-308. [PMID: 18785825 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-10-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of ozone (O(3)) in the troposphere affect many organisms and their interactions with each other. To analyze the changes in a plant-pathogen interaction, soybean plants were infected with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) while they were fumigated with O(3). In otherwise natural field conditions, elevated O(3) treatment slowed systemic infection and disease development by inducing a nonspecific resistance against SMV for a period of 3 weeks. During this period, the negative effect of virus infection on light-saturated carbon assimilation rate was prevented by elevated O(3) exposure. To identify the molecular basis of a soybean nonspecific defense response, high-throughput gene expression analysis was performed in a controlled environment. Transcripts of fungal, bacterial, and viral defense-related genes, including PR-1, PR-5, PR-10, and EDS1, as well as genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways (and concentrations of their end products, quercetin and kaempherol derivatives) increased in response to elevated O(3). The drastic changes in soybean basal defense response under altered atmospheric conditions suggest that one of the elements of global change may alter the ecological consequences and, eventually, coevolutionary relationship of plant-pathogen interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla D Bilgin
- Institute of Genomic Biolog, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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73
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Herich H, Kammermann L, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U, Lohmann U, Cziczo DJ. In situ determination of atmospheric aerosol composition as a function of hygroscopic growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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74
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Moffet RC, Qin X, Rebotier T, Furutani H, Prather KA. Chemically segregated optical and microphysical properties of ambient aerosols measured in a single-particle mass spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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75
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Cosman LM, Bertram AK. Reactive Uptake of N2O5 on Aqueous H2SO4 Solutions Coated with 1-Component and 2-Component Monolayers. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:4625-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8005469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Cosman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - A. K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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76
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Cottrell LD, Griffin RJ, Jimenez JL, Zhang Q, Ulbrich I, Ziemba LD, Beckman PJ, Sive BC, Talbot RW. Submicron particles at Thompson Farm during ICARTT measured using aerosol mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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77
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Prather KA, Hatch CD, Grassian VH. Analysis of atmospheric aerosols. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:485-514. [PMID: 20636087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols represent an important component of the Earth's atmosphere. Because aerosols are composed of solid and liquid particles of varying chemical complexity, size, and phase, large challenges exist in understanding how they impact climate, health, and the chemistry of the atmosphere. Only through the integration of field, laboratory, and modeling analysis can we begin to unravel the roles atmospheric aerosols play in these global processes. In this article, we provide a brief review of the current state of the science in the analysis of atmospheric aerosols and some important challenges that need to be overcome before they can become fully integrated. It is clear that only when these areas are effectively bridged can we fully understand the impact that atmospheric aerosols have on our environment and the Earth's system at the level of scientific certainty necessary to design and implement sound environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 92093-0314, USA.
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78
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Wingen LM, Moskun AC, Johnson SN, Thomas JL, Roeselová M, Tobias DJ, Kleinman MT, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Enhanced surface photochemistry in chloride–nitrate ion mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:5668-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b806613b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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79
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Narukawa M, Matsumi Y, Takahashi K, Yabushita A. Measurements of Ammonium and Sodium salt Aerosol Particles Using a Laser-ionization Single-particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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80
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Kim HI, Beauchamp JL. Cluster Phase Chemistry: Collisions of Vibrationally Excited Cationic Dicarboxylic Acid Clusters with Water Molecules Initiate Dissociation of Cluster Components. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5954-67. [PMID: 17569511 DOI: 10.1021/jp0706580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A homologous series of cationic gas-phase clusters of dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid) generated via electrospray ionization (ESI) are investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID). Singly charged cationic clusters with the composition (Na(+))(2n+1)(dicarboxylate(2-))(n), where n = 1-5, are observed as major gas-phase species. Significant abundances of singly charged sodiated hydrogen dicarboxylate clusters with the composition (Na(+))(2n)(dicarboxylate(2-))(n)(H+), where n = 1-6, are observed with oxalic acid, malonic acid, and succinic acid. Isolation of the clusters followed by CID results mainly in sequential loss of disodium dicarboxylate moieties for the clusters of succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid. However, the dimer of sodiated hydrogen succinate, all malonate clusters, and all oxalate clusters, with the exception of the dimer, exhibit complex chemical reactions initiated by the collision of vibrationally excited clusters with water molecules. Generally, water molecules serve as proton donors for reacting dicarboxylate anions in the cluster, initiating dissociation pathways such as the decomposition of the malonate ion to yield an acetate ion and CO(2). The reactivity of several mixed dicarboxylate clusters is also reported. For example, malonate anion is shown to be more reactive than oxalate anion for decarboxylation when both are present in a cluster. The energetics of several representative cluster phase reactions are evaluated using computational modeling. The present results for cationic clusters are compared and contrasted to earlier studies of anionic sodiated dicarboxylic acid clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I Kim
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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81
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Anastasio C, Newberg JT. Sources and sinks of hydroxyl radical in sea-salt particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cort Anastasio
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - John T. Newberg
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
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82
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Ziemba LD, Fischer E, Griffin RJ, Talbot RW. Aerosol acidity in rural New England: Temporal trends and source region analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. D. Ziemba
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - E. Fischer
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | - R. J. Griffin
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - R. W. Talbot
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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83
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Murphy DM. The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:150-65. [PMID: 17043988 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores some of the design choices made with single particle mass spectrometers. Different instruments have used various configurations of inlets, particle sizing techniques, ionization lasers, mass spectrometers, and other components. Systematic bias against non-spherical particles probably exceeds a factor of 2 for all instruments. An ionization laser tradeoff is the relatively poor beam quality and reliability of an excimer laser versus the longer wavelengths and slower response time of an Nd-YAG laser. Single particle instruments can make special demands on the speed and dynamic range of the mass spectrometers. This review explains some of the choices made for instruments that were developed for different types of measurements in the atmosphere. Some practical design notes are also given from the author's experience with each section of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Murphy
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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84
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Bogan MJ, Patton E, Srivastava A, Martin S, Fergenson DP, Steele PT, Tobias HJ, Gard EE, Frank M. Online aerosol mass spectrometry of single micrometer-sized particles containing poly(ethylene glycol). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1214-20. [PMID: 17330211 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-containing particles by online single particle aerosol mass spectrometers equipped with laser desorption/ionization (LDI) is reported. We demonstrate that PEG-containing particles are useful in the development of aerosol mass spectrometers because of their ease of preparation, low cost, and inherently recognizable mass spectra. Solutions containing millimolar quantities of PEGs were nebulized and, after drying, the resultant micrometer-sized PEG-containing particles were sampled. LDI (266 nm) of particles containing NaCl and PEG molecules of average molecular weight<500 Da generated mass spectra reminiscent of mass spectra of PEG collected by other mass spectrometer platforms including the characteristic distribution of positive ions (Na+ adducts) separated by the 44 m/z units of the ethylene oxide units separating each degree of polymerization. PEGs of average molecular weight>500 Da were detected from particles that also contained the tripeptide tyrosine-tyrosine-tyrosine or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, which were added to nebulized solutions to act as matrices to assist LDI using pulsed 266 nm and 355 nm lasers, respectively. Experiments were performed on two aerosol mass spectrometers, one reflectron and one linear, that each utilize two time-of-flight mass analyzers to detect positive and negative ions created from a single particle. PEG-containing particles are currently being employed in the optimization of our bioaerosol mass spectrometers for the application of measurements of complex biological samples, including human effluents, and we recommend that the same strategies will be of great utility to the development of any online aerosol LDI mass spectrometer platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bogan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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85
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Murphy DM, Cziczo DJ, Froyd KD, Hudson PK, Matthew BM, Middlebrook AM, Peltier RE, Sullivan A, Thomson DS, Weber RJ. Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Murphy
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. J. Cziczo
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. D. Froyd
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. K. Hudson
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. M. Matthew
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - R. E. Peltier
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - A. Sullivan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - D. S. Thomson
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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86
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Siu CK, Fox-Beyer BS, Beyer MK, Bondybey VE. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Studies of Ionic Dissolution and Precipitation of Sodium Chloride and Silver Chloride in Water Clusters, NaCl(H2O)n and AgCl(H2O)n,n = 6, 10, and 14. Chemistry 2006; 12:6382-92. [PMID: 16718727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An ab initio molecular dynamics method was used to compare the ionic dissolution of soluble sodium chloride (NaCl) in water clusters with the highly insoluble silver chloride (AgCl). The investigations focused on the solvation structures, dynamics, and energetics of the contact ion pair (CIP) and of the solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) in NaCl(H(2)O)(n) and AgCl(H(2)O)(n) with cluster sizes of n = 6, 10 and 14. We found that the minimum cluster size required to stabilize the SSIP configuration in NaCl(H(2)O)(n) is temperature-dependent. For n = 6, both configurations are present as two distinct local minima on the free-energy profile at 100 K, whereas SSIP is unstable at 300 K. Both configurations, separated by a low barrier (<10 kJ mol(-1)), are identifiable on the free energy profiles of NaCl(H(2)O)(n) for n = 10 and 14 at 300 K, with the Na(+)/Cl(-) pairs being internally solvated in the water cluster and the SSIP configuration being slightly higher in energy (<5 kJ mol(-1)). In agreement with the low bulk solubility of AgCl, no SSIP minimum is observed on the free-energy profiles of finite AgCl(H(2)O)(n) clusters. The AgCl interaction is more covalent in nature, and is less affected by the water solvent. Unlike NaCl, AgCl is mainly solvated on the surface in finite water clusters, and ionic dissolution requires a significant reorganization of the solvent structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kit Siu
- Department Chemie, Physikalische Chemie 2, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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87
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Höfft O, Kahnert U, Bahr S, Kempter V. Interaction of NaI with Solid Water and Methanol. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17115-20. [PMID: 16928006 DOI: 10.1021/jp0626014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of NaI with amorphous solid water (ASW) and methanol (MeOH) has been investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), UPS(HeI), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have studied the electron emission from the ionization of the highest-lying states of H(2)O, CH(3)OH, and of 5pI. We have prepared NaI layers on ASW (MeOH) films at about 105 K and annealed them up to about 200 K. Surface segregation of iodide is observed in ASW, as predicted for NaI aqueous solutions. On the other hand, surface segregation is not observed in MeOH, again as predicted for the interaction of NaI with liquid methanol. Electronic properties (ionization potentials, optical band gaps) and water binding energies are reported and are analyzed on the basis of available DFT results for hydrated NaI clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Höfft
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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88
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Kim HI, Goddard WA, Beauchamp JL. Cluster Phase Chemistry: Gas-Phase Reactions of Anionic Sodium Salts of Dicarboxylic Acid Clusters with Water Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7777-86. [PMID: 16789762 DOI: 10.1021/jp055944v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A homologous series of anionic gas-phase clusters of dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid) generated via electrospray ionization (ESI) are investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID). Sodiated clusters with the composition (Na(+))(2)(n+1)(dicarboxylate(2-)(n+1) for singly charged anionic clusters, where n = 1-4, are observed as major gas-phase species. Isolation of the clusters followed by CID results mainly in sequential loss of disodium dicarboxylate moieties for the clusters of succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid (C4-C6). However, all oxalate (C2) and malonate (C3) clusters and dimers (n = 1) of succinate (C4) and glutarate (C5) exhibit more complex chemistry initiated by collision of the activated cluster with water molecules. For example, with water addition, malonate clusters dissociate to yield sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and sodium hydroxide. More generally, water molecules serve as proton donors for reacting dicarboxylate anions in the cluster and introduce energetically favorable dissociation pathways not otherwise available. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the binding energy of the cluster correlate well with the cluster phase reactions of oxalate and malonate clusters. Clusters of larger dicarboxylate ions (C4-C6) are more weakly bound, facilitating the sequential loss of disodium dicarboxylate moieties. The more strongly bound small dicarboxylate anions (oxalate and malonate) preferentially react with water molecules rather than dissociate to lose disodium dicarboxylate monomers when collisionally activated. Implications of these results for the atmospheric aerosol chemistry of dicarboxylic acids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I Kim
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA
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89
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Zhou L, Hopke PK, Venkatachari P. Cluster analysis of single particle mass spectra measured at Flushing, NY. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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90
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Abstract
The interaction of CsF with multilayered water has been investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy with HeI (UPS(HeI)). We have studied the emission from the ionization of H2O states 1b1, 3a1, and 1b2; of Cs5p and of F2p. We have prepared CsF-H2O interfaces, namely, CsF layers on thin films of multilayered water and vice versa; they were annealed between 80 and about 280 K. Up to about 100 K, a closed CsF layer can be deposited on H2O and vice versa; no interpenetration of the two components H2O and CsF could be observed. Above 110 K, CsF (H2O) layers deposited on thin H2O (CsF) films (stoichiometry CsF.1.5H2O) gradually transform into a mixed layer containing F, Cs, and H2O species. When annealing, H2O molecules can be detected up to 200 K from the mixed F-Cs-H2O layer (while for pure H2O desorption is essentially complete at 165 K); a water network is not formed under these conditions, and all H2O molecules are involved in bonding with Cs+ and F- ions. When CsF is deposited at 120 K on sufficiently thick water multilayers, full solvation of both F and Cs takes place, even for the species closest to the surface, as long as the stoichiometry remains CsF.(H2O)n with n > 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borodin
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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91
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Tolocka MP. Size-resolved fine and ultrafine particle composition in Baltimore, Maryland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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92
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Hwang H, Ro CU. Single-particle characterization of four aerosol samples collected in ChunCheon, Korea, during Asian dust storm events in 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Griffin RJ. Development and initial evaluation of a dynamic species-resolved model for gas phase chemistry and size-resolved gas/particle partitioning associated with secondary organic aerosol formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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94
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Ramakrishnan R, Schauer JJ, Chen L, Huang Z, Shafer MM, Gross DS, Musicant DR. The EDAM project: Mining atmospheric aerosol datasets. INT J INTELL SYST 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/int.20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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95
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Maria SF, Russell LM, Gilles MK, Myneni SCB. Organic Aerosol Growth Mechanisms and Their Climate-Forcing Implications. Science 2004; 306:1921-4. [PMID: 15591199 DOI: 10.1126/science.1103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Surface- and volume-limited chemical reactions on and in atmospheric aerosol particles cause growth while changing organic composition by 13 to 24% per day. Many of these particles contain carbonaceous components from mineral dust and combustion emissions in Africa, Asia, and North America and reveal reaction rates that are three times slower than those typically used in climate models. These slower rates for converting from volatile or hydrophobic to condensed and hygroscopic organic compounds increase carbonaceous particle burdens in climate models by 70%, producing organic aerosol climate forcings of as much as -0.8 watt per square meter cooling and +0.3 watt per square meter warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Maria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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96
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Borodin A, Höfft O, Kahnert U, Kempter V, Poddey A, Blöchl PE. Interaction of NaCl with solid water. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:9671-8. [PMID: 15538890 DOI: 10.1063/1.1805498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of NaCl with solid water, deposited on tungsten at 80 K, was investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) (He I). We have studied the ionization of Cl(3p) and the 1b(1), 3a(1), and 1b(2) bands of molecular water. The results are supplemented by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electronic structure of solvated Cl(-) ions. We have prepared NaCl/water interfaces at 80 K, NaCl layers on thin films of solid water, and H(2)O ad-layers on thin NaCl films; they were annealed between 80 and 300 K. At 80 K, closed layers of NaCl on H(2)O, and vice versa, are obtained; no interpenetration of the two components H(2)O and NaCl was observed. However, ionic dissociation of NaCl takes place when H(2)O and NaCl are in direct contact. Above 115 K solvation of the ionic species Cl(-) becomes significant. Our results are compatible with a transition of Cl(-) species from an interface site (Cl in direct contact with the NaCl lattice) to an energetically favored configuration, where Cl species are solvated. The DFT calculations show that Cl(-) species, surrounded by their solvation shell, are nevertheless by some extent accessed by MIES because the Cl(3p)-charge cloud extends through the solvation shell. Water desorption is noticeable around 145 K, but is not complete before 170 K, about 15 K higher than for pure solid water. Above 150 K the NaCl-induced modification of the water network gives rise to gas phase like structures in the water spectra. In particular, the 3a(1) emission turns into a well-defined peak. This suggests that under these conditions water molecules interact mainly with Cl(-) rather than among themselves. Above 170 K only Cl is detected on the surface and desorbs around 450 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borodin
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstrasse 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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97
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Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Kinnersley RP, Harrison RM, Donovan RJ, Heal MR. Characterization of individual airborne particles by using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry at Mace Head, Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Robert P. Kinnersley
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | | | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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98
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Tolocka MP, Saul TD, Johnston MV. Reactive Uptake of Nitric Acid into Aqueous Sodium Chloride Droplets Using Real-Time Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036612y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Tolocka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Thomas D. Saul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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99
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Cziczo DJ, Murphy DM, Hudson PK, Thomson DS. Single particle measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during CRYSTAL-FACE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Cziczo
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. M. Murphy
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. K. Hudson
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. S. Thomson
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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100
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Bates TS. Marine boundary layer dust and pollutant transport associated with the passage of a frontal system over eastern Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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