51
|
Jacobs A. Myelodysplastic syndromes: pathogenesis, functional abnormalities, and clinical implications. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38:1201-17. [PMID: 2999194 PMCID: PMC499415 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.38.11.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes represent a preleukaemic state in which a clonal abnormality of haemopoietic stem cell is characterised by a variety of phenotypic manifestations with varying degrees of ineffective haemopoiesis. This state probably develops as a sequence of events in which the earliest stages may be difficult to detect by conventional pathological techniques. The process is characterised by genetic changes leading to abnormal control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Expansion of an abnormal clone may be related to independence from normal growth factors, insensitivity to normal inhibitory factors, suppression of normal clonal growth, or changes in the immunological or nutritional condition of the host. The haematological picture is of peripheral blood cytopenias: a cellular bone marrow, and functional abnormalities of erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic cells. In most cases marrow cells have an abnormal DNA content, often with disturbances of the cell cycle: an abnormal karyotype is common in premalignant clones. Growth abnormalities of erythroid or granulocyte-macrophage progenitors are common in marrow cultures, and lineage specific surface membrane markers indicate aberrations of differentiation. Progression of the disorder may occur through clonal expansion or through clonal evolution with a greater degree of malignancy. Current attempts to influence abnormal growth and differentiation have had only limited success. Clinical recognition of the syndrome depends on an acute awareness of the signs combined with the identification of clonal and functional abnormalities.
Collapse
|
52
|
Feinstein SC, Dana SL, McConlogue L, Shooter EM, Coffino P. Nerve growth factor rapidly induces ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:5761-5. [PMID: 3862093 PMCID: PMC390632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates ornithine decarboxylase (OrnDCase; EC 4.1.1.17) activity in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 was investigated. As demonstrated previously, NGF rapidly induces OrnDCase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal enzymatic activity at 4-6 hr after exposure to NGF. Activity subsequently returns to near basal levels. A cloned OrnDCase cDNA was used to analyze the levels of OrnDCase RNA. In response to NGF administration, OrnDCase RNA levels were induced. The time course of the OrnDCase RNA induction paralleled that of the enzyme activity induction, and the magnitude of both inductions was quantitatively the same. Increased concentration of OrnDCase RNA was clearly detected at the earliest time point examined, 2 hr. No change was observed in the size of OrnDCase RNA. The dose-response curves for both RNA and enzyme activity inductions were also similar. Thus, increased OrnDCase RNA levels fully account for, and are responsible for, the induction of activity. Further, one-third of the OrnDCase RNA induction was unaffected by cycloheximide treatment but was fully blocked by actinomycin D treatment, suggesting that NGF acts through at least two mechanisms to mediate the OrnDCase induction. The first mechanism is cycloheximide insensitive and the second is mediated through an event requiring ongoing protein synthesis. Both mechanisms require ongoing transcription, as evidenced by the complete sensitivity of the induction process to actinomycin D.
Collapse
|
53
|
The developmental regulation of L-ornithine decarboxylase in Dictyostelium discoideum and its induction by cAMP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 846:55-63. [PMID: 2990580 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(85)90110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
By the use of an in vivo assay, ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) is shown to be developmentally regulated in Dictyostelium discoideum. High levels of cAMP can induce ornithine decarboxylase activity in preaggregative cells kept in shaking suspension, under similar conditions as where other markers for development can also be induced. This induction by cAMP is solely dependent on the total amount of cAMP to which the cells have been exposed, and not on the manner of cAMP addition. Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity, when measured in vitro, is caused by both an increase in total enzyme activity and by a proportional increase in activity of the high-affinity form for the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate. When measured in vivo, an additional regulatory mechanism seems to be involved. Kinetic studies with the competitive inhibitor putrescine suggest that in cAMP-stimulated cells the low affinity form of the enzyme may also be active in vivo.
Collapse
|
54
|
Chou RH, Chervenick PA. Combined effects of aphidicolin and retinoic acid on proliferation and differentiation of human leukaemic (HL-60) cells. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1985; 18:387-97. [PMID: 3924406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1985.tb00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between replicative DNA synthesis and retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukaemic (HL-60) cells are evaluated with the use of Aphidicolin, a specific and reversible inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha (alpha). Addition of a sublethal concentration of Aphidicolin (0.4 microM) in culture for 3 days suppresses DNA synthesis to a similar level of the resting stage (day 8) in control cultures. DNA synthesis is reactivated to the level observed in the growing stage of control cultures once Aphidicolin is removed after 3 days in culture. The level of DNA synthesis at the early stage of RA-induction (day 3) is suppressed by only 17% when compared to control cultures. The inhibitory effect of Aphidicolin on DNA synthesis in both control cultures and RA-induced cell cultures is similar. However, no reactivation of DNA synthesis is observed after removal of Aphidicolin on day 3 from RA-induced cell cultures. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content on day 3 reveals that cells accumulate in G1 and early S phases of the cell cycle after exposure to Aphidicolin with or without RA. Of interest is the fact that, while Aphidicolin alone did not induce cells to differentiate, neither did it interfere with RA-induced cell differentiation (the rate of RA-induced cell differentiation in the presence of Aphidicolin is similar to that of RA-treated cultures in the absence of Aphidicolin). These results suggest that the combined use of Aphidicolin and RA may inhibit leukaemic cell proliferation more effectively without causing severe cytotoxicity and without interfering with RA-induced cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
55
|
Russell DH. Ornithine decarboxylase: a key regulatory enzyme in normal and neoplastic growth. Drug Metab Rev 1985; 16:1-88. [PMID: 3905315 DOI: 10.3109/03602538508991430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
56
|
Schindler J, Kelly M, McCann PP. The response of several murine embryonal carcinoma cell lines to stimulation of differentiation by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. J Cell Physiol 1985; 122:1-6. [PMID: 3917438 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041220102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to better establish the relationship between polyamine levels and the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells, we have examined the ability of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a known inducer of differentiation in one embryonal carcinoma cell line, to stimulate the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells from a variety of cell lines. Differentiation was monitored using a variety of criteria including morphological alterations and changes in biochemical and antigenic parameters. Depending on their response to difluoromethylornithine, three classes of cell lines could be identified, those which 1) differentiate extensively, 2) differentiate poorly, and 3) fail to differentiate. Three different classes of embryonal carcinoma cell lines reflect differential changes in polyamine levels resulting from inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase enzyme activity by DFMO. The specific cell lines which exhibit large decreases in both ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels also show extensive differentiation. The cell lines which show only moderate decreases in enzyme activity and polyamines differentiate poorly while the cell lines which fail to respond to DFMO in that polyamines do not drop below the threshold level necessary to induce differentiation fail to differentiate. These studies suggest that decreases in intracellular polyamines induce EC cell differentiation in vitro.
Collapse
|
57
|
Fienberg AA, Choi JH, Lubich WP, Sung ZR. Developmental regulation of polyamine metabolism in growth and differentiation of carrot culture. PLANTA 1984; 162:532-539. [PMID: 24253270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/1984] [Accepted: 07/03/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine levels and the activities of two polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), were determined during somatic embryogenesis of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell cultures. Embryogenic cultures showed severalfold increases in polyamine levels over nondifferentiating controls. A mutant cell line that failed to form embryos but grew at the same rate as the wild-type line also failed to show increases in polyamine levels, thus providing evidence that this increased polyamine content was in fact associated with the development of embryos. Furthermore, inhibition of these increases in polyamines caused by drugs inhibited embryogenesis and the effect was reversible with spermidine. The activities of arginine decarboxylase and Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase were found to be suppressed by auxin; however, the specific effects differed between exogenous 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid. The results indicate that increased polyamine levels are required for cellular differentiation and development occurring during somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Fienberg
- Department of Genetics and Plant Pathology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Mattsson ME, Ruusala AI, Påhlman S. Changes in inducibility of ornithine decarboxylase activity in differentiating human neuroblastoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1984; 155:105-12. [PMID: 6489452 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells could be induced to differentiate morphologically and biochemically in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), retinoic acid (RA), or a combination of these two substances. The phenotypical changes induced by these substances differed, but one effect of both was an inhibition of the cell growth. Addition of TPA or RA to non-treated cells had no effect on the activation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17.), while a change to fresh medium stimulated the ODC to maximum activity after 4-6 h. The activity was not altered by the presence of RA in the fresh medium, but TPA partially inhibited the medium-stimulated ODC activity. Cells treated for 4 or 8 days with TPA or a combination of TPA and RA had a low ODC activity which could not be induced by fresh medium. However, RA-treated (and thus growth-inhibited) cells still responded to a change of medium by exhibiting an ODC activity of the same magnitude and duration as in medium-stimulated control cells. The results seem to suggest that the growth inhibition induced by TPA and RA, respectively, is mediated by different mechanisms.
Collapse
|
59
|
Pösö H, Karvonen E, Suomalainen H, Andersson LC. A human neuroblastoma cell line with an altered ornithine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
60
|
Luk GD, Baylin SB. Inhibition of intestinal epithelial DNA synthesis and adaptive hyperplasia after jejunectomy in the rat by suppression of polyamine biosynthesis. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:698-704. [PMID: 6432848 PMCID: PMC425223 DOI: 10.1172/jci111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient increases in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, may be critical to initiation of cell growth. We previously reported such increases in ODC activity, and the polyamines, putrescine, and spermidine in rat ileal mucosa between days 1 and 4 after intestinal resection. During this time, there is initiation of mucosal cell hyperplasia, as measured morphologically and biochemically. Intestinal weight and mucosal thickness increase, as do mucosal DNA content and DNA synthesis. In the present study, we gave rats the specific irreversible ODC inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO), beginning 3 d before jejunectomy. DFMO completely suppressed the increases in ODC activity and polyamine content in the intestinal mucosa. The suppression in ODC activity was associated with an 87% suppression of DNA synthesis, and resulted in a complete abolition of intestinal adaptation, as manifested by the absence of intestinal weight gain, increase in mucosal thickness, or increase in crypt cell production. Our results indicate that the increases in ODC activity and polyamine biosynthesis are critical for adaptive postresectional crypt cell proliferation in vivo, and that the critical step mediated by polyamines in this adaptive process is the onset of new DNA synthesis.
Collapse
|
61
|
Mamont PS, Siat M, Joder-Ohlenbusch AM, Bernhardt A, Casara P. Effects of (2R, 5R)-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine, a potent inhibitor of L-ornithine decarboxylase, on rat hepatoma cells cultured in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 142:457-63. [PMID: 6468373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
DL-alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (F2MeOrn), the most widely-used inhibitor of L-ornithine decarboxylase, has been a useful tool to demonstrate that polyamine biosynthesis is required to maintain maximum rates of cell proliferation. However, in most eukaryotic cell systems, F2MeOrn exerts cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects. This may be due to the fact that this inhibitor creates only incomplete polyamine deficiency. In particular, F2MeOrn scarcely depletes intracellular spermine levels. We now demonstrate in rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells that (2R, 5R)-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine, a more potent irreversible inhibitor of L-ornithine decarboxylase than F2MeOrn, decreases the concentrations of all polyamines including spermine. In parallel with the depletion of these amines, there is a progressive decrease in the rate of cell proliferation and in cell viability. Restoration of the intracellular polyamine content, by addition to the medium of polyamines or a high concentration of L-ornithine, the substrate of L-ornithine decarboxylase, further demonstrates that the antiproliferative effects of (2R, 5R)-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine do result from polyamine deficiency. These findings support the concept that polyamines play an essential function in the cell division processes and emphasize the vital function of spermine in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
62
|
Fontana JA, Emler C, Ku K, McClung JK, Butcher FR, Durham JP. Cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent protein kinases and protein phosphorylation in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells induced to differentiate by retinoic acid. J Cell Physiol 1984; 120:49-60. [PMID: 6588051 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The human leukemia cell line HL60 which resembles promyelocytes can be induced to differentiate to cells displaying features of the mature myeloid phenotype by a variety of agents including retinoic acid (RA) and agents that elevate intracellular adenosine 3:5 cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels, e.g., 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine 3:5 monophosphate (8-Br-cyclic AMP), cholera toxin. Since most, if not all the effects of cyclic AMP, are mediated by adenosine 3:5 cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cyclic AMP-dPK), we investigated the role of cyclic AMP-dPK and adenosine 3:5 cyclic monophosphate-independent protein kinase (cyclic AMP-iPK) in the induced differentiation of HL60 cells. Marked stimulation of cyclic AMP-dPK and cyclic AMP-iPK appears to be intimately involved with and specific for HL60 myeloid differentiation as evidenced by: (1) Stimulation of cyclic AMP-dPK and cyclic AMP-iPK early during HL60 myeloid differentiation and prior to phenotypic changes. (2) RA and dimethylformamide (DMF), agents that induce differentiation along the myeloid pathway, cause a marked increase in the type l cytosolic cyclic AMP-dPK and cyclic AMP-iPK (protamine kinase) while no such increases are noted in cells treated with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) which induces differentiation along the monocyte/macrophage pathway. (3) Both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-cyclic AMP demonstrate marked increases in type l cyclic AMP-dPK in the cytosols of cells exposed to agents that induce myeloid differentiation but no increase in TPA-differentiated cells. (4) The appearance and disappearance of specific cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent protein phosphorylations are associated with the induced myeloid differentiated state.
Collapse
|
63
|
Gargus JJ, Adelberg EA, Slayman CW. Rapid changes in bidirectional K+ fluxes preceding DMSO-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 human leukemic cells. J Cell Physiol 1984; 120:83-90. [PMID: 6588052 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
When grown in medium containing 5 mM potassium and 140 mM sodium, HL-60, a human promyelocytic cell line, maintained a steady-state intracellular K+ concentration of 145 mmol/L cells and a steady-state intracellular Na+ concentration of 30 mmol/L cells. Nearly 90% of the unidirectional 42K+ influx could be inhibited by the cardiac glycoside ouabain with a Ki of 5 X 10(-8) M. This ouabain-sensitive component of influx rose as a saturating function of the extracellular K+ concentration with a K1/2 of 0.85 mM. The component of 42K+ influx resistant to ouabain inhibition was a linear function of the extracellular K+ concentration and was insensitive to inhibition by the diuretic furosemide. Unidirectional K+ efflux followed first order kinetics with a half-time of 55 min. Addition of 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a culture of HL-60 cells allowed two population doublings followed by the cessation of growth without an impairment of cell viability. Beginning 2 to 3 days after DMSO addition, the cells underwent a dramatic reduction in volume (from 925 microns 3 to 500 microns 3) and began to take on the morphological features of mature granulocytes. Throughout this process of differentiation there was no change in the intracellular sodium or potassium concentration. However, immediately following the addition of DMSO to a culture of cells, there began an immediate, coordinated reduction in bidirectional K+ flux. The initial rate of the ouabain-sensitive component of K+ influx fell with a half-time of 11 h to a final rate, at 6 days induction, equal to one ninth that of the uninduced control, and over the same period, the rate constant for K+ efflux fell with a half-time of 14 h to a final value one fourth that of the uninduced control. The rapidity with which these flux changes occur raises the possibility that they play some role in the control of subsequent events in the process of differentiation.
Collapse
|
64
|
Delcros JG, Roch AM, Quash G. The competitive inhibition of tissue transglutaminase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. FEBS Lett 1984; 171:221-6. [PMID: 6144574 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The transglutaminase-mediated insertion of putrescine into casein was inhibited competitively by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO), an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. Preincubation of the amine acceptor (casein) or the enzyme itself with the inhibitor did not affect enzyme activity. Alpha-DFMO is a poorer substrate for transglutaminase (Km = 2.10 mM) than putrescine (Km = 0.17 mM). The inhibitory effect was also found with fibronectin as amine acceptor.
Collapse
|
65
|
|
66
|
Påhlman S, Ruusala AI, Abrahamsson L, Mattsson ME, Esscher T. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation of cultured human neuroblastoma cells: a comparison with phorbolester-induced differentiation. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1984; 14:135-44. [PMID: 6467378 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(84)90038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cultured human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) or 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In both cases, the cells acquired long cell processes and the cell growth was partially inhibited. Treatment with RA or TPA resulted in an increased neuron-specific enolase activity, relative to the total cellular enolase activity. At the optimal concentration, TPA induced a 200-fold increase in the concentration of noradrenalin, whereas in RA-treated cells the corresponding increase was only fourfold. Cells treated with a combination of RA and TPA were morphologically differentiated and growth inhibited and had a high relative activity of neuron-specific enolase. The increase in the concentration of noradrenalin induced by TPA was inhibited by RA in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, despite this result there seemed to be no general antagonistic effect of RA on the TPA-induced differentiation. The phenotypes of the cells treated by RA, TPA, or the combination of RA and TPA, did, on the other hand, differ from each other. Our results suggest that RA and TPA induce the SH-SY5Y cells to differentiate along different pathways.
Collapse
|
67
|
Vandenbark GR, Kuhn LJ, Niedel JE. Possible mechanism of phorbol diester-induced maturation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 1984; 73:448-57. [PMID: 6321556 PMCID: PMC425036 DOI: 10.1172/jci111231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The phorbol diesters are the most potent inducers of differentiation of the promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60. Soluble phorbol diester receptors from HL-60 cells were obtained from the cytosolic fraction and from the particulate fraction by either divalent ion chelation or detergent extraction. The partially purified soluble phorbol diester receptors required exogenous Ca2+ and phospholipid for maximal binding and displayed a dissociation constant (KD) of 8.1 nM for [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Phorbol diester analogues inhibited [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding in a stereospecific manner consistent with their biologic potency. The soluble phorbol diester receptors prepared by all three methods copurified in a constant ratio with the Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C through ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Partially purified protein kinase C was directly activated by the phorbol diesters even in the absence of exogenous Ca2+. The ability of a series of phorbol analogues to activate the kinase correlated with their known activity as inducers of cell differentiation. In addition, phorbol diester stimulation altered the phosphate acceptor substrate profile of protein kinase C, at least in part, by alteration of the Michaelis constant (Km). These data suggest that protein kinase C is the phorbol diester receptor and that phorbol diester-induced macrophage maturation of HL-60 cells may be mediated by activation of intracellular protein kinase C.
Collapse
|
68
|
Lucas DL, Chiang PK, Webster HK, Robins RK, Wiesmann WP, Wright DG. Effects of 3-deazaguanosine and 3-deazaguanine on the growth and maturation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 165 Pt B:321-5. [PMID: 6586060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-0390-0_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
69
|
Kaye AM. Ornithine decarboxylase. Purification and properties of ornithine decarboxylase. Cell Biochem Funct 1984; 2:2-6. [PMID: 6380791 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
70
|
Heby O, Oredsson SM, Kanje M. Polyamine biosynthetic enzymes as targets in cancer chemotherapy. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1984; 22:243-64. [PMID: 6433658 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(84)90017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we focus attention on recent developments in the biosynthesis of putrescine, spermidine and spermine and their linkage to salvage pathways of methionine and adenine nucleotide synthesis. We describe the use of specific inhibitors of the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes for studying the role of polyamines in cell growth and division as well as in cell differentiation. Some novel findings are presented which suggest that part of the inhibitory action that polyamine synthesis inhibitors exert on DNA synthesis may be due to the accumulation of ADP and ATP. We show that polyamine synthesis inhibitors are capable of inducing terminal differentiation of neoplastic cells to forms with no further proliferative potential, and briefly discuss the potential use of this approach in cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
71
|
Pelicci PG, Testa U, Thomopoulos P, Tabilio A, Vainchenker W, Titeux M, Gourdin MF, Rochant H. Inhibition of transferring binding and iron uptake of hematopoietic cell lines by phorbol esters. Leuk Res 1984; 8:597-609. [PMID: 6088899 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(84)90008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phorbol esters inhibit cell growth and the binding of transferrin to receptors on K 562, HL 60 and U 937 human leukemic cell lines. Exposure of these cells to 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at 37 degrees C results in a 40% reduction of the specific binding of 125I-transferrin, which is apparent within 15 min. Half-maximal inhibition occurs at about 1 nM. Other tumor promoting phorbol esters also inhibit 125I-transferrin binding in a dose-dependent manner which parallels their known promoting activity in vivo. TPA reduces the number of transferrin receptors, and does not alter the degradation or the internalization of transferrin. In addition, TPA inhibits iron uptake by these cell lines. These effects are specific, since phorbol esters do not affect either cell growth or the binding of transferrin to Friend erythroleukemia cells and Raji cell line. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that the inhibition of transferrin binding may represent one of the mechanisms by which phorbol esters affect the growth and the differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines.
Collapse
|
72
|
Lucas DL, Robins RK, Knight RD, Wright DG. Induced maturation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, by 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 115:971-80. [PMID: 6138039 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(83)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The new synthetic nucleoside analogue, 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, was evaluated for its effects upon the growth and maturation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60. At a concentration of greater than or equal to 1 nm, this agent was found both to decrease HL-60 cell proliferation and to cause the cells to acquire an ability to phagocytose opsonized yeast and to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium dye, functions characteristic of mature myeloid cells. In addition, this agent at similar concentrations caused a marked depression of intracellular guanosine nucleotide pools and a reduction in the incorporation of [14C] hypoxanthine into guanylates. These results suggested that the selenazole nucleoside caused an inhibition of inosinate monophosphate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of guanylate biosynthesis. We therefore measured the activity of this enzyme indirectly by simultaneous-UV-radioactivity HPLC as well as by a direct radiometric method and demonstrated markedly reduced enzyme activities by both assays in drug treated cells. Dose response studies indicated that concentrations of drug which caused greater than 30% inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase activity induced greater than 50% maturation of the cells. These observations with this new nucleoside analogue provide further support for the concept that production of guanosine nucleotides and the activity of IMP dehydrogenase have a role in regulating the terminal maturation of myeloid cells.
Collapse
|
73
|
Haussler M, Sidell N, Kelly M, Donaldson C, Altman A, Mangelsdorf D. Specific high-affinity binding and biologic action of retinoic acid in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:5525-9. [PMID: 6310582 PMCID: PMC384290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.18.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma cells are a good model for neuronal development because of their ability to extend neurites in response to various stimuli, including retinoic acid. In the present experiments, we have examined five human neuroblastoma cell lines (LA-N-1, IMR-32, LA-N-5, SK-N-MC, and CHP-100) for the presence of cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP), a receptor-like protein implicated in the molecular functioning of vitamin A. CRABP is identified and quantitated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, selective inhibition by the mercurial reagent p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid (PCMBS), and saturation analysis. All five lines contain significant levels of cytosolic CRABP (2.5-7.5 pmol/mg of protein), which display typical properties of specific high affinity retinoic acid binding, a sedimentation coefficient of 2 S, and inhibition by PCMBS. Three of the lines (LA-N-1, IMR-32, and LA-N-5) are strongly growth inhibited by 1 microM retinoic acid in monolayer culture, whereas two (LA-N-1 and LA-N-5) undergo marked differentiation to a stellate, fusiform morphology with characteristic neurite outgrowths. The SK-N-MC and CHP-100 lines are relatively resistant to the antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid under these conditions. Nevertheless, all five lines are effectively inhibited by retinoic acid in their ability to form anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar. Thus, although CRABP is not necessarily correlated with growth inhibition in monolayer culture, it is associated with retinoic acid's ability to inhibit neuroblastoma colony formation in soft agar. More experiments will be required to determine if this effect on growth in soft agar reflects the putative ability of retinoic acid to convert tumorigenic neuroblastoma cell lines into the normal differentiated phenotype.
Collapse
|
74
|
Luk GD, Sharkis SJ, Abeloff MD, McCann PP, Sjoerdsma A, Baylin SB. Polyamine biosynthesis is required for the maintenance of peripheral blood cell elements in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:5090-3. [PMID: 6410400 PMCID: PMC384194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.16.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine, when given to adult rats in vivo for 5 wk, resulted in a decrease in peripheral blood cell elements in normal rats and a marked suppression of marrow recovery in rats with chemotherapy-induced marrow hypoplasia. In normal rats, alpha-difluoromethylornithine resulted in a reduction of the leukocyte count to 73% of control, erythrocyte count to 61% of control, and platelet count to 24% of control. The bleeding time was increased to twice normal and 67% of the animals had epistaxis and 42% had melena. In rats treated with the S phase-specific chemotherapeutic agent 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, the simultaneous administration of alpha-difluoromethylornithine prevented the recovery of the bone marrow. The peripheral blood cell counts remained low--leukocyte count was 10% of control, and erythrocyte and platelet counts were 6% of control. All the animals developed epistaxis and melena and there was a 72% mortality. The administration of putrescine (4 mmol/kg, intraperitoneally, daily), the specific polyamine product of ornithine decarboxylase, reversed these hematologic effects in both normal and recovering marrow and resulted in rapid clinical improvement. Thus, the maintenance of normal, adult rat hematologic parameters, as with the proliferation of neoplastic and transformed cells in culture, is critically dependent on continued polyamine biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
75
|
Ferrero D, Gallo E, Lanfrancone L, Tarella C. Functional and phenotypic characterization of two HL60 clones resistant to dimethylsulfoxide. Exp Cell Res 1983; 147:111-8. [PMID: 6578050 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Two HL60 clones (C12 and C13) totally insensitive to differentiation induction by dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) are described. They have been growing continuously in the presence of the inducer for more than 6 months. The morphological and cytochemical features of the two populations are quite similar to those of the original HL60 cell line, whereas a different karyotype with marked hyperploidy (modal chromosome number of 86 for C12 and 82 for C13) was detected. An antigenic pattern analogous to that of the native HL60 cell line was found in C12 and C13 populations using three monoclonal antibodies differently reactive to myeloid cells. Both clones can be induced to differentiate by retinoic acid (RA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The pattern of differentiation was assessed by morphological, cytochemical, phenotypical and functional markers. Differentiation of C12 cells by RA and TPA was similar to that observed with native HL60 cells, whereas C13 cells showed lower degrees of sensitivity to RA and TPA. The data presented suggest the existence of different mechanisms for induction of differentiation by Me2SO, RA and TPA. In addition, they are in accordance with previous observations of different degrees of inducibility to differentiation among leukemic cell populations in culture.
Collapse
|
76
|
Schindler J, Kelly M, McCann PP. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase induces embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 114:410-7. [PMID: 6411082 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Murine embryonal carcinoma cells can be induced to differentiate in vitro by various physical and chemical means. We report here that inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity with a specific enzyme-activated inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethylornithine, can induce differentiation in embryonal carcinoma cells. The differentiated phenotype can be distinguished from undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells by altered cellular morphology, biochemical and cell surface antigenic properties. These results suggest that alterations in the levels of cellular polyamines may play a role in embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
77
|
McConlogue LC, Marton LJ, Coffino P. Growth regulatory effects of cyclic AMP and polyamine depletion are dissociable in cultured mouse lymphoma cells. J Cell Biol 1983; 96:762-7. [PMID: 6300139 PMCID: PMC2112398 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.96.3.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of mouse lymphoma S49 cells with D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, depleted cellular polyamine levels and stopped cell growth. The cells were arrested predominantly in G1. Thus, polyamine depletion may lead to a regulatory growth arrest in S49 cells. We tested two hypotheses regarding the relationship of growth arrest mediated by polyamine limitation to that mediated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). The hypothesis that cAMP-induced arrest results from polyamine depletion is not tenable, because the arrest could not be reversed by addition of exogenous polyamines, and because cellular polyamine levels do not drop in dibuturyl cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP)-arrested cells. The hypothesis that polyamine-mediated growth arrest is effected via modulation of cAMP levels or cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity was also shown to be incorrect, because a S49 variant deficient in cAMP-dependent protein kinase was arrested by DFMO. The activities of the polyamine-synthesizing enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase (SAMD) are both reduced in Bt2cAMP-treated cells to about 10% of that in control populations, as shown previously. DFMO diminishes ODC activity and augments SAMD activity in both untreated and Bt2cAMP-treated cells, leading to polyamine depletion in both cases.
Collapse
|
78
|
Bacchi CJ, Garofalo J, Mockenhaupt D, McCann PP, Diekema KA, Pegg AE, Nathan HC, Mullaney EA, Chunosoff L, Sjoerdsma A, Hutner SH. In vivo effects of alpha-DL-difluoromethylornithine on the metabolism and morphology of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1983; 7:209-25. [PMID: 6193423 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(83)90022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The EATRO 110 isolate of Trypanosoma brucei brucei was grown in rats for 60 h and the animals treated with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-DL-difluoromethylornithine 12 h or 36 h prior to sacrifice. Control untreated animals died 72-80 h after infection. Treated parasites were shorter and broader than the predominantly long slender forms found in untreated controls and many had two or more nuclei and kinetoplasts. Trypanosomes were purified from blood and examined for disruption of polyamine metabolism. ODC activity decreased by more than 99% after 12 h treatment and putrescine and spermidine levels also decreased dramatically. Spermine, not normally present in control cells, increased to detectable, low levels (less than 1 nmol mg-1 protein) after 36 h treatment. alpha-DL-Difluoromethylornithine-treated cells were unable to synthesize putrescine from [3H]ornithine but were able to convert [3H]putrescine + methionine to spermidine. 12-h treated parasites responded to polyamine depletion by assimilating radiolabeled polyamines in vitro at 2- to 4-times the rate of untreated cells. The metabolism of S-adenosylmethionine was also altered in treated parasites: decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine increased more than 1000-fold over untreated cells while S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity, associated with the formation of spermidine and spermine in other eukaryotes, paradoxically declined in treated cells. Synthesis of macromolecules was perturbed in treated parasites: rates of DNA and RNA synthesis declined 50-100%, while protein synthesis increased up to 4-fold in 36-h treated cells. alpha-DL-Difluoromethylornithine treatment progressively limits the parasites' ability to synthesize nucleic acids and blocks cytokinesis while inducing morphological changes resembling long slender leads to short stumpy transformation.
Collapse
|
79
|
Durham JP, Ruppert M, Fontana JA. Glycosyltransferase activities and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells by retinoic acid and a phorbol ester. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 110:348-55. [PMID: 6404253 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The activities of five glycosyltransferases were measured following the induction of HL60 cells to differentiate to mature myeloid forms or to macrophages by the addition of retinoic acid or a phorbol ester, respectively. Gal-T-II, Fuc-T-I and (NeuAc-T-I) are all increased and Fuc-T-II decreased in activity upon treatment with RA. Gal-T-I and Fuc-T-II are decreased and Gal-T-II increased in activity upon with TPA treatment. The increases in enzyme activities with RA are measurable as early as 1 day but while Fuc-T-I and NeuAc-T-I are fully elevated at 2 days, Gal-T-II shows a biphasic rise with initial elevation by day 2 and a further rise at days 3 to 5. The rises in Gal-T-II are due to increases in the enzyme form present in uninduced cells.
Collapse
|
80
|
|