51
|
Marczynke M, Gröger K, Seitz O. Selective Binders of the Tandem Src Homology 2 Domains in Syk and Zap70 Protein Kinases by DNA-Programmed Spatial Screening. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2384-2392. [PMID: 28767218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Syk family of tyrosine kinases arrange Src homology 2 (SH2) domains in tandem to allow the firm binding of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based interaction motifs (ITAMs). While the advantages provided by the bivalency enhanced interactions are evident, the impact on binding specificity is less-clear. For example, the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the ζ-chain-associated protein kinase (ZAP-70) recognize the consensus sequence pYXXI/L(X)6-8 pYXXI/L with near-identical nanomolar affinity. The nondiscriminatory recognition, on the one hand, poses a specificity challenge for the design of subtype selective protein binders and, on the other hand, raises the question as to how differential activation of Syk and ZAP-70 is ensured when both kinases are co-expressed. Herein, we identified the criteria for the design of binders that specifically address either the Syk or the Zap-70 tSH2 domain. Our approach is based on DNA-programmed spatial screening. Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides containing the pYXXI/L motif were attached to oligonucleotides and aligned in tandem on a DNA template by means of nucleic acid hybridization. The distance between the pYXXI/L motifs and the orientation of strands were varied. The exploration exposed remarkably different recognition characteristics. While Syk tSH2 has a rather broad substrate scope, ZAP-70 tSH2 required a proximal arrangement of the phosphotyrosine ligands in defined strand orientation. The spatial screen led to the design of mutually selective, DNA-free binders, which discriminate Zap-70 and Syk tSH2 by 1 order of magnitude in affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Marczynke
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Gröger
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Mkaddem SB, Murua A, Flament H, Titeca-Beauport D, Bounaix C, Danelli L, Launay P, Benhamou M, Blank U, Daugas E, Charles N, Monteiro RC. Lyn and Fyn function as molecular switches that control immunoreceptors to direct homeostasis or inflammation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:246. [PMID: 28811476 PMCID: PMC5557797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoreceptors can transduce either inhibitory or activatory signals depending on ligand avidity and phosphorylation status, which is modulated by the protein kinases Lyn and Fyn. Here we show that Lyn and Fyn control immune receptor signaling status. SHP-1 tyrosine 536 phosphorylation by Lyn activates the phosphatase promoting inhibitory signaling through the immunoreceptor. By contrast, Fyn-dependent phosphorylation of SHP-1 serine 591 inactivates the phosphatase, enabling activatory immunoreceptor signaling. These SHP-1 signatures are relevant in vivo, as Lyn deficiency exacerbates nephritis and arthritis in mice, whereas Fyn deficiency is protective. Similarly, Fyn-activating signature is detected in patients with lupus nephritis, underlining the importance of this Lyn-Fyn balance. These data show how receptors discriminate negative from positive signals that respectively result in homeostatic or inflammatory conditions.Src-family kinases Fyn and Lyn are signaling components downstream of ITAM-bearing antigen receptors. Here the authors show that by phosphorylating SHP-1 at different residues, Lyn and Fyn can have opposing regulatory effects on ITAM receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.
| | - Amaya Murua
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Héloise Flament
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Titeca-Beauport
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Carine Bounaix
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Luca Danelli
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.
- Service d'Immunologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique de Paris, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Wiede F, Dudakov JA, Lu KH, Dodd GT, Butt T, Godfrey DI, Strasser A, Boyd RL, Tiganis T. PTPN2 regulates T cell lineage commitment and αβ versus γδ specification. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2733-2758. [PMID: 28798028 PMCID: PMC5584121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During early thymocyte development, coordinated JAK/STAT5 and SFK/pre-TCR signaling is critical for T cell lineage commitment and αβ versus γδ specification. Wiede et al. show a role for the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 in attenuating SRC family kinase LCK and STAT5 signaling to regulate αβ and γδ T cell development. In the thymus, hematopoietic progenitors commit to the T cell lineage and undergo sequential differentiation to generate diverse T cell subsets, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–restricted αβ T cell receptor (TCR) T cells and non–MHC-restricted γδ TCR T cells. The factors controlling precursor commitment and their subsequent maturation and specification into αβ TCR versus γδ TCR T cells remain unclear. Here, we show that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 attenuates STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) signaling to regulate T cell lineage commitment and SRC family kinase LCK and STAT5 signaling to regulate αβ TCR versus γδ TCR T cell development. Our findings identify PTPN2 as an important regulator of critical checkpoints that dictate the commitment of multipotent precursors to the T cell lineage and their subsequent maturation into αβ TCR or γδ TCR T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kun-Hui Lu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tariq Butt
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Boyd
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Dieckmann NMG, Frazer GL, Asano Y, Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune synapse at a glance. J Cell Sci 2017; 129:2881-6. [PMID: 27505426 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune synapse provides an important structure for communication with immune cells. Studies on immune synapses formed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) highlight the dynamic changes and specialised mechanisms required to facilitate focal signalling and polarised secretion in immune cells. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we illustrate the different steps that reveal the specialised mechanisms used to focus secretion at the CTL immune synapse and allow CTLs to be such efficient and precise serial killers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele M G Dieckmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gordon L Frazer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fasbender F, Claus M, Wingert S, Sandusky M, Watzl C. Differential Requirements for Src-Family Kinases in SYK or ZAP70-Mediated SLP-76 Phosphorylation in Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:789. [PMID: 28736554 PMCID: PMC5500614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In a synthetic biology approach using Schneider (S2) cells, we show that SLP-76 is directly phosphorylated at tyrosines Y113 and Y128 by SYK in the presence of ITAM-containing adapters such as CD3ζ, DAP12, or FcεRγ. This phosphorylation was dependent on at least one functional ITAM and a functional SH2 domain within SYK. Inhibition of Src-kinases by inhibitors PP1 and PP2 did not reduce SLP-76 phosphorylation in S2 cells, suggesting an ITAM and SYK dependent, but Src-kinase independent signaling pathway. This direct ITAM/SYK/SLP-76 signaling pathway therefore differs from previously described ITAM signaling. However, the SYK-family kinase ZAP70 required the additional co-expression of the Src-family kinases Fyn or Lck to efficiently phosphorylate SLP-76 in S2 cells. This difference in Src-family kinase dependency of SYK versus ZAP70-mediated ITAM-based signaling was further demonstrated in human lymphocytes. ITAM signaling in ZAP70-expressing T cells was dependent on the activity of Src-family kinases. In contrast, Src-family kinases were partially dispensable for ITAM signaling in SYK-expressing B cells or in natural killer cells, which express SYK and ZAP70. This demonstrates that SYK can signal using a Src-kinase independent ITAM-based signaling pathway, which may be involved in calibrating the threshold for lymphocyte activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fasbender
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, TU-Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, TU-Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wingert
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, TU-Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mina Sandusky
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, TU-Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, TU-Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Dong G, Kalifa R, Nath PR, Gelkop S, Isakov N. TCR crosslinking promotes Crk adaptor protein binding to tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3ζ chain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:541-546. [PMID: 28526413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) binding of a peptide antigen presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the context of surface MHC molecules initiates signaling events that regulate T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. A key event in the activation process is the phosphorylation of the conserved tyrosine residues within the CD3 chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs), which operate as docking sites for SH2 domain-containing effector proteins. Phosphorylation of the CD3ζ ITAMs renders the CD3 chain capable of binding the ζ-chain associated protein 70 kDa (ZAP70), a protein tyrosine kinase that is essential for T cell activation. We found that TCR/CD3 crosslinking in Jurkat T cells promotes the association of Crk adaptor proteins with the transiently phosphorylated CD3ζ chain. Pull down assays using bead-immobilized GST fusion proteins revealed that the Crk-SH2 domain mediates binding of phospho-CD3ζ. Phospho-CD3ζ binding is selective and is mediated by the three types of Crk, including CrkI, CrkII, and CrkL, but not by other SH2 domain-containing adaptor proteins, such as Grb2, GRAP and Nck. Crk interaction with phospho-CD3ζ is rapid and transient, peaking 1 min post TCR/CD3 crosslinking. The results suggest the involvement of Crk adaptor proteins in the early stages of T cell activation in which Crk might help recruiting effector proteins to the vicinity of the phospho-CD3ζ and contribute to the fine-tuning of the TCR/CD3-coupled signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Dong
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Rachel Kalifa
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Pulak Ranjan Nath
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Crk adaptor proteins regulate CD3ζ chain phosphorylation and TCR/CD3 down-modulation in activated T cells. Cell Signal 2017; 36:117-126. [PMID: 28465009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of a peptide antigen in the context of MHC molecules initiates positive and negative cascades that regulate T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, and culminate in the acquisition of effector T cell functions. These processes are a prerequisite for the induction of specific T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. A key event in the activation of TCR-coupled signaling pathways is the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 subunits, predominantly CD3ζ. These transiently formed phosphotyrosyl epitopes serve as docking sites for SH2-domain containing effector molecules, predominantly the ZAP70 protein tyrosine kinase, which is critical for signal propagation. We found that CrkI and CrkII adaptor proteins also interact with CD3ζ in TCR activated-, but not in resting-, T cells. Crk binding to CD3ζ was independent of ZAP70 and also occurred in ZAP70-deficient T cells. Binding was mediated by Crk-SH2 domain interaction with phosphotyrosine-containing motifs on CD3ζ, via a direct physical interaction, as demonstrated by Far-Western blot. CrkII binding to CD3ζ could also be demonstrated in a heterologous system, where coexpression of a catalytically active Lck was used to phosphorylate the CD3ζ chain. TCR activation-induced Crk binding to CD3ζ resulted in increased and prolonged phosphorylation of CD3ζ, as well as ZAP70 and LAT, suggesting a positive role for CrkI/II binding to CD3ζ in regulation of TCR-coupled signaling pathways. Furthermore, Crk-dependent increased phosphorylation of CD3ζ coincided with inhibition of TCR downmodulation, supporting a positive role for Crk adaptor proteins in TCR-mediated signal amplification.
Collapse
|
58
|
Visperas PR, Wilson CG, Winger JA, Yan Q, Lin K, Arkin MR, Weiss A, Kuriyan J. Identification of Inhibitors of the Association of ZAP-70 with the T Cell Receptor by High-Throughput Screen. SLAS DISCOVERY 2016; 22:324-331. [PMID: 27932698 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116681407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a critical molecule in the transduction of T cell antigen receptor signaling and the activation of T cells. Upon activation of the T cell antigen receptor, ZAP-70 is recruited to the intracellular ζ-chains of the T cell receptor, where ZAP-70 is activated and colocalized with its substrates. Inhibitors of ZAP-70 could potentially function as treatments for autoimmune diseases or organ transplantation. In this work, we present the design, optimization, and implementation of a screen for inhibitors that would disrupt the interaction between ZAP-70 and the T cell antigen receptor. The screen is based on a fluorescence polarization assay for peptide binding to ZAP-70.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Visperas
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Winger
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Omniox Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Qingrong Yan
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- 4 Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephrain P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center for Arthritis and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- 2 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Shah NH, Wang Q, Yan Q, Karandur D, Kadlecek TA, Fallahee IR, Russ WP, Ranganathan R, Weiss A, Kuriyan J. An electrostatic selection mechanism controls sequential kinase signaling downstream of the T cell receptor. eLife 2016; 5:e20105. [PMID: 27700984 PMCID: PMC5089863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence of events that initiates T cell signaling is dictated by the specificities and order of activation of the tyrosine kinases that signal downstream of the T cell receptor. Using a platform that combines exhaustive point-mutagenesis of peptide substrates, bacterial surface-display, cell sorting, and deep sequencing, we have defined the specificities of the first two kinases in this pathway, Lck and ZAP-70, for the T cell receptor ζ chain and the scaffold proteins LAT and SLP-76. We find that ZAP-70 selects its substrates by utilizing an electrostatic mechanism that excludes substrates with positively-charged residues and favors LAT and SLP-76 phosphosites that are surrounded by negatively-charged residues. This mechanism prevents ZAP-70 from phosphorylating its own activation loop, thereby enforcing its strict dependence on Lck for activation. The sequence features in ZAP-70, LAT, and SLP-76 that underlie electrostatic selectivity likely contribute to the specific response of T cells to foreign antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neel H Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Qingrong Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Deepti Karandur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ian R Fallahee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - William P Russ
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rama Ranganathan
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lu T. Robust variable selection method for nonparametric differential equation models with application to nonlinear dynamic gene regulatory network analysis. J Biopharm Stat 2016; 26:712-24. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2015.1052496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Moogk D, Zhong S, Yu Z, Liadi I, Rittase W, Fang V, Dougherty J, Perez-Garcia A, Osman I, Zhu C, Varadarajan N, Restifo NP, Frey AB, Krogsgaard M. Constitutive Lck Activity Drives Sensitivity Differences between CD8+ Memory T Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:644-54. [PMID: 27271569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells develop increased sensitivity following Ag experience, and differences in sensitivity exist between T cell memory subsets. How differential TCR signaling between memory subsets contributes to sensitivity differences is unclear. We show in mouse effector memory T cells (TEM) that >50% of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) exists in a constitutively active conformation, compared with <20% in central memory T cells (TCM). Immediately proximal to Lck signaling, we observed enhanced Zap-70 phosphorylation in TEM following TCR ligation compared with TCM Furthermore, we observed superior cytotoxic effector function in TEM compared with TCM, and we provide evidence that this results from a lower probability of TCM reaching threshold signaling owing to the decreased magnitude of TCR-proximal signaling. We provide evidence that the differences in Lck constitutive activity between CD8(+) TCM and TEM are due to differential regulation by SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (Shp-1) and C-terminal Src kinase, and we use modeling of early TCR signaling to reveal the significance of these differences. We show that inhibition of Shp-1 results in increased constitutive Lck activity in TCM to levels similar to TEM, as well as increased cytotoxic effector function in TCM Collectively, this work demonstrates a role for constitutive Lck activity in controlling Ag sensitivity, and it suggests that differential activities of TCR-proximal signaling components may contribute to establishing the divergent effector properties of TCM and TEM. This work also identifies Shp-1 as a potential target to improve the cytotoxic effector functions of TCM for adoptive cell therapy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duane Moogk
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Shi Zhong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ivan Liadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, TX 77004
| | - William Rittase
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Victoria Fang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; New York University Medical Scientist Training Program, New York, NY 10016
| | - Janna Dougherty
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Arianne Perez-Garcia
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Iman Osman
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Ronald Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Cheng Zhu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, TX 77004
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan B Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
The receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45 regulates antigen receptor signaling by dephosphorylating the C-terminal inhibitory tyrosine of the src family kinases. However, despite its abundance, the function of the large, alternatively spliced extracellular domain of CD45 has remained elusive. We used normally spliced CD45 transgenes either incorporating a phosphatase-inactivating point mutation or lacking the cytoplasmic domain to uncouple the enzymatic and noncatalytic functions of CD45 in lymphocytes. Although these transgenes did not alter T-cell signaling or development irrespective of endogenous CD45 expression, both partially rescued the phenotype of CD45-deficient B cells. We identify a noncatalytic role for CD45 in regulating tonic, but not antigen-mediated, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling through modulation of the function of the inhibitory coreceptor CD22. This finding has important implications for understanding how naïve B cells maintain tonic BCR signaling while restraining inappropriate antigen-dependent activation to preserve clonal "ignorance."
Collapse
|
63
|
Chan KR, Ong EZ, Mok DZL, Ooi EE. Fc receptors and their influence on efficacy of therapeutic antibodies for treatment of viral diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1351-60. [PMID: 26466016 PMCID: PMC4673539 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1079127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The lack of vaccines against several important viral diseases necessitates the development of therapeutics to save lives and control epidemics. In recent years, therapeutic antibodies have received considerable attention due to their good safety profiles and clinical success when used against viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and Hendra virus. The binding affinity of these antibodies can directly impact their therapeutic efficacy. However, we and others have also demonstrated that the subtype of Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) engaged influences the stoichiometric requirement for virus neutralization. Hence, the development of therapeutic antibodies against infectious diseases should consider the FcγRs engaged and Fc-effector functions involved. This review highlights the current state of knowledge about FcγRs and FcγR effector functions involved in virus neutralization, with emphasis on factors that can affect FcγR engagement. A better understanding of Fc-FcγR interactions during virus neutralization will allow development of therapeutic antibodies that are efficacious and can be administered with minimal side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Rong Chan
- a 1 Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- b 2 Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Darren Z L Mok
- c 3 Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- a 1 Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Fuertes Marraco SA, Neubert NJ, Verdeil G, Speiser DE. Inhibitory Receptors Beyond T Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2015; 6:310. [PMID: 26167163 PMCID: PMC4481276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors (iRs) are frequently associated with "T cell exhaustion". However, the expression of iRs is also dependent on T cell differentiation and activation. Therapeutic blockade of various iRs, also referred to as "checkpoint blockade", is showing -unprecedented results in the treatment of cancer patients. Consequently, the clinical potential in this field is broad, calling for increased research efforts and rapid refinements in the understanding of iR function. In this review, we provide an overview on the significance of iR expression for the interpretation of T cell functionality. We summarize how iRs have been strongly associated with "T cell exhaustion" and illustrate the parallel evidence on the importance of T cell differentiation and activation for the expression of iRs. The differentiation subsets of CD8 T cells (naïve, effector, and memory cells) show broad and inherent differences in iR expression, while activation leads to strong upregulation of iRs. Therefore, changes in iR expression during an immune response are often concomitant with T cell differentiation and activation. Sustained expression of iRs in chronic infection and in the tumor microenvironment likely reflects a specialized T cell differentiation. In these situations of prolonged antigen exposure and chronic inflammation, T cells are "downtuned" in order to limit tissue damage. Furthermore, we review the novel "checkpoint blockade" treatments and the potential of iRs as biomarkers. Finally, we provide recommendations for the immune monitoring of patients to interpret iR expression data combined with parameters of activation and differentiation of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A. Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalie J. Neubert
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Modification by covalent reaction or oxidation of cysteine residues in the tandem-SH2 domains of ZAP-70 and Syk can block phosphopeptide binding. Biochem J 2015; 465:149-61. [PMID: 25287889 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zeta-chain associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that are essential for T-cell and B-cell antigen receptor signalling respectively. They are recruited, via their tandem-SH2 (Src-homology domain 2) domains, to doubly phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) on invariant chains of immune antigen receptors. Because of their critical roles in immune signalling, ZAP-70 and Syk are targets for the development of drugs for autoimmune diseases. We show that three thiol-reactive small molecules can prevent the tandem-SH2 domains of ZAP-70 and Syk from binding to phosphorylated ITAMs. We identify a specific cysteine residue in the phosphotyrosine-binding pocket of each protein (Cys39 in ZAP-70, Cys206 in Syk) that is necessary for inhibition by two of these compounds. We also find that ITAM binding to ZAP-70 and Syk is sensitive to the presence of H2O2 and these two cysteine residues are also necessary for inhibition by H2O2. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which the reactive oxygen species generated during responses to antigen could attenuate signalling through these kinases and may also inform the development of ZAP-70 and Syk inhibitors that bind covalently to their SH2 domains.
Collapse
|
66
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Insights into the initiation of TCR signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:798-807. [PMID: 25137454 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of T cell antigen receptor signaling is a key step that can result in T cell activation and the orchestration of an adaptive immune response. Early events in T cell receptor signaling can distinguish between agonist and endogenous ligands with exquisite selectivity, and show extraordinary sensitivity to minute numbers of agonists in a sea of endogenous ligands. We review our current knowledge of models and crucial molecules that aim to provide a mechanistic explanation for these observations. Building on current understanding and a discussion of unresolved issues, we propose a molecular model for initiation of T cell receptor signaling that may serve as a useful guide for future studies.
Collapse
|
68
|
Ligand-engaged TCR is triggered by Lck not associated with CD8 coreceptor. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5624. [PMID: 25427562 PMCID: PMC4248239 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest molecular events in T cell recognition have not yet been fully described, and the initial T cell receptor (TCR) triggering mechanism remains a subject of controversy. Here, using TIRF/FRET microscopy, we observe a two-stage interaction between TCR, CD8, and MHCp. There is an early (within seconds) interaction between CD3ζ and the coreceptor CD8 that is independent of the binding of CD8 to MHC, but that requires CD8 association with Lck. Later (several minutes) CD3ζ-CD8 interactions require CD8-MHC binding. Lck can be found free or bound to the coreceptor. This work indicates that the initial TCR triggering event is induced by free Lck.
Collapse
|
69
|
Resolving Early Signaling Events in T-Cell Activation Leading to IL-2 and FOXP3 Transcription. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
70
|
Chylek LA, Akimov V, Dengjel J, Rigbolt KTG, Hu B, Hlavacek WS, Blagoev B. Phosphorylation site dynamics of early T-cell receptor signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104240. [PMID: 25147952 PMCID: PMC4141737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adaptive immune responses, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling impacts multiple cellular processes and results in T-cell differentiation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Although individual protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation events have been studied extensively, we lack a systems-level understanding of how these components cooperate to control signaling dynamics, especially during the crucial first seconds of stimulation. Here, we used quantitative proteomics to characterize reshaping of the T-cell phosphoproteome in response to TCR/CD28 co-stimulation, and found that diverse dynamic patterns emerge within seconds. We detected phosphorylation dynamics as early as 5 s and observed widespread regulation of key TCR signaling proteins by 30 s. Development of a computational model pointed to the presence of novel regulatory mechanisms controlling phosphorylation of sites with central roles in TCR signaling. The model was used to generate predictions suggesting unexpected roles for the phosphatase PTPN6 (SHP-1) and shortcut recruitment of the actin regulator WAS. Predictions were validated experimentally. This integration of proteomics and modeling illustrates a novel, generalizable framework for solidifying quantitative understanding of a signaling network and for elucidating missing links.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily A. Chylek
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav Akimov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer T. G. Rigbolt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bin Hu
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - William S. Hlavacek
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Jiang J, Miyata M, Chan C, Ngoh SY, Liew WC, Saju JM, Ng KS, Wong FS, Lee YS, Chang SF, Orbán L. Differential transcriptomic response in the spleen and head kidney following vaccination and infection of Asian seabass with Streptococcus iniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99128. [PMID: 24992587 PMCID: PMC4081116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an important strategy in the protection of aquaculture species from major diseases. However, we still do not have a good understanding of the mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced disease resistance. This is further complicated by the presence of several lymphoid organs that play different roles when mounting an immune response. In this study, we attempt to elucidate some of these mechanisms using a microarray-based approach. Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) were vaccinated against Streptococcus iniae and the transcriptomic changes within the spleen and head kidney at one and seven days post-vaccination were profiled. We subsequently challenged the seabass at three weeks post-vaccination with live S. iniae and similarly profiled the transcriptomes of the two organs after the challenge. We found that vaccination induced an early, but transient transcriptomic change in the spleens and a delayed response in the head kidneys, which became more similar to one another compared to un-vaccinated ones. When challenged with the pathogen, the spleen, but not the head kidneys, responded transcriptomically at 25-29 hours post-challenge. A unique set of genes, in particular those involved in the activation of NF-κB signaling, was up-regulated in the vaccinated spleens upon pathogen challenge but not in the un-vaccinated spleens. A semi-quantitative PCR detection of S. iniae using metagenomic DNA extracted from the water containing the seabass also revealed that vaccination resulted in reduction of pathogen shedding. This result indicated that vaccination not only led to a successful immune defense against the infection, but also reduced the chances for horizontal transmission of the pathogen. In conclusion, we have provided a transcriptomic analysis of how the teleost spleen and head kidneys responded to vaccination and subsequent infection. The different responses from the two organs are suggestive of their unique roles in establishing a vaccine-induced disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Jiang
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Masato Miyata
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Candy Chan
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Si Yan Ngoh
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Woei Chang Liew
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jolly M. Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kah Sing Ng
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fong Sian Wong
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yeng Sheng Lee
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Siow Foong Chang
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail: (SFC); (LO)
| | - László Orbán
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Animal Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- * E-mail: (SFC); (LO)
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wu H, Lu T, Xue H, Liang H. Sparse Additive Ordinary Differential Equations for Dynamic Gene Regulatory Network Modeling. J Am Stat Assoc 2014; 109:700-716. [PMID: 25061254 DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2013.859617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gene regulation network (GRN) is a high-dimensional complex system, which can be represented by various mathematical or statistical models. The ordinary differential equation (ODE) model is one of the popular dynamic GRN models. High-dimensional linear ODE models have been proposed to identify GRNs, but with a limitation of the linear regulation effect assumption. In this article, we propose a sparse additive ODE (SA-ODE) model, coupled with ODE estimation methods and adaptive group LASSO techniques, to model dynamic GRNs that could flexibly deal with nonlinear regulation effects. The asymptotic properties of the proposed method are established and simulation studies are performed to validate the proposed approach. An application example for identifying the nonlinear dynamic GRN of T-cell activation is used to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hulin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 630, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12144
| | - Hongqi Xue
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 630, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Statistics, George Washington University, 801 22nd St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Irving B, Weiss A. A Clue to Antigen Receptor Tails. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4013-4. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
74
|
Tomar N, De RK. A model of an integrated immune system pathway in Homo sapiens and its interaction with superantigen producing expression regulatory pathway in Staphylococcus aureus: comparing behavior of pathogen perturbed and unperturbed pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80918. [PMID: 24324645 PMCID: PMC3855681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Response of an immune system to a pathogen attack depends on the balance between the host immune defense and the virulence of the pathogen. Investigation of molecular interactions between the proteins of a host and a pathogen helps in identifying the pathogenic proteins. It is necessary to understand the dynamics of a normally behaved host system to evaluate the capacity of its immune system upon pathogen attack. In this study, we have compared the behavior of an unperturbed and pathogen perturbed host system. Moreover, we have developed a formalism under Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) for the optimization of conflicting objective functions. We have constructed an integrated pathway system, which includes Staphylococcal Superantigen (SAg) expression regulatory pathway and TCR signaling pathway of Homo sapiens. We have implemented the method on this pathway system and observed the behavior of host signaling molecules upon pathogen attack. The entire study has been divided into six different cases, based on the perturbed/unperturbed conditions. In other words, we have investigated unperturbed and pathogen perturbed human TCR signaling pathway, with different combinations of optimization of concentrations of regulatory and signaling molecules. One of these cases has aimed at finding out whether minimization of the toxin production in a pathogen leads to the change in the concentration levels of the proteins coded by TCR signaling pathway genes in the infected host. Based on the computed results, we have hypothesized that the balance between TCR signaling inhibitory and stimulatory molecules can keep TCR signaling system into resting/stimulating state, depending upon the perturbation. The proposed integrated host-pathogen interaction pathway model has accurately reflected the experimental evidences, which we have used for validation purpose. The significance of this kind of investigation lies in revealing the susceptible interaction points that can take back the Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SE)-challenged system within the range of normal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Tomar
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajat K. De
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Louis-Dit-Sully C, Blumenthal B, Duchniewicz M, Beck-Garcia K, Fiala GJ, Beck-García E, Mukenhirn M, Minguet S, Schamel WWA. Activation of the TCR Complex by Peptide-MHC and Superantigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 104:9-23. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
76
|
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG), a second messenger generated by phospholipase Cγ1 activity upon engagement of a T-cell receptor, triggers several signaling cascades that play important roles in T cell development and function. A family of enzymes called DAG kinases (DGKs) catalyzes the phosphorylation of DAG to phosphatidic acid, acting as a braking mechanism that terminates DAG-mediated signals. Two DGK isoforms, α and ζ, are expressed predominantly in T cells and synergistically regulate the development of both conventional αβ T cells and invariant natural killer T cells in the thymus. In mature T cells, the activity of these DGK isoforms aids in the maintenance of self-tolerance by preventing T-cell hyperactivation upon T cell receptor stimulation and by promoting T-cell anergy. In CD8 cells, reduced DGK activity is associated with enhanced primary responses against viruses and tumors. Recent work also has established an important role for DGK activity at the immune synapse and identified partners that modulate DGK function. In addition, emerging evidence points to previously unappreciated roles for DGK function in directional secretion and T-cell adhesion. This review describes the multitude of roles played by DGKs in T cell development and function and emphasizes recent advances in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Guan N, Deng J, Li T, Xu X, Irelan JT, Wang MW. Label-free monitoring of T cell activation by the impedance-based xCELLigence system. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1035-43. [PMID: 23483079 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in maintaining the normal function of the adaptive immune response, with their dysfunction resulting in a variety of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases. Efficient and accurate detection of T cell function is therefore crucial to clinical diagnosis and development of immunomodulators. A variety of in vitro cellular systems are currently employed for analyzing T cell activation, yet all suffer from some combination of low throughput, unnatural conditions and long assay times. Label-free technologies are capable of detecting phenotypic responses to treatments under physiological conditions, thereby potentially accelerating drug discovery by facilitating the use of disease-relevant cell models for functional assessment and clinical diagnosis. The xCELLigence system is an impedance based label-free platform that allows for dynamic monitoring of subtle morphological and adhesive changes in cells, such as those induced during T cell activation. Here we describe the development and validation of a T cell activation assay based upon electrical impedance. Co-activation of Jurkat cells with anti-CD28 and anti-CD3 functional antibodies led to impedance changes that were rapidly and sensitively recorded (within 30 minutes). This phenomenon was also observed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These changes reflect morphological and adhesive alterations correlated with cytoskeletal reorganization as verified by microscopy. They were functionally dependent on canonical T cell signaling pathways, including calcium-mediated signals and Src family kinases because relevant inhibitors impaired T cell activation. Our results provide a convenient approach to measure T cell activation in real-time and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action through probing with small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Guan
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
O'Donoghue GP, Pielak RM, Smoligovets AA, Lin JJ, Groves JT. Direct single molecule measurement of TCR triggering by agonist pMHC in living primary T cells. eLife 2013; 2:e00778. [PMID: 23840928 PMCID: PMC3701909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells discriminate between self and foreign antigenic peptides, displayed on antigen presenting cell surfaces, via the TCR. While the molecular interactions between TCR and its ligands are well characterized in vitro, quantitative measurements of these interactions in living cells are required to accurately resolve the physical mechanisms of TCR signaling. We report direct single molecule measurements of TCR triggering by agonist pMHC in hybrid junctions between live primary T cells and supported lipid membranes. Every pMHC:TCR complex over the entire cell is tracked while simultaneously monitoring the local membrane recruitment of ZAP70, as a readout of TCR triggering. Mean dwell times for pMHC:TCR molecular binding of 5 and 54 s were measured for two different pMHC:TCR systems. Single molecule measurements of the pMHC:TCR:ZAP70 complex indicate that TCR triggering is stoichiometric with agonist pMHC in a 1:1 ratio. Thus any signal amplification must occur downstream of TCR triggering. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00778.001 The immune system identifies and combats foreign objects, including pathogens, in the body. T cells are key components of the immune system, and each has a unique variant of a signalling complex known as the T cell receptor on its surface. T cells scan the surfaces of other cells in search of antigens, which are peptides (fragments of proteins) that derive from foreign pathogens such as viruses. Successful recognition of a foreign peptide leads to an immune response that, in most cases, ultimately rids the body of the pathogen. Most importantly, however, the immune system must be able to discriminate between peptides that are produced naturally in the body (‘self’ peptides) and foreign or ‘non-self’ peptides. This is challenging because self peptides may have similar structures to non-self peptides and are often much more abundant. Many models have been proposed to explain how T cells are able to detect just a few molecules of foreign peptide. According to some hypotheses the T cell receptors get together in clusters to function cooperatively; alternatively, it has been suggested that rapid binding of a foreign peptide to multiple T cell receptors sequentially can build up a strong signal. However, none of these phenomena have been directly observed. O'Donoghue et al. now image the interactions between T cell receptors and peptides bound to molecules called major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), and show that T cell activation can occur when a single foreign peptide binds to a single receptor. These interactions are long-lived and ultimately result in the recruitment of ZAP70, which has an important role in the activation of T cells, to the complex formed by the T cell, the peptide and the MHC molecule. Therefore, any amplification of the activating signal transmitted by non-self peptides occurs following receptor binding, in contrast to previous models. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00778.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoff P O'Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry , Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , United States ; Physical Biosciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Philipsen L, Engels T, Schilling K, Gurbiel S, Fischer KD, Tedford K, Schraven B, Gunzer M, Reichardt P. Multimolecular analysis of stable immunological synapses reveals sustained recruitment and sequential assembly of signaling clusters. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2551-67. [PMID: 23754785 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.025205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the immunological synapse between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) begins within minutes of contact and can take hours for full T-cell activation. Although early phases of the synapse have been extensively studied for a select number of proteins, later phases have not yet been examined in detail. We studied the signaling network in stable synapses by measuring the simultaneous localization of 25 signaling and structural molecules over 2 h at the level of individual synapses using multi-epitope ligand cartography (MELC). Signaling proteins including phospho(p)ZAP70, pSLP76, pCD3ζ, and pLAT, along with proteins that influence synapse structure such as F-actin, tubulin, CD45, and ICAM-1, were localized in images of synapses and revealed the multidimensional construction of a mature synapse. The construction of the stable synapse included intense early TCR signaling, a phase of recruitment of structural proteins, and a sustained increase in signaling molecules and colocalization of TCR and pLAT signaling clusters in the center of the synapse. Consolidation of TCR and associated proteins resulted in formation of a small number of discrete synaptic microclusters. Development of synapses and cSMAC composition was greatly affected by the absence of Vav1, with an associated loss in PLCγ1 recruitment, pSLP76, and increased CXCR4. Together, these data demonstrate the use of multi-epitope ligand cartography to quantitatively analyze synapse formation and reveal successive recruitment of structural and signaling proteins and sustained phosphorylation at the mature synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Philipsen
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Bouzid D, Fourati H, Amouri A, Marques I, Abida O, Haddouk S, Ben Ayed M, Tahri N, Penha-Gonçalves C, Masmoudi H. Association of ZAP70 and PTPN6, but Not BANK1 or CLEC2D, with inflammatory bowel disease in the Tunisian population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:321-6. [PMID: 23406209 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are complex disorders with multiple genes contributing to disease pathogenesis. We aimed to identify the associations of genetic variations in the ZAP70, PTPN6, BANK1, and CLEC2D genes encoding for intracellular signaling molecules with IBDs. One hundred seven patients (39 CD and 68 UC) with IBD and 162 healthy control subjects from the Southern Tunisia were recruited. We genotyped 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ZAP70 (rs1020396, rs11686881, rs13420683, and rs17695937), 2 SNPs in PTPN6 (rs7310161 and rs759052), 3 SNPs in BANK1 (rs10516487, rs17266594, and rs3733197), and 1 SNP in CLEC2D (rs3764021). ZAP70 displayed a strong genetic association with CD for rs13420683 [allele C, p=0.003, P(corr)=0.006, odds ratio (OR)=2.25 (1.32; 3.85); genotype CC, p=0.016, P(corr)=0.048, OR=2.57 (1.22; 5.41)]. However, in UC, a weak association with PTPN6 was observed [TT (p=0.01; P(corr)=0.03; OR=2.11 (1.18; 3.76)]. No significant association in the BANK1 and CLEC2D genes was observed. These results suggest the involvement of the ZAP70 and PTPN6 genes in the genetic component conferring a general susceptibility to CD and UC, respectively. This work provides motivation for studies aiming to replicate these findings in larger populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorra Bouzid
- Immunology Department, Medicine School and Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Zikherman J, Parameswaran R, Hermiston M, Weiss A. The structural wedge domain of the receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45 enforces B cell tolerance by regulating substrate specificity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2527-35. [PMID: 23396948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that positively regulates BCR signaling by dephosphorylating the inhibitory tyrosine of the Src family kinases. We showed previously that a single point mutation, E613R, introduced into the cytoplasmic membrane-proximal "wedge" domain of CD45 is sufficient to drive a lupus-like autoimmune disease on a susceptible genetic background. To clarify the molecular mechanism of this disease, we took advantage of a unique allelic series of mice in which the expression of CD45 is varied across a broad range. Although both E613R B cells and those with supraphysiologic CD45 expression exhibited hyperresponsive BCR signaling, they did so by opposite regulation of the Src family kinase Lyn. We demonstrated that the E613R allele of CD45 does not function as a hyper- or hypomorphic allele but rather alters the substrate specificity of CD45 for Lyn. Despite similarly enhancing BCR signaling, only B cells with supraphysiologic CD45 expression became anergic, whereas only mice harboring the E613R mutation developed frank autoimmunity on a susceptible genetic background. We showed that selective impairment of a Lyn-dependent negative-regulatory circuit in E613R B cells drove autoimmunity in E613R mice. This demonstrates that relaxing negative regulation of BCR signaling, rather than enhancing positive regulation, is critical for driving autoimmunity in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Stepanek O, Draber P, Drobek A, Horejsi V, Brdicka T. Nonredundant roles of Src-family kinases and Syk in the initiation of B-cell antigen receptor signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1807-18. [PMID: 23335753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
When a BCR on a mature B cell is engaged by its ligand, the cell becomes activated, and the Ab-mediated immune response can be triggered. The initiation of BCR signaling is orchestrated by kinases of the Src and Syk families. However, the proximal BCR-induced phosphorylation remains incompletely understood. According to a model of sequential activation of kinases, Syk acts downstream of Src family kinases (SFKs). In addition, signaling independent of SFKs and initiated by Syk has been proposed. Both hypotheses lack sufficient evidence from relevant B cell models, mainly because of the redundancy of Src family members and the importance of BCR signaling for B cell development. We addressed this issue by analyzing controlled BCR triggering ex vivo on primary murine B cells and on murine and chicken B cell lines. Chemical and Csk-based genetic inhibitor treatments revealed that SFKs are required for signal initiation and Syk activation. In addition, ligand and anti-BCR Ab-induced signaling differ in their sensitivity to the inhibition of SFKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stepanek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kraskouskaya D, Duodu E, Arpin CC, Gunning PT. Progress towards the development of SH2 domain inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:3337-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35449k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
84
|
Mukherjee S, Zhu J, Zikherman J, Parameswaran R, Kadlecek TA, Wang Q, Au-Yeung B, Ploegh H, Kuriyan J, Das J, Weiss A. Monovalent and multivalent ligation of the B cell receptor exhibit differential dependence upon Syk and Src family kinases. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra1. [PMID: 23281368 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Src and Syk families of kinases are two distinct sets of kinases that play critical roles in initiating membrane-proximal B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. However, unlike in other lymphocytes, such as T cells, the "division of labor" between Src family kinases (SFKs) and Syk in B cells is not well separated because both Syk and SFKs can phosphorylate immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) present in proteins comprising the BCR. To understand why B cells require both SFKs and Syk for activation, we investigated the roles of both families of kinases in BCR signaling with computational modeling and in vitro experiments. Our computational model suggested that positive feedback enabled Syk to substantially compensate for the absence of SFKs when spatial clustering of BCRs was induced by multimeric ligands. We confirmed this prediction experimentally. In contrast, when B cells were stimulated by monomeric ligands that failed to produce BCR clustering, both Syk and SFKs were required for complete and rapid BCR activation. Our data suggest that SFKs could play a pivotal role in increasing BCR sensitivity to monomeric antigens of pathogens and in mediating a rapid response to soluble multimeric antigens of pathogens that can induce spatial BCR clustering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mukherjee
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Abraham L, Fackler OT. HIV-1 Nef: a multifaceted modulator of T cell receptor signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:39. [PMID: 23227982 PMCID: PMC3534016 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nef, an accessory protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), is dispensable for viral replication in cell culture, but promotes virus replication and pathogenesis in the infected host. Acting as protein-interaction adaptor, HIV-1 Nef modulates numerous target cell activities including cell surface receptor expression, cytoskeletal remodeling, vesicular transport, and signal transduction. In infected T-lymphocytes, altering T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling has long been recognized as one key function of the viral protein. However, reported effects of Nef range from inhibition to activation of this cascade. Recent advances in the field begin to explain these seemingly contradictory observations and suggest that Nef alters intracellular trafficking of TCR proximal machinery to disrupt plasma membrane bound TCR signaling while at the same time, the viral protein induces localized signal transduction at the trans-Golgi network. This review summarizes these new findings on how HIV-1 Nef reprograms TCR signalling output from a broad response to selective activation of the RAS-Erk pathway. We also discuss the implications of these alterations in the context of HIV-1 infection and in light of current concepts of TCR signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Abraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Fulop T, Le Page A, Garneau H, Azimi N, Baehl S, Dupuis G, Pawelec G, Larbi A. Aging, immunosenescence and membrane rafts: the lipid connection. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2012; 1:6. [PMID: 24764511 PMCID: PMC3886260 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The decreased efficiency of immune responses in older people is partly a consequence of alterations in T lymphocyte functions caused by modifications in the early events of signal transduction. Several alterations in the signaling pathways of T lymphocytes have been described in older humans and animals. A unifying cause could be modifications in the physicochemical properties of the plasma membrane resulting from changes in its lipid composition and the distribution and function of lipid rafts (LR). The latter serve to assemble the initial components of the signaling cascade. Accumulating data suggest that the function of plasma membrane LR is altered with aging; we hypothesize that this would significantly contribute to immune dysregulation. The role of aging and cholesterol in LR functions in T lymphocytes is reviewed and discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada ; Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 1036, rue Belvedere Sud, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Aurélie Le Page
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hugo Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Naheed Azimi
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sarra Baehl
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Gilles Dupuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, Tübingen Aging and Tumor Immunology Group, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, Tübingen, D-72072, Germany
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Immunos Building/Biopolis, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abraham L, Bankhead P, Pan X, Engel U, Fackler OT. HIV-1 Nef limits communication between linker of activated T cells and SLP-76 to reduce formation of SLP-76-signaling microclusters following TCR stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1898-910. [PMID: 22802418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Signal initiation by engagement of the TCR triggers actin rearrangements, receptor clustering, and dynamic organization of signaling complexes to elicit and sustain downstream signaling. Nef, a pathogenicity factor of HIV, disrupts early TCR signaling in target T cells. To define the mechanism underlying this Nef-mediated signal disruption, we employed quantitative single-cell microscopy following surface-mediated TCR stimulation that allows for dynamic visualization of distinct signaling complexes as microclusters (MCs). Despite marked inhibition of actin remodeling and cell spreading, the induction of MCs containing TCR-CD3 or ZAP70 was not affected significantly by Nef. However, Nef potently inhibited the subsequent formation of MCs positive for the signaling adaptor Src homology-2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) to reduce MC density in Nef-expressing and HIV-1-infected T cells. Further analyses suggested that Nef prevents formation of SLP-76 MCs at the level of the upstream adaptor protein, linker of activated T cells (LAT), that couples ZAP70 to SLP-76. Nef did not disrupt pre-existing MCs positive for LAT. However, the presence of the viral protein prevented de novo recruitment of active LAT into MCs due to retargeting of LAT to an intracellular compartment. These modulations in MC formation and composition depended on Nef's ability to simultaneously disrupt both actin remodeling and subcellular localization of TCR-proximal machinery. Nef thus employs a dual mechanism to disturb early TCR signaling by limiting the communication between LAT and SLP-76 and preventing the dynamic formation of SLP-76-signaling MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Abraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Schneider OD, Millen SH, Weiss AA, Miller WE. Mechanistic insight into pertussis toxin and lectin signaling using T cells engineered to express a CD8α/CD3ζ chimeric receptor. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4126-37. [PMID: 22551306 DOI: 10.1021/bi3002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell-surface receptors typically display N- or O-linked glycans added post-translationally. Plant lectins such as phytohemagluttinin (PHA) can activate the T cell receptor (TCR) and other cell-surface receptors by binding to glycans and initiating receptor cross-linking. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Bordetella pertussis also express proteins with lectin-like activities. Similar to plant lectins, pertussis toxin (PTx) can activate the TCR and bind to a variety of glycans. However, whether the lectin-like activity of PTx is responsible for its ability to activate TCR signaling has not been formally proven. Here we examined the ability of PTx and a panel of lectins to activate the TCR or a CD8α/CD3ζ chimeric receptor (termed CD8ζ). We demonstrate that CD8ζ rescues PTx-induced signaling events lacking in TCR null cells. This result indicates that CD8ζ can substitute for TCR and supports the hypothesis that PTxB (functioning as a lectin) stimulates signaling via receptor cross-linking rather than by binding to a specific epitope on the TCR. Moreover, PTx is able to activate signaling by binding either N-linked or O-linked glycan-modified receptors as the TCR displays N-linked glycans while CD8ζ displays O-linked glycans. Finally, studies with a diverse panel of lectins indicate that the signaling activity of the lectins does not always correlate with the biochemical reports of ligand preferences. Comparison of lectin signaling through TCR or CD8ζ allows us to better define the structural and functional properties of lectin-glycan interactions using a biologically based signaling readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia D Schneider
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Schoenborn JR, Tan YX, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Feedback circuits monitor and adjust basal Lck-dependent events in T cell receptor signaling. Sci Signal 2012; 4:ra59. [PMID: 21917715 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Src family kinase Lck is crucial for the initiation of TCR signaling. The activity of Lck is tightly controlled to prevent erroneous immune activation, yet it enables rapid cellular responses over a range of sensitivities to antigens. Here, in experiments with an analog-sensitive variant of the tyrosine kinase Csk, we report that Lck in T cells is dynamically controlled by an equilibrium between Csk and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. By rapidly inhibiting Csk, we showed that changes in this equilibrium were sufficient to activate canonical TCR signaling pathways independently of ligand binding to the TCR. The activated signaling pathways showed sustained and enhanced phosphorylation compared to that in TCR-stimulated cells, revealing a feedback circuit that was sensitive to the basal signaling machinery. We identified the inhibitory adaptor molecule Dok-1 (downstream of kinase 1) as a candidate that may respond to alterations in basal signaling activity. Our results also suggest a role for Csk in the termination or dampening of TCR signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Schoenborn
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Kannan Y, Wilson MS. TEC and MAPK Kinase Signalling Pathways in T helper (T H) cell Development, T H2 Differentiation and Allergic Asthma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; Suppl 12:11. [PMID: 24116341 PMCID: PMC3792371 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in our understanding of the signalling events during T cell development and differentiation have been made in the past few decades. It is clear that ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers a series of proximal signalling cascades regulated by an array of protein kinases. These orchestrated and highly regulated series of events, with differential requirements of particular kinases, highlight the disparities between αβ+CD4+ T cells. Throughout this review we summarise both new and old studies, highlighting the role of Tec and MAPK in T cell development and differentiation with particular focus on T helper 2 (TH2) cells. Finally, as the allergy epidemic continues, we feature the role played by TH2 cells in the development of allergy and provide a brief update on promising kinase inhibitors that have been tested in vitro, in pre-clinical disease models in vivo and into clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Deswal S, Schulze AK, Höfer T, Schamel WWA. Quantitative analysis of protein phosphorylations and interactions by multi-colour IP-FCM as an input for kinetic modelling of signalling networks. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22928. [PMID: 21829558 PMCID: PMC3146539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand complex biological signalling mechanisms, mathematical modelling of signal transduction pathways has been applied successfully in last few years. However, precise quantitative measurements of signal transduction events such as activation-dependent phosphorylation of proteins, remains one bottleneck to this success. Methodology/Principal Findings We use multi-colour immunoprecipitation measured by flow cytometry (IP-FCM) for studying signal transduction events to unrivalled precision. In this method, antibody-coupled latex beads capture the protein of interest from cellular lysates and are then stained with differently fluorescent-labelled antibodies to quantify the amount of the immunoprecipitated protein, of an interaction partner and of phosphorylation sites. The fluorescence signals are measured by FCM. Combining this procedure with beads containing defined amounts of a fluorophore allows retrieving absolute numbers of stained proteins, and not only relative values. Using IP-FCM we derived multidimensional data on the membrane-proximal T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) signalling network, including the recruitment of the kinase ZAP70 to the TCR-CD3 and subsequent ZAP70 activation by phosphorylation in the murine T-cell hybridoma and primary murine T cells. Counter-intuitively, these data showed that cell stimulation by pervanadate led to a transient decrease of the phospho-ZAP70/ZAP70 ratio at the TCR. A mechanistic mathematical model of the underlying processes demonstrated that an initial massive recruitment of non-phosphorylated ZAP70 was responsible for this behaviour. Further, the model predicted a temporal order of multisite phosphorylation of ZAP70 (with Y319 phosphorylation preceding phosphorylation at Y493) that we subsequently verified experimentally. Conclusions/Significance The quantitative data sets generated by IP-FCM are one order of magnitude more precise than Western blot data. This accuracy allowed us to gain unequalled insight into the dynamics of the TCR-CD3-ZAP70 signalling network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Deswal
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna K. Schulze
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
DeFord-Watts LM, Dougall DS, Belkaya S, Johnson BA, Eitson JL, Roybal KT, Barylko B, Albanesi JP, Wülfing C, van Oers NS. The CD3 zeta subunit contains a phosphoinositide-binding motif that is required for the stable accumulation of TCR-CD3 complex at the immunological synapse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:6839-47. [PMID: 21543646 PMCID: PMC3110614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation involves a cascade of TCR-mediated signals that are regulated by three distinct intracellular signaling motifs located within the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 chains. Whereas all the CD3 subunits possess at least one ITAM, the CD3 ε subunit also contains a proline-rich sequence and a basic-rich stretch (BRS). The CD3 ε BRS complexes selected phosphoinositides, interactions that are required for normal cell surface expression of the TCR. The cytoplasmic domain of CD3 ζ also contains several clusters of arginine and lysine residues. In this study, we report that these basic amino acids enable CD3 ζ to complex the phosphoinositides PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P, PtdIns(3,5)P(2), and PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) with high affinity. Early TCR signaling pathways were unaffected by the targeted loss of the phosphoinositide-binding functions of CD3 ζ. Instead, the elimination of the phosphoinositide-binding function of CD3 ζ significantly impaired the ability of this invariant chain to accumulate stably at the immunological synapse during T cell-APC interactions. Without its phosphoinositide-binding functions, CD3 ζ was concentrated in intracellular structures after T cell activation. Such findings demonstrate a novel functional role for CD3 ζ BRS-phosphoinositide interactions in supporting T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. DeFord-Watts
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - David S. Dougall
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Blake A. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Jennifer L. Eitson
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Joseph P. Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Nicolai S.C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Hall JA, Cannons JL, Grainger JR, Dos Santos LM, Hand TW, Naik S, Wohlfert EA, Chou DB, Oldenhove G, Robinson M, Grigg ME, Kastenmayer R, Schwartzberg PL, Belkaid Y. Essential role for retinoic acid in the promotion of CD4(+) T cell effector responses via retinoic acid receptor alpha. Immunity 2011; 34:435-47. [PMID: 21419664 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA) are implicated in the regulation of immune homeostasis via the peripheral induction of regulatory T cells. Here we showed RA was also required to elicit proinflammatory CD4(+) helper T cell responses to infection and mucosal vaccination. Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) was the critical mediator of these effects. Antagonism of RAR signaling and deficiency in RARα (Rara(-/-)) resulted in a cell-autonomous CD4(+) T cell activation defect, which impaired intermediate signaling events, including calcium mobilization. Altogether, these findings reveal a fundamental role for the RA-RARα axis in the development of both regulatory and inflammatory arms of adaptive immunity and establish nutritional status as a broad regulator of adaptive T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Hall
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Zarbock A, Ley K. Protein tyrosine kinases in neutrophil activation and recruitment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:112-9. [PMID: 21338576 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Migration of leukocytes into tissue is a key element of innate and adaptive immunity. The first contact of leukocytes with endothelial cells is mediated by engagement of selectins with their counter-receptors which results in leukocyte rolling. During rolling, leukocytes collect different inflammatory signals that activate intracellular signaling pathways. Integration of these signals induces leukocyte activation, firm arrest, post-adhesion strengthening, intravascular crawling, and transmigration. In neutrophils, like in T-cells and platelets, both G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent and -independent activation pathways exist that lead to integrin activation. Accumulating evidence suggests that different protein tyrosine kinases play key roles in signal transduction pathways regulating neutrophil activation and recruitment to inflammatory sites. This review focuses on the role of protein tyrosine kinases of the Src, Syk, and Tec families for neutrophil activation and recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Münster, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Petty RT, Mrksich M. De novo motif for kinase mediated signaling across the cell membrane. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:816-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
96
|
Davis SJ, van der Merwe PA. Lck and the nature of the T cell receptor trigger. Trends Immunol 2010; 32:1-5. [PMID: 21190897 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exactly how ligand binding 'triggers' T cell receptor (TCR) phosphorylation is unclear. It has been proposed that ligand engagement by the TCR somehow activates the Src kinase Lck, which in turn phosphorylates the receptor. Recent data, however, suggest instead that a significant fraction of the Lck in resting T cells is already activated and that the proportion of active Lck does not change during the early stages of T cell activation. We argue that, caveats notwithstanding, these new observations offer support for the 'kinetic-segregation' model of TCR triggering, which involves spatial reorganization of signalling proteins upon ligand binding and requires a fraction of Lck to be active in resting T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Davis
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Cyclic AMP-mediated immune regulation--overview of mechanisms of action in T cells. Cell Signal 2010; 23:1009-16. [PMID: 21130867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The canonical second messenger cAMP is well established as a potent negative regulator of T cell immune function. Through protein kinase A (PKA) it regulates T cell function at the level of transcription factors, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, phospholipases (PLs), Ras homolog (Rho)A and proteins involved in the control of cell cycle progression. Type I PKA is the predominant PKA isoform in T cells. Furthermore, whereas type II PKA is located at the centrosome, type I PKA is anchored close to the T cell receptor (TCR) in lipid rafts by the Ezrin-ERM-binding phosphoprotein of 50 kDa (EBP50)-phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (PAG) scaffold complex. The most TCR-proximal target for type I PKA is C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), which upon activation by raft recruitment and phosphorylation inhibits the Src family tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn and thus functions to maintain T cell homeostasis. Recently, induction of cAMP levels in responder T cells has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which regulatory T (T(R)) cells execute their suppressive action. Thus, the cAMP-type I PKA-Csk pathway emerges as a putative target for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune disorders as well as in cancer, where T(R) cell-mediated suppression contributes to suboptimal local immune responses.
Collapse
|
98
|
Au-Yeung BB, Levin SE, Zhang C, Hsu LY, Cheng DA, Killeen N, Shokat KM, Weiss A. A genetically selective inhibitor demonstrates a function for the kinase Zap70 in regulatory T cells independent of its catalytic activity. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1085-92. [PMID: 21037577 PMCID: PMC3711183 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the kinase Zap70 in T cells, we generated mice expressing a Zap70 mutant whose catalytic activity can be selectively blocked by a small-molecule inhibitor. We found that conventional naive, effector and memory T cells were dependent on the kinase activity of Zap70 for their activation, which demonstrated a nonredundant role for Zap70 in signals induced by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). In contrast, the catalytic activity of Zap70 was not required for activation of the GTPase Rap1 and inside-out signals that promote integrin adhesion. This Zap70 kinase-independent pathway was sufficient for the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells), which was unperturbed by inhibition of the catalytic activity of Zap70. Our results indicate Zap70 is a likely therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Au-Yeung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Mallaun M, Zenke G, Palmer E. A discrete affinity-driven elevation of ZAP-70 kinase activity initiates negative selection. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:430-43. [PMID: 20945976 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.518151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although ZAP-70 is required for T-cell development, it's unclear how this kinase controls both positive and negative selection. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Using OT-I pre-selection thymocytes and a panel of peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands of defined affinity, the recruitment, phosphorylation and activity of ZAP-70 was determined at the interface with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). RESULTS pMHC ligands promoting negative selection induce a discrete elevation of ZAP-70 recruitment, phosphorylation and enzymatic activity in the thymocyte:APCs interface. DISCUSSION The quantity of ZAP-70 kinase activity per cell is a key parameter controlling the fate of a developing thymocyte since partial inhibition of ZAP-70 kinase activity converted negative into positive selection. Surprisingly, the amount of ZAP-70 enzymatic activity observed during negative selection is not controlled by differential phosphorylation of the ZAP-70 protein but rather by the total amount of T-cell receptor and co-associated ZAP-70 recruited to the thymocyte:APC interface. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that a burst of ZAP-70 activity initiates the signaling pathways for negative selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mallaun
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
McCoy ME, Finkelman FD, Straus DB. Th2-specific immunity and function of peripheral T cells is regulated by the p56Lck Src homology 3 domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3285-94. [PMID: 20729329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is essential for robust immunity. Ag TCR signals are known to regulate T lymphocyte differentiation, but the mechanisms involved in this regulation remain unclear. Recent work has demonstrated that the Src family protein tyrosine kinase p56Lck specifically links TCR signaling to activation of the MAPK pathway through the function of its Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. The MAPK pathway is involved in T cell activation and has previously been implicated in Th2 immunity. We have used Lck SH3 mutant knockin mice (LckW97A) to investigate the potential role of this regulatory mechanism in T lymphocyte activation and effector function. Our results demonstrate that Lck SH3 domain function regulates activation of T lymphocytes as indicated by reduced IL-2 production, CD69 induction, and proliferation of LckW97A T cells following TCR stimulation. Biochemical studies confirm that activation of the MAPK pathway is selectively altered following TCR ligation in LckW97A T lymphocytes. Phospho-ERK induction is reduced, but phospho-phospholipase Cgamma1 induction and calcium mobilization are largely unaffected. Immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, heat-killed Brucella abortus, or infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrates selectively impaired Th2 immunity with reduced serum levels of IgG1, IgE, and IL-4. In vitro studies show that LckW97A T cells can differentiate into Th2-type cells, but they form IFN-gamma-producing cells under conditions that normally favor Th2 development. These data indicate that the Lck SH3 domain controls T lymphocyte activation by regulating MAPK pathway induction and demonstrate a novel role for Lck in the regulation of Th2-type immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McCoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|