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Buikhuisen JY, Torang A, Medema JP. Exploring and modelling colon cancer inter-tumour heterogeneity: opportunities and challenges. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:66. [PMID: 32647253 PMCID: PMC7347540 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer inter-tumour heterogeneity is installed on multiple levels, ranging from (epi)genetic driver events to signalling pathway rewiring reflected by differential gene expression patterns. Although the existence of heterogeneity in colon cancer has been recognised for a longer period of time, it is sparingly incorporated as a determining factor in current clinical practice. Here we describe how unsupervised gene expression-based classification efforts, amongst which the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), can stratify patients in biological subgroups associated with distinct disease outcome and responses to therapy. We will discuss what is needed to extend these subtyping efforts to the clinic and we will argue that preclinical models recapitulate CMS subtypes and can be of vital use to increase our understanding of treatment response and resistance and to discover novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Buikhuisen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arezo Torang
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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52
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Patel R, Zhang L, Desai A, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kennedy LH, Radivoyevitch T, La Tessa C, Gerson SL, Welford SM. Protons and High-Linear Energy Transfer Radiation Induce Genetically Similar Lymphomas With High Penetrance in a Mouse Model of the Aging Human Hematopoietic System. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:1091-1102. [PMID: 32629081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Humans are exposed to charged particles in different scenarios. The use of protons and high-linear energy transfer (LET) in cancer treatment is steadily growing. In outer space, astronauts will be exposed to a mixed radiation field composed of both protons and heavy ions, in particularly the long-term space missions outside of earth's magnetosphere. Thus, understanding the radiobiology and transforming potential of these types of ionizing radiation are of paramount importance. METHODS AND MATERIALS We examined the effect of 10 or 100 cGy of whole-body doses of protons or 28Si ions on the hematopoietic system of a genetic model of aging based on recent studies that showed selective loss of the MLH1 protein in human hematopoietic stems with age. RESULTS We found that Mlh1 deficient animals are highly prone to develop lymphomas when exposed to either low doses of protons or 28Si ions. The lymphomas that develop are genetically indistinguishable, in spite of different types of damage elicited by low- and high-LET radiation. RNA sequencing analyses reveal similar gene expression patterns, similar numbers of altered genes, similar numbers of single nucleotide variants and insertions and deletions, and similar activation of known leukemogenic loci. CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of malignancy is related to radiation quality, and increased due to loss of Mlh1, the phenotype of the tumors is independent of LET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutulkumar Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Luchang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amar Desai
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lucy H Kennedy
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tomas Radivoyevitch
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chiara La Tessa
- University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications TIFPA-INFN, Trento, Italy
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Scott M Welford
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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53
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Ahmad-Nielsen SA, Bruun Nielsen MF, Mortensen MB, Detlefsen S. Frequency of mismatch repair deficiency in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152985. [PMID: 32360245 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an ominous prognosis and there are only few treatment options. It is therefore crucial to investigate possible predictive markers that may improve the treatment of this disease. Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (d-MMR), meaning MMR protein loss (l-MMR) and/or microsatellite instability (MSI), is predictive of response to immunotherapy, but its frequency has to our knowledge not been elucidated in Scandinavian PDACs. Our aims were to examine the frequency of d-MMR in a Danish cohort of PDACs. We constructed multi-punch tissue microarrays (TMAs) using primary tumor tissue. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the DNA MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 was performed, and their expression was evaluated using a scoring system from 0 to 4. If the overall score was between 0-2 or if IHC was inconclusive for technical reasons, IHC on whole-tissue sections and MSI using PCR was performed. A final score of 0, 1-2 or 3-4 defined the tumor as l-MMR, MMR reduced (r-MMR) or MMR proficient. In total, 4/164 (2.4 %), 2/164 (1.2 %) and 3/164 (1.8 %) were l-MMR, r-MMR, or inconclusive based on IHC. MSI testing of these specimens showed that two of the four l-MMR tumors were MSI-high, while the remaining cases were microsatellite stable (MSS). In conclusion, in this study of Danish PDACss, d-MMR was found in a small proportion of the tumors. For these patients, individualized treatment using immunotherapy could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soz Abdulrahman Ahmad-Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Bau Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; HPB Section, Department of Surgery, Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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54
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Diagnostic Accuracy of Immunohistochemistry for Mismatch Repair Proteins as Surrogate of Microsatellite Instability Molecular Testing in Endometrial Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:1417-1427. [PMID: 32377987 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) defines one of the four molecular groups of endometrial carcinoma identified by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) has been proposed as a widely applicable technique to identify this group in the common practice. However, the diagnostic accuracy of such approach has never been calculated. We aimed to assess: 1) the diagnostic accuracy of MMR proteins immunohistochemistry as surrogate of MSI molecular testing in endometrial carcinoma; 2) whether a combination of only two MMR proteins may be used as a still cheaper test. A systematic review and meta-analysis of was performed by searching electronic databases from their inception to September 2019. All studies assessing endometrial carcinoma with both MMR proteins immunohistochemistry and MSI molecular testing were included. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR-), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under the curve (AUC) on SROC curves. A subgroup analysis was performed for a combination of only two MMR proteins (MLH1-MSH2 vs MSH6-PMS2). Ten studies with 3097 patients were included. Out of these, 1110 were suitable for the meta-analysis. Immunohistochemistry for all the four MMR proteins showed sensitivity = 0.96, specificity = 0.95, LR + =17.7, LR- = 0.05, DOR = 429.77, and high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.988). The combination of MLH1 and MSH2 showed sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.96, LR + =22.36, LR- = 0.15, DOR = 200.69, and high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.9838). The combination of MSH6 and PMS2 showed the same results as the complete panel of four MMR proteins. In conclusion, MMR proteins immunohistochemistry is a highly accurate surrogate of MSI molecular testing in endometrial carcinoma. A combination of MSH6 and PMS2 may allow reducing the cost without decrease in the diagnostic accuracy.
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55
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Temprine K, Campbell NR, Huang R, Langdon EM, Simon-Vermot T, Mehta K, Clapp A, Chipman M, White RM. Regulation of the error-prone DNA polymerase Polκ by oncogenic signaling and its contribution to drug resistance. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/629/eaau1453. [PMID: 32345725 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DNA polymerase Polκ plays a key role in translesion synthesis, an error-prone replication mechanism. Polκ is overexpressed in various tumor types. Here, we found that melanoma and lung and breast cancer cells experiencing stress from oncogene inhibition up-regulated the expression of Polκ and shifted its localization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This effect was phenocopied by inhibition of the kinase mTOR, by induction of ER stress, or by glucose deprivation. In unstressed cells, Polκ is continually transported out of the nucleus by exportin-1. Inhibiting exportin-1 or overexpressing Polκ increased the abundance of nuclear-localized Polκ, particularly in response to the BRAFV600E-targeted inhibitor vemurafenib, which decreased the cytotoxicity of the drug in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. These observations were analogous to how Escherichia coli encountering cell stress and nutrient deprivation can up-regulate and activate DinB/pol IV, the bacterial ortholog of Polκ, to induce mutagenesis that enables stress tolerance or escape. However, we found that the increased expression of Polκ was not excessively mutagenic, indicating that noncatalytic or other functions of Polκ could mediate its role in stress responses in mammalian cells. Repressing the expression or nuclear localization of Polκ might prevent drug resistance in some cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Temprine
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erin M Langdon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Theresa Simon-Vermot
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Krisha Mehta
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Mollie Chipman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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pyCancerSig: subclassifying human cancer with comprehensive single nucleotide, structural and microsatellite mutational signature deconstruction from whole genome sequencing. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:128. [PMID: 32245405 PMCID: PMC7118897 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage accumulates over the course of cancer development. The often-substantial amount of somatic mutations in cancer poses a challenge to traditional methods to characterize tumors based on driver mutations. However, advances in machine learning technology can take advantage of this substantial amount of data. Results We developed a command line interface python package, pyCancerSig, to perform sample profiling by integrating single nucleotide variation (SNV), structural variation (SV) and microsatellite instability (MSI) profiles into a unified profile. It also provides a command to decipher underlying cancer processes, employing an unsupervised learning technique, Non-negative Matrix Factorization, and a command to visualize the results. The package accepts common standard file formats (vcf, bam). The program was evaluated using a cohort of breast- and colorectal cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA). The result showed that by integrating multiple mutations modes, the tool can correctly identify cases with known clear mutational signatures and can strengthen signatures in cases with unclear signal from an SNV-only profile. The software package is available at https://github.com/jessada/pyCancerSig. Conclusions pyCancerSig has demonstrated its capability in identifying known and unknown cancer processes, and at the same time, illuminates the association within and between the mutation modes.
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Brondani VB, Montenegro L, Lacombe AMF, Magalhães BM, Nishi MY, Funari MFDA, Narcizo ADM, Cardoso LC, Siqueira SAC, Zerbini MCN, Denes FT, Latronico AC, Mendonca BB, Almeida MQ, Lerario AM, Soares IC, Fragoso MCBV. High Prevalence of Alterations in DNA Mismatch Repair Genes of Lynch Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Adrenocortical Tumors Carrying a Germline Mutation on TP53. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E621. [PMID: 32156018 PMCID: PMC7139318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical cancer is a rare malignant neoplasm associated with a dismal prognosis. Identification of the molecular pathways involved in adrenal tumorigenesis is essential for a better understanding of the disease mechanism and improvement of its treatment. The aim of this study is to define the prevalence of alterations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes in Lynch syndrome among pediatric patients with adrenocortical neoplasia from southern Brazil, where the prevalence of a specific TP53 germline mutation (p.Arg337His) is quite high. Thirty-six pediatric patients were retrospectively evaluated. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the MMR enzymes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, as well as next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed. For IHC, 36 pediatric tumors were tested. In all of them, the expression of all evaluated MMR proteins was well-preserved. For NGS, 35 patients with pediatric tumor were tested. Three patients (8.57%) with the TP53 p.Arg337His germline mutation presented pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in the MMR genes (two in MLH1 and one in MSH6). The prevalence of altered MMR genes among pediatric patients was elevated (8.57%) and higher than in colorectal and endometrial cancer cohorts. Pediatric patients with adrenocortical tumors should, thus, be strongly considered as at genetic risk for Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Balderrama Brondani
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
| | - Luciana Montenegro
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
| | - Amanda Meneses Ferreira Lacombe
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
| | - Breno Marchiori Magalhães
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
| | - Mirian Yumie Nishi
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
| | - Mariana Ferreira de Assis Funari
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
| | - Amanda de Moraes Narcizo
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.d.M.N.); (L.C.C.)
| | - Lais Cavalca Cardoso
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.d.M.N.); (L.C.C.)
| | - Sheila Aparecida Coelho Siqueira
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (S.A.C.S.); (M.C.N.Z.)
| | - Maria Claudia Nogueira Zerbini
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (S.A.C.S.); (M.C.N.Z.)
| | - Francisco Tibor Denes
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil;
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
| | - Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
| | - Madson Queiroz Almeida
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil
| | - Antonio Marcondes Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Ibere Cauduro Soares
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil;
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Unidade de Suprarrenal, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil; (A.M.F.L.); (B.M.M.); (A.C.L.); (B.B.M.); (M.Q.A.)
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil (M.F.d.A.F.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 0540396, Brasil
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Precision medicine for gastrointestinal cancer: Recent progress and future perspective. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:1-20. [PMID: 31966910 PMCID: PMC6960076 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has a high tumor incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Despite significant improvements in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy for GI cancer over the last decade, GI cancer is characterized by high recurrence rates and a dismal prognosis. There is an urgent need for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent technological advances and the accumulation of clinical data are moving toward the use of precision medicine in GI cancer. Here we review the application and status of precision medicine in GI cancer. Analyses of liquid biopsy specimens provide comprehensive real-time data of the tumor-associated changes in an individual GI cancer patient with malignancy. With the introduction of gene panels including next-generation sequencing, it has become possible to identify a variety of mutations and genetic biomarkers in GI cancer. Although the genomic aberration of GI cancer is apparently less actionable compared to other solid tumors, novel informative analyses derived from comprehensive gene profiling may lead to the discovery of precise molecular targeted drugs. These progressions will make it feasible to incorporate clinical, genome-based, and phenotype-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and apply them to individual GI cancer patients for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Matsuoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan
- Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan
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Rasool M, Pushparaj PN, Mirza Z, Imran Naseer M, Abusamra H, Alquaiti M, Shaabad M, Sibiany AMS, Gauthaman K, Al-Qahtani MH, Karim S. Array comparative genomic hybridization based identification of key genetic alterations at 2p21-p16.3 (MSH2, MSH6, EPCAM), 3p23-p14.2 (MLH1), 7p22.1 (PMS2) and 1p34.1-p33 (MUTYH) regions in hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:157-162. [PMID: 31889830 PMCID: PMC6933242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. Lynch syndrome is caused by impairment of one or more of the various genes (most frequently MLH1 and MSH2) involved in mismatch repair. In this study, whole genome comparative genomic hybridization array (array CGH) based genomic analysis was performed on twelve Saudi Lynch syndrome patients. A total of 124 chromosomal alterations (structural loss) were identified at mean log2 ratio cut off value of ±0.25. We also found structural loss in 2p21-p16.3, 3p23-p14.2, 7p22.1 and 1p34.1-p33 regions. These findings were subsequently validated by real time quantitative PCR showing downregulation of MSH2, MSH6, EPCAM, MLH1, PMS2 and MUTYH genes. These findings shall help in establishing database for alterations in mismatch repair genes underlying Lynch syndrome in Saudi population as well as to determine the incidence ratio of these disorders. Guided counselling will subsequently lead to the prevention and eradication of Lynch Syndrome in the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Mirza
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Abusamra
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alquaiti
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Shaabad
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hussein Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: CEGMR, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhang L, Bhaskaran SP, Huang T, Dong H, Chandratre K, Wu X, Qin Z, Wang X, Cao W, Chen T, Lynch H, Wang SM. Variants of DNA mismatch repair genes derived from 33,998 Chinese individuals with and without cancer reveal their highly ethnic-specific nature. Eur J Cancer 2020; 125:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Al-Shaheri FN, Al-Shami KM, Gamal EH, Mahasneh AA, Ayoub NM. Association of DNA repair gene polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk and treatment outcomes. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 113:104364. [PMID: 31881200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common carcinoma worldwide. Despite the progress in screening and treatment, CRC remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Alterations to normal nucleic acid processing may drive neoplastic transformation of colorectal epithelium. DNA repair machinery performs an essential function in the protection of genome by reducing the number of genetic polymorphisms/variations that may drive carcinogenicity. Four essential DNA repair systems are known which include nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), and double-strand break repair (DSBR). Polymorphisms of DNA repair genes have been shown to influence the risk of cancer development as well as outcomes of treatment. Several studies demonstrated the association between genetic polymorphism of DNA repair genes and increased risk of CRC in different populations. In this review, we have summarized the impact of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on risk of CRC development and treatment outcomes. Advancements of the current understanding for the impact of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on the risk and treatment of CRC may support diagnostic and predictive roles in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz N Al-Shaheri
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), ImNeuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, ImNeuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Kamal M Al-Shami
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 South Donahue Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States of America; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Eshrak H Gamal
- Department of Oncology, Collage of Medicine, Bonn University, Germany; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Amjad A Mahasneh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Liu D, Zhang H, Cong J, Cui M, Ma M, Zhang F, Sun H, Chen C. H3K27 acetylation‐induced lncRNA EIF3J‐AS1 improved proliferation and impeded apoptosis of colorectal cancer through miR‐3163/YAP1 axis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1923-1933. [PMID: 31709617 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Jinchun Cong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Mingming Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Mingxing Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Huayi Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Chunsheng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
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63
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Georgiadis A, Durham JN, Keefer LA, Bartlett BR, Zielonka M, Murphy D, White JR, Lu S, Verner EL, Ruan F, Riley D, Anders RA, Gedvilaite E, Angiuoli S, Jones S, Velculescu VE, Le DT, Diaz LA, Sausen M. Noninvasive Detection of Microsatellite Instability and High Tumor Mutation Burden in Cancer Patients Treated with PD-1 Blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7024-7034. [PMID: 31506389 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microsatellite instability (MSI) and high tumor mutation burden (TMB-High) are promising pan-tumor biomarkers used to select patients for treatment with immune checkpoint blockade; however, real-time sequencing of unresectable or metastatic solid tumors is often challenging. We report a noninvasive approach for detection of MSI and TMB-High in the circulation of patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed an approach that utilized a hybrid-capture-based 98-kb pan-cancer gene panel, including targeted microsatellite regions. A multifactorial error correction method and a novel peak-finding algorithm were established to identify rare MSI frameshift alleles in cell-free DNA (cfDNA). RESULTS Through analysis of cfDNA derived from a combination of healthy donors and patients with metastatic cancer, the error correction and peak-finding approaches produced a specificity of >99% (n = 163) and sensitivities of 78% (n = 23) and 67% (n = 15), respectively, for MSI and TMB-High. For patients treated with PD-1 blockade, we demonstrated that MSI and TMB-High in pretreatment plasma predicted progression-free survival (hazard ratios: 0.21 and 0.23, P = 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). In addition, we analyzed cfDNA from longitudinally collected plasma samples obtained during therapy to identify patients who achieved durable response to PD-1 blockade. CONCLUSIONS These analyses demonstrate the feasibility of noninvasive pan-cancer screening and monitoring of patients who exhibit MSI or TMB-High and have a high likelihood of responding to immune checkpoint blockade.See related commentary by Wang and Ajani, p. 6887.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer N Durham
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Bjarne R Bartlett
- Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Swim Across America Laboratory at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Derek Murphy
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Steve Lu
- Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Finey Ruan
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Riley
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erika Gedvilaite
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sam Angiuoli
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Siân Jones
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dung T Le
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Mark Sausen
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Lian J, Xia L, Chen Y, Zheng J, Ma K, Luo L, Ye F. Aldolase B impairs DNA mismatch repair and induces apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152597. [PMID: 31564566 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that DNA repair capacity manifested by intact functional base excision repair and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways is related to the prognosis of multiple cancer types. Aldolase B (ALDOB) is well known for its role in metabolism and glycolysis. The expression of ALDOB in colon adenocarcinoma and the relationship between its expression and colon adenocarcinoma prognosis remain controversial; in addition, the potential role of ALDOB in DNA MMR has not yet been reported. In this study, we identified a cluster of DNA repair-related proteins that interact with ALDOB in the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116. Expression analysis of colon adenocarcinoma data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-COAD data, n = 551) indicated that ALDOB mRNA expression was significantly higher in specimens with microsatellite instability (MSI) than in specimens with microsatellite stability (MSS). Regarding prognosis, colon adenocarcinoma patients with high ALDOB mRNA expression had longer overall survival (OS). Higher expression of ALDOB protein was significantly correlated with MMR deficiency (d-MMR) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) patient specimens. The expression of ALDOB was significantly elevated in colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Further evidence indicated that rather than affecting proliferation, ALDOB overexpression induced the functional loss of MMR proteins and in turn caused irreversible DNA damage via disrupting EZH2-Rad51 expression and then caused apoptosis by ERK inactivation. Overall, our study demonstrates that high ALDOB expression impairs DNA MMR and induces apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma. ALDOB may be a new biomarker associated with d-MMR and an independent prognostic factor for colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabian Lian
- Laboratory of Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Laboratory of Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixing Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingtao Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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65
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Aguirre M, Rivas MA, Priest J. Phenome-wide Burden of Copy-Number Variation in the UK Biobank. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:373-383. [PMID: 31353025 PMCID: PMC6699064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variations (CNVs) represent a significant proportion of the genetic differences between individuals and many CNVs associate causally with syndromic disease and clinical outcomes. Here, we characterize the landscape of copy-number variation and their phenome-wide effects in a sample of 472,228 array-genotyped individuals from the UK Biobank. In addition to population-level selection effects against genic loci conferring high mortality, we describe genetic burden from potentially pathogenic and previously uncharacterized CNV loci across more than 3,000 quantitative and dichotomous traits, with separate analyses for common and rare classes of variation. Specifically, we highlight the effects of CNVs at two well-known syndromic loci 16p11.2 and 22q11.2, previously uncharacterized variation at 9p23, and several genic associations in the context of acute coronary artery disease and high body mass index. Our data constitute a deeply contextualized portrait of population-wide burden of copy-number variation, as well as a series of dosage-mediated genic associations across the medical phenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Aguirre
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Priest
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.
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66
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He J, He J, Min L, He Y, Guan H, Wang J, Peng X. Extracellular vesicles transmitted miR-31-5p promotes sorafenib resistance by targeting MLH1 in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1052-1063. [PMID: 31259424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib provides survival benefits in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but its use is hampered by acquired drug resistance. It is important to fully clarify the molecular mechanisms of sorafenib resistance, which can help to avoid, delay or reverse drug resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate intercellular communication by delivering effector molecules between cells. Here, we studied whether EVs are involved in sorafenib resistance of RCC and its possible molecular mechanisms. Using differential centrifugation, EVs were isolated from established sorafenib-resistant RCC cells (786-0 and ACHN), and EVs derived from sorafenib-resistant cells were uptaken by sensitive parental RCC cells and thus promoted drug resistance. Elevated exogenous miR-31-5p within EVs effectively downregulated MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) expression and thus promoted sorafenib resistance in vitro. Mice experiments also confirmed that miR-31-5p could mediate drug sensitivity in vivo. In addition, low expression of MLH1 was observed in sorafenib-resistant RCC cells and upregulation of MLH1 expression restored the sensitivity of resistant cell lines to sorafenib. Finally, miR-31-5p level in circulating EVs of RCC patients with progressive disease (PD) during sorafenib therapy was higher when compared to that in the pretherapy status. In conclusion, EVs shuttled miR-31-5p can transfer resistance information from sorafenib-resistant cells to sensitive cells by directly targeting MLH1, and thus magnify the drug resistance information to the whole tumor. Furthermore, miR-31-5p and MLH1 could be promising predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to prevent sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianxiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Tamura K, Kaneda M, Futagawa M, Takeshita M, Kim S, Nakama M, Kawashita N, Tatsumi-Miyajima J. Genetic and genomic basis of the mismatch repair system involved in Lynch syndrome. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:999-1011. [PMID: 31273487 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a cancer-predisposing syndrome inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner, wherein colon cancer and endometrial cancer develop frequently in the family, it results from a loss-of-function mutation in one of four different genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) encoding mismatch repair proteins. Being located immediately upstream of the MSH2 gene, EPCAM abnormalities can affect MSH2 and cause Lynch syndrome. Mismatch repair proteins are involved in repairing of incorrect pairing (point mutations and deletion/insertion of simple repetitive sequences, so-called microsatellites) that can arise during DNA replication. MSH2 forms heterodimers with MSH6 or MSH3 (MutSα, MutSβ, respectively) and is involved in mismatch-pair recognition and initiation of repair. MLH1 forms a complex with PMS2, and functions as an endonuclease. If the mismatch repair system is thoroughly working, genome integrity is maintained completely. Lynch syndrome is a state of mismatch repair deficiency due to a monoallelic abnormality of any mismatch repair genes. The phenotype indicating the mismatch repair deficiency can be frequently shown as a microsatellite instability in tumors. Children with germline biallelic mismatch repair gene abnormalities were reported to develop conditions such as gastrointestinal polyposis, colorectal cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, etc., and so on, demonstrating the need to respond with new concepts in genetic counseling. In promoting cancer genome medicine in a new era, such as by utilizing immune checkpoints, it is important to understand the genetic and genomic molecular background, including the status of mismatch repair deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tamura
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan.
| | - Motohide Kaneda
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Mashu Futagawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Miho Takeshita
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Sanghyuk Kim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Mina Nakama
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Junko Tatsumi-Miyajima
- Division of Medical Genetics, Master of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
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Corti G, Bartolini A, Crisafulli G, Novara L, Rospo G, Montone M, Negrino C, Mussolin B, Buscarino M, Isella C, Barault L, Siravegna G, Siena S, Marsoni S, Di Nicolantonio F, Medico E, Bardelli A. A Genomic Analysis Workflow for Colorectal Cancer Precision Oncology. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:91-101.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Grolleman JE, Díaz-Gay M, Franch-Expósito S, Castellví-Bel S, de Voer RM. Somatic mutational signatures in polyposis and colorectal cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:62-72. [PMID: 31108140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The somatic mutation spectrum imprinted in the genome of a tumor represents the mutational processes that have been active in that tumor. Large sequencing efforts in various cancer types have resulted in the identification of multiple mutational signatures, of which several have been linked to specific biological mechanisms. Several pan-cancer mutational signatures have been identified, while other signatures are only found in specific tissue types. Research on tumors from individuals with specific DNA repair defects has led to links between specific mutational signatures and mutational processes. Studying mutational signatures in cancers that are likely the result of a genetic predisposition may represent an interesting strategy to identify constitutional DNA repair defects, including those underlying polyposis and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Grolleman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcos Díaz-Gay
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastià Franch-Expósito
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richarda M de Voer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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70
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Pacelli J, Gosset M, Rossi L, Ngo C, Delomenie M, Nos C, Lécuru F, Bats AS. [Prophylactic hysterectomy in Lynch syndrome: Feasibility and outcomes]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 47:497-503. [PMID: 31003015 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary predisposition to cancers, first of all, colo-rectal and endometrial cancers in women. Although recommended, gynecologic screening has never proven its benefit. Prophylactic surgery can be considered once the parental project is completed. There are few data regarding the assessment of prophylactic surgery. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the feasibility and morbidity of prophylactic hysterectomy in patients with Lynch syndrome. METHODS This is a descriptive retrospective study of consecutive patients with LS undergoing prophylactic hysterectomy at the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital from 2002 to 2016. We collected demographic characteristics, results of preoperative assessment, intra- and postoperative data, final pathologic result as well as postoperative follow-up data. RESULTS Forty patients were included in the study, and seventeen women had a history of colon cancer surgery. All hysterectomies were performed by laparoscopy, with two cases of laparoconversion. Two intraoperative complications occurred: serosal small bowel injuries and superficial bladder injury. Two early postoperative complications occurred (a peritonitis on small bowel perforation and a peritonitis on left ureteral injury) and two late complications (vesico-vaginal fistula and adhesive small bowel obstruction). All operative specimens were benign. With a median follow-up of 28 months [5-52], no patient had peritoneal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that prophylactic hysterectomy in Lynch syndrome should be done with caution. Per and postoperative complication rates appear to be higher than in general population, probably related to a more frequent history of colorectal cancer. However, total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy appears to be an effective strategy for preventing gynecological cancers in women with the Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pacelli
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S 747, université Paris-Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - M Gosset
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - L Rossi
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - C Ngo
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - M Delomenie
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - C Nos
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - F Lécuru
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - A-S Bats
- Chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S 747, université Paris-Descartes, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Microsatellite instability-high/DNA mismatch repair deficient tumors are found across the cancer spectrum and often harbor markedly increased numbers of mutations when compared to microsatellite stable/DNA mismatch repair proficient tumors. As a result of this high mutational load, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density is increased and more immunogenic neoepitopes are expressed, leading to upregulation of immune checkpoints in these tumors. Checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, both immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibodies that block interactions between the programmed cell death receptor-1 and its ligands, have significant activity in this tumor class. This review will focus on hypermutated tumors and immuno-oncology drug development for this biologically unique tumor type, with an emphasis on FDA-approved immunotherapies for these cancers, as well as a short discussion of the many therapeutic and scientific challenges ahead in order to optimize the uses of this new class of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Ciombor
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Richard M Goldberg
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 9300, 1801 HSS, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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Gupta D, Heinen CD. The mismatch repair-dependent DNA damage response: Mechanisms and implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:60-69. [PMID: 30959407 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An important role for the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in maintaining genomic stability is embodied in its conservation through evolution and the link between loss of MMR function and tumorigenesis. The latter is evident as inheritance of mutations within the major MMR genes give rise to the cancer predisposition condition, Lynch syndrome. Nonetheless, how MMR loss contributes to tumorigenesis is not completely understood. In addition to preventing the accumulation of mutations, MMR also directs cellular responses, such as cell cycle checkpoint or apoptosis activation, to different forms of DNA damage. Understanding this MMR-dependent DNA damage response may provide insight into the full tumor suppressing capabilities of the MMR pathway. Here, we delve into the proposed mechanisms for the MMR-dependent response to DNA damaging agents. We discuss how these pre-clinical findings extend to the clinical treatment of cancers, emphasizing MMR status as a crucial variable in selection of chemotherapeutic regimens. Also, we discuss how loss of the MMR-dependent damage response could promote tumorigenesis via the establishment of a survival advantage to endogenous levels of stress in MMR-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Gupta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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73
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Ouyang S, Zhou X, Chen Z, Wang M, Zheng X, Xie M. LncRNA BCAR4, targeting to miR-665/STAT3 signaling, maintains cancer stem cells stemness and promotes tumorigenicity in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:72. [PMID: 30962766 PMCID: PMC6438025 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 (BCAR4) is closely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and propagation. However, the mechanisms underlying BCAR4 function in colon cancer remains largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that BCAR4 could regulate colon cancer stem/initiating cells (CSC) function and further facilitates the colon cancer progression. Methods qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression of BCAR4 and various CSC markers. FACS, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and western blot assays were applicable to test the expression of CSC markers. CCK8, tumorsphere formation and transwell assays were adopted to examine the capacity of CRC cells proliferation, self-renewal and migration. Pull down assay was used to test the interaction between BCAR4 and miR-665. Luciferase reporter assay was used to examine the interaction of miR-665 and activators of transcription (STAT3). In vivo tumor xenograft study was used to verify the malignancy of CRC cells with inhibition of BCAR4. Results Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 was highly expressed in both CRC cells and stem/initiating cells. In addition, overexpression of BCAR4 facilitated the maintenance of ALDH positive cells (a type of cancer stem/initiating cells) stemness and promoted ALDH+ cells proliferation and migration. Inhibition of BCAR4 restricted ALDH+ cells proliferation and migration. We further proved that miR-665 was the target of BCAR4 and subsequently activated signal transducers and STAT3 signaling which is an important pathway in cancer stem cells self-renewal. Conclusions Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 promotes the CRC cells stemness through targeting to miR-665/STAT3 signaling and identification of the BCAR4 in CRC stem cells provides a new insight into CRC diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and next-step translational investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Zhengquan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Maijian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Xinbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
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74
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Abstract
Cancer is a common non-communicable disease worldwide, although it exhibits differential population trends in incidence and mortality rates. The differences relate to population structure, environmental risk factors as well as health system organization. This article discusses the potential impact of genetic testing on population health, focusing in particular on the mutational spectrum of breast cancer susceptibility genes in diverse populations. We identify the need for improved access to, and increased investment in, comprehensive cancer risk assessment and genetic testing as well as cancer control measures that take into account lifestyle, environmental, and social factors in understudied minority groups.
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75
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Zhang M, Hu C, Moses N, Haakenson J, Xiang S, Quan D, Fang B, Yang Z, Bai W, Bepler G, Li GM, Zhang XM. HDAC6 regulates DNA damage response via deacetylating MLH1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5813-5826. [PMID: 30770470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) is a key DNA mismatch repair protein, which plays an important role in maintenance of genomic stability and the DNA damage response. Here, we report that MLH1 is a novel substrate of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). HDAC6 interacts with and deacetylates MLH1 both in vitro and in vivo Interestingly, deacetylation of MLH1 blocks the assembly of the MutSα-MutLα complex. Moreover, we have identified four novel acetylation sites in MLH1 by MS analysis. The deacetylation mimetic mutant, but not the WT and the acetylation mimetic mutant, of MLH1 confers resistance to 6-thioguanine. Overall, our findings suggest that the MutSα-MutLα complex serves as a sensor for DNA damage response and that HDAC6 disrupts the MutSα-MutLα complex by deacetylation of MLH1, leading to the tolerance of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Zhang
- From the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Chen Hu
- From the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Niko Moses
- the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Joshua Haakenson
- the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Shengyan Xiang
- the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Daniel Quan
- the Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Bin Fang
- the The Proteomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Wenlong Bai
- the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Gerold Bepler
- From the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Guo-Min Li
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Xiaohong Mary Zhang
- From the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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76
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Yurgelun MB, Kastrinos F. Tumor Testing for Microsatellite Instability to Identify Lynch Syndrome: New Insights Into an Old Diagnostic Strategy. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:263-265. [PMID: 30550362 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Yurgelun
- 1 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,2 Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fay Kastrinos
- 3 Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY.,4 Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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77
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A Novel MLH1 Initiation Codon Mutation (c.3G>T) in a Large Chinese Lynch Syndrome Family with Different Onset Age and mRNA Expression Level. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1460835. [PMID: 30539002 PMCID: PMC6261076 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1460835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder; it is caused by a germline mutation in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Individuals with a heterozygous mutation in MLH1 have an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer. Here we described a 5-generation Chinese Lynch syndrome family with different severity and onset age. A novel heterozygous germline mutation (c.3G>T, p.Met1Ile) in MLH1 gene was discovered by next generation sequencing. Our study also revealed by qPCR that the MLH1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood of patients in this family was remarkably lower than that of the unaffected carriers and non-carriers. The research results indicated that the mRNA expression level may provide predictive suggestions of treatment and management for carriers with the initiation codon mutation of MLH1 in this family. Further studies are undertaken in this family as well as other families with Lynch syndrome to interrogate the exact reasons affecting the MLH1 mRNA expression level and whether mRNA expression in peripheral blood could be a significant factor for early diagnosis and surveillance of Lynch syndrome.
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78
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Kim D, Fishel R, Lee JB. Coordinating Multi-Protein Mismatch Repair by Managing Diffusion Mechanics on the DNA. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4469-4480. [PMID: 29792877 PMCID: PMC6388638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) corrects DNA base-pairing errors that occur during DNA replication. MMR catalyzes strand-specific DNA degradation and resynthesis by dynamic molecular coordination of sequential downstream pathways. The temporal and mechanistic order of molecular events is essential to insure interactions in MMR that occur over long distances on the DNA. Biophysical real-time studies of highly conserved components on mismatched DNA have shed light on the mechanics of MMR. Single-molecule imaging has visualized stochastically coordinated MMR interactions that are based on thermal fluctuation-driven motions. In this review, we describe the role of diffusivity and stochasticity in MMR beginning with mismatch recognition through strand-specific excision. We conclude with a perspective of the possible research directions that should solve the remaining questions in MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehyung Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jong-Bong Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; Interdisciplinary Bioscience & Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea.
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79
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Abstract
Our knowledge of genetic mechanisms involved in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression recently bas expanded. In order to benefit from this expansion and to apply genetic discoveries to current protocols for prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and monitoring for minimal residual disease, a working knowledge must be developed of the genetic principles, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genetic models of carcinogenesis. Genetic susceptibility testing for cancer soon will be introduced into oncology practice through established familial risk counseling programs, and the oncologist must be prepared to address the medical, ethical, legal, economic, psychological, and social issues that accompany this testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Peters
- Familial Cancer Program at Oncogenetics, Phoenix, Ariz
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80
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Cancer genetics, precision prevention and a call to action. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1212-1218. [PMID: 30158684 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 15 years have passed since the identification, through linkage, of 'first-wave' susceptibility genes for common cancers (BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1 and MSH2). These genes have strong frequency-penetrance profiles, such that the associated clinical utility probably remains relevant regardless of the context of ascertainment. 'Second-wave' genes, not tractable by linkage, were subsequently identified by mutation screening of candidate genes (PALB2, ATM, CHEK2, BRIP1, RAD51C and RAD51D). Their innately weaker frequency-penetrance profiles have rendered delineation of cancer associations, risks and variant pathogenicity challenging, thereby compromising their clinical application. Early germline exome-sequencing endeavors for common cancers did not yield the long-anticipated slew of 'next-wave' genes but instead implied a highly polygenic genomic architecture requiring much larger experiments to make any substantive inroads into gene discovery. As such, the 'genetic economics' of frequency penetrance clearly indicates that focused identification of carriers of first-wave-gene mutations is most impactful for cancer control. With screening, prevention and early detection at the forefront of the cancer management agenda, we propose that the time is nigh for the initiation of national population-testing programs to identify carriers of first-wave gene mutation carriers. To fully deliver a precision prevention program, long-term, large-scale mutation studies that capture longitudinal clinical data and serial biosamples are required.
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81
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Sharp SP, Malizia RA, Walrath T, D'Souza SS, Booth CJ, Kartchner BJ, Lee EC, Stain SC, O'Connor W. DNA damage response genes mark the early transition from colitis to neoplasia in colitis-associated colon cancer. Gene 2018; 677:299-307. [PMID: 30121380 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation predisposes patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) to Colitis-Associated Cancer (CAC). In the setting of chronic inflammation, microsatellite instability (MSI) results from early loss of DNA damage response (DDR) genes, ultimately leading to tumor formation. Despite continued efforts to improve early detection of high risk, pre-dysplastic regions in IBD patients, current macroscopic and genetic surveillance modalities remain limited. Therefore, understanding the regulation of key DDR genes in the progression from colitis to cancer may improve molecular surveillance of CAC. To evaluate DDR gene regulation in the transition from colitis to tumorigenesis, we utilized the well-established Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate (AOM/DSS) pre-clinical murine model of CAC in C57BL/6 mice. In order to assess colonic tumor burden in the setting of mutagen and intestinal irritation, tumors were visualized and graded in real time through high-resolution murine colonoscopy. Upon sacrifice, colons were opened and assessed for macroscopic tumor via high magnification surgical lenses (HMSL). Tissues were then sectioned and separated into groups based on the presence or absence of macroscopically visible tumor. Critical DDR genes were evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Interestingly, colon tissue with macroscopically visible tumor (MVT) and colon tissue prior to observable tumor (the non-macroscopically visible tumor-developing group, NMVT) were identical in reduced mRNA expression of mlh1, anapc1, and ercc4 relative to colitic mice without mutagen, or those receiving mutagen alone. Colitis alone was sufficient to reduce colonic ercc4 expression when compared to NMVT mice. Therefore, reduced ercc4 expression may mark the early transition to CAC in a pre-clinical model, with expression reduced prior to the onset of observable tumor. Moreover, the expression of select DDR genes inversely correlated with chronicity of inflammatory disease. These data suggest ercc4 expression may define early stages in the progression to CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Sharp
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Travis Walrath
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Shanti S D'Souza
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Brittany J Kartchner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Edward C Lee
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Steven C Stain
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - William O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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82
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Zhang J, Quadri S, Wolfgang CL, Zheng L. New Development of Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Cancers: From Neoplastic Cells to Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030087. [PMID: 30104497 PMCID: PMC6163728 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers refer to a plethora of biological characteristics that can be quantified to facilitate cancer diagnosis, forecast the prognosis of disease, and predict a response to treatment. The identification of objective biomarkers is among the most crucial steps in the realization of individualized cancer care. Several tumor biomarkers for gastrointestinal malignancies have been applied in the clinical setting to help differentiate between cancer and other conditions, facilitate patient selection for targeted therapies, and to monitor treatment response and recurrence. With the coming of the immunotherapy age, the need for a new development of biomarkers that are indicative of the immune response to tumors are unprecedentedly urgent. Biomarkers from the tumor microenvironment, tumor genome, and signatures from liquid biopsies have been explored, but the majority have shown a limited prognostic or predictive value as single biomarkers. Nevertheless, use of multiplex biomarkers has the potential to provide a significantly increased diagnostic accuracy compared to traditional single biomarker. A comprehensive analysis of immune-biomarkers is needed to reveal the dynamic and multifaceted anti-tumor immunity and thus imply for the rational design of assays and combinational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Departments of Oncology and Surgery, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Shafat Quadri
- Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Departments of Oncology and Surgery, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Departments of Oncology and Surgery, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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83
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Halldorsson MO, Hauptmann M, Snaebjornsson P, Haraldsdóttir KH, Aspelund T, Gudmundsson EF, Gudnason V, Jonasson JG, Haraldsdottir S. The risk of developing a mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer after undergoing cholecystectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:972-975. [PMID: 30010450 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1481997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) is caused by inactivation of the MMR DNA repair system, most commonly via epigenetic inactivation of the MLH1 gene, and these tumors occur most frequently in the right colon. The objective was to determine whether cholecystectomy (CCY) increases the risk of a dMMR CRC by comparing CCY incidence in patients with dMMR CRC and proficient MMR (pMMR) CRC to unaffected controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients diagnosed with CRC in Iceland from 2000 to 2009 (n = 1171) were included. They had previously been screened for dMMR by immunohistochemistry (n = 129 were dMMR). Unaffected age- and sex-matched controls (n = 17,460) were obtained from large Icelandic cohort studies. Subjects were cross-referenced with all pathology databases in Iceland to establish who had undergone CCY. Odds ratios were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Eighteen (13.7%) dMMR CRC cases and 90 (8.7%) pMMR CRC cases had undergone CCY compared to 1532 (8.8%) controls. CCY-related odds ratios (OR) were 1.06 (95% CI 0.90-1.26, p = .577) for all CRC, 1.16 (95% CI 0.66-2.05 p = .602) for dMMR CRCand 1.04 (95% CI 0.83-1.29, p = .744) for pMMR CRC. Furthermore, OR for dMMR CRC was 0.51 (95% CI 0.16-1.67, p = .266), 2.04 (95% CI 0.92-4.50, p = .080) and 1.08 (95% CI 0.40-2.89, p = .875) <10 years, 10-20 years and >20 years after a CCY, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of increased risk of developing dMMR CRC after CCY although a borderline significantly increased 2-fold risk was observed 10-20 years after CCY. Larger studies are warranted to examine this further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- c Department of Pathology , The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Thor Aspelund
- e University of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,f Icelandic Heart Association , Kópavogur , Iceland
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,f Icelandic Heart Association , Kópavogur , Iceland
| | - Jon Gunnlaugur Jonasson
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,d Landspitali University Hospital Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,g Department of Pathology , Landspitali-University Hospital , Iceland
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84
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Meier B, Volkova NV, Hong Y, Schofield P, Campbell PJ, Gerstung M, Gartner A. Mutational signatures of DNA mismatch repair deficiency in C. elegans and human cancers. Genome Res 2018; 28:666-675. [PMID: 29636374 PMCID: PMC5932607 DOI: 10.1101/gr.226845.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their lifetime, cells are subject to extrinsic and intrinsic mutational processes leaving behind characteristic signatures in the genome. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency leads to hypermutation and is found in different cancer types. Although it is possible to associate mutational signatures extracted from human cancers with possible mutational processes, the exact causation is often unknown. Here, we use C. elegans genome sequencing of pms-2 and mlh-1 knockouts to reveal the mutational patterns linked to C. elegans MMR deficiency and their dependency on endogenous replication errors and errors caused by deletion of the polymerase ε subunit pole-4 Signature extraction from 215 human colorectal and 289 gastric adenocarcinomas revealed three MMR-associated signatures, one of which closely resembles the C. elegans MMR spectrum and strongly discriminates microsatellite stable and unstable tumors (AUC = 98%). A characteristic difference between human and C. elegans MMR deficiency is the lack of elevated levels of NCG > NTG mutations in C. elegans, likely caused by the absence of cytosine (CpG) methylation in worms. The other two human MMR signatures may reflect the interaction between MMR deficiency and other mutagenic processes, but their exact cause remains unknown. In summary, combining information from genetically defined models and cancer samples allows for better aligning mutational signatures to causal mutagenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Meier
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nadezda V Volkova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Hong
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Pieta Schofield
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
- Division of Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Gartner
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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85
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Cama A, Genuardi M, Guanti G, Radice P, Varesco L. Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 82:122-35. [PMID: 8644374 DOI: 10.1177/030089169608200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The story of the molecular genetics of HNPCC is one of astonishingly rapid achievements. In just 16 months, from May 1993 to September 1994, four different genes, namely hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1 and hPMS2 have been identified and demonstrated to be associated with the disease. Their cloning was facilitated by the finding that tumor cells in HNPCC patients display a hypermutability of DNA short tandem repeats (microsatellite instability). In fact, HNPCC associated genes are the human counterparts of genetic elements known to control the fidelity of DNA replication in lower organisms. So far, more than 50 germline mutations of hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes have been reported in HNPCC kindreds. In addition, somatic mutations have been documented in hereditary as well as sporadic cancers. Unfortunately, the molecular diagnosis of HNPCC is hampered by the lack of mutational “hot spots” and of clearly defined genotype-phenotype correlations and different screening methods are to be employed for the analysis of affected and at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cama
- Cattedra di Patologia Generale, Università Gabriele D'Annuzio, Chieti,Italy
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86
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Abstract
A general synthetic overview of the process of carcinogenesis is presented. The following points are discussed: the uniqueness of tumor disease with respect to other pathologies; tumors viewed as a pathology of the transduction system of signals that regulate the communal life of the cells of multicell organisms; the tumor as a genetic disease of somatic cells; carcinogenesis as a multistage event; the fundamental role of physiologic and pathologic rhythms of cell proliferation in the modulation of tumor incidence; mechanisms entailed in the maintenance of genome integrity; mechanisms involved in the protection of genome integrity from exogenous and endogenous causes of degradation of the genetic message.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parodi
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
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87
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Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) refers to the hypermutator phenotype secondary to frequent polymorphism in short repetitive DNA sequences and single nucleotide substitution, as consequence of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. MSI secondary to germline mutation in DNA MMR proteins is the molecular fingerprint of Lynch syndrome (LS), while epigenetic inactivation of these genes is more commonly found in sporadic MSI tumors. MSI occurs at different frequencies across malignancies, although original methods to assess MSI or MMR deficiency have been developed mostly in LS related cancers. Here we will discuss the current methods to detect MSI/MMR deficiency with a focus of new tools which are emerging as highly sensitive detector for MSI across multiple tumor types. Due to high frequencies of non-synonymous mutations, the presence of frameshift-mutated neoantigens, which can trigger a more robust and long-lasting immune response and strong TIL infiltration with tumor eradication, MSI has emerged as an important predictor of sensitivity for immunotherapy-based strategies, as showed by the recent FDA's first histology agnostic-accelerated approval to immune checkpoint inhibitors for refractory, adult and pediatric, MMR deficient (dMMR) or MSI high (MSI-H) tumors. Moreover, it is known that MSI status may predict cancer response/resistance to certain chemotherapies. Here we will describe the complex interplay between the genetic and clinical-pathological features of MSI/dMMR tumors and the cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on the predictive and prognostic role of MMR status for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and providing some suggestions on how to conceive better predictive markers for immunotherapy in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Baretti
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, United States
| | - Dung T Le
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, United States.
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88
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Abstract
The discovery of MLH1-rheMac hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome in rhesus macaques (MLH1-rheMac HNPCC), which is an orthologue of Lynch syndrome in humans, is highly significant in the field of oncology. The hereditary nature of this disease should allow for planned cross-breeding of rhesus macaques to assess the effects of homozygous versus heterozygous MLH1 gene mutations, as well as other comutations and environmental factors that may affect the development of colon cancers. Also, the MLH1-rheMac HNPCC syndrome in rhesus macaques can serve as an important model for development of novel approaches to diagnosis and therapy of Lynch syndrome in human patients. Over the past two decades, 33 cases of colonic adenocarcinomas have been diagnosed in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at the nonhuman primate colony of the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The distinctive feature in these cases, based on PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging, was the presence of two or three tumor lesions in different locations, including proximal to the ileocecal juncture, proximal to the hepatic flexure, and/or in the sigmoid colon. These colon carcinoma lesions selectively accumulated [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) and [18F]fluoroacetate ([18F]FACE) at high levels, reflecting elevated carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in these tumors. In contrast, the accumulation of [18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) was less significant, reflecting slow proliferative activity in these tumors. The diagnoses of colon carcinomas were confirmed by endoscopy. The expression of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 proteins and the degree of microsatellite instability (MSI) was assessed in colon carcinomas. The loss of MLH1 protein expression was observed in all tumors and was associated with a deletion mutation in the MLH1 promoter region and/or multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations in the MLH1 gene. All tumors exhibited various degrees of MSI. The pedigree analysis of this rhesus macaque population revealed several clusters of affected animals related to each other over several generations, suggesting an autosomal dominant transmission of susceptibility for colon cancer. The newly discovered hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome in rhesus macaques, termed MLH1-rheMac, may serve as a model for development of novel approaches to diagnosis and therapy of Lynch syndrome in humans.
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89
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Jia P, Chai W. The MLH1 ATPase domain is needed for suppressing aberrant formation of interstitial telomeric sequences. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 65:20-25. [PMID: 29544212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome instability gives rise to cancer. MLH1, commonly known for its important role in mismatch repair (MMR), DNA damage signaling and double-strand break (DSB) repair, safeguards genome stability. Recently we have reported a novel role of MLH1 in preventing aberrant formation of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) at intra-chromosomal regions. Deficiency in MLH1, in particular its N-terminus, leads to an increase of ITSs. Here, we identify that the ATPase activity in the MLH1 N-terminal domain is important for suppressing the formation of ITSs. The ATPase activity is also needed for recruiting MLH1 to DSBs. Moreover, defective ATPase activity of MLH1 causes an increase in micronuclei formation. Our results highlight the crucial role of MLH1's ATPase domain in preventing the aberrant formation of telomeric sequences at the intra-chromosomal regions and preserving genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, United States
| | - Weihang Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, United States.
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90
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Hodel KP, de Borja R, Henninger EE, Campbell BB, Ungerleider N, Light N, Wu T, LeCompte KG, Goksenin AY, Bunnell BA, Tabori U, Shlien A, Pursell ZF. Explosive mutation accumulation triggered by heterozygous human Pol ε proofreading-deficiency is driven by suppression of mismatch repair. eLife 2018; 7:32692. [PMID: 29488881 PMCID: PMC5829921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors defective for DNA polymerase (Pol) ε proofreading have the highest tumor mutation burden identified. A major unanswered question is whether loss of Pol ε proofreading by itself is sufficient to drive this mutagenesis, or whether additional factors are necessary. To address this, we used a combination of next generation sequencing and in vitro biochemistry on human cell lines engineered to have defects in Pol ε proofreading and mismatch repair. Absent mismatch repair, monoallelic Pol ε proofreading deficiency caused a rapid increase in a unique mutation signature, similar to that observed in tumors from patients with biallelic mismatch repair deficiency and heterozygous Pol ε mutations. Restoring mismatch repair was sufficient to suppress the explosive mutation accumulation. These results strongly suggest that concomitant suppression of mismatch repair, a hallmark of colorectal and other aggressive cancers, is a critical force for driving the explosive mutagenesis seen in tumors expressing exonuclease-deficient Pol ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Hodel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Richard de Borja
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erin E Henninger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Brittany B Campbell
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Ungerleider
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Nicholas Light
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Kimberly G LeCompte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - A Yasemin Goksenin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States.,Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zachary F Pursell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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91
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Koi M, Tseng-Rogenski SS, Carethers JM. Inflammation-associated microsatellite alterations: Mechanisms and significance in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 10:1-14. [PMID: 29375743 PMCID: PMC5767788 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite alterations within genomic DNA frameshift as a result of defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). About 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) manifest hypermethylation of the DNA MMR gene MLH1, resulting in mono- and di-nucleotide frameshifts to classify it as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and hypermutated, and due to frameshifts at coding microsatellites generating neo-antigens, produce a robust protective immune response that can be enhanced with immune checkpoint blockade. More commonly, approximately 50% of sporadic non-MSI-H CRCs demonstrate frameshifts at di- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellites to classify it as MSI-low/elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) as a result of functional somatic inactivation of the DNA MMR protein MSH3 via a nuclear-to-cytosolic displacement. The trigger for MSH3 displacement appears to be inflammation and/or oxidative stress, and unlike MSI-H CRC patients, patients with MSI-L/EMAST CRCs show poor prognosis. These inflammatory-associated microsatellite alterations are a consequence of the local tumor microenvironment, and in theory, if the microenvironment is manipulated to lower inflammation, the microsatellite alterations and MSH3 dysfunction should be corrected. Here we describe the mechanisms and significance of inflammatory-associated microsatellite alterations, and propose three areas to deeply explore the consequences and prevention of inflammation's effect upon the DNA MMR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Koi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, United States
| | - Stephanie S Tseng-Rogenski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, United States
| | - John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, United States
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92
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Campos S, Amaro P, Cunha I, Fraga J, Cipriano MA, Tomé L. Uncertainties in the Management of a Lynch Syndrome Patient: A Case Report. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 24:241-246. [PMID: 29255760 DOI: 10.1159/000461590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Lynch syndrome (LS), the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, is characterized by mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes leading to an increased cancer risk, namely colorectal cancer. Case In the context of surveillance colonoscopy, a 40-mm flat lesion (0-IIa+b, Paris classification) was identified and submitted to piecemeal mucosal endoscopic resection in a 64-year-old LS patient with an MLH1 germline mutation (262delATC) and two previous segmental resections due to metachronous colorectal cancer. Pathology raised the suspicion of superficial submucosal invasive carcinoma with poor differentiation. Immunochemistry showed heterogeneous MLH1 expression and PMS2 loss. In a short-term follow-up colonoscopy, another 30-mm advanced carcinoma was identified. The patient was referred to surgery. Conclusion This case raises several issues: (1) the potentially fast tumorigenesis and progression to carcinoma in LS and implications for endoscopic screening and surveillance; (2) pitfalls in the interpretation of MMR proteins immunochemistry; (3) the role of endoscopic resection in LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Campos
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Amaro
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Cunha
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Fraga
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Tomé
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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93
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Tricoli JV, Boardman LA, Patidar R, Sindiri S, Jang JS, Walsh WD, McGregor PM, Camalier CE, Mehaffey MG, Furman WL, Bahrami A, Williams PM, Lih CJ, Conley BA, Khan J. A mutational comparison of adult and adolescent and young adult (AYA) colon cancer. Cancer 2017; 124:1070-1082. [PMID: 29194591 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is possible that the relative lack of progress in treatment outcomes among adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients with cancer is caused by a difference in disease biology compared with the corresponding diseases in younger and older individuals. There is evidence that colon cancer is more aggressive and has a poorer prognosis in AYA patients than in older adult patients. METHODS To further understand the molecular basis for this difference, whole-exome sequencing was conducted on a cohort of 30 adult, 30 AYA, and 2 pediatric colon cancers. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in mutational frequency was observed between AYA and adult samples in 43 genes, including ROBO1, MYC binding protein 2 (MYCBP2), breast cancer 2 (early onset) (BRCA2), MAP3K3, MCPH1, RASGRP3, PTCH1, RAD9B, CTNND1, ATM, NF1; KIT, PTEN, and FBXW7. Many of these mutations were nonsynonymous, missense, stop-gain, or frameshift mutations that were damaging. Next, RNA sequencing was performed on a subset of the samples to confirm the mutations identified by exome sequencing. This confirmation study verified the presence of a significantly greater frequency of damaging mutations in AYA compared with adult colon cancers for 5 of the 43 genes (MYCBP2, BRCA2, PHLPP1, TOPORS, and ATR). CONCLUSIONS The current results provide the rationale for a more comprehensive study with a larger sample set and experimental validation of the functional impact of the identified variants along with their contribution to the biologic and clinical characteristics of AYA colon cancer. Cancer 2018;124:1070-82. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Tricoli
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa A Boardman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rajesh Patidar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jin S Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William D Walsh
- Molecular Characterization and Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Paul M McGregor
- Molecular Characterization and Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Corinne E Camalier
- Molecular Characterization and Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michele G Mehaffey
- Molecular Characterization and Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Wayne L Furman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - P Mickey Williams
- Molecular Characterization and Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Chih-Jian Lih
- Molecular Characterization and Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Barbara A Conley
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Javed Khan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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94
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Davies H, Morganella S, Purdie CA, Jang SJ, Borgen E, Russnes H, Glodzik D, Zou X, Viari A, Richardson AL, Børresen-Dale AL, Thompson A, Eyfjord JE, Kong G, Stratton MR, Nik-Zainal S. Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Breast Cancers with Mismatch Repair Deficiency. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4755-4762. [PMID: 28904067 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancers have been discovered to be highly responsive to immune therapies such as PD-1 checkpoint blockade, making their definition in patients, where they may be relatively rare, paramount for treatment decisions. In this study, we utilized patterns of mutagenesis known as mutational signatures, which are imprints of the mutagenic processes associated with MMR deficiency, to identify MMR-deficient breast tumors from a whole-genome sequencing dataset comprising a cohort of 640 patients. We identified 11 of 640 tumors as MMR deficient, but only 2 of 11 exhibited germline mutations in MMR genes or Lynch Syndrome. Two additional tumors had a substantially reduced proportion of mutations attributed to MMR deficiency, where the predominant mutational signatures were related to APOBEC enzymatic activity. Overall, 6 of 11 of the MMR-deficient cases in this cohort were confirmed genetically or epigenetically as having abrogation of MMR genes. However, IHC analysis of MMR-related proteins revealed all but one of 10 samples available for testing as MMR deficient. Thus, the mutational signatures more faithfully reported MMR deficiency than sequencing of MMR genes, because they represent a direct pathophysiologic readout of repair pathway abnormalities. As whole-genome sequencing continues to become more affordable, it could be used to expose individually abnormal tumors in tissue types where MMR deficiency has been rarely detected, but also rarely sought. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4755-62. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Davies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin A Purdie
- Pathology Department, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Elin Borgen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Russnes
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Xueqing Zou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Viari
- Equipe Erable, INRIA Grenoble-Rhône-Alpes, Montbonnot-Saint Martin, France
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alastair Thompson
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jorunn E Eyfjord
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gu Kong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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95
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Tognetto A, Michelazzo MB, Calabró GE, Unim B, Di Marco M, Ricciardi W, Pastorino R, Boccia S. A Systematic Review on the Existing Screening Pathways for Lynch Syndrome Identification. Front Public Health 2017; 5:243. [PMID: 28955708 PMCID: PMC5600943 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary colon cancer syndrome, accounting for 3–5% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, and it is associated with the development of other cancers. Early detection of individuals with LS is relevant, since they can take advantage of life-saving intensive care surveillance. The debate regarding the best screening policy, however, is far from being concluded. This prompted us to conduct a systematic review of the existing screening pathways for LS. Methods We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SCOPUS online databases for the existing screening pathways for LS. The eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review required that the studies evaluated a structured and permanent screening pathway for the identification of LS carriers. The effectiveness of the pathways was analyzed in terms of LS detection rate. Results We identified five eligible studies. All the LS screening pathways started from CRC cases, of which three followed a universal screening approach. Concerning the laboratory procedures, the pathways used immunohistochemistry and/or microsatellite instability testing. If the responses of the tests indicated a risk for LS, the genetic counseling, performed by a geneticist or a genetic counselor, was mandatory to undergo DNA genetic testing. The overall LS detection rate ranged from 0 to 5.2%. Conclusion This systematic review reported different existing pathways for the identification of LS patients. Although current clinical guidelines suggest to test all the CRC cases to identify LS cases, the actual implementation of pathways for LS identification has not been realized. Large-scale screening programs for LS have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality for CRC, but coordinated efforts in educating all key stakeholders and addressing public needs are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Tognetto
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Elisa Calabró
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Brigid Unim
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Marco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy.,Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita-ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorino
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
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96
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Li FF, Zhao ZX, Yan P, Wang S, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Zhang XN, Sun CH, Wang XS, Wang GY, Liu SL. Different effection of p.1125Val>Ala and rs11954856 in APC on Wnt signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70854-70864. [PMID: 29050326 PMCID: PMC5642601 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common and fatal forms of solid tumors worldwide and more than two thirds of CRC and adenomas patients have APC gene mutations. APC is a key regulator in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway but its roles in CRC remains to be elucidated. In this study, we compared APC genes between CRC patients and controls to determine possible associations of nucleotide changes in the APC gene with the pathways involved in CRC pathogenesis. All participants received physical and enteroscopic examinations. The APC gene was sequenced for 300 Chinese Han CRC patients and 411 normal controls, and the expression levels of genes in the signaling pathway were analyzed using Western Blotting. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 19.0) software. We found that rs11954856 in the APC gene was associated with colorectal cancer and could increase the expression levels of APC, β-catenin, TCF7L1, TCF7L2 and LEF1 genes in the pathway in the CRC patients, demonstrating the involvement of APC in the pathological processes leading to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Feng Li
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhi-Xun Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Antibiotics, Heilongjiang Province Food and Drug Inspection Testing Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Department of Antibiotics, Heilongjiang Province Food and Drug Inspection Testing Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Hao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi-Shan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Yu Wang
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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97
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Lynch PM. HISTORY OF HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER OR “LYNCH SYNDROME”. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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98
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Lynch PM. HISTORIA DEL CÁNCER COLORRECTAL HEREDITARIO NO POLIPÓSICO (HNPCC). REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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99
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Chatterjee N, Walker GC. Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:235-263. [PMID: 28485537 PMCID: PMC5474181 DOI: 10.1002/em.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are continuously exposed to a myriad of DNA damaging agents that can impact health and modulate disease-states. However, robust DNA repair and damage-bypass mechanisms faithfully protect the DNA by either removing or tolerating the damage to ensure an overall survival. Deviations in this fine-tuning are known to destabilize cellular metabolic homeostasis, as exemplified in diverse cancers where disruption or deregulation of DNA repair pathways results in genome instability. Because routinely used biological, physical and chemical agents impact human health, testing their genotoxicity and regulating their use have become important. In this introductory review, we will delineate mechanisms of DNA damage and the counteracting repair/tolerance pathways to provide insights into the molecular basis of genotoxicity in cells that lays the foundation for subsequent articles in this issue. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:235-263, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Furtado LV, Samowitz WS. Colorectal cancer molecular profiling: from IHC to NGS in search of optimal algorithm. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:235-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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