51
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Uribe DJ, Mandell EK, Watson A, Martinez JD, Leighton JA, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL promotes migration and invasion in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179979. [PMID: 28727830 PMCID: PMC5519024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) TYRO3, AXL and MERTK (TAM) have well-described oncogenic functions in a number of cancers. Notwithstanding, TAM RTKs are also potent and indispensable inhibitors of inflammation. The combined deletion of Axl and Mertk in mice enhances chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, including increased inflammation in the gut and colitis-associated cancer. On the other hand, deletion of Tyro3 increases the risk of allergic responses. Therefore, the indiscriminate inhibition of these TAM RTKs could result in undesirable immunological diseases. Here we show that AXL, but not MERTK or TYRO3 expression is enhanced in late stage colorectal cancer (CRC) and AXL expression associates with a cell migration gene signature. Silencing AXL or the inhibition of AXL kinase activity significantly inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion. These results indicate that the selective inhibition of AXL alone might confer sufficient therapeutic benefit in CRC, while preserving at least some of the beneficial, anti-inflammatory effects of MERTK and TYRO3 RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. Uribe
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Edward K. Mandell
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adam Watson
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Martinez
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Leighton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (CVR)
| | - Carla V. Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (CVR)
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52
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Shibata T, Ato M. A critical role of Gas6/Axl signal in allergic airway responses during RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:906-915. [PMID: 28722020 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that causes lower respiratory infections across a wide range of ages. A licensed RSV vaccine is not available because vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) and the subsequent RSV infection cause not only insufficient induction of neutralizing antibodies but also severe allergic airway responses, termed FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease (FI-RSV VED). However, the underlying mechanism has not been identified, although a Th2-biased immune response is known to be a hallmark of this disease. Our previous studies have shown that growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6)/Axl signaling leads to Th2-biased immune responses during fungus-induced allergic airway inflammation. Here, we show that Gas6/Axl signaling also leads to FI-RSV VED and partially identify the mechanism in mice. Inhibiting Gas6/Axl signaling using Gas6-deficient mice, neutralizing antibodies, and a specific inhibitor of Axl attenuated allergic airway hyperresponsiveness, including airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Th2 cytokine production, in addition to increasing interferon-γ levels and the production of RSV-neutralizing IgG2a in FI-RSV VED. Gas6 was produced in lymph nodes during immunization with FI-RSV. Lymph node cells derived from immunized mice produced high levels of Gas6 and Th2 cytokines, but not IFN-γ, after restimulation with RSV. Finally, we found that dendritic cells stimulated with RSV-glycoprotein (G protein) produced Gas6 and that Axl signaling suppressed DC maturation and the induction of IL-12 production by the toll-like receptor 4 agonist RSV-fusion protein. Taken together, these results indicate that RSV-G protein-induced Gas6/Axl signaling causes allergic airway responses during FI-RSV VED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shibata
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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53
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Abstract
Many major tropical diseases are caused by long-lived helminth parasites that are able to survive by modulation of the host immune system, including the innate compartment of myeloid cells. In particular, dendritic cells and macrophages show markedly altered phenotypes during parasite infections. In addition, many specialized subsets such as eosinophils and basophils expand dramatically in response to these pathogens. The changes in phenotype and function, and their effects on both immunity to infection and reactivity to bystander antigens such as allergens, are discussed.
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54
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Akalu YT, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases as emerging targets of innate immune checkpoint blockade for cancer therapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:165-177. [PMID: 28258690 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizing T-cell checkpoint inhibitors has shown tremendous clinical success. Yet, this mode of treatment is effective in only a subset of patients. Unresponsive patients tend to have non-T-cell-inflamed tumors that lack markers associated with the activation of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Notably, elimination of cancer cells by T cells is critically dependent on the optimal activity of innate immune cells. Therefore, identifying new targets that regulate innate immune cell function and promote the engagement of adaptive tumoricidal responses is likely to lead to the development of improved therapies against cancer. Here, we review the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases-TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK-as an emerging class of innate immune checkpoints that participate in key steps of anti-tumoral immunity. Namely, TAM-mediated efferocytosis, negative regulation of dendritic cell activity, and dysregulated production of chemokines collectively favor the escape of malignant cells. Hence, disabling TAM signaling may promote engagement of adaptive immunity and complement T-cell checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemsratch T Akalu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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55
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Becerra-Díaz M, Wills-Karp M, Heller NM. New perspectives on the regulation of type II inflammation in asthma. F1000Res 2017; 6:1014. [PMID: 28721208 PMCID: PMC5497827 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs which has been thought to arise as a result of inappropriately directed T helper type-2 (Th2) immune responses of the lungs to otherwise innocuous inhaled antigens. Current asthma therapeutics are directed towards the amelioration of downstream consequences of type-2 immune responses (i.e. β-agonists) or broad-spectrum immunosuppression (i.e. corticosteroids). However, few approaches to date have been focused on the primary prevention of immune deviation. Advances in molecular phenotyping reveal heterogeneity within the asthmatic population with multiple endotypes whose varying expression depends on the interplay between numerous environmental factors and the inheritance of a broad range of susceptibility genes. The most common endotype is one described as "type-2-high" (i.e. high levels of interleukin [IL]-13, eosinophilia, and periostin). The identification of multiple endotypes has provided a potential explanation for the observations that therapies directed at typical Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and their receptors have often fallen short when they were tested in a diverse group of asthmatic patients without first stratifying based on disease endotype or severity. However, despite the incorporation of endotype-dependent stratification schemes into clinical trial designs, variation in drug responses are still apparent, suggesting that additional genetic/environmental factors may be contributing to the diversity in drug efficacy. Herein, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the complex pathways involved in the initiation and regulation of type-2-mediated immune responses and their modulation by host factors (genetics, metabolic status, and the microbiome). Particular consideration will be given to how this knowledge could pave the way for further refinement of disease endotypes and/or the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of asthma .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Becerra-Díaz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicola M. Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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56
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Kasikara C, Kumar S, Kimani S, Tsou WI, Geng K, Davra V, Sriram G, Devoe C, Nguyen KQN, Antes A, Krantz A, Rymarczyk G, Wilczynski A, Empig C, Freimark B, Gray M, Schlunegger K, Hutchins J, Kotenko SV, Birge RB. Phosphatidylserine Sensing by TAM Receptors Regulates AKT-Dependent Chemoresistance and PD-L1 Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:753-764. [PMID: 28184013 PMCID: PMC8363069 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (collectively TAM receptors) are three homologous receptor tyrosine kinases that bind vitamin K-dependent endogenous ligands, Protein S (ProS), and growth arrest-specific factor 6 (Gas6), and act as bridging molecules to promote phosphatidylserine (PS)-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis). TAM receptors are overexpressed in a vast array of tumor types, whereby the level of expression correlates with the tumor grade and the emergence of chemo- and radioresistance to targeted therapeutics, but also have been implicated as inhibitory receptors on infiltrating myeloid-derived cells in the tumor microenvironment that can suppress host antitumor immunity. In the present study, we utilized TAM-IFNγR1 reporter lines and expressed TAM receptors in a variety of epithelial cell model systems to show that each TAM receptor has a unique pattern of activation by Gas6 or ProS, as well as unique dependency for PS on apoptotic cells and PS liposomes for activity. In addition, we leveraged this system to engineer epithelial cells that express wild-type TAM receptors and show that although each receptor can promote PS-mediated efferocytosis, AKT-mediated chemoresistance, as well as upregulate the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1 on tumor cells, Mertk is most dominant in the aforementioned pathways. Functionally, TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis could be partially blocked by PS-targeting antibody 11.31 and Annexin V, demonstrating the existence of a PS/PS receptor (i.e., TAM receptor)/PD-L1 axis that operates in epithelial cells to foster immune escape. These data provide a rationale that PS-targeting, anti-TAM receptor, and anti-PD-L1-based therapeutics will have merit as combinatorial checkpoint inhibitors.Implications: Many tumor cells are known to upregulate the immune checkpoint inhibitor PD-L1. This study demonstrates a role for PS and TAM receptors in the regulation of PD-L1 on cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res; 15(6); 753-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Kasikara
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stanley Kimani
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Wen-I Tsou
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ke Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ganapathy Sriram
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Connor Devoe
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Khanh-Quynh N Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Anita Antes
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Allen Krantz
- Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grzegorz Rymarczyk
- Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cyril Empig
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Tustin, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey.
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57
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Bosurgi L, Cao YG, Cabeza-Cabrerizo M, Tucci A, Hughes LD, Kong Y, Weinstein JS, Licona-Limon P, Schmid ET, Pelorosso F, Gagliani N, Craft JE, Flavell RA, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Macrophage function in tissue repair and remodeling requires IL-4 or IL-13 with apoptotic cells. Science 2017; 356:1072-1076. [PMID: 28495875 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair is a subset of a broad repertoire of interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and IL-13-dependent host responses during helminth infection. Here we show that IL-4 or IL-13 alone was not sufficient, but IL-4 or IL-13 together with apoptotic cells induced the tissue repair program in macrophages. Genetic ablation of sensors of apoptotic cells impaired the proliferation of tissue-resident macrophages and the induction of anti-inflammatory and tissue repair genes in the lungs after helminth infection or in the gut after induction of colitis. By contrast, the recognition of apoptotic cells was dispensable for cytokine-dependent induction of pattern recognition receptor, cell adhesion, or chemotaxis genes in macrophages. Detection of apoptotic cells can therefore spatially compartmentalize or prevent premature or ectopic activity of pleiotropic, soluble cytokines such as IL-4 or IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bosurgi
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Y Grace Cao
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrea Tucci
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lindsey D Hughes
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, W. M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paula Licona-Limon
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Edward T Schmid
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Facundo Pelorosso
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine and Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Joseph E Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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58
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Spadaro O, Camell CD, Bosurgi L, Nguyen KY, Youm YH, Rothlin CV, Dixit VD. IGF1 Shapes Macrophage Activation in Response to Immunometabolic Challenge. Cell Rep 2017; 19:225-234. [PMID: 28402847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In concert with their phagocytic activity, macrophages are thought to regulate the host immunometabolic responses primarily via their ability to produce specific cytokines and metabolites. Here, we show that IL-4-differentiated, M2-like macrophages secrete IGF1, a hormone previously thought to be exclusively produced from liver. Ablation of IGF1 receptors from myeloid cells reduced phagocytosis, increased macrophages in adipose tissue, elevated adiposity, lowered energy expenditure, and led to insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. The investigation of adipose macrophage phenotype in obese myeloid IGF1R knockout (MIKO) mice revealed a reduction in transcripts associated with M2-like macrophage activation. Furthermore, the MIKO mice infected with helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis displayed delayed resolution from infection with normal insulin sensitivity. Surprisingly, cold challenge did not trigger an overt M2-like state and failed to induce tyrosine hydroxylase expression in adipose tissue macrophages of control or MIKO mice. These results show that IGF1 signaling shapes the macrophage-activation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Spadaro
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christina D Camell
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kim Y Nguyen
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Youm
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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59
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de Kouchkovsky DA, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Negative Regulation of Type 2 Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:154-167. [PMID: 28082101 PMCID: PMC5510550 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity encompasses the mechanisms through which the immune system responds to helminths and an array of environmental substances such as allergens. In the developing world, billions of individuals are chronically infected with endemic parasitic helminths. In comparison, in the industrialized world, millions of individuals suffer from dysregulated type 2 immunity, referred to clinically as atopic diseases including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, type 2 immunity must be carefully regulated to mount protective host responses yet avoid inappropriate activation and immunopathology. In this review, we describe the key players and connections at play in type 2 responses and focus on the emerging mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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60
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Uehara S, Fukuzawa Y, Matuyama T, Gotoh K. Role of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer Receptors and Their Ligands (Gas6, and Protein S) in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2017.82010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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61
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Connor LM, Tang SC, Cognard E, Ochiai S, Hilligan KL, Old SI, Pellefigues C, White RF, Patel D, Smith AAT, Eccles DA, Lamiable O, McConnell MJ, Ronchese F. Th2 responses are primed by skin dendritic cells with distinct transcriptional profiles. J Exp Med 2016; 214:125-142. [PMID: 27913566 PMCID: PMC5206495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Connor et al. show that transcriptomic profiling of DCs exposed to two different Th2 stimuli in vivo reveals large numbers of differentially expressed genes but few similarities between conditions. The dendritic cell signals required for the in vivo priming of IL-4–producing T cells are unknown. We used RNA sequencing to characterize DCs from skin LN of mice exposed to two different Th2 stimuli: the helminth parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) and the contact sensitizer dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-FITC. Both Nb and DBP-FITC induced extensive transcriptional changes that involved multiple DC subsets. Surprisingly, these transcriptional changes were highly distinct in the two models, with only a small number of genes being similarly regulated in both conditions. Pathway analysis of expressed genes identified no shared pathways between Nb and DBP-FITC, but revealed a type-I IFN (IFN-I) signature unique to DCs from Nb-primed mice. Blocking the IFN-I receptor at the time of Nb treatment had little effect on DC migration and antigen transport to the LN, but inhibited the up-regulation of IFN-I–induced markers on DCs and effectively blunted Th2 development. In contrast, the response to DBP-FITC was not affected by IFN-I receptor blockade, a finding consistent with the known dependence of this response on the innate cytokine TSLP. Thus, the priming of Th2 responses is associated with distinct transcriptional signatures in DCs in vivo, reflecting the diverse environments in which Th2 immune responses are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Shiau-Choot Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Sotaro Ochiai
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Samuel I Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Ruby F White
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Deepa Patel
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - David A Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Lamiable
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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62
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The Gas6/TAM System and Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111807. [PMID: 27801848 PMCID: PMC5133808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) is a multimodular circulating protein, the biological actions of which are mediated by the interaction with three transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors: Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK, collectively named TAM. Over the last few decades, many progresses have been done in the understanding of the biological activities of this highly pleiotropic system, which plays a role in the regulation of immune response, inflammation, coagulation, cell growth, and clearance of apoptotic bodies. Recent findings have further related Gas6 and TAM receptors to neuroinflammation in general and, specifically, to multiple sclerosis (MS). In this paper, we review the biology of the Gas6/TAM system and the current evidence supporting its potential role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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63
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The Role of TAM Family Receptors in Immune Cell Function: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100097. [PMID: 27775650 PMCID: PMC5082387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases-Tyro3, Axl, and Mer-are essential regulators of immune homeostasis. Guided by their cognate ligands Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (Pros1), these receptors ensure the resolution of inflammation by dampening the activation of innate cells as well as by restoring tissue function through promotion of tissue repair and clearance of apoptotic cells. Their central role as negative immune regulators is highlighted by the fact that deregulation of TAM signaling has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Importantly, TAM receptors have also been associated with cancer development and progression. In a cancer setting, TAM receptors have a dual regulatory role, controlling the initiation and progression of tumor development and, at the same time, the associated anti-tumor responses of diverse immune cells. Thus, modulation of TAM receptors has emerged as a potential novel strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how TAM receptors control immunity, with a particular focus on the regulation of anti-tumor responses and its implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Aldo P, You Y, Szigeti K, Horvath TL, Lindenbach B, Mor G. HSV-2 enhances ZIKV infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:348-357. [PMID: 27613665 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained public concern for its association with microcephaly in infants born to ZIKV-infected mothers. To reach the fetus the virus must overcome the defense mechanisms provided by trophoblast cells. Additionally, in the first trimester, the integrity of the placenta is critical for fetal protection as damage to differentiating trophoblast can affect placental formation and function. We sought to investigate the effect of ZIKV infection on trophoblast cells and the factors that might increase the risk for ZIKV infection during pregnancy. METHODS First-trimester human trophoblast cells, Swan 7.1, were infected with ZIKV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), and yellow fiver (YFV). C57BL/6 pregnant mice were infected with HSV-2, ZIKV, or coinfection. Placental viral titers were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS ZIKV infection induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblasts and prevents differentiation of these cells. Furthermore, HSV-2 infection enhances placental sensitivity to ZIKV by enhancing the expression of TAM receptors, which facilitate ZIKV cell entry. CONCLUSION These findings may explain the mechanism by which ZIKV breaches the placental barrier to access the fetus. Furthermore, our results suggest that patients with HSV-2 infection are at a higher risk for the teratogenic effects induced by ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Aldo
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuan You
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brett Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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