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Goldman A, Majumder B, Dhawan A, Ravi S, Goldman D, Kohandel M, Majumder PK, Sengupta S. Temporally sequenced anticancer drugs overcome adaptive resistance by targeting a vulnerable chemotherapy-induced phenotypic transition. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6139. [PMID: 25669750 PMCID: PMC4339891 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the emerging models of adaptive resistance is key to overcoming cancer chemotherapy failure. Using human breast cancer explants, in vitro cell lines, mouse in vivo studies and mathematical modelling, here we show that exposure to a taxane induces phenotypic cell state transition towards a favoured transient CD44HiCD24Hi chemotherapy-tolerant state. This state is associated with a clustering of CD44 and CD24 in membrane lipid rafts, leading to the activation of Src Family Kinase (SFK)/hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and suppression of apoptosis. The use of pharmacological inhibitors of SFK/Hck in combination with taxanes in a temporally constrained manner, where the kinase inhibitor is administered post taxane treatment, but not when co-administered, markedly sensitizes the chemotolerant cells to the chemotherapy. This approach of harnessing chemotherapy-induced phenotypic cell state transition for improving antitumour outcome could emerge as a translational strategy for the management of cancer. Adaptive resistance is an emerging cause of chemotherapy failure in cancer. Here the authors show that adaptive resistance to taxanes is mediated by the upregulation of SFK/Hck survival signalling, and that sequential administration of taxanes and SFK/Hck inhibition restores tumor cell chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Goldman
- 1] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Biswanath Majumder
- 1] India Innovation Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India [2] Mitra Biotech Pvt Ltd, Narayana Nethrayala, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Andrew Dhawan
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Sudharshan Ravi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Kohandel
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Pradip K Majumder
- 1] India Innovation Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India [2] Mitra Biotech Pvt Ltd, Narayana Nethrayala, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- 1] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [4] Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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52
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Ku M, Wall M, MacKinnon RN, Walkley CR, Purton LE, Tam C, Izon D, Campbell L, Cheng HC, Nandurkar H. Src family kinases and their role in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:577-86. [PMID: 24898666 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.907897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor intracellular kinases that have important roles in both hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. The derangement of their expression or activation has been demonstrated to contribute to hematological malignancies. This review first examines the mechanisms of SFK overexpression and hyperactivation, emphasizing the dysregulation of the upstream modulators. Subsequently, the role of SFK up-regulation in the initiation, progression and therapy resistance of many hematological malignancies is also analyzed. The presented evidence endeavors to highlight the influence of SFK up-regulation on an extensive number of hematological malignancies and the need to consider them as candidates in targeted anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ku
- Haematology Department and Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy , Australia
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Ito S, Barrett AJ, Dutra A, Pak E, Miner S, Keyvanfar K, Hensel NF, Rezvani K, Muranski P, Liu P, Larochelle A, Melenhorst JJ. Long term maintenance of myeloid leukemic stem cells cultured with unrelated human mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 14:95-104. [PMID: 25535865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) support the growth and differentiation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we studied the ability of MSCs to support the growth and survival of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in vitro. Primary leukemic blasts isolated from the peripheral blood of 8 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were co-cultured with equal numbers of irradiated MSCs derived from unrelated donor bone marrow, with or without cytokines for up to 6weeks. Four samples showed CD34(+)CD38(-) predominance, and four were predominantly CD34(+)CD38(+). CD34(+) CD38(-) predominant leukemia cells maintained the CD34(+) CD38(-) phenotype and were viable for 6weeks when co-cultured with MSCs compared to co-cultures with cytokines or medium only, which showed rapid differentiation and loss of the LSC phenotype. In contrast, CD34(+) CD38(+) predominant leukemic cells maintained the CD34(+)CD38(+) phenotype when co-cultured with MSCs alone, but no culture conditions supported survival beyond 4weeks. Cell cycle analysis showed that MSCs maintained a higher proportion of CD34(+) blasts in G0 than leukemic cells cultured with cytokines. AML blasts maintained in culture with MSCs for up to 6weeks engrafted NSG mice with the same efficiency as their non-cultured counterparts, and the original karyotype persisted after co-culture. Chemosensitivity and transwell assays suggest that MSCs provide pro-survival benefits to leukemic blasts through cell-cell contact. We conclude that MSCs support long-term maintenance of LSCs in vitro. This simple and inexpensive approach will facilitate basic investigation of LSCs and enable screening of novel therapeutic agents targeting LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Ito
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samantha Miner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keyvan Keyvanfar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy F Hensel
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Liu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhou J, Chng WJ. Identification and targeting leukemia stem cells: The path to the cure for acute myeloid leukemia. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:473-484. [PMID: 25258669 PMCID: PMC4172676 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence support the notion that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is organized in a hierarchical system, originating from a special proportion of leukemia stem cells (LSC). Similar to their normal counterpart, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), LSC possess self-renewal capacity and are responsible for the continued growth and proliferation of the bulk of leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is believed that LSC are also the root cause for the treatment failure and relapse of AML because LSC are often resistant to chemotherapy. In the past decade, we have made significant advancement in identification and understanding the molecular biology of LSC, but it remains a daunting task to specifically targeting LSC, while sparing normal HSC. In this review, we will first provide a historical overview of the discovery of LSC, followed by a summary of identification and separation of LSC by either cell surface markers or functional assays. Next, the review will focus on the current, various strategies for eradicating LSC. Finally, we will highlight future directions and challenges ahead of our ultimate goal for the cure of AML by targeting LSC.
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Wouters R, Cucchi D, Kaspers GJL, Schuurhuis GJ, Cloos J. Relevance of leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia: heterogeneity and influence on disease monitoring, prognosis and treatment design. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:791-805. [PMID: 25242511 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.959921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a bone marrow disease characterized by a block in differentiation of the myeloid lineage with a concomitant uncontrolled high proliferation rate. Development of acute myeloid leukemia from stem cells with specific founder mutations, leads to an oligoclonal disease that progresses into a very heterogeneous leukemia at diagnosis. Measurement of leukemic stem cell load and characterization of these cells are essential for prediction of relapse and target identification, respectively. Prediction of relapse by monitoring the disease during minimal residual disease detection is challenged by clonal shifts during therapy. To overcome this, characterization of the potential relapse-initiating cells is required using both flow cytometry and molecular analysis since leukemic stem cells can be targeted both on extracellular features and on stem-cell specific signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Wouters
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing list of malignancies and are believed to be responsible for cancer initiation, metastasis and relapse following certain therapies, even though they may only represent a small fraction of the cells in a given cancer. Like somatic stem cells and embryonic stem cells, CSCs are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into more mature, less tumorigenic cells that make up the bulk populations of cancer cells. Elimination of CSCs promises intriguing therapeutic potential and this concept has been adopted in preclinical drug discovery programs. Herein we will discuss the progress of these efforts, general considerations in practice, major challenges and possible solutions.
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Barth BM, Keasey NR, Wang X, Shanmugavelandy SS, Rampal R, Hricik T, Cabot MC, Kester M, Wang HG, Shultz LD, Tallman MS, Levine RL, Loughran TP, Claxton DF. Engraftment of Human Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia Defined by Integrated Genetic Profiling in NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull Mice for Preclinical Ceramide-Based Therapeutic Evaluation. JOURNAL OF LEUKEMIA (LOS ANGELES, CALIF.) 2014; 2:146. [PMID: 28239612 PMCID: PMC5321614 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6917.1000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous and poor prognosis disease with few available therapeutic options. Novel advances are urgently needed, however effective models to test experimental therapeutics have been lacking. Recently, NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (NSG) mice were shown to engraft primary human AML in a manner that recapitulated the natural disease and its progression. Additionally, integrated genomic profiling was used to refine risk stratification of AML. In this study, we demonstrated the engraftment of molecularly defined primary AML in NSG mice. We showed that AML that express DNMT3A mutations, which predict for adverse outcome, engrafted with exceptional efficacy. Lastly, we demonstrated that human AML-engrafted NSG mice can be effectively used to study novel ceramide-based therapeutics. Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid that has been implicated as an inducer of apoptosis. Elevation in cancer cell ceramide levels either via exogenous delivery or by provoking intracellular ceramide generation is the goal of ceramide-based therapeutics. In this study, we used the human AML-engrafted NSG mouse model to evaluate nanoliposomal short-chain C6-ceramide and a nanoliposomal formulation of the ceramide-inducer tamoxifen. Altogether, the NSG model is likely to prove invaluable in the study of novel agents, sushc as ceramide-based therapeutics, with the ability to define therapeutic activity against specific molecularly defined and risk stratified AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barth
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Nichole R Keasey
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Xujung Wang
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | | | - Raajit Rampal
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Todd Hricik
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Myles C Cabot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
| | - Mark Kester
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | | | - Martin S Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | | | - David F Claxton
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
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Maykel J, Liu JH, Li H, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Houghton J. NOD-scidIl2rg (tm1Wjl) and NOD-Rag1 (null) Il2rg (tm1Wjl) : a model for stromal cell-tumor cell interaction for human colon cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1169-79. [PMID: 24798995 PMCID: PMC4032472 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Stromal cells and the extracellular environment are vital to human tumors, influencing growth and response to therapy. Human tumor cell lines lack stroma and transplantation into immunodeficient mice does not allow meaningful analyses of the effects of stroma on tumor cell growth. Studies of xenografts of primary human tumor fragments in nude mice and in early scid mouse models were constrained by poor tumor growth accompanied by host-versus-graft reactivity, dramatically altering tumor architecture and tumor microenvironment. In contrast, severely immunodeficient NOD-scid and NOD-Rag1 (null) strains carrying the IL2rg (null) mutation (NSG and NRG) support the growth of many types of human primary tumors. METHODS/RESULTS We compared the take rate, growth and architectural preservation of 10 clinically distinct primary human colon cancers in NOD-scid, NOD-Rag1 (null) , NSG and NRG mice and determined the contribution of mouse and human cells to the stroma during tumor proliferation and expansion in secondary hosts and tumor response to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). NSG and NRG mice more readily support growth of human primary colon tumor fragments than do NOD-scid, NOD-Rag1 (null) mice and maintain tumor architectural integrity in the primary recipient and through subsequent transplant generations. The human colon tumors were responsive to treatment with 5-FU. Human stromal cells in the primary graft were replaced by mouse-derived fibroblasts in a dynamic process during subsequent passages. CONCLUSION Human colon cancer xenografts propagated in NSG and NRG mice maintain structural fidelity while replacing human stromal cells with murine stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maykel
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, UMass Memorial Health Care System, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Jian Hua Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, LRB Second Floor-209, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01635 USA
| | - Hanchen Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, LRB Second Floor-209, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01635 USA
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - JeanMarie Houghton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, LRB Second Floor-209, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01635 USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
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59
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Parker LJ, Taruya S, Tsuganezawa K, Ogawa N, Mikuni J, Honda K, Tomabechi Y, Handa N, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S, Tanaka A. Kinase crystal identification and ATP-competitive inhibitor screening using the fluorescent ligand SKF86002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:392-404. [PMID: 24531473 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713028654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The small kinase inhibitor SKF86002 lacks intrinsic fluorescence but becomes fluorescent upon binding to the ATP-binding sites of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38α). It was found that co-crystals of this compound with various kinases were distinguishable by their strong fluorescence. The co-crystals of SKF86002 with p38α, Pim1, ASK1, HCK and AMPK were fluorescent. Addition of SKF86002, which binds to the ATP site, to the co-crystallization solution of HCK promoted protein stability and thus facilitated the production of crystals that otherwise would not grow in the apo form. It was further demonstrated that the fluorescence of SKF86002 co-crystals can be applied to screen for candidate kinase inhibitors. When a compound binds competitively to the ATP-binding site of a kinase crystallized with SKF86002, it displaces the fluorescent SKF86002 and the crystal loses its fluorescence. Lower fluorescent signals were reported after soaking SKF86002-Pim1 and SKF86002-HCK co-crystals with the inhibitors quercetin, a quinazoline derivative and A-419259. Determination of the SKF86002-Pim1 and SKF86002-HCK co-crystal structures confirmed that SKF86002 interacts with the ATP-binding sites of Pim1 and HCK. The structures of Pim1-SKF86002 crystals soaked with the inhibitors quercetin and a quinazoline derivative and of HCK-SKF86002 crystals soaked with A-419259 were determined. These structures were virtually identical to the deposited crystal structures of the same complexes. A KINOMEscan assay revealed that SKF86002 binds a wide variety of kinases. Thus, for a broad range of kinases, SKF86002 is useful as a crystal marker, a crystal stabilizer and a marker to identify ligand co-crystals for structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorien J Parker
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigenao Taruya
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuganezawa
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ogawa
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Junko Mikuni
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Honda
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomabechi
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Handa
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Systems and Structural Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Devine SM, Lim SS, Chandrashekaran IR, MacRaild CA, Drew DR, Debono CO, Lam R, Anders RF, Beeson JG, Scanlon MJ, Scammells PJ, Norton RS. A critical evaluation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-amines as Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are low affinity AMA1 binders that are also prone to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Devine
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - San Sui Lim
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Indu R. Chandrashekaran
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher A. MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Damien R. Drew
- Centre for Biomedical Research
- Burnet Institute
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cael O. Debono
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Raymond Lam
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Robin F. Anders
- Department of Biochemistry
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- Centre for Biomedical Research
- Burnet Institute
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin J. Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
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61
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Yamaguchi T. [Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Program in RIKEN life science innovation]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 142:241-246. [PMID: 24212594 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.142.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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