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The dynamic balance of the skin microbiome across the lifespan. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:71-86. [PMID: 36606709 PMCID: PMC9988004 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For decades research has centered on identifying the ideal balanced skin microbiome that prevents disease and on developing therapeutics to foster this balance. However, this single idealized balance may not exist. The skin microbiome changes across the lifespan. This is reflected in the dynamic shifts of the skin microbiome's diverse, inter-connected community of microorganisms with age. While there are core skin microbial taxa, the precise community composition for any individual person is determined by local skin physiology, genetics, microbe-host interactions, and microbe-microbe interactions. As a key interface with the environment, the skin surface and its appendages are also constantly exchanging microbes with close personal contacts and the environment. Hormone fluctuations and immune system maturation also drive age-dependent changes in skin physiology that support different microbial community structures over time. Here, we review recent insights into the factors that shape the skin microbiome throughout life. Collectively, the works summarized within this review highlight how, depending on where we are in lifespan, our skin supports robust microbial communities, while still maintaining microbial features unique to us. This review will also highlight how disruptions to this dynamic microbial balance can influence risk for dermatological diseases as well as impact lifelong health.
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Otto M. Critical Assessment of the Prospects of Quorum-Quenching Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044025. [PMID: 36835436 PMCID: PMC9958572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes a high number of infections and is one of the leading causes of death in hospitalized patients. Widespread antibiotic resistance such as in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has prompted research into potential anti-virulence-targeted approaches. Targeting the S. aureus accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum-sensing system, a master regulator of virulence, is the most frequently proposed anti-virulence strategy for S. aureus. While much effort has been put into the discovery and screening for Agr inhibitory compounds, in vivo analysis of their efficacy in animal infection models is still rare and reveals various shortcomings and problems. These include (i) an almost exclusive focus on topical skin infection models, (ii) technical problems that leave doubt as to whether observed in vivo effects are due to quorum-quenching, and (iii) the discovery of counterproductive biofilm-increasing effects. Furthermore, potentially because of the latter, invasive S. aureus infection is associated with Agr dysfunctionality. Altogether, the potential of Agr inhibitory drugs is nowadays seen with low enthusiasm given the failure to provide sufficient in vivo evidence for their potential after more than two decades since the initiation of such efforts. However, current Agr inhibition-based probiotic approaches may lead to a new application of Agr inhibition strategies in preventing S. aureus infections by targeting colonization or for otherwise difficult-to-treat skin infections such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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53
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Staphylococcus epidermidis and its dual lifestyle in skin health and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:97-111. [PMID: 36042296 PMCID: PMC9903335 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The coagulase-negative bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the human skin microbiota. S. epidermidis is not merely a passive resident on skin but actively primes the cutaneous immune response, maintains skin homeostasis and prevents opportunistic pathogens from causing disease via colonization resistance. However, it is now appreciated that S. epidermidis and its interactions with the host exist on a spectrum of potential pathogenicity derived from its high strain-level heterogeneity. S. epidermidis is the most common cause of implant-associated infections and is a canonical opportunistic biofilm former. Additional emerging evidence suggests that some strains of S. epidermidis may contribute to the pathogenesis of common skin diseases. Here, we highlight new developments in our understanding of S. epidermidis strain diversity, skin colonization dynamics and its multifaceted interactions with the host and other members of the skin microbiota.
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54
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He C, Yue Y, Li R, Huang Y, Shu L, Lv H, Wang J, Zhang Z. Sodium hyaluronates applied in the face affects the diversity of skin microbiota in healthy people. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023. [PMID: 36710533 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A healthy and stable microbiome has many beneficial effects on the host, while an unbalanced or disordered microbiome can lead to various skin diseases. Hyaluronic acid is widely used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries; however, specific reports on its effect on the skin microflora of healthy people have not been published. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium hyaluronate on the facial microflora of healthy individuals. METHODS Face of 20 healthy female volunteers between 18 and 24 years was smeared with sodium hyaluronate solution once per day. Cotton swabs were used to retrieve samples on days 0, 14, and 28, and high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA was used to determine the changes in bacterial community composition. RESULTS Facial application of HA can reduce the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as Cutibacterium and S. aureus, and increase the colonization of beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSION This is the first intuitive report to demonstrate the effect of hyaluronic acid on facial microflora in healthy people. Accordingly, sodium hyaluronate was found to have a positive effect on facial skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - YingXue Yue
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Luan Shu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- Special Cosmetics R&D Joint laboratory of China Pharmaceutical University & Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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55
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Joshi AA, Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Wolf P, Patra V. Microbial derived antimicrobial peptides as potential therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125635. [PMID: 36761743 PMCID: PMC9907850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that significantly affects the patient's quality of life. A disrupted skin barrier, type 2 cytokine-dominated inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis with increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization are critical components of AD pathogenesis. Patients with AD exhibit decreased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which is linked to increased colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. The skin microbiome itself is a source of several AMPs. These host- and microbiome-derived AMPs define the microbial landscape of the skin based on their differential antimicrobial activity against a range of skin microbes or their quorum sensing inhibitory properties. These are particularly important in preventing and limiting dysbiotic colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, AMPs are critical for immune homeostasis. In this article, we share our perspectives about the implications of microbial derived AMPs in AD patients and their potential effects on overlapping factors involved in AD. We argue and discuss the potential of bacterial AMPs as therapeutics in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaroh Anand Joshi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Francois Nicolas
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,Department of Allergology & Clinical Immunology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vijaykumar Patra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,*Correspondence: Vijaykumar Patra,
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56
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Stephens K, Bentley WE. Quorum Sensing from Two Engineers’ Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Stephens
- Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland College Park MD USA [e]Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices University of Maryland College Park MD USA
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57
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Lee SM, Keum HL, Sul WJ. Bacterial Crosstalk via Antimicrobial Peptides on the Human Skin: Therapeutics from a Sustainable Perspective. J Microbiol 2023; 61:1-11. [PMID: 36719618 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The skin's epidermis is an essential barrier as the first guard against invading pathogens, and physical protector from external injury. The skin microbiome, which consists of numerous bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea on the epidermis, play a key role in skin homeostasis. Antibiotics are a fast-acting and effective treatment method, however, antibiotic use is a nuisance that can disrupt skin homeostasis by eradicating beneficial bacteria along with the intended pathogens and cause antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread. Increased numbers of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from humans and bacteria have been reported, and their roles have been well defined. Recently, modulation of the skin microbiome with AMPs rather than artificially synthesized antibiotics has attracted the attention of researchers as many antibiotic-resistant strains make treatment mediation difficult in the context of ecological problems. Herein, we discuss the overall insights into the skin microbiome, including its regulation by different AMPs, as well as their composition and role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Mi Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Keum
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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58
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Tamai M, Yamazaki Y, Ito T, Nakagawa S, Nakamura Y. Pathogenic role of the staphylococcal accessory gene regulator quorum sensing system in atopic dermatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178650. [PMID: 37124047 PMCID: PMC10140505 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is home to various bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, collectively referred to as the skin microbiota. Patients with certain skin diseases reportedly have unique skin "dysbiosis," a condition involving imbalanced microbiota, suggesting that dysbiosis in the skin may be either causal or a consequence of specific skin diseases. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic skin disease that affects 15-20% of children and 2-10% of adults worldwide. Both intrinsic genetic factors, such as susceptibility to type 2 inflammation or skin barrier dysfunction, and extrinsic environmental factors, such as air pollen and skin microbiota, contribute to AD. Staphylococcus aureus, which does not often colonize the skin of healthy individuals, is commonly identified in the lesional skin of patients with AD and is correlated with the disease flare. However, the role of S. aureus in the pathogenesis of AD has not been elucidated. Here, we discuss the pathological behavior of S. aureus, focusing on accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum sensing, which is a fundamental bacterial cell-to-cell interaction mechanism that affects the behavior of S. aureus and other members of the microbial community. Importantly, beyond bacteria-bacteria interactions, the Agr quorum sensing system also regulates various virulence factors, which induce type 2 and IL-17-dependent skin inflammation in the host. Furthermore, the colonization of Agr-positive S. aureus in early life accelerates the development of pediatric AD. Finally, we aim to highlight the current efforts to establish novel therapeutic methods to ameliorate or prevent AD through Agr-targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Tamai
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuumi Nakamura, ; Yuriko Yamazaki,
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuumi Nakamura, ; Yuriko Yamazaki,
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59
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Schwarz A, Philippsen R, Piticchio SG, Hartmann JN, Häsler R, Rose-John S, Schwarz T. Crosstalk between microbiome, regulatory T cells and HCA2 orchestrates the inflammatory response in a murine psoriasis model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1038689. [PMID: 36891315 PMCID: PMC9986334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1038689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The organ-specific microbiome plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis, among other things by inducing regulatory T cells (Treg). This applies also to the skin and in this setting short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are relevant. It was demonstrated that topical application of SCFA controls the inflammatory response in the psoriasis-like imiquimod (IMQ)-induced murine skin inflammation model. Since SCFA signal via HCA2, a G-protein coupled receptor, and HCA2 expression is reduced in human lesional psoriatic skin, we studied the effect of HCA2 in this model. HCA2 knock-out (HCA2-KO) mice reacted to IMQ with stronger inflammation, presumably due to an impaired function of Treg. Surprisingly, injection of Treg from HCA2-KO mice even enhanced the IMQ reaction, suggesting that in the absence of HCA2 Treg switch from a suppressive into a proinflammatory type. HCA2-KO mice differed in the composition of the skin microbiome from wild type mice. Co-housing reversed the exaggerated response to IMQ and prevented the alteration of Treg, implying that the microbiome dictates the outcome of the inflammatory reaction. The switch of Treg into a proinflammatory type in HCA2-KO mice could be a downstream phenomenon. This opens the opportunity to reduce the inflammatory tendency in psoriasis by altering the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Philippsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Serena G Piticchio
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan N Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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60
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Staphylococcal Corneocyte Adhesion: Assay Optimization and Roles of Aap and SasG Adhesins in the Establishment of Healthy Skin Colonization. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0246922. [PMID: 36219106 PMCID: PMC9769725 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02469-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes the majority of wound and soft tissue infections. The accumulation-associated protein (Aap) from S. epidermidis and surface protein G (SasG) from S. aureus are cell wall-anchored (CWA) proteins known to be important in adhesion to healthy corneocytes from human skin. We investigated the mechanisms by which S. aureus colonizes healthy human skin by developing an optimized corneocyte adhesion assay. Trypan blue was used for enhanced red autofluorescent visualization of corneocytes with an overlay of green-fluorescent bacteria. The percent area of bacterial adhesion for images acquired by a fluorescence microscope was quantified using Fiji ImageJ. Using this optimized imaging procedure, differences in adhesion between various species and strains of staphylococci were measured. The ability of purified SasG to reduce Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion was investigated in order to determine if these CWA proteins can compete for binding sites. To further test CWA-mediated adhesion, we engineered a nonadhering S. carnosus strain to express full-length SasG from two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Finally, we demonstrated that the SasG A domain was a critical region of this surface protein for adherence to healthy human corneocytes. The developed imaging and expression methods are useful for studying staphylococcal adhesion to healthy human skin and have the potential to be used with a wide variety of fluorescently labeled organisms on both healthy and disease-state (such as atopic dermatitis) corneocytes. IMPORTANCE The skin is the largest organ of the human body and acts as a shield against hazards such as harmful bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. A diverse skin microbiota and immune cross talk control S. aureus numbers. S. aureus can bind to healthy skin and subsequently proliferate when the skin barrier is compromised, such as in a wound or in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). It is important to understand these mechanisms in an effort to prevent pathogenic bacteria from causing infection. We describe an augmented corneocyte adhesion assay using fluorescence microscopy to study binding of various staphylococcal species to healthy human skin cells. In addition, we tested the ability of homologous proteins from different staphylococcal species to reduce binding, and developed a new S. carnosus expression system to test individual protein binding properties. Our newly developed methods and findings will enhance the understanding of how staphylococci bind to healthy human skin.
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61
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Burger E, Gallo RL. Host-microbiome interactions in the holobiome of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 151:1236-1238. [PMID: 36509150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Burger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
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62
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An Altered Skin and Gut Microbiota Are Involved in the Modulation of Itch in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233930. [PMID: 36497188 PMCID: PMC9736894 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin and gut microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). An alteration of the microbiota diversity modulates the development and course of AD, e.g., decreased microbiome diversity correlates with disease severity, particularly in lesional skin of AD. Itch is a hallmark of AD with unsatisfying treatment until now. Recent evidence suggests a possible role of microbiota in altering itch in AD through gut-skin-brain interactions. The microbial metabolites, proinflammatory cytokines, and impaired immune response lead to a modulation of histamine-independent itch, disruption of epidermal barrier, and central sensitization of itch mechanisms. The positive impact of probiotics in alleviating itch in AD supports this hypothesis, which may lead to novel strategies for managing itchy skin in AD patients. This review summarizes the emerging findings on the correlation between an altered microbiota and gut-skin-brain axis in AD, especially in modulating itchy skin.
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63
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Chen H, Zhao Q, Zhong Q, Duan C, Krutmann J, Wang J, Xia J. Skin Microbiome, Metabolome and Skin Phenome, from the Perspectives of Skin as an Ecosystem. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:363-382. [PMID: 36939800 PMCID: PMC9712873 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a complex ecosystem colonized by millions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Skin microbiota is believed to exert critical functions in maintaining host skin health. Profiling the structure of skin microbial community is the first step to overview the ecosystem. However, the community composition is highly individualized and extremely complex. To explore the fundamental factors driving the complexity of the ecosystem, namely the selection pressures, we review the present studies on skin microbiome from the perspectives of ecology. This review summarizes the following: (1) the composition of substances/nutrients in the cutaneous ecological environment that are derived from the host and the environment, highlighting their proposed function on skin microbiota; (2) the features of dominant skin commensals to occupy ecological niches, through self-adaptation and microbe-microbe interactions; (3) how skin microbes, by their structures or bioactive molecules, reshape host skin phenotypes, including skin immunity, maintenance of skin physiology such as pH and hydration, ultraviolet (UV) protection, odor production, and wound healing. This review aims to re-examine the host-microbe interactions from the ecological perspectives and hopefully to give new inspiration to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Qi Zhao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
- grid.435557.50000 0004 0518 6318IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, D-40225 Germany
| | - Qian Zhong
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Cheng Duan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Jean Krutmann
- grid.435557.50000 0004 0518 6318IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, D-40225 Germany
| | - Jiucun Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jingjing Xia
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou, 511458 China
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64
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Severn MM, Cho YSK, Manzer HS, Bunch ZL, Shahbandi A, Todd DA, Cech NB, Horswill AR. The Commensal Staphylococcus warneri Makes Peptide Inhibitors of MRSA Quorum Sensing that Protect Skin from Atopic or Necrotic Damage. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3349-3352.e5. [PMID: 35803321 PMCID: PMC10084446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Severn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Young-Saeng K Cho
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Haider S Manzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zoie L Bunch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ali Shahbandi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel A Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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65
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Falà AK, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Filloux A, Gahan CGM, Cotter PD. Quorum sensing in human gut and food microbiomes: Significance and potential for therapeutic targeting. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002185. [PMID: 36504831 PMCID: PMC9733432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut and food microbiomes interact during digestion. The outcome of these interactions influences the taxonomical composition and functional capacity of the resident human gut microbiome, with potential consequential impacts on health and disease. Microbe-microbe interactions between the resident and introduced microbiomes, which likely influence host colonisation, are orchestrated by environmental conditions, elements of the food matrix, host-associated factors as well as social cues from other microorganisms. Quorum sensing is one example of a social cue that allows bacterial communities to regulate genetic expression based on their respective population density and has emerged as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. By interfering with bacterial quorum sensing, for instance, enzymatic degradation of signalling molecules (quorum quenching) or the application of quorum sensing inhibitory compounds, it may be possible to modulate the microbial composition of communities of interest without incurring negative effects associated with traditional antimicrobial approaches. In this review, we summarise and critically discuss the literature relating to quorum sensing from the perspective of the interactions between the food and human gut microbiome, providing a general overview of the current understanding of the prevalence and influence of quorum sensing in this context, and assessing the potential for therapeutic targeting of quorum sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kate Falà
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland,*Correspondence: Paul D. Cotter,
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Hooper MJ, Enriquez GL, Veon FL, LeWitt TM, Sweeney D, Green SJ, Seed PC, Choi J, Guitart J, Burns MB, Zhou XA. Narrowband ultraviolet B response in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is characterized by increased bacterial diversity and reduced Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022093. [PMID: 36439132 PMCID: PMC9692126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin microbiota have been linked to disease activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). As the skin microbiome has been shown to change after exposure to narrowband ultraviolet B (nbUVB) phototherapy, a common treatment modality used for CTCL, we performed a longitudinal analysis of the skin microbiome in CTCL patients treated with nbUVB. 16S V4 rRNA gene amplicon sequencing for genus-level taxonomic resolution, tuf2 amplicon next generation sequencing for staphylococcal speciation, and bioinformatics were performed on DNA extracted from skin swabs taken from lesional and non-lesional skin of 25 CTCL patients receiving nbUVB and 15 CTCL patients not receiving nbUVB from the same geographical region. Disease responsiveness to nbUVB was determined using the modified Severity Weighted Assessment Tool: 14 (56%) patients responded to nbUVB while 11 (44%) patients had progressive disease. Microbial α-diversity increased in nbUVB-responders after phototherapy. The relative abundance of Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, and Anaerococcus differentiated nbUVB responders and non-responders after treatment (q<0.05). Microbial signatures of nbUVB-treated patients demonstrated significant post-exposure depletion of S. aureus (q=0.024) and S. lugdunensis (q=0.004) relative abundances. Before nbUVB, responder lesional skin harboured higher levels of S. capitis (q=0.028) and S. warneri (q=0.026) than non-responder lesional skin. S. capitis relative abundance increased in the lesional skin of responders (q=0.05) after phototherapy; a similar upward trend was observed in non-responders (q=0.09). Post-treatment skin of responders exhibited significantly reduced S. aureus (q=0.008) and significantly increased S. hominis (q=0.006), S. pettenkoferi (q=0.021), and S. warneri (q=0.029) relative abundances compared to that of no-nbUVB patients. Staphylococcus species abundance was more similar between non-responders and no-nbUVB patients than between responders and no-nbUVB patients. In sum, the skin microbiome of CTCL patients who respond to nbUVB is different from that of non-responders and untreated patients, and is characterized by shifts in S. aureus and S. lugdunensis. Non-responsiveness to phototherapy may reflect more aggressive disease at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J. Hooper
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gail L. Enriquez
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Francesca L. Veon
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tessa M. LeWitt
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dagmar Sweeney
- Genome Research Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patrick C. Seed
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joan Guitart
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael B. Burns
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaolong A. Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiaolong A. Zhou,
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Sim SL, Kumari S, Kaur S, Khosrotehrani K. Macrophages in Skin Wounds: Functions and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1659. [PMID: 36359009 PMCID: PMC9687369 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages regulate cutaneous wound healing by immune surveillance, tissue repair and remodelling. The depletion of dermal macrophages during the early and middle stages of wound healing has a detrimental impact on wound closure, characterised by reduced vessel density, fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation, delayed re-epithelization and abated post-healing fibrosis and scar formation. However, in some animal species, oral mucosa and foetal life, cutaneous wounds can heal normally and remain scarless without any involvement of macrophages. These paradoxical observations have created much controversy on macrophages' indispensable role in skin wound healing. Advanced knowledge gained by characterising macrophage subsets, their plasticity in switching phenotypes and molecular drivers provides new insights into their functional importance during cutaneous wound healing. In this review, we highlight the recent findings on skin macrophage subsets, their functional role in adult cutaneous wound healing and the potential benefits of targeting them for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seen Ling Sim
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Snehlata Kumari
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Guimarães LC, Assunção MIDMM, de Oliveira TLR, Cavalcante FS, Saintive S, Abad EDD, Goudouris ES, do Prado EA, Ferreira DDC, dos Santos KRN. Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from skin and nares of Brazilian children with atopic dermatitis demonstrate high level of clonal diversity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276960. [PMID: 36327238 PMCID: PMC9632840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) primarily affects the pediatric population, which is highly colonized by S. aureus. However, little is known about the genetic features of this microorganism and other staphylococcal species that colonize AD patients. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the nares and skin (with and without lesion) of 30 AD and 12 non-AD Brazilian children. METHODS Skin and nasal swabs were cultured onto mannitol salt agar, and bacterial colonies were counted and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by phenotypic and genotypic tests. In S. aureus isolates, Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes were detected by PCR, and their clonality was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS S. aureus was more prevalent in the nares (P = 0.005) and lesional skin (P = 0.0002) of children with AD, while S. hominis was more frequent in the skin of non-AD children (P < 0.0001). All children in the study, except one from each group, were colonized by methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and 24% by methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Despite the great clonal diversity of S. aureus (18 sequence types identified), most AD children (74.1%) were colonized by the same genotype in both niches. CONCLUSION High colonization by polyclonal S. aureus isolates was found among children with AD, while S. hominis was more frequent among non-AD children. The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates highlights the importance of continued surveillance, especially when considering empiric antibiotic therapy for the treatment of skin infections in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrayne Cardoso Guimarães
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Tamara Lopes Rocha de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sampaio Cavalcante
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Saintive
- Ambulatório de Dermatologia Pediátrica, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane de Dios Abad
- Ambulatório de Dermatologia Pediátrica, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ekaterini Simoes Goudouris
- Ambulatório de Alergia Pediátrica, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evandro Alves do Prado
- Ambulatório de Alergia Pediátrica, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia Regina Netto dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lee HJ, Kim M. Skin Barrier Function and the Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13071. [PMID: 36361857 PMCID: PMC9654002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin is the largest organ and serves as the first line of defense against environmental factors. The human microbiota is defined as the total microbial community that coexists in the human body, while the microbiome refers to the collective genome of these microorganisms. Skin microbes do not simply reside on the skin but interact with the skin in a variety of ways, significantly affecting the skin barrier function. Here, we discuss recent insights into the symbiotic relationships between the microbiome and the skin barrier in physical, chemical, and innate/adaptive immunological ways. We discuss the gut-skin axis that affects skin barrier function. Finally, we examine the effects of microbiome dysbiosis on skin barrier function and the role of these effects in inflammatory skin diseases, such as acne, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Microbiome cosmetics can help restore skin barrier function and improve these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07345, Korea
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Characterization of MroQ-Dependent Maturation and Export of the Staphylococcus aureus Accessory Gene Regulatory System Autoinducing Peptide. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0026322. [PMID: 36073934 PMCID: PMC9584314 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00263-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria produce small autoinducing peptides (AIPs), which act to regulate expression of genes that promote adaptive traits, including virulence. The Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus generates a cyclic AIP that controls expression of virulence factors via the accessory gene regulatory (Agr) system. S. aureus strains belong to one of four Agr groups (Agr-I, -II, -III, and -IV); each group harbors allelic variants of AgrD, the precursor of AIP. In a prior screen for S. aureus virulence factors, we identified MroQ, a putative peptidase. A ΔmroQ mutant closely resembled a Δagr mutant and had significant defects in AIP production in an Agr-I strain. Here, we show that expression of AgrD-I in a ΔmroQ mutant leads to accumulation of an AIP processing intermediate at the membrane that coincides with a loss of secreted mature AIP, indicating that MroQ promotes maturation of AgrD-I. MroQ is conserved in all Agr sequence variants, suggesting either identical function among all Agr types or activity specific to Agr-I strains. Our data indicate that MroQ is required for AIP maturation and activity in Agr-I, -II, and -IV strains irrespective of background. However, MroQ is not required for Agr-III activity despite an identifiable role in peptide maturation. Isogenic Δagr and Δagr ΔmroQ strains complemented with Agr-I to -IV validated the critical role of MroQ in the generation of active AIP-I, -II, and -IV but not AIP-III. These findings were reinforced by skin infection studies with mice. Our data substantiate the prevailing model that MroQ is a mediator of cyclic peptide maturation.
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71
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Tham KC, Lefferdink R, Duan K, Lim SS, Wong XFCC, Ibler E, Wu B, Abu-Zayed H, Rangel SM, Del Duca E, Chowdhury M, Chima M, Kim HJ, Lee B, Guttman-Yassky E, Paller AS, Common JEA. Distinct skin microbiome community structures in congenital ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:557-570. [PMID: 35633118 PMCID: PMC10234690 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ichthyoses are rare genetic keratinizing disorders that share the characteristics of an impaired epidermal barrier and increased risk of microbial infections. Although ichthyotic diseases share a T helper (Th) 17 cell immune signature, including increased expression of antimicrobial peptides, the skin microbiota of ichthyoses is virtually unexplored. OBJECTIVES To analyse the metagenome profile of skin microbiome for major congenital ichthyosis subtypes. METHODS Body site-matched skin surface samples were collected from the scalp, upper arm and upper buttocks of 16 healthy control participants and 22 adult patients with congenital forms of ichthyosis for whole metagenomics sequencing analysis. RESULTS Taxonomic profiling showed significant shifts in bacteria and fungi abundance and sporadic viral increases across ichthyosis subtypes. Cutibacterium acnes and Malassezia were significantly reduced across body sites, consistent with skin barrier disruption and depletion of lipids. Microbial richness was reduced, with specific increases in Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium genera, as well as shifts in fungal species, including Malassezia. Malassezia globosa was reduced at all body sites, whereas M. sympodialis was reduced in the ichthyotic upper arm and upper buttocks. Malassezia slooffiae, by contrast, was strikingly increased at all body sites in participants with congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) and lamellar ichthyosis (LI). A previously undescribed Trichophyton species was also detected as sporadically colonizing the skin of patients with CIE, LI and epidermolytic ichthyosis subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The ichthyosis skin microbiome is significantly altered from healthy skin with specific changes predominating among ichthyosis subtypes. Skewing towards the Th17 pathway may represent a response to the altered microbial colonization in ichthyosis. What is already known about this topic? The skin microbiome of congenital ichthyoses is largely unexplored. Microbes play an important role in pathogenesis, as infections are common. The relative abundances of staphylococci and corynebacteria is increased in the cutaneous microbiome of patients with Netherton syndrome, but extension of these abundances to all congenital ichthyoses is unexplored. What does this study add? A common skin microbiome signature was observed across congenital ichthyoses. Distinct microbiome features were associated with ichthyosis subtypes. Changes in microbiome may contribute to T helper 17 cell immune polarization. What is the translational message? These data provide the basis for comparison of the microbiome with lipidomic and transcriptomic alterations in these forms of ichthyosis and consideration of correcting the dysbiosis as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khek-Chian Tham
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-10 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Rachel Lefferdink
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaibo Duan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Seong Soo Lim
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-10 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - X F Colin C Wong
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-10 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Erin Ibler
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benedict Wu
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hajar Abu-Zayed
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Ester Del Duca
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mashkura Chowdhury
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margot Chima
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hee Jee Kim
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Amy S Paller
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John E A Common
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-10 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
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Di YB, Bao Y, Guo J, Liu W, Zhang SX, Zhang GH, Li TK. Corneodesmosin as a potential target of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28397. [PMID: 36181011 PMCID: PMC9524877 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Corneodesmosin (CDSN) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the correlation between CDSN and the prognosis and survival time of patients with OSCC. METHODS Bioinformatics were used to identify the hub role of CDSN in the OSCC. A total of 200 patients with OSCC were recruited. Clinical and follow-up data were recorded, and the expression level of CDSN was detected. Pearson chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to analyze the relationship between prognosis and related parameters in patients with OSCC. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression and Cox proportional risk regression were applied for further analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve and survival curve of subjects were plotted. RESULTS CDSN was identified as the most significant hub gene of the OSCC by the cytoHubba. By the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) analysis, there was strong relationship between the CDSN and mouth neoplasms, head and neck neoplasms, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. The OSCC patients with low expression level of CDSN have poor overall survival compared with the high expression level of CDSN (HR = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.57-0.98, P = .036). Spearman correlation coefficient analysis showed that CDSN expression level was significantly correlated with prognosis (ρ = -0.528, P < .001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that poor prognosis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.096, 95%CI: 0.049-0.189, P < .001) was significantly associated with low expression of CDSN. Cox regression analysis showed that the survival time of OSCC patients was shorter when CDSN expression was low (HR = 0.588, 95%CI: 0.420-0.823, P = .002). Strong predictive value of CDSN for the OSCC survival time was obtained by the biological process (BP)-neural network and support vector machine (SVM). CONCLUSION CDSN was significantly correlated with OSCC, and the shorter the survival time of patients with OSCC was, the worse the prognosis was.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bin Di
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bao
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Su-Xin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Hua Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Ke Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- *Correspondence: Tian-Ke Li, Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, P.R. China (e-mail: )
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Ahle CM, Stødkilde K, Poehlein A, Bömeke M, Streit WR, Wenck H, Reuter JH, Hüpeden J, Brüggemann H. Interference and co-existence of staphylococci and Cutibacterium acnes within the healthy human skin microbiome. Commun Biol 2022; 5:923. [PMID: 36071129 PMCID: PMC9452508 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is populated by trillions of microbes collectively called the skin microbiome. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes are among the most abundant members of this ecosystem, with described roles in skin health and disease. However, knowledge regarding the health beneficial effects of these ubiquitous skin residents is still limited. Here, we profiled the staphylococcal and C. acnes landscape across four different skin sites of 30 individuals (120 skin samples) using amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Relative abundance profiles obtained indicated the existence of phylotype-specific co-existence and exclusion scenarios. Co-culture experiments with 557 staphylococcal strains identified 30 strains exhibiting anti-C. acnes activities. Notably, staphylococcal strains were found to selectively exclude acne-associated C. acnes and co-exist with healthy skin-associated phylotypes, through regulation of the antimicrobial activity. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of skin-resident staphylococci and suggest that selective microbial interference is a contributor to healthy skin homeostasis. The dynamic interaction between the common resident skin microbes Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes is uncovered, showing that S. epidermidis can selectively exclude acne-associated C. acnes strains from the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Marie Ahle
- Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Front End Innovation, 20245, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mechthild Bömeke
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Wenck
- Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Front End Innovation, 20245, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Hendrik Reuter
- Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Front End Innovation, 20245, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hüpeden
- Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Front End Innovation, 20245, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Brüggemann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Hooper MJ, LeWitt TM, Veon FL, Pang Y, Chlipala GE, Feferman L, Green SJ, Sweeney D, Bagnowski KT, Burns MB, Seed PC, Guitart J, Zhou XA. Nasal Dysbiosis in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Is Characterized by Shifts in Relative Abundances of Non- Staphylococcus Bacteria. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100132. [PMID: 36161104 PMCID: PMC9500465 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal microbiome of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) remains unexplored despite growing evidence connecting nasal bacteria to skin health and disease. Nasal swabs from 45 patients with CTCL (40 with mycosis fungoides, 5 with Sézary syndrome) and 20 healthy controls from the same geographical region (Chicago Metropolitan Area, Chicago, IL) were analyzed using sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA and tuf2 gene amplicons. Nasal α-diversity did not differ between mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome and healthy controls (Shannon index, genus level, P = 0.201), but distinct microbial communities were identified at the class (R2 = 0.104, P = 0.023) and order (R2 = 0.0904, P = 0.038) levels. Increased relative abundance of the genera Catenococcus, Vibrio, Roseomonas, Acinetobacter, and unclassified Clostridiales was associated with increased skin disease burden (P < 0.005, q < 0.05). Performed to accurately resolve nasal Staphylococcus at the species level, tuf2 gene amplicon sequencing revealed no significant differences between mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome and healthy controls. Although S. aureus has been shown to worsen CTCL through its toxins, no increase in the relative abundance of this taxon was observed in nasal samples. Despite the lack of differences in Staphylococcus, the CTCL nasal microbiome was characterized by shifts in numerous other bacterial taxa. These data add to our understanding of the greater CTCL microbiome and provide context for comprehending nasal-skin and host‒tumor‒microbial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J. Hooper
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tessa M. LeWitt
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Francesca L. Veon
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanzhen Pang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - George E. Chlipala
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leo Feferman
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Rush Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dagmar Sweeney
- Genome Research Core, Genome Research Division, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine T. Bagnowski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael B. Burns
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick C. Seed
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joan Guitart
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaolong A. Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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75
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Ito Y, Amagai M. Controlling skin microbiome as a new bacteriotherapy for inflammatory skin diseases. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:26. [PMID: 36045395 PMCID: PMC9434865 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin serves as the interface between the human body and the environment and interacts with the microbial community. The skin microbiota consists of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, mites, and viruses, and they fluctuate depending on the microenvironment defined by anatomical location and physiological function. The balance of interactions between the host and microbiota plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of skin homeostasis; however, the disturbance of the balance due to an alteration in the microbial communities, namely, dysbiosis, leads to various skin disorders. Recent developments in sequencing technology have provided new insights into the structure and function of skin microbial communities. Based on high-throughput sequencing analysis, a growing body of evidence indicates that a new treatment using live bacteria, termed bacteriotherapy, is a feasible therapeutic option for cutaneous diseases caused by dysbiosis. In particular, the administration of specific bacterial strains has been investigated as an exclusionary treatment strategy against pathogens associated with chronic skin disorders, whereas the safety, efficacy, and sustainability of this therapeutic approach using isolated live bacteria need to be further explored. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the skin microbiota, as well as therapeutic strategies using characterized strains of live bacteria for skin inflammatory diseases. The ecosystem formed by interactions between the host and skin microbial consortium is still largely unexplored; however, advances in our understanding of the function of the skin microbiota at the strain level will lead to the development of new therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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76
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Toward Uncovering the Complexities of Bacterial Interspecies Communication and Competition on the Skin. mBio 2022; 13:e0132022. [PMID: 35876507 PMCID: PMC9426508 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01320-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an inhospitable environment for microbial growth and survival. Hallmarks of the skin microenvironment include low moisture, high acidity, high lipid content, and paucity of essential nutrients, which together establish an antimicrobial barrier that defends against pathogens. Yet, commensal microbes and some opportunistic pathogens call this harsh environment home. The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprise a major constituent of the commensal skin microbiome. Of the CoNS, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis are two common colonizers of human skin. Although comparatively less studied than S. epidermidis, there is a growing appreciation for S. hominis as a beneficial commensal, prompting interest in understanding the mechanisms by which S. hominis interacts with other skin microbes, including those with pathogenic potential. In their recent work, M. M. Severn, M. R. Williams, A. Shahbandi, Z. L. Bunch, et al. [mBio 13(3):e00930-22, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00930-22] explore quorum sensing as a mediator of S. hominis interbacterial communication that can reduce the virulence of pathogens.
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77
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Yang Y, Qu L, Mijakovic I, Wei Y. Advances in the human skin microbiota and its roles in cutaneous diseases. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:176. [PMID: 36038876 PMCID: PMC9422115 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in the human body, and the interplay between the environment factors and human skin leads to some skin diseases, such as acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. As the first line of human immune defense, skin plays significant roles in human health via preventing the invasion of pathogens that is heavily influenced by the skin microbiota. Despite being a challenging niche for microbes, human skin is colonized by diverse commensal microorganisms that shape the skin environment. The skin microbiota can affect human health, and its imbalance and dysbiosis contribute to the skin diseases. This review focuses on the advances in our understanding of skin microbiota and its interaction with human skin. Moreover, the potential roles of microbiota in skin health and diseases are described, and some key species are highlighted. The prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for microbe-related skin diseases, such as healthy diets, lifestyles, probiotics and prebiotics, are discussed. Strategies for modulation of skin microbiota using synthetic biology are discussed as an interesting venue for optimization of the skin-microbiota interactions. In summary, this review provides insights into human skin microbiota recovery, the interactions between human skin microbiota and diseases, and the strategies for engineering/rebuilding human skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China.
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China.
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78
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Ide K, Saeki T, Arikawa K, Yoda T, Endoh T, Matsuhashi A, Takeyama H, Hosokawa M. Exploring strain diversity of dominant human skin bacterial species using single-cell genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955404. [PMID: 35992707 PMCID: PMC9389210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of the skin commensal bacterial community in skin health and the spread of pathogens, it is crucial to identify genetic differences in the bacterial strains corresponding to human individuals. A culture-independent genomics approach is an effective tool for obtaining massive high-quality bacterial genomes. Here we present a single-cell genome sequencing to obtain comprehensive whole-genome sequences of uncultured skin bacteria from skin swabs. We recovered 281 high-quality (HQ) and 244 medium-quality single-amplified genomes (SAGs) of multiple skin bacterial species from eight individuals, including cohabiting group. Single-cell sequencing outperformed in the genome recovery from the same skin swabs, showing 10-fold non-redundant strain genomes compared to the shotgun metagenomic sequencing and binning approach. We then focused on the abundant skin bacteria and identified intra-species diversity, especially in 47 Moraxella osloensis derived HQ SAGs, characterizing the strain-level heterogeneity at mobile genetic element profiles, including plasmids and prophages. Even between the cohabiting individual hosts, they have unique skin bacterial strains in the same species, which shows microdiversity in each host. Genetic and functional differences between skin bacterial strains are predictive of in vivo competition to adapt bacterial genome to utilize the sparse nutrients available on the skin or produce molecules that inhibit the colonization of other microbes or alter their behavior. Thus, single-cell sequencing provides a large number of genomes of higher resolution and quality than conventional metagenomic analysis and helps explore the skin commensal bacteria at the strain level, linking taxonomic and functional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ide
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- bitBiome, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Hosokawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- bitBiome, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masahito Hosokawa,
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79
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Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis is frequently isolated from human skin, and we hypothesize that it may protect the cutaneous barrier from opportunistic pathogens. We determined that S. hominis makes six unique autoinducing peptide (AIP) signals that inhibit the major virulence factor accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing system of Staphylococcus aureus. We solved and confirmed the structures of three novel AIP signals in conditioned medium by mass spectrometry and then validated synthetic AIP activity against all S. aureus agr classes. Synthetic AIPs also inhibited the conserved agr system in a related species, Staphylococcus epidermidis. We determined the distribution of S. hominis agr types on healthy human skin and found S. hominis agr-I and agr-II were highly represented across subjects. Further, synthetic AIP-II was protective in vivo against S. aureus-associated dermonecrotic or epicutaneous injury. Together, these findings demonstrate that a ubiquitous colonizer of human skin has a fundamentally protective role against opportunistic damage. IMPORTANCE Human skin is home to a variety of commensal bacteria, including many species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). While it is well established that the microbiota as a whole maintains skin homeostasis and excludes pathogens (i.e., colonization resistance), relatively little is known about the unique contributions of individual CoNS species to these interactions. Staphylococcus hominis is the second most frequently isolated CoNS from healthy skin, and there is emerging evidence to suggest that it may play an important role in excluding pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, from colonizing or infecting the skin. Here, we identified that S. hominis makes 6 unique peptide inhibitors of the S. aureus global virulence factor regulation system (agr). Additionally, we found that one of these peptides can prevent topical or necrotic S. aureus skin injury in a mouse model. Our results demonstrate a specific and broadly protective role for this ubiquitous, yet underappreciated skin commensal.
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80
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Abstract
Human skin forms a protective barrier against the external environment and is our first line of defense against toxic, solar, and pathogenic insults. Our skin also defines our outward appearance, protects our internal tissues and organs, acts as a sensory interface, and prevents dehydration. Crucial to the skin's barrier function is the colonizing microbiota, which provides protection against pathogens, tunes immune responses, and fortifies the epithelium. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the microbiota mediates multiple facets of skin barrier function. We discuss recent insights into pathological host-microbiota interactions and implications for disorders of the skin and distant organs. Finally, we examine how microbiota-based mechanisms can be targeted to prevent or manage skin disorders and impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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81
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Fölster-Holst R. Die Rolle des Hautmikrobioms bei atopischer Dermatitis - Zusammenhänge und Konsequenzen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:571-578. [PMID: 35578413 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14709_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Fölster-Holst
- Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel
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82
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Rademacher F, Bartels J, Gläser R, Rodewald M, Schubert S, Drücke D, Rohde H, Harder J. Staphylococcus epidermidis-derived protease Esp mediates proteolytic activation of pro-IL-1beta in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2756-2765.e8. [PMID: 35490742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is an abundant skin commensal. It plays an important role in cutaneous defense by activation of IL-1 signaling. In keratinocytes, SE induces the release of mature IL-1beta. IL-1beta serves as an important cytokine of host defense. It contains an N-terminal prodomain that has to be cleaved off to generate active mature IL-1beta. Typically, processing and release of IL-1beta are associated with inflammasome assembly and activation of the protease caspase-1. Here we report that bacterial challenge of keratinocytes with SE induced the release of mature IL-1beta in a caspase-1-independent manner. Instead, the SE -derived serine protease Esp was identified as a pro-IL-1beta processing factor leading to a proteolytic maturation of active IL-1beta. Esp production and secretion by various SE strains correlated with their capacity to induce release of mature IL-1beta in human primary keratinocytes. Reconstitution of Esp-lacking SE strains with Esp enhanced their capacity to induce IL-1beta release in keratinocytes and skin. Intracellular abundance of pro-IL-1beta and cytotoxic effects of SE suggest release of pro-IL-1beta during injury followed by extracellular Esp-mediated processing to mature IL-1beta. These findings provide further insights into how a skin commensal interacts with keratinocytes to activate cutaneous host innate defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meno Rodewald
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Schubert
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Drücke
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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83
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Infection prevention requirements for the medical care of immunosuppressed patients: recommendations of the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2022; 17:Doc07. [PMID: 35707229 PMCID: PMC9174886 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, guidelines for hygiene in hospitals are given in form of recommendations by the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, "KRINKO"). The KRINKO and its voluntary work are legitimized by the mandate according to § 23 of the Infection Protection Act (Infektionsschutzgesetz, "IfSG"). The original German version of this document was published in February 2021 and has now been made available to the international professional public in English. The guideline provides recommendations on infection prevention and control for immunocompromised individuals in health care facilities. This recommendation addresses not only measures related to direct medical care of immunocompromised patients, but also management aspects such as surveillance, screening, antibiotic stewardship, and technical/structural aspects such as patient rooms, air quality, and special measures during renovations.
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84
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Fölster-Holst R. The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis - correlations and consequences. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:571-577. [PMID: 35384293 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The physical barrier function of the skin is significantly supported by the (epi-)dermal immune system and the skin's own microbiome. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by an imbalance of all these three factors. The skin microbiome establishes itself immediately after birth and plays an important role in the development and maintenance of immune homeostasis. The clinical picture of atopic dermatitis shows, among other things, changes in the skin microbiome. Particularly during an acute phase, a strongly reduced bacterial diversity as well as the dominance of a single pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is observed. Staphylococcus aureus exacerbates the inflammatory process; furthermore, the bacteria produce proteases and toxins that further weaken the already severely compromised barrier function of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. However, knowledge of dermal dysbiosis also yields new treatment options for the therapy of the disease. In particular, the application of active bacteria represents a direct influence on the skin microbiome. Results of initial clinical studies on various approaches demonstrate promising results; this article provides an overview of work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Fölster-Holst
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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85
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Castillo‐González R, Fernández‐Delgado I, Comberiati P. Bacteriotherapy with human skin commensals in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2022; 77:1331-1333. [PMID: 34713451 DOI: 10.1111/all.15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Castillo‐González
- Vascular Pathophysiology Department Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Madrid Spain
- Department of Immunology Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS‐IP) Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Fernández‐Delgado
- Vascular Pathophysiology Department Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Madrid Spain
- Department of Immunology Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS‐IP) Madrid Spain
| | - Pasquale Comberiati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics University of Pisa Pisa Italy
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia
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86
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Poh SE, Koh WL, Lim SYD, Wang EC, Yew YW, Common JE, Oon HH, Li H. Expression of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in atopic dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100130. [PMID: 35860448 PMCID: PMC9289736 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin inflammatory disease in which the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent and abundant. S. aureus harbors several secreted virulence factors that have well-studied functions in infection models, but it is unclear whether these extracellular microbial factors are relevant in the context of AD. To address this question, we designed a culture-independent method to detect and quantify S. aureus virulence factors expressed at the skin sites. We utilized RNase-H‒dependent multiplex PCR for preamplification of reverse-transcribed RNA extracted from tape strips of patients with AD sampled at skin sites with differing severity and assessed the expression of a panel of S. aureus virulence factors using qPCR. We observed an increase in viable S. aureus abundance on sites with increased severity of disease, and many virulence factors were expressed at the AD skin sites. Surprisingly, we did not observe any significant upregulation of the virulence factors at the lesional sites compared with those at the nonlesional control. Overall, we utilized a robust assay to directly detect and quantify viable S. aureus and its associated virulence factors at the site of AD skin lesions. This method can be extended to study the expression of skin microbial genes at the sites of various dermatological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si En Poh
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston L.C. Koh
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yu Derek Lim
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Etienne C.E. Wang
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - John E.A. Common
- ASTAR Skin Research Labs (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hazel H. Oon
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Correspondence: Hao Li, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, S9 Level 12, Singapore 117544, Singapore.
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87
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Zheng Y, Hunt RL, Villaruz AE, Fisher EL, Liu R, Liu Q, Cheung GYC, Li M, Otto M. Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis by generating protective ceramides. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:301-313.e9. [PMID: 35123653 PMCID: PMC8917079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously either regarded as insignificant or feared as potential sources of infection, the bacteria living on our skin are increasingly recognized for their role in benefitting human health. Skin commensals modulate mucosal immune defenses and directly interfere with pathogens; however, their contribution to the skin's physical integrity is less understood. Here, we show that the abundant skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier integrity. S. epidermidis secretes a sphingomyelinase that acquires essential nutrients for the bacteria and assists the host in producing ceramides, the main constituent of the epithelial barrier that averts skin dehydration and aging. In mouse models, S. epidermidis significantly increases skin ceramide levels and prevents water loss of damaged skin in a fashion entirely dependent on its sphingomyelinase. Our findings reveal a symbiotic mechanism that demonstrates an important role of the skin microbiota in the maintenance of the skin's protective barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rachelle L Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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88
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Chia M, Naim AN, Tay AS, Lim K, Lee CK, Yow SJ, Chen J, Common JE, Nagarajan N, Tham EH. Shared signatures and divergence in skin microbiomes of children with atopic dermatitis and their caregivers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:894-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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89
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Miyano T, Irvine AD, Tanaka RJ. Model-based meta-analysis to optimise S. aureus-targeted therapies for atopic dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100110. [PMID: 35757782 PMCID: PMC9214323 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)‒targeted therapies for atopic dermatitis (AD) have shown conflicting results about whether they improve AD severity scores. This study performs a model-based meta-analysis to investigate the possible causes of these conflicting results and suggests how to improve the efficacies of S. aureus‒targeted therapies. We developed a mathematical model that describes systems-level AD pathogenesis involving dynamic interactions between S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS). Our model simulation reproduced the clinically observed detrimental effects of the application of S. hominis A9 and flucloxacillin on AD severity and showed that these effects disappeared if the bactericidal activity against CoNS was removed. A hypothetical (modeled) eradication of S. aureus by 3.0 log10 colony-forming unit per cm2 without killing CoNS achieved Eczema Area and Severity Index 75 comparable with that of dupilumab. This efficacy was potentiated if dupilumab was administered in conjunction with S. aureus eradication (Eczema Area and Severity Index 75 at week 16) (S. aureus eradication: 66.7%, dupilumab 61.6% and combination 87.8%). The improved efficacy was also seen for virtual dupilumab poor responders. Our model simulation suggests that killing CoNS worsens AD severity and that S. aureus‒specific eradication without killing CoNS could be effective for patients with AD, including dupilumab poor responders. This study will contribute to designing promising S. aureus‒targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyano
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Irvine
- Pediatric Dermatology, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Reiko J. Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Reiko J. Tanaka, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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90
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Licht P, Mailänder V. Transcriptional Heterogeneity and the Microbiome of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030328. [PMID: 35159138 PMCID: PMC8834405 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL) presents with substantial clinical variability and transcriptional heterogeneity. In the recent years, several studies paved the way to elucidate aetiology and pathogenesis of CTCL using sequencing methods. Several T-cell subtypes were suggested as the source of disease thereby explaining clinical and transcriptional heterogeneity of CTCL entities. Several differentially expressed pathways could explain disease progression. However, exogenous triggers in the skin microenvironment also seem to affect CTCL status. Especially Staphylococcus aureus was shown to contribute to disease progression. Only little is known about the complex microbiome patterns involved in CTCL and how microbial shifts might impact this malignancy. Nevertheless, first hints indicate that the microbiome might at least in part explain transcriptional heterogeneity and that microbial approaches could serve in diagnosis and prognosis. Shaping the microbiome could be a treatment option to maintain stable disease. Here, we review current knowledge of transcriptional heterogeneity of and microbial influences on CTCL. We discuss potential benefits of microbial applications and microbial directed therapies to aid patients with CTCL burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Licht
- Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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91
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Xia J, Dong C, Luo X. Human Microbiome and Its Medical Applications. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:703585. [PMID: 35096962 PMCID: PMC8793671 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.703585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiome is essential for human health and is involved in many processes in the human body, such as the metabolism process and immune system activation. Emerging evidence implies that specific changes in the microbiome participate in the development of various diseases, including diabetes, liver diseases, tumors, and pathogen infections. Thus, intervention on the microbiome is becoming a novel and effective method to treat such diseases. Synthetic biology empowers researchers to create strains with unique and complex functions, making the use of engineered microbes for clinical applications attainable. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances about the roles of the microbiome in certain diseases and the underlying mechanisms, as well as the use of engineered microbes in the prevention, detection, and treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linguang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaozhou Luo,
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92
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Nikolaeva MY, Monakhov KN, Sokolovskiy EV. Disorders of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of skin microbiome encompasses a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that belong to various taxonomic units, such as bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. The impact of these microbial community constituents upon the epidermal barrier condition, and upon the immune system functioning, is being intensely scrutinized. There is a particular interest in studying the role that the microorganisms of genus Staphylococcus spp. play in the course of physiological and pathological processes occurring in the skin. This review examines in detail the interaction of the microorganisms of genus Staphylococcus spp. with the microbial community constituents, as well as with the skin immune system in normal condition and in the condition associated with inflammatory dermatoses. There are also the data given on S. aureus pathogenicity factors, the data on the impact of this microorganism upon the course of atopic dermatitis, and upon the course of psoriasis. The review examines the role that coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. epidermidis in particular, play in maintaining the microbiome homeostasis. The review as well examines the impact of the skin microbiome upon the development and activity of the skin immune system, and upon maintaining the integrity of the epidermal barrier.
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93
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Ohkubo T, Matsumoto Y, Ogasawara Y, Sugita T. Alkaline stress inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis by inducing TCA cycle-triggered ROS production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 588:104-110. [PMID: 34953206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many species of bacteria interact on the human skin to form a certain microbiome. Delftia acidovorans, a bacterium detected from human skin, inhibits the growth of S. epidermidis, a dominant bacterium of the human skin microbiota. Here, we show that ammonia secreted by D. acidovorans inhibits the growth of S. epidermidis by increasing the pH value of the medium. The pH value of D. acidovorans culture supernatant (CS) was higher than that of the medium without culture. The inhibitory activity of the D. acidovorans CS against the growth of S. epidermidis was decreased by neutralization with hydrochloric acid. Genes encoding enzymes related to ammonia production were found in the D. acidovorans genome. Moreover, the D. acidovorans CS contained a high concentration of ammonia. The addition of ammonia to S. epidermidis culture led to an increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibited S. epidermidis growth. The addition of sodium hydroxide also led to an increase in the ROS production and inhibited S. epidermidis growth. The inhibitory activity of ammonia and sodium hydroxide against S. epidermidis growth was suppressed by malonic acid, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a free radical scavenger. These findings suggest that D. acidovorans secretes ammonia and alkaline stress inhibits the growth of S. epidermidis by inducing TCA cycle-triggered ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Ohkubo
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan; Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
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94
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Skin Microbiota and Clinical Associations in Netherton Syndrome. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100008. [PMID: 34909712 PMCID: PMC8659401 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare, life-threatening syndrome caused by serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 gene (SPINK5) mutations, resulting in skin barrier defect, bacterial skin infections, and allergic sensitization in early childhood. Recent data on adult patients with NS suggest that the presence of Staphylococcus aureus further promotes barrier disruption and skin inflammation. We analyzed the skin microbiota by shotgun sequencing in 12 patients with NS from eight Finnish families with healthy family controls as the reference and correlated the findings with allergen-specific IgE prevalence, immune cell phenotype, and infection history of the patients. Compared with healthy family controls, skin microbiome diversity and normal skin site variability were measurably decreased in patients with NS. No correlation was found between allergic sensitization and skin microbiota as such, but low circulating CD57+ and/or CD8+ T cells significantly correlated with lower microbial diversity and less abundance of S. aureus (P < 0.05). S. aureus was the most prevalent species in patients with NS but also Streptococcus agalactiae was abundant in four patients. The genomic DNA relative abundance of S. aureus secreted virulence peptides and proteases PSMα, staphopain A, and staphopain B were increased in most of the samples of patients with NS, and their abundance was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with recurrent childhood skin infections, confirming the clinical relevance of S. aureus dominance in the NS skin microbiome.
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95
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Cheung GYC, Bae JS, Otto M. Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2021; 12:547-569. [PMID: 33522395 PMCID: PMC7872022 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. Treatment of S. aureus infections is complicated by antibiotic resistance and a working vaccine is not available. There has been ongoing and increasing interest in the extraordinarily high number of toxins and other virulence determinants that S. aureus produces and how they impact disease. In this review, we will give an overview of how S. aureus initiates and maintains infection and discuss the main determinants involved. A more in-depth understanding of the function and contribution of S. aureus virulence determinants to S. aureus infection will enable us to develop anti-virulence strategies to counteract the lack of an anti-S. aureus vaccine and the ever-increasing shortage of working antibiotics against this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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96
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. Baby's skin bacteria: first impressions are long-lasting. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1088-1099. [PMID: 34743922 PMCID: PMC9206859 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early life is a dynamic period for skin microbial colonization and immune development. We postulate that microbial exposures in this period durably alter the skin immune trajectory and later disease susceptibility. Bacteria contribute to infant skin immune imprinting via interactions with microbes as well as with cutaneous epithelial and immune cells. Excellent research is underway at the skin microbiome-immune interface, both in deciphering basic mechanisms and implementing their therapeutic applications. As emphasized herein, focusing on the unique opportunities and challenges presented by microbial immune modulation in early life will be important. In our view, only through dedicated study of skin-microbe crosstalk in this developmental window can we elucidate the molecular underpinnings of pivotal events that contribute to sustained host-microbe symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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97
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Damour A, Robin B, Deroche L, Broutin L, Bellin N, Verdon J, Lina G, Leclère FM, Garcia M, Cremniter J, Lévêque N, Bodet C. Phenol-soluble modulins α are major virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus secretome promoting inflammatory response in human epidermis. Virulence 2021; 12:2474-2492. [PMID: 34516337 PMCID: PMC8451463 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1975909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a skin commensal microorganism commonly colonizing healthy humans. Nevertheless, S. aureus can also be responsible for cutaneous infections and contribute to flare-up of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), which is characterized by dysbiosis of the skin microbiota with S. aureus as the predominant species. However, the role of major virulence factors of this pathogen such as phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) toxins in epidermal inflammation remains poorly understood. Stimulation of primary human keratinocytes with sublytic concentrations of synthetic and purified PSM α3 resulted in upregulation of a large panel of pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine gene expression, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL20, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-36γ and TNF-α, while inducing the release of CXCL8, CCL20, TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, using S. aureus culture supernatant from mutants deleted from genes encoding either α-type PSMs or all PSM production, PSMs were shown to be the main factors of S. aureus secretome responsible for pro-inflammatory mediator induction in human keratinocytes. On the other hand, α-type PSM-containing supernatant triggered an intense induction of pro-inflammatory mediator expression and secretion during both topical and basal layer stimulation of an ex vivo model of human skin explants, a physiologically relevant model of pluristratified epidermis. Taken together, the results of this study show that PSMs and more specifically α-type PSMs are major virulence factors of S. aureus inducing a potent inflammatory response during infection of the human epidermis and could thereby contribute to AD flare-up through exacerbation of skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Damour
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Brandon Robin
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Luc Deroche
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Lauranne Broutin
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire De Bactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Bellin
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Julien Verdon
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gérard Lina
- CIRI Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agent Infectieux, Hôpital de La Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Marie Leclère
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Département de Chirurgie Plastique, Reconstructive et Esthétique, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Julie Cremniter
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire De Bactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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98
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Rebuffat S. Ribosomally synthesized peptides, foreground players in microbial interactions: recent developments and unanswered questions. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:273-310. [PMID: 34755755 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is currently well established that multicellular organisms live in tight association with complex communities of microorganisms including a large number of bacteria. These are immersed in complex interaction networks reflecting the relationships established between them and with host organisms; yet, little is known about the molecules and mechanisms involved in these mutual interactions. Ribosomally synthesized peptides, among which bacterial antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins and microcins have been identified as contributing to host-microbe interplays, are either unmodified or post-translationally modified peptides. This review will unveil current knowledge on these ribosomal peptide-based natural products, their interplay with the host immune system, and their roles in microbial interactions and symbioses. It will include their major structural characteristics and post-translational modifications, the main rules of their maturation pathways, and the principal ecological functions they ensure (communication, signalization, competition), especially in symbiosis, taking select examples in various organisms. Finally, we address unanswered questions and provide a framework for deciphering big issues inspiring future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rebuffat
- Laboratory Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms (MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN), National Museum of Natural History (MNHN), National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier 75005, Paris, France.
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99
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Hülpüsch C, Weins AB, Traidl‐Hoffmann C, Reiger M. A new era of atopic eczema research: Advances and highlights. Allergy 2021; 76:3408-3421. [PMID: 34407212 DOI: 10.1111/all.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disease with involvement of genetic, immunological and environmental factors. One hallmark of AE is a skin barrier disruption on multiple, highly interconnected levels: filaggrin mutations, increased skin pH and a microbiome dysbiosis towards Staphylococcus aureus overgrowth are observed in addition to an abnormal type 2 immune response. Extrinsic factors seem to play a major role in the development of AE. As AE is a first step in the atopic march, its prevention and appropriate treatment are essential. Although standard therapy remains topical treatment, powerful systemic treatment options emerged in the last years. However, thorough endotyping of the individual patients is still required for ideal precision medicine approaches in future. Therefore, novel microbial and immunological biomarkers were described recently for the prediction of disease development and treatment response. This review summarizes the current state of the art in AE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hülpüsch
- Department of Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Andreas B. Weins
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
- ZIEL Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Department of Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
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100
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di Lorenzo R, Bernardi A, Grumetto L, Sacchi A, Avagliano C, Coppola S, de Giovanni di Santa Severina AF, Bruno C, Paparo L, Laneri S, Dini I. Phenylalanine Butyramide Is a New Cosmetic Ingredient with Soothing and Anti-Reddening Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:6611. [PMID: 34771020 PMCID: PMC8586959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin is colonized by diverse commensal microbes, making up the skin microbiota (SM), contributing to skin integrity and homeostasis. Many of the beneficial effects aroused by the SM are exerted by microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyric acid. The SCFAs can be used in cosmetic formulations against skin diseases to protect SM by preserving and/or restoring their natural balance. Unpleasant sensorial properties and unfavorable physico-chemical properties of butyrate strongly limit its cosmetic use. In contrast, some butyrate derivatives, including phenylalanine butyramide (C13H18N2O2, FBA), a solid form of butyric acid, are odorless while retaining the pharmacokinetic properties and safety profile of butyric acid. This study assessed the FBA's permeation across the skin and its soothing and anti-reddening potential to estimate its cosmetic application. The dosage method used to estimate FBA's levels was validated to be sure of analytical results. The FBA diffusion tests were estimated in vitro using a Franz-type vertical diffusion cell. The soothing action was evaluated in vivo by Colorimeter CL400, measuring the erythema index. The results suggest that the FBA represents an innovative way to exploit the benefits of butyric acid in the cosmetic fields since it cannot reach the bloodstream, is odorless, and has a significative soothing action (decrease the erythema index -15.7% after 30', and -17.8% after 60').
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritamaria di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonietta Bernardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonia Sacchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (A.F.d.G.d.S.S.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Fiorenza de Giovanni di Santa Severina
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (A.F.d.G.d.S.S.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Bruno
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (A.F.d.G.d.S.S.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (A.F.d.G.d.S.S.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Irene Dini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.d.L.); (A.B.); (L.G.); (A.S.); (C.A.)
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