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Ramesh D, Joji A, Vijayakumar BG, Sethumadhavan A, Mani M, Kannan T. Indole chalcones: Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Le NH, Locard-Paulet M, Stella A, Tomas N, Molle V, Burlet-Schiltz O, Daffé M, Marrakchi H. The protein kinase PknB negatively regulates biosynthesis and trafficking of mycolic acids in mycobacteria. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1180-1191. [PMID: 32487543 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis and remains one of the most widespread and deadliest bacterial pathogens in the world. A distinguishing feature of mycobacteria that sets them apart from other bacteria is the unique architecture of their cell wall, characterized by various species-specific lipids, most notably mycolic acids (MAs). Therefore, targeted inhibition of enzymes involved in MA biosynthesis, transport, and assembly has been extensively explored in drug discovery. Additionally, more recent evidence suggests that many enzymes in the MA biosynthesis pathway are regulated by kinase-mediated phosphorylation, thus opening additional drug-development opportunities. However, how phosphorylation regulates MA production remains unclear. Here, we used genetic strategies combined with lipidomics and phosphoproteomics approaches to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in Mycobacterium The results of this analysis revealed that the Ser/Thr protein kinase PknB regulates the export of MAs and promotes the remodeling of the mycobacterial cell envelope. In particular, we identified the essential MmpL3 as a substrate negatively regulated by PknB. Taken together, our findings add to the understanding of how PknB activity affects the mycobacterial MA biosynthesis pathway and reveal the essential role of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in governing lipid metabolism, paving the way for novel antimycobacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Hung Le
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Locard-Paulet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Stella
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Tomas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5235, Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Touitou M, Manetti F, Ribeiro CM, Pavan FR, Scalacci N, Zrebna K, Begum N, Semenya D, Gupta A, Bhakta S, McHugh TD, Senderowitz H, Kyriazi M, Castagnolo D. Improving the Potency of N-Aryl-2,5-dimethylpyrroles against Multidrug-Resistant and Intracellular Mycobacteria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:638-644. [PMID: 32435364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-phenyl-2,5-dimethylpyrrole derivatives, designed as hybrids of the antitubercular agents BM212 and SQ109, have been synthesized and evaluated against susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria strains. Compound 5d, bearing a cyclohexylmethylene side chain, showed high potency against M. tuberculosis including MDR-TB strains at submicromolar concentrations. The new compound shows bacteriostatic activity and low toxicity and proved to be effective against intracellular mycobacteria too, showing an activity profile similar to isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Touitou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Camila Maringolo Ribeiro
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jau, km1, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogerio Pavan
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jau, km1, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Scalacci
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Katarina Zrebna
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Neelu Begum
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Dorothy Semenya
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Antima Gupta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Melina Kyriazi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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Rainczuk AK, Klatt S, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Brammananth R, McConville MJ, Coppel RL, Crellin PK. MtrP, a putative methyltransferase in Corynebacteria, is required for optimal membrane transport of trehalose mycolates. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6108-6119. [PMID: 32217691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria of the genera Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium cause severe human diseases such as tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae). The cells of these species are surrounded by protective cell walls rich in long-chain mycolic acids. These fatty acids are conjugated to the disaccharide trehalose on the cytoplasmic side of the bacterial cell membrane. They are then transported across the membrane to the periplasm where they act as donors for other reactions. We have previously shown that transient acetylation of the glycolipid trehalose monohydroxycorynomycolate (hTMCM) enables its efficient transport to the periplasm in Corynebacterium glutamicum and that acetylation is mediated by the membrane protein TmaT. Here, we show that a putative methyltransferase, encoded at the same genetic locus as TmaT, is also required for optimal hTMCM transport. Deletion of the C. glutamicum gene NCgl2764 (Rv0224c in M. tuberculosis) abolished acetyltrehalose monocorynomycolate (AcTMCM) synthesis, leading to accumulation of hTMCM in the inner membrane and delaying its conversion to trehalose dihydroxycorynomycolate (h2TDCM). Complementation with NCgl2764 normalized turnover of hTMCM to h2TDCM. In contrast, complementation with NCgl2764 derivatives mutated at residues essential for methyltransferase activity failed to rectify the defect, suggesting that NCgl2764/Rv0224c encodes a methyltransferase, designated here as MtrP. Comprehensive analyses of the individual mtrP and tmaT mutants and of a double mutant revealed strikingly similar changes across several lipid classes compared with WT bacteria. These findings indicate that both MtrP and TmaT have nonredundant roles in regulating AcTMCM synthesis, revealing additional complexity in the regulation of trehalose mycolate transport in the Corynebacterineae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arek K Rainczuk
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephan Klatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rajini Brammananth
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Paul K Crellin
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:329-364. [PMID: 32152527 PMCID: PMC7223789 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and effective antibacterial drugs to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially Gram-negative (G−ve) pathogens, is acknowledged as one of the world’s most pressing health issues; however, the discovery and development of new, nontoxic antibacterials is not a straightforward scientific task, which is compounded by a challenging economic model. This review lists the antibacterials, β-lactamase/β-lactam inhibitor (BLI) combinations, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) first launched around the world since 2009 and details the seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/BLI combinations launched since 2016. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, lead source, and administration route for the 44 small molecule antibacterials, eight β-lactamase/BLI combinations, and one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being evaluated in worldwide clinical trials at the end of October 2019 are described. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2016 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed. There has been an increase in the number of early stage clinical candidates, which has been fueled by antibiotic-focused funding agencies; however, there is still a significant gap in the pipeline for the development of new antibacterials with activity against β-metallolactamases, orally administered with broad spectrum G−ve activity, and new treatments for MDR Acinetobacter and gonorrhea.
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56
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Multitargeting Compounds: A Promising Strategy to Overcome Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051239. [PMID: 32182964 PMCID: PMC7179463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still an urgent global health problem, mainly due to the spread of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains, which lead to the need of new more efficient drugs. A strategy to overcome the problem of the resistance insurgence could be the polypharmacology approach, to develop single molecules that act on different targets. Polypharmacology could have features that make it an approach more effective than the classical polypharmacy, in which different drugs with high affinity for one target are taken together. Firstly, for a compound that has multiple targets, the probability of development of resistance should be considerably reduced. Moreover, such compounds should have higher efficacy, and could show synergic effects. Lastly, the use of a single molecule should be conceivably associated with a lower risk of side effects, and problems of drug–drug interaction. Indeed, the multitargeting approach for the development of novel antitubercular drugs have gained great interest in recent years. This review article aims to provide an overview of the most recent and promising multitargeting antitubercular drug candidates.
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57
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Ma S, Huang Y, Xie F, Gong Z, Zhang Y, Stojkoska A, Xie J. Transport mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL/S family proteins and implications in pharmaceutical targeting. Biol Chem 2020; 401:331-348. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a serious threat to public health. The M. tuberculosis cell envelope is closely related to its virulence and drug resistance. Mycobacterial membrane large proteins (MmpL) are lipid-transporting proteins of the efflux pump resistance nodulation cell division (RND) superfamily with lipid substrate specificity and non-transport lipid function. Mycobacterial membrane small proteins (MmpS) are small regulatory proteins, and they are also responsible for some virulence-related effects as accessory proteins of MmpL. The MmpL transporters are the candidate targets for the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs. This article summarizes the structure, function, phylogenetics of M. tuberculosis MmpL/S proteins and their roles in host immune response, inhibitors and regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Fuling Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Andrea Stojkoska
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
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58
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Alsayed SSR, Lun S, Luna G, Beh CC, Payne AD, Foster N, Bishai WR, Gunosewoyo H. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel arylcarboxamide derivatives as anti-tubercular agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7523-7540. [PMID: 33014349 PMCID: PMC7497412 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has previously reported several indolecarboxamides exhibiting potent antitubercular activity. Herein, we rationally designed several arylcarboxamides based on our previously reported homology model and the recently published crystal structure of the mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3). Many analogues showed considerable anti-TB activity against drug-sensitive (DS) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) strain. Naphthamide derivatives 13c and 13d were the most active compounds in our study (MIC: 6.55, 7.11 μM, respectively), showing comparable potency to the first line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug ethambutol (MIC: 4.89 μM). In addition to the naphthamide derivatives, we also identified the quinolone-2-carboxamides and 4-arylthiazole-2-carboxamides as potential MmpL3 inhibitors in which compounds 8i and 18b had MIC values of 9.97 and 9.82 μM, respectively. All four compounds retained their high activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) M. tb strains. It is worth noting that the two most active compounds 13c and 13d also exhibited the highest selective activity towards DS, MDR and XDR M. tb strains over mammalian cells [IC50 (Vero cells) ≥ 227 μM], indicating their potential lack of cytotoxicity. The four compounds were docked into the MmpL3 active site and were studied for their drug-likeness using Lipinski's rule of five. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of arylcarboxamide derivatives based on an antimycobacterial indole-2-carboxamide scaffold. The most active compounds demonstrated activities against MDR and XDR M. tb strains.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Shichun Lun
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550, Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1044, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Chau Chun Beh
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Neil Foster
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550, Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1044, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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Promiscuous Targets for Antitubercular Drug Discovery: The Paradigm of DprE1 and MmpL3. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-drug resistant strains still represent a great global health threat, leading to an urgent need for novel anti-tuberculosis drugs. Indeed, in the last years, several efforts have been made in this direction, through a number of high-throughput screenings campaigns, which allowed for the identification of numerous hit compounds and novel targets. Interestingly, several independent screening assays identified the same proteins as the target of different compounds, and for this reason, they were named “promiscuous” targets. These proteins include DprE1, MmpL3, QcrB and Psk13, and are involved in the key pathway for M. tuberculosis survival, thus they should represent an Achilles’ heel which could be exploited for the development of novel effective drugs. Indeed, among the last molecules which entered clinical trials, four inhibit a promiscuous target. Within this review, the two most promising promiscuous targets, the oxidoreductase DprE1 involved in arabinogalactan synthesis and the mycolic acid transporter MmpL3 are discussed, along with the latest advancements in the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity.
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60
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Zhang B, Li J, Yang X, Wu L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yang X, Yang X, Cheng X, Liu Z, Jiang B, Jiang H, Guddat LW, Yang H, Rao Z. Crystal Structures of Membrane Transporter MmpL3, an Anti-TB Drug Target. Cell 2019; 176:636-648.e13. [PMID: 30682372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive efforts to discover highly effective treatments to eradicate tuberculosis (TB), it remains as a major threat to global human health. For this reason, new TB drugs directed toward new targets are highly coveted. MmpLs (Mycobacterial membrane proteins Large), which play crucial roles in transporting lipids, polymers and immunomodulators and which also extrude therapeutic drugs, are among the most important therapeutic drug targets to emerge in recent times. Here, crystal structures of mycobacterial MmpL3 alone and in complex with four TB drug candidates, including SQ109 (in Phase 2b-3 clinical trials), are reported. MmpL3 consists of a periplasmic pore domain and a twelve-helix transmembrane domain. Two Asp-Tyr pairs centrally located in this domain appear to be key facilitators of proton-translocation. SQ109, AU1235, ICA38, and rimonabant bind inside the transmembrane region and disrupt these Asp-Tyr pairs. This structural data will greatly advance the development of MmpL3 inhibitors as new TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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61
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Dal Molin M, Selchow P, Schäfle D, Tschumi A, Ryckmans T, Laage-Witt S, Sander P. Identification of novel scaffolds targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1601-1613. [PMID: 31728550 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is relentlessly progressing while only a handful of novel drug candidates are developed. Here we describe a GFP-based high-throughput screening of 386,496 diverse compounds to identify putative tuberculosis drug candidates. In an exploratory analysis of the model organism M. bovis BCG and M. smegmatis and the subsequent screening of the main library, we identified 6354 compounds with anti-mycobacterial activity. These hit compounds were predominantly selective for mycobacteria while dozens had activity in the low μM range. We tested toxicity against the human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1 and elaborated activity against M. tuberculosis growing in liquid broth, under unique conditions such as non-replicating persistence or inhibition of M. tuberculosis residing in macrophages. Finally, spontaneous compound-resistant M. tuberculosis mutants were selected and subsequently analyzed by whole genome sequencing. In addition to compounds targeting the well-described proteins Pks13 and MmpL3, we identified two novel scaffolds targeting the bifunctional guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase/ polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase GpsI, or interacting with the aminopeptidase PepB, a probable pro-drug activator. KEY MESSAGES: A newly identified scaffold targets the bifunctional enzyme GpsI. The aminopeptidase PepB is interacting with a second novel scaffold. Phenotypic screenings regularly identify novel compounds targeting Pks13 and MmpL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dal Molin
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Selchow
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schäfle
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tschumi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ryckmans
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Laage-Witt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland.
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62
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Dulberger CL, Rubin EJ, Boutte CC. The mycobacterial cell envelope - a moving target. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 18:47-59. [PMID: 31728063 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the leading cause of death due to infection, has a dynamic and immunomodulatory cell envelope. The cell envelope structurally and functionally varies across the length of the cell and during the infection process. This variability allows the bacterium to manipulate the human immune system, tolerate antibiotic treatment and adapt to the variable host environment. Much of what we know about the mycobacterial cell envelope has been gleaned from model actinobacterial species, or model conditions such as growth in vitro, in macrophages and in the mouse. In this Review, we combine data from different experimental systems to build a model of the dynamics of the mycobacterial cell envelope across space and time. We describe the regulatory pathways that control metabolism of the cell wall and surface lipids in M. tuberculosis during growth and stasis, and speculate about how this regulation might affect antibiotic susceptibility and interactions with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Dulberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara C Boutte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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63
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Synthesis, biology, computational studies and in vitro controlled release of new isoniazid-based adamantane derivatives. Future Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: There is a necessity for new drugs to be more efficient than today's standard due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Results/methodology: 12 new isoniazid-based adamantane derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antitubercular activity. The pharmacological test results and the aqueous dissolution profile of representative examples of the new molecules are in agreement with the computational results obtained from docking poses and molecular dynamics simulations on the tested compounds. Conclusion: Among their congeners, the adamantane isonicotinoyl hydrazones Ia and Ih exhibit the best antitubercular activity (MIC = 0.04 μg/ml) and the lowest cytotoxicity (selectivity index ≥2500). These results are useful for in future in vivo studies.
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64
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Dupont C, Chen Y, Xu Z, Roquet-Banères F, Blaise M, Witt AK, Dubar F, Biot C, Guérardel Y, Maurer FP, Chng SS, Kremer L. A piperidinol-containing molecule is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting the mycolic acid flippase activity of MmpL3. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17512-17523. [PMID: 31562241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a major human pathogen, and current treatment options to combat this disease are under threat because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. High-throughput whole-cell screening of an extensive compound library has recently identified a piperidinol-containing molecule, PIPD1, as a potent lead compound against M. tuberculosis Herein, we show that PIPD1 and related analogs exert in vitro bactericidal activity against the M. tuberculosis strain mc26230 and also against a panel of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, suggesting that PIPD1's mode of action differs from those of most first- and second-line anti-tubercular drugs. Selection and DNA sequencing of PIPD1-resistant mycobacterial mutants revealed the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in mmpL3, encoding an inner membrane-associated mycolic acid flippase in M. tuberculosis Results from functional assays with spheroplasts derived from a M. smegmatis strain lacking the endogenous mmpL3 gene but harboring the M. tuberculosis mmpL3 homolog indicated that PIPD1 inhibits the MmpL3-driven translocation of trehalose monomycolate across the inner membrane without altering the proton motive force. Using a predictive structural model of MmpL3 from M. tuberculosis, docking studies revealed a PIPD1-binding cavity recently found to accommodate different inhibitors in M. smegmatis MmpL3. In conclusion, our findings have uncovered bactericidal activity of a new chemical scaffold. Its anti-tubercular activity is mediated by direct inhibition of the flippase activity of MmpL3 rather than by inhibition of the inner membrane proton motive force, significantly advancing our understanding of MmpL3-targeted inhibition in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dupont
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Yushu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhujun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Françoise Roquet-Banères
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Kathrin Witt
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Faustine Dubar
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Biot
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Florian P Maurer
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France .,INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
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65
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Identification of New MmpL3 Inhibitors by Untargeted and Targeted Mutant Screens Defines MmpL3 Domains with Differential Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00547-19. [PMID: 31405862 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00547-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolate flippase MmpL3 has been the proposed target for multiple inhibitors with diverse chemical scaffolds. This diversity in chemical scaffolds has made it difficult to predict compounds that inhibit MmpL3 without whole-genome sequencing of isolated resistant mutants. Here, we describe the identification of four new inhibitors that select for resistance mutations in mmpL3. Using these resistant mutants, we conducted a targeted whole-cell phenotypic screen of 163 novel M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors for differential growth inhibition of wild-type M. tuberculosis compared to the growth of a pool of 24 unique mmpL3 mutants. The screen successfully identified six additional putative MmpL3 inhibitors. The compounds were bactericidal both in vitro and against intracellular M. tuberculosis M. tuberculosis cells treated with these compounds were shown to accumulate trehalose monomycolates, have reduced levels of trehalose dimycolate, and displace an MmpL3-specific probe, supporting MmpL3 as the target. The inhibitors were mycobacterium specific, with several also showing activity against the nontuberculous mycobacterial species M. abscessus Cluster analysis of cross-resistance profiles generated by dose-response experiments for each combination of 13 MmpL3 inhibitors against each of the 24 mmpL3 mutants defined two clades of inhibitors and two clades of mmpL3 mutants. Pairwise combination studies of the inhibitors revealed interactions that were specific to the clades identified in the cross-resistance profiling. Additionally, modeling of resistance-conferring substitutions to the MmpL3 crystal structure revealed clade-specific localization of the residues to specific domains of MmpL3, with the clades showing differential resistance. Several compounds exhibited high solubility and stability in microsomes and low cytotoxicity in macrophages, supporting their further development. The combined study of multiple mutants and novel compounds provides new insights into structure-function interactions of MmpL3 and small-molecule inhibitors.
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66
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1 H-Benzo[ d]Imidazole Derivatives Affect MmpL3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00441-19. [PMID: 31332069 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00441-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives exhibit antitubercular activity in vitro at a nanomolar range of concentrations and are not toxic to human cells, but their mode of action remains unknown. Here, we showed that these compounds are active against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis To identify their target, we selected drug-resistant M. tuberculosis mutants and then used whole-genome sequencing to unravel mutations in the essential mmpL3 gene, which encodes the integral membrane protein that catalyzes the export of trehalose monomycolate, a precursor of the mycobacterial outer membrane component trehalose dimycolate (TDM), as well as mycolic acids bound to arabinogalactan. The drug-resistant phenotype was also observed in the parental strain overexpressing the mmpL3 alleles carrying the mutations identified in the resistors. However, no cross-resistance was observed between 1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives and SQ109, another MmpL3 inhibitor, or other first-line antitubercular drugs. Metabolic labeling and quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of radiolabeled lipids from M. tuberculosis cultures treated with the benzoimidazoles indicated an inhibition of trehalose dimycolate (TDM) synthesis, as well as reduced levels of mycolylated arabinogalactan, in agreement with the inhibition of MmpL3 activity. Overall, this study emphasizes the pronounced activity of 1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives in interfering with mycolic acid metabolism and their potential for therapeutic application in the fight against tuberculosis.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major issue in global health and affects millions of people each year. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) annually causes many deaths worldwide. Development of a way to diagnose and treat patients with MDR-TB can potentially reduce the incidence of the disease. The current study reviews the risk factors, pattern of progression, mechanism of resistance, and interaction between bacteria and the host immune system, which disrupts the immune response. It also targets the components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and diagnosis and treatment options that could be available for clinical use in the near future. Mutations play an important role in development of MDR-TB and the selection of appropriate mutations can help to understand the type of resistance in patients to anti-TB drugs. In this way, they can be initially treated with proper and effective therapeutic choices, which can accelerate the course of treatment and improve patient health. Targeting the components and enzymes of Mtb is necessary for understanding bacterial survival and finding a way to destroy the pathogen and allow patients to recover faster and prevent the spread of disease, especially resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Faridgohar
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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68
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Ballinger E, Mosior J, Hartman T, Burns-Huang K, Gold B, Morris R, Goullieux L, Blanc I, Vaubourgeix J, Lagrange S, Fraisse L, Sans S, Couturier C, Bacqué E, Rhee K, Scarry SM, Aubé J, Yang G, Ouerfelli O, Schnappinger D, Ioerger TR, Engelhart CA, McConnell JA, McAulay K, Fay A, Roubert C, Sacchettini J, Nathan C. Opposing reactions in coenzyme A metabolism sensitize Mycobacterium tuberculosis to enzyme inhibition. Science 2019; 363:363/6426/eaau8959. [PMID: 30705156 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading infectious cause of death in humans. Synthesis of lipids critical for Mtb's cell wall and virulence depends on phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PptT), an enzyme that transfers 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppt) from coenzyme A (CoA) to diverse acyl carrier proteins. We identified a compound that kills Mtb by binding and partially inhibiting PptT. Killing of Mtb by the compound is potentiated by another enzyme encoded in the same operon, Ppt hydrolase (PptH), that undoes the PptT reaction. Thus, loss-of-function mutants of PptH displayed antimicrobial resistance. Our PptT-inhibitor cocrystal structure may aid further development of antimycobacterial agents against this long-sought target. The opposing reactions of PptT and PptH uncover a regulatory pathway in CoA physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ballinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Mosior
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Travis Hartman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roxanne Morris
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Goullieux
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Blanc
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Julien Vaubourgeix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Lagrange
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Laurent Fraisse
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Stéphanie Sans
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Cedric Couturier
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Eric Bacqué
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah M Scarry
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guangbin Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas R Ioerger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Curtis A Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathrine McAulay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison Fay
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Roubert
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - James Sacchettini
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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69
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Mabhula A, Singh V. Drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: where we stand. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1342-1360. [PMID: 31534654 PMCID: PMC6748343 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has burdened vulnerable populations in modern day societies for decades. Recently, this global health threat has been heightened by the emergence and propagation of multi drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mtb that are resistant to current treatment regimens. The End-TB strategy, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO), aims to reduce TB-related deaths by 90%. This program encourages universal access to drug susceptibility testing, which is not widely available owing to the lack of laboratory capacity or resources in certain under-resourced areas. Clinical assays are further complicated by the slow growth of Mtb, resulting in the long turn-around time of tests which severely limits their application in guiding a patient's treatment regimen. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current TB treatments, mechanisms of resistance to anti-tubercular drugs and their diagnosis and the current pipeline of drugs targeting drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) with particular attention paid to ways in which drug-resistance is combated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mabhula
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit , Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa .
| | - Vinayak Singh
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit , Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa .
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) , Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa
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70
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Utilization of CRISPR Interference To Validate MmpL3 as a Drug Target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00629-19. [PMID: 31160289 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00629-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel therapeutics to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Genetic strategies for validating novel targets are available, yet their time-consuming nature limits their utility. Here, using MmpL3 as a model target, we report on the application of mycobacterial CRISPR interference for the rapid validation of target essentiality and compound mode of action. This strategy has the potential to rapidly accelerate tuberculosis drug discovery.
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71
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Campaniço A, Carrasco MP, Njoroge M, Seldon R, Chibale K, Perdigão J, Portugal I, Warner DF, Moreira R, Lopes F. Azaaurones as Potent Antimycobacterial Agents Active against MDR- and XDR-TB. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1537-1546. [PMID: 31294529 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the screening of a small library of aurones and their isosteric counterparts, azaaurones and N-acetylazaaurones, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aurones were found to be inactive at 20 μm, whereas azaaurones and N-acetylazaaurones emerged as the most potent compounds, with nine derivatives displaying MIC99 values ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 μm. In addition, several N-acetylazaaurones were found to be active against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. The antimycobacterial mechanism of action of these compounds remains to be determined; however, a preliminary mechanistic study confirmed that they do not inhibit the mycobacterial cytochrome bc1 complex. Additionally, microsomal metabolic stability and metabolite identification studies revealed that N-acetylazaaurones are deacetylated to their azaaurone counterparts. Overall, these results demonstrate that azaaurones and their N-acetyl counterparts represent a new entry in the toolbox of chemotypes capable of inhibiting M. tuberculosis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Campaniço
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta P Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ronnett Seldon
- Department of Chemistry, South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - João Perdigão
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Digby F Warner
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisca Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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Advancing the Therapeutic Potential of Indoleamides for Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00343-19. [PMID: 31010860 PMCID: PMC6591635 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00343-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-2-carboxamide derivatives are inhibitors of MmpL3, the cell wall-associated mycolic acid transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the present study, we characterized indoleamide effects on bacterial cell morphology and reevaluated pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy using an optimized oral formulation. Indole-2-carboxamide derivatives are inhibitors of MmpL3, the cell wall-associated mycolic acid transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the present study, we characterized indoleamide effects on bacterial cell morphology and reevaluated pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy using an optimized oral formulation. Morphologically, indoleamide-treated M. tuberculosis cells demonstrated significantly higher numbers of dimples near the poles or septum, which may serve as the mechanism of cell death for this bactericidal scaffold. Using the optimized formulation, an expanded-spectrum indoleamide, compound 2, showed significantly improved pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and in vivo efficacy in mouse infection models. In a comparative study, compound 2 showed superior efficacy over compound 3 (NITD-304) in a high-dose aerosol mouse infection model. Since indoleamides are equally active on drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this novel scaffold for the treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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73
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Li W, Stevens CM, Pandya AN, Darzynkiewicz Z, Bhattarai P, Tong W, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, North EJ, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M. Direct Inhibition of MmpL3 by Novel Antitubercular Compounds. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1001-1012. [PMID: 30882198 PMCID: PMC6580365 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
MmpL3, an essential transporter involved in the export of mycolic acids, is the proposed target of a number of antimycobacterial inhibitors under development. Whether MmpL3 serves as the direct target of these compounds, however, has been called into question after the discovery that some of them dissipated the proton motive force from which MmpL transporters derive their energy. Using a combination of in vitro and whole-cell-based approaches, we here provide evidence that five structurally distinct MmpL3 inhibitor series, three of which impact proton motive force in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, directly interact with MmpL3. Medium- to high-throughput assays based on these approaches were developed to facilitate the future screening and optimization of MmpL3 inhibitors. The promiscuity of MmpL3 as a drug target and the mechanisms through which missense mutations located in a transmembrane region of this transporter may confer cross-resistance to a variety of chemical scaffolds are discussed in light of the exquisite vulnerability of MmpL3, its apparent mechanisms of interaction with inhibitors, and evidence of conformational changes induced both by the inhibitors and one of the most commonly identified resistance mutations in MmpL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Amitkumar N. Pandya
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Pankaj Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - E. Jeffrey North
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Opportunities for Overcoming Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Resistance: Emerging Mycobacterial Targets and Host-Directed Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122868. [PMID: 31212777 PMCID: PMC6627145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing incidence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections has invigorated the focus on the discovery and development of novel treatment options. The discovery and investigation of essential mycobacterial targets is of utmost importance. In addition to the discovery of novel targets, focusing on non-lethal pathways and the use of host-directed therapies has gained interest. These adjunctive treatment options could not only lead to increased antibiotic susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but also have the potential to avoid the emergence of drug resistance. Host-directed therapies, on the other hand, can also reduce the associated lung pathology and improve disease outcome. This review will provide an outline of recent opportunities.
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75
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MmpL3 is a lipid transporter that binds trehalose monomycolate and phosphatidylethanolamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11241-11246. [PMID: 31113875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901346116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is notable for the abundance of mycolic acids (MAs), essential to mycobacterial viability, and of other species-specific lipids. The mycobacterial cell envelope is extremely hydrophobic, which contributes to virulence and antibiotic resistance. However, exactly how fatty acids and lipidic elements are transported across the cell envelope for cell-wall biosynthesis is unclear. Mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3 (MmpL3) is essential and required for transport of trehalose monomycolates (TMMs), precursors of MA-containing trehalose dimycolates (TDM) and mycolyl arabinogalactan peptidoglycan, but the exact function of MmpL3 remains elusive. Here, we report a crystal structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis MmpL3 at a resolution of 2.59 Å, revealing a monomeric molecule that is structurally distinct from all known bacterial membrane proteins. A previously unknown MmpL3 ligand, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), was discovered inside this transporter. We also show, via native mass spectrometry, that MmpL3 specifically binds both TMM and PE, but not TDM, in the micromolar range. These observations provide insight into the function of MmpL3 and suggest a possible role for this protein in shuttling a variety of lipids to strengthen the mycobacterial cell wall.
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76
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Melly G, Purdy GE. MmpL Proteins in Physiology and Pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030070. [PMID: 30841535 PMCID: PMC6463170 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains an important human pathogen. The Mtb cell envelope is a critical bacterial structure that contributes to virulence and pathogenicity. Mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins export bulky, hydrophobic substrates that are essential for the unique structure of the cell envelope and directly support the ability of Mtb to infect and persist in the host. This review summarizes recent investigations that have enabled insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying MmpL substrate export and the role that these substrates play during Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Melly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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77
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Jeon AB, Ackart DF, Li W, Jackson M, Melander RJ, Melander C, Abramovitch RB, Chicco AJ, Basaraba RJ, Obregón-Henao A. 2-aminoimidazoles collapse mycobacterial proton motive force and block the electron transport chain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1513. [PMID: 30728417 PMCID: PMC6365497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new drugs against tuberculosis. In particular, it is critical to target drug tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), responsible, in part, for the lengthy antibiotic regimen required for treatment. We previously postulated that the presence of in vivo biofilm-like communities of M. tuberculosis could contribute to this drug tolerance. Consistent with this hypothesis, certain 2-aminoimidazole (2-AIs) molecules with anti-biofilm activity were shown to revert mycobacterial drug tolerance in an in vitro M. tuberculosis biofilm model. While exploring their mechanism of action, it was serendipitously observed that these 2-AI molecules also potentiated β-lactam antibiotics by affecting mycobacterial protein secretion and lipid export. As these two bacterial processes are energy-dependent, herein it was evaluated if 2-AI compounds affect mycobacterial bioenergetics. At low concentrations, 2B8, the lead 2-AI compound, collapsed both components of the proton motive force, similar to other cationic amphiphiles. Interestingly, however, the minimum inhibitory concentration of 2B8 against M. tuberculosis correlated with a higher drug concentration determined to interfere with the mycobacterial electron transport chain. Collectively, this study elucidates the mechanism of action of 2-AIs against M. tuberculosis, providing a tool to better understand mycobacterial bioenergetics and develop compounds with improved anti-mycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Byungyun Jeon
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - David F Ackart
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Randall J Basaraba
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
| | - Andrés Obregón-Henao
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
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78
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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79
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Machado D, Lecorche E, Mougari F, Cambau E, Viveiros M. Insights on Mycobacterium leprae Efflux Pumps and Their Implications in Drug Resistance and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3072. [PMID: 30619157 PMCID: PMC6300501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae is assumed to be due to genetic alterations in the drug targets and reduced cell wall permeability. However, as observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, drug resistance may also result from the overactivity of efflux systems, which is mostly unexplored. In this perspective, we discuss known efflux pumps involved in M. tuberculosis drug resistance and virulence and investigate similar regions in the genome of M. leprae. In silico analysis reveals that the major M. tuberculosis efflux pumps known to be associated with drug resistance and virulence have been retained during the reductive evolutionary process that M. leprae underwent, e.g., RND superfamily, the ABC transporter BacA, and the MFS P55. However, some are absent (DinF, MATE) while others are derepressed (Mmr, SMR) in M. leprae reflecting the specific environment where M. leprae may live. The occurrence of several multidrug resistance efflux transporters shared between M. leprae and M. tuberculosis reveals potential implications in drug resistance and virulence. The conservation of the described efflux systems in M. leprae upon genome reduction indicates that these systems are potentially required for its intracellular survival and lifestyle. They potentially are involved in M. leprae drug resistance, which could hamper leprosy treatment success. Studying M. leprae efflux pumps as new drug targets is useful for future leprosy therapeutics, enhancing the global efforts to eradicate endemic leprosy, and prevent the emergence of drug resistance in afflicted countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Lecorche
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM IAME UMR1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Faiza Mougari
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM IAME UMR1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambau
- Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland.,Université Paris Diderot, INSERM IAME UMR1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
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80
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Guardia A, Baiget J, Cacho M, Pérez A, Ortega-Guerra M, Nxumalo W, Khanye SD, Rullas J, Ortega F, Jiménez E, Pérez-Herrán E, Fraile-Gabaldón MT, Esquivias J, Fernández R, Porras-De Francisco E, Encinas L, Alonso M, Giordano I, Rivero C, Miguel-Siles J, Osende JG, Badiola KA, Rutledge PJ, Todd MH, Remuiñán M, Alemparte C. Easy-To-Synthesize Spirocyclic Compounds Possess Remarkable in Vivo Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11327-11340. [PMID: 30457865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Society urgently needs new, effective medicines for the treatment of tuberculosis. To kick-start the required hit-to-lead campaigns, the libraries of pharmaceutical companies have recently been evaluated for starting points. The GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) library yielded many high-quality hits, and the associated data were placed in the public domain to stimulate engagement by the wider community. One such series, the spiro compounds, are described here. The compounds were explored by a combination of traditional in-house research and open source methods. The series benefits from a particularly simple structure and a short associated synthetic chemistry route. Many members of the series displayed striking potency and low toxicity, and highly promising in vivo activity in a mouse model was confirmed with one of the analogues. Ultimately the series was discontinued due to concerns over safety, but the associated data remain public domain, empowering others to resume the series if the perceived deficiencies can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guardia
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jessica Baiget
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Mónica Cacho
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Arancha Pérez
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Montserrat Ortega-Guerra
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Winston Nxumalo
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Joaquín Rullas
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fátima Ortega
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Herrán
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Jorge Esquivias
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esther Porras-De Francisco
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Lourdes Encinas
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Alonso
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ilaria Giordano
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Cristina Rivero
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Miguel-Siles
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Javier G Osende
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Katrina A Badiola
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia.,School of Pharmacy , University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square , London WC1N 1AX , U.K
| | - Modesto Remuiñán
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlos Alemparte
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
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81
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Shetty A, Xu Z, Lakshmanan U, Hill J, Choong ML, Chng SS, Yamada Y, Poulsen A, Dick T, Gengenbacher M. Novel Acetamide Indirectly Targets Mycobacterial Transporter MmpL3 by Proton Motive Force Disruption. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2960. [PMID: 30564212 PMCID: PMC6289072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope biosynthesis, we employed a two-step approach. First, we screened the diverse synthetic small molecule 71,544-compound Enamine library for growth inhibitors using the non-pathogenic surrogate Mycobacterium bovis BCG as screening strain and turbidity as readout. Second, 16 confirmed hits were tested for their ability to induce the cell envelope stress responsive promoter piniBAC controlling expression of red fluorescent protein in an M. bovis BCG reporter strain. Using a fluorescence readout, the acetamide E11 was identified. Resistant mutant selection and whole genome sequencing revealed the mycolic acid transporter Mmpl3 as a candidate target of E11. Biochemical analysis using mycobacterial spheroplasts and various membrane assays suggest that E11 indirectly inhibits MmpL3-facilitated translocation of trehalose monomycolates by proton motive force disruption. E11 showed potent bactericidal activity against growing and non-growing M. tuberculosis, low cytotoxic, and hemolytic activity and a dynamic structure activity relationship. In addition to activity against M. tuberculosis, E11 was active against the non-tuberculous mycobacterium M. abscessus, an emerging opportunistic pathogen. In conclusion, we identified a novel bactericidal anti-mycobacterial lead compound targeting MmpL3 providing an attractive starting point for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annanya Shetty
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Antimicrobial Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhujun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Center, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Center for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Center, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Antimicrobial Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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82
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Computational studies on N-phenyl pyrrole derivatives as MmpL3 inhibitors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 78:81-94. [PMID: 30500556 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fight against tuberculosis (TB) is a time immemorial one and the emergence of new drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis keeps throwing new challenges to the scientific community immersed in finding mechanisms to control this dreaded disease. Computer aided drug designing (CADD) is one of the several approaches that can assist in identifying the potent actives against Mycobacterium. In this work, a series of 109 known Mycobacterial membrane proteins large 3 (MmpL3) inhibitors were pooled and atom based 3D QSAR analysis was performed to understand the structural features essential for inhibitory activity against the MmpL3, known to be a key player in transporting substances critical for cell wall integrity of Mycobacterium. The data set employed was randomly split into training set and test set molecules. The training set of 74 molecules was used to derive CoMFA and CoMSIA models that were statistically reliable (CoMFA: q2loo = 0.53; r2ncv = 0.93 and CoMSIA: q2loo = 0.60; r2ncv = 0.93). The derived models also exhibited good external predictive ability (CoMFA: r2pred = 0.78 and CoMSIA: r2pred = 0.79). The results are quite encouraging and information derived from these analyses was applied to design new molecules. The designed molecule showed appreciable predicted activity values and reasonably good ADMET profile. The strategy used in designing new molecules can be pursued in the hunt for new chemical entities targeting MmpL3, expanding the existing arsenal against TB.
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83
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Lee BY, Clemens DL, Silva A, Dillon BJ, Masleša-Galić S, Nava S, Ho CM, Horwitz MA. Ultra-rapid near universal TB drug regimen identified via parabolic response surface platform cures mice of both conventional and high susceptibility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207469. [PMID: 30427938 PMCID: PMC6235396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As current treatment of tuberculosis is burdensomely long, provoking non-adherence and drug resistance, effective short-course treatments are needed. Using the output-driven parabolic response surface (PRS) platform, we have identified drug regimens that treat tuberculosis more rapidly in mice than the current Standard Regimen used in humans. We show that PRS Regimen III, comprising clofazimine, SQ109, bedaquiline and pyrazinamide, rapidly sterilizes the lung both in conventionally studied BALB/c mice and in C3HeB/FeJ mice, highly susceptible mice that develop massive necrotic granulomatous lung lesions akin to those in humans, achieving relapse-free cure in only 4 weeks (p<0.0001 versus Standard Regimen). In contrast, the Standard Regimen required 16 weeks to attain lung culture negative status and 20 weeks to achieve relapse-free cure. Thus, PRS Regimen III dramatically cuts by ~80% the time to relapse-free cure in mouse tuberculosis models. PRS Regimen III, with three nonstandard drugs, can potentially treat both drug-sensitive and most drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yu Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Clemens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aleidy Silva
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Jane Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Saša Masleša-Galić
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Susana Nava
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus A. Horwitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Optimized Background Regimen for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis with the Next-Generation Benzothiazinone Macozinone (PBTZ169). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00840-18. [PMID: 30126954 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00840-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the standardized four-drug regimen (comprising isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is menaced by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Intensive efforts have been made to develop new antibiotics or to repurpose old drugs, and several of these are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their antitubercular activity. Among the new candidate drugs is macozinone (MCZ), the piperazine-containing benzothiazinone PBTZ169, which is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we determined the in vitro and in vivo activity of MCZ in combination with a range of anti-TB drugs in order to design a new regimen against active TB. Two-drug combinations with MCZ were tested against M. tuberculosis using checkerboard and CFU enumeration after drug exposure assays. MCZ was observed to have no interactions with all first- and second-line anti-TB drugs. At the MIC of each drug, MCZ with either bedaquiline (BDQ), clofazimine (CLO), delamanid (DMD), or sutezolid (STZ) reduced the bacterial burden by 2 logs compared to that achieved with the drugs alone, indicating synergism. MCZ also displayed synergism with clomiphene (CLM), a potential inhibitor of the undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) in mycobacteria. For all the other drugs tested in combination with MCZ, no synergistic activity was observed. Neither antagonism nor increased cytotoxicity was found for most combinations, suggesting that MCZ could be added to different TB treatment regimens without any significant adverse effects.
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85
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Beteck RM, Seldon R, Coertzen D, van der Watt ME, Reader J, Mackenzie JS, Lamprecht DA, Abraham M, Eribez K, Müller J, Rui F, Zhu G, de Grano RV, Williams ID, Smit FJ, Steyn AJC, Winzeler EA, Hemphill A, Birkholtz LM, Warner DF, N’Da DD, Haynes RK. Accessible and distinct decoquinate derivatives active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and apicomplexan parasites. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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86
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Machado D, Azzali E, Couto I, Costantino G, Pieroni M, Viveiros M. Adjuvant therapies against tuberculosis: discovery of a 2-aminothiazole targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis energetics. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1383-1402. [PMID: 30259757 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the activity of the 2-aminothiazole UPAR-174 following an unexplored approach: targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis with lipophilic compounds that present antituberculosis and efflux inhibitory activity. METHODS Antituberculosis activity was assessed against replicating, nonreplicating and intracellular bacilli. Its capacity to inhibit active efflux was determined. ATP quantification and membrane potential analysis were performed. Intracellular activity was studied on human-monocyte-derived macrophages. RESULTS UPAR-174 is an efflux inhibitor active against replicating, nonreplicating and intracellular M. tuberculosis. It dissipates the membrane potential and causes ATP depletion. CONCLUSION Targeting M. tuberculosis with lipophilic efflux inhibitors, exploring their dual activity - dissipation of the proton motive force and efflux inhibition - represents an attractive strategy to fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisa Azzali
- P4T group, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy.,Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T group, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T group, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
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87
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De Groote MA, Jarvis TC, Wong C, Graham J, Hoang T, Young CL, Ribble W, Day J, Li W, Jackson M, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Sun X, Ochsner UA. Optimization and Lead Selection of Benzothiazole Amide Analogs Toward a Novel Antimycobacterial Agent. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2231. [PMID: 30294313 PMCID: PMC6158578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria remain an important problem worldwide, especially drug resistant human pathogens. Novel therapeutics are urgently needed to tackle both drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and difficult-to-treat infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Benzothiazole adamantyl amide had previously emerged as a high throughput screening hit against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and was subsequently found to be active against NTM as well. For lead optimization, we applied an iterative process of design, synthesis and screening of several 100 analogs to improve antibacterial potency as well as physicochemical and pharmacological properties to ultimately achieve efficacy. Replacement of the adamantyl group with cyclohexyl derivatives, including bicyclic moieties, resulted in advanced lead compounds that showed excellent potency and a mycobacteria-specific spectrum of activity. MIC values ranged from 0.03 to 0.12 μg/mL against M. abscessus (Mabs) and other rapid- growing NTM, 1–2 μg/mL against M. avium complex (MAC), and 0.12–0.5 μg/mL against Mtb. No pre-existing resistance was found in a collection of n = 54 clinical isolates of rapid-growing NTM. Unlike many antibacterial agents commonly used to treat mycobacterial infections, benzothiazole amides demonstrated bactericidal effects against both Mtb and Mabs. Metabolic labeling provided evidence that the compounds affect the transfer of mycolic acids to their cell envelope acceptors in mycobacteria. Mapping of resistance mutations pointed to the trehalose monomycolate transporter (MmpL3) as the most likely target. In vivo efficacy and tolerability of a benzothiazole amide was demonstrated in a mouse model of chronic NTM lung infection with Mabs. Once daily dosing over 4 weeks by intrapulmonary microspray administration as 5% corn oil/saline emulsion achieved statistically significant CFU reductions compared to vehicle control and non-inferiority compared to azithromycin. The benzothiazole amides hold promise for development of a novel therapeutic agent with broad antimycobacterial activity, though further work is needed to develop drug formulations for direct intrapulmonary delivery via aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A De Groote
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua Day
- Crestone, Inc., Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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88
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J Libardo MD, Boshoff HI, Barry CE. The present state of the tuberculosis drug development pipeline. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:81-94. [PMID: 30144650 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis now ranks as the leading cause of death in the world due to a single infectious agent. Current standard of care treatment can achieve very high cure rates for drug-sensitive disease but requires a 6-month duration of chemotherapy. Drug-resistant disease requires significantly longer treatment durations with drugs associated with a higher risk of adverse events. Thus, there is a pressing need for a drug regimen that is safer, shorter in duration and superior to current front-line chemotherapy in terms of efficacy. The TB drug pipeline contains several candidates that address one or more of the required attributes of chemotherapeutic regimens that may redefine the standard of care of this disease. Several new drugs have been reported and novel targets have been identified allowing regimens containing new compounds to trickle into clinical studies. Furthermore, a recent paradigm-shift in understanding the pharmacokinetics of anti-tubercular drugs is revolutionizing the way we select compounds for clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daben J Libardo
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Helena Im Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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89
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Identification and characterization of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by an integrated whole-cell target-based approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12664. [PMID: 30140040 PMCID: PMC6107548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has surpassed HIV as the leading cause of death due to an infectious disease worldwide, being responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths in low-income countries. In response to a pandemic threat by drug resistant strains, the tuberculosis research community is searching for new chemical entities with novel mechanisms of action to avoid drug resistance and shorten treatment regimens using combinatorial chemotherapy. Herein, we have identified several novel chemical scaffolds, GSK97C (spiro-oxazolidin-2-one), GSK93A (2-amino-1,3-thiazole, GSK85A and GSK92A (enamides), which target M. tuberculosis aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (Mt-AspRS), an essential component of the protein synthesis machinery of tuberculosis, using a whole-cell target-based screening strategy against a genetically modified Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain. We also provide further evidence of protein inhibition and inhibitor profiling through a classical aminoacylation reaction and a tRNA-independent assay, respectively. Altogether, our results have identified a number of hit new molecules with novel mechanism of action for further development through medicinal chemistry as hits and leads.
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90
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Lee BS, Pethe K. Therapeutic potential of promiscuous targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:22-26. [PMID: 30015177 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tuberculosis drug development, the term 'promiscuous' was coined to collectively describe targets that repeatedly show up in whole-cell screenings. With the current climate leaning towards the exclusion of these targets in future drug screens, this review discusses and clarifies misconceptions surrounding this classification, the prospects of developing compounds targeting promiscuous targets, and their potential impact on tuberculosis drug development. The dominance of these targets in cell-based screens reflect not only bias introduced by experimental setup, but also some of the pathogen's greatest vulnerabilities. Coupled with favourable predictions of their in vivo efficacies and synergism with other TB drugs, these targets open opportunities to be explored for the development of rational drug combination for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore.
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91
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Li W, Yazidi A, Pandya AN, Hegde P, Tong W, Calado Nogueira de Moura V, North EJ, Sygusch J, Jackson M. MmpL3 as a Target for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1547. [PMID: 30042757 PMCID: PMC6048240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary infections are emerging as a global health problem and pose a threat to susceptible individuals with structural or functional lung conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) species account for 70–95% of the pulmonary NTM infections worldwide. Treatment options for these pathogens are limited, involve lengthy multidrug regimens of 12–18 months with parenteral and oral drugs, and their outcome is often suboptimal. Development of new drugs and improved regimens to treat NTM infections are thus greatly needed. In the last 2 years, the screening of compound libraries against M. abscessus in culture has led to the discovery of a number of different chemotypes that target MmpL3, an essential inner membrane transporter involved in the export of the building blocks of the outer membrane of all mycobacteria known as the mycolic acids. This perspective reflects on the therapeutic potential of MmpL3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM and the possible reasons underlying the outstanding promiscuity of this target. It further analyzes the physiological and structural factors that may account for the apparent looser structure-activity relationship of some of these compound series against M. tuberculosis compared to NTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amira Yazidi
- Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amitkumar N Pandya
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Vinicius Calado Nogueira de Moura
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jurgen Sygusch
- Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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92
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Machado D, Girardini M, Viveiros M, Pieroni M. Challenging the Drug-Likeness Dogma for New Drug Discovery in Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 30018597 PMCID: PMC6037898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis worldwide poses a great threat to human health and highlight the need to discover and develop new, effective and inexpensive antituberculosis agents. High-throughput screening assays against well-validated drug targets and structure based drug design have been employed to discover new lead compounds. However, the great majority fail to demonstrate any antimycobacterial activity when tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in whole-cell screening assays. This is mainly due to some of the intrinsic properties of the bacilli, such as the extremely low permeability of its cell wall, slow growth, drug resistance, drug tolerance, and persistence. In this sense, understanding the pathways involved in M. tuberculosis drug tolerance, persistence, and pathogenesis, may reveal new approaches for drug development. Moreover, the need for compounds presenting a novel mode of action is of utmost importance due to the emergence of resistance not only to the currently used antituberculosis agents, but also to those in the pipeline. Cheminformatics studies have shown that drugs endowed with antituberculosis activity have the peculiarity of being more lipophilic than many other antibacterials, likely because this leads to improved cell penetration through the extremely waxy mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, the interaction of the lipophilic moiety with the membrane alters its stability and functional integrity due to the disruption of the proton motive force, resulting in cell death. When a ligand-based medicinal chemistry campaign is ongoing, it is always difficult to predict whether a chemical modification or a functional group would be suitable for improving the activity. Nevertheless, in the “instruction manual” of medicinal chemists, certain functional groups or certain physicochemical characteristics (i.e., high lipophilicity) are considered red flags to look out for in order to safeguard drug-likeness and avoid attritions in the drug discovery process. In this review, we describe how antituberculosis compounds challenge established rules such as the Lipinski's “rule of five” and how medicinal chemistry for antituberculosis compounds must be thought beyond such dogmatic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam Girardini
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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93
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Clofazimine: A useful antibiotic for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:1353-1359. [PMID: 30021373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is still the major threat to global tuberculosis (TB) control, and drug-resistant (DR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains have become the main challenge worldwide. Currently used antibiotics for treatment of DR-TB are often poorly tolerated and not sufficiently effective. Since the therapeutic options are still limited, the main strategy for treatment of DR-TB is to repurpose existing anti-mycobacterial agents. Clofazimine (CFZ) is one such drug that has recently attracted interest against DR-TB. CFZ is a hydrophobic riminophenazine that was initially synthesized as an anti-TB antibiotic. Although the mechanisms of action of CFZ are not yet entirely understood, it has been suggested that outer membrane is its primary action site, and the respiratory chain and ion transporters are the putative targets. In this review, we will discuss the anti-mycobacterial properties of CFZ, and provide new insights into the clinical use of this drug.
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94
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HC2091 Kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Targeting the MmpL3 Mycolic Acid Transporter. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02459-17. [PMID: 29661875 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02459-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a deadly disease that requires a long course of treatment. The emergence of drug-resistant strains has driven efforts to discover new small molecules that can kill the bacterium. Here, we report characterizations of the compound HC2091, which kills M. tuberculosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro and inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. Whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous HC2091-resistant mutants identified single-nucleotide variants in the mmpL3 mycolic acid transporter gene. HC2091-resistant mutants do not exhibit cross-resistance with the well-characterized Mycobacterium membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) inhibitor SQ109, suggesting a distinct mechanism of interaction with MmpL3. Additionally, HC2091 does not modulate bacterial membrane potential or kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosis, thus acting differently from other known MmpL3 inhibitors. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptional profiling and lipid profiling of M. tuberculosis treated with HC2091 or SQ109 show that the two compounds target a similar pathway. HC2091 has a chemical structure dissimilar to those of previously described MmpL3 inhibitors, supporting the notion that HC2091 is a new class of MmpL3 inhibitor.
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95
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, Var I, Kayar B, Köksal F. Novel compounds targeting InhA for TB therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:217-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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96
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Campaniço A, Moreira R, Lopes F. Drug discovery in tuberculosis. New drug targets and antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:525-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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97
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RND transporters in the living world. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:363-371. [PMID: 29577985 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transporters of the RND superfamily are well-known as the major drug efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria. However, they are widespread in organisms ranging from Archaea to Eukaryotes, and perform diverse functions. This review gives a brief overview of these diverse members of the superfamily with emphasis on their structure and functions.
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98
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Recent therapeutic approaches for the management of tuberculosis: Challenges and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:735-745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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99
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Zampieri M, Szappanos B, Buchieri MV, Trauner A, Piazza I, Picotti P, Gagneux S, Borrell S, Gicquel B, Lelievre J, Papp B, Sauer U. High-throughput metabolomic analysis predicts mode of action of uncharacterized antimicrobial compounds. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaal3973. [PMID: 29467300 PMCID: PMC6544516 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly spreading antibiotic resistance and the low discovery rate of new antimicrobial compounds demand more effective strategies for early drug discovery. One bottleneck in the drug discovery pipeline is the identification of the modes of action (MoAs) of new compounds. We have developed a rapid systematic metabolome profiling strategy to classify the MoAs of bioactive compounds. The method predicted MoA-specific metabolic responses in the nonpathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis after treatment with 62 reference compounds with known MoAs and different metabolic and nonmetabolic targets. We then analyzed a library of 212 new antimycobacterial compounds with unknown MoAs from a drug discovery effort by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). More than 70% of these new compounds induced metabolic responses in M. smegmatis indicative of known MoAs, seven of which were experimentally validated. Only 8% (16) of the compounds appeared to target unconventional cellular processes, illustrating the difficulty in discovering new antibiotics with different MoAs among compounds used as monotherapies. For six of the GSK compounds with potentially new MoAs, the metabolome profiles suggested their ability to interfere with trehalose and lipid metabolism. This was supported by whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous drug-resistant mutants of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in vitro compound-proteome interaction analysis for one of these compounds. Our compendium of drug-metabolome profiles can be used to rapidly query the MoAs of uncharacterized antimicrobial compounds and should be a useful resource for the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Zampieri
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Balazs Szappanos
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Virginia Buchieri
- Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrej Trauner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Piazza
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Joel Lelievre
- Disease of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Balazs Papp
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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100
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Briffotaux J, Huang W, Wang X, Gicquel B. MmpS5/MmpL5 as an efflux pump in Mycobacterium species. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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