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Bruno DDCF, Bartelli TF, Rodrigues CR, Briones MR. Prolonged growth of Candida albicans reveals co-isolated bacteria from single yeast colonies. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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52
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Study of Virulence Factors in Urease-Positive Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Specimens. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Adaptive Metabolism in Staphylococci: Survival and Persistence in Environmental and Clinical Settings. J Pathog 2018; 2018:1092632. [PMID: 30327733 PMCID: PMC6171259 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1092632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are highly successful at colonizing a variety of dynamic environments, both nonpathogenic and those of clinical importance, and comprise the list of pathogens of global public health significance. Their remarkable survival and persistence can be attributed to a host of strategies, one of which is metabolic versatility—their ability to rapidly alter their metabolism in the presence of transient or long-term bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions and facilitate cellular homeostasis. These attributes contribute to their widespread dissemination and challenging eradication particularly from clinical settings. The study of microbial behaviour at the metabolite level provides insight into mechanisms of survival and persistence under defined environmental and clinical conditions. This paper reviews the range of metabolic modulations that facilitate staphylococcal acclimatization and persistence in varying terrestrial and host conditions, and their public health ramifications in these settings.
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Conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora in healthy Silesian foals and adult horses in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:261. [PMID: 30170594 PMCID: PMC6119321 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Commensal bacterial and fungal flora of the conjunctival sac has been described in horses and other animals. The identification of commensal flora of the conjunctival sac may aid in the diagnosis of ocular inflammatory diseases, such as conjunctivitis or more severe ulcerative keratitis, common in horses. Moreover, damage of ocular protective barriers may lead to an opportunistic infection. The study was carried out in Silesian horses kept at a single breeding center in South-western Poland, in order to limit any breed-dependant and climate-dependant variables affecting the results. Following an ophthalmic examination that revealed no abnormalities, sterile swabs were collected from conjunctival sac in 26 adult horses and 11 foals. The obtained swabs were subjected to bacterial culture testing. In case of Staphylococcus spp. isolation, susceptibility to methicillin was evaluated. Results Forty- three bacterial isolates, representing eleven genera of bacteria were cultured from 30 (81%) horses. Gram-positive bacteria were the dominant isolates (72%) (p < 0.001). The most commonly isolated Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus spp., while Moraxella spp. were the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria. There was no significant influence of sex and age on the frequency and type of microbial isolates. Conclusions Commensal flora is present in the conjunctival sac of healthy horses in Poland. Age does not affect the abundance and type of microbial isolates.
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Matias CAR, Pereira IA, Rodrigues DP, Siciliano S. Staphylococcus spp. isolated from wild birds apprehended in the local illegal trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and relevance in public health. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:292-298. [PMID: 29924392 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus in wild birds seized in illegal trade and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Cloacal samples were obtained from 109 wild birds apprehended in the street markets in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Staphylococcus spp. were phenotypically and genotypically identified, and resistance profile was evaluated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and by polymerase chain reaction of mecA and blaZ genes. Staphylococcus was detected in 45·9% (50/109) of the cloacal swab samples, and 39 (78·0%) isolates were resistant to one or more of the nine antimicrobials tested and were also positive to mecA (12/39) or blaZ genes (14/39). High percentage of resistance was detected to ampicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin and tetracycline, with the absence of resistance to vancomycin. Wild birds captured and submitted to captive stress conditions of illegal trade market of Brazil may have an important role as reservoirs of Staphylococcus spp. and its antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. The significance of this study is revealed by the zoonotic and pathogenic potential of staphylococci and that impact to public health and requires monitoring polices of wild birds health in tropical areas. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The isolation of Staphylococcus species that are not commonly isolated from wild bird faeces, the relatively high proportion of strains showing degrees of resistance to β-lactamics, lincosamides and tetracycline, and also the presence of mecA and blaZ genes that has been associated with multidrug phenotype reveal its public health relevance and zoonotic potential. Consequently, this represents an important route to transmission of this pathogen and its antimicrobial resistance mechanisms throughout national and international frontiers fostered by the illegal trade of wild animals and close contact with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A R Matias
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Public Health and Environment, National School of Public Health Sérgio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I A Pereira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - D P Rodrigues
- National Reference Laboratory of Enterobacteria Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Siciliano
- National Reference Laboratory of Enterobacteria Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Xu Z, Shah HN, Misra R, Chen J, Zhang W, Liu Y, Cutler RR, Mkrtchyan HV. The prevalence, antibiotic resistance and mecA characterization of coagulase negative staphylococci recovered from non-healthcare settings in London, UK. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:73. [PMID: 29946448 PMCID: PMC6000976 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes and associated mobile genetic elements and are believed to contribute to the emergence of successful methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones. Although, these bacteria have been linked to various ecological niches, little is known about the dissemination and genetic diversity of antibiotic resistant CoNS in general public settings. Methods Four hundred seventy-nine samples were collected from different non-healthcare/general public settings in various locations (n = 355) and from the hands of volunteers (n = 124) in London UK between April 2013 and Nov 2014. Results Six hundred forty-three staphylococcal isolates belonging to 19 staphylococcal species were identified. Five hundred seventy-two (94%) isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and only 34 isolates were fully susceptible. Sixty-eight (11%) mecA positive staphylococcal isolates were determined in this study. SCCmec types were fully determined for forty-six isolates. Thirteen staphylococci (19%) carried SCCmec V, followed by 8 isolates carrying SCCmec type I (2%), 5 SCCmec type IV (7%), 4 SCCmec type II (6%), 1 SCCmec type III (2%), 1 SCCmec type VI (2%), and 1 SCCmec type VIII (2%). In addition, three isolates harboured a new SCCmec type 1A, which carried combination of class A mec complex and ccr type 1. MLST typing revealed that all S. epidermidis strains possess new MLST types and were assigned the following new sequence types: ST599, ST600, ST600, ST600, ST601, ST602, ST602, ST603, ST604, ST605, ST606, ST607 and ST608. Conclusions The prevalence of antibiotic resistant staphylococci in general public settings demonstrates that antibiotics in the natural environments contribute to the selection of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. The finding of various SCCmec types in non-healthcare associated environments indicates the complexity of SCCmec. We also report on new MLST types that were assigned for all S. epidermidis isolates, which demonstrates the genetic variability of these isolates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13756-018-0367-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- 1National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin, 300070 China.,2School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Haroun N Shah
- 3Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs Hendon, Middlesex, NW4 4BT UK
| | - Raju Misra
- 4Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Tianjin Xiqing hospital, Tianjin, 300380 China
| | - Ronald R Cutler
- 2School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hermine V Mkrtchyan
- 2School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,7School of Health, Sport and Biosciences, University of East London, E1 4NS, London, UK
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57
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Wide dissemination of SCC fusC in fusidic acid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and implication for its spread to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:875-880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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58
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Deyno S, Fekadu S, Seyfe S. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase negative staphylococci clinical isolates from Ethiopia: a meta-analysis. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 29801462 PMCID: PMC5970528 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistant Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) have limited treatment options, rendered diseases untreatable and made hospitals to be reservoirs of the resistant strains. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of CoNS from Ethiopia. Results The electronic database search yielded 6511 articles of which 21 met predefined inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of CoNS from Ethiopia was 12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8, 16%). The analyses revealed high level of CoNS resistance to methicilin (37%[95% CI: 21, 55%]), vancomycin (911%[95% CI: 0, 35%]), penicillin (58%[95% CI: 42, 74%]), amoxicillin (42%[95% CI: 23, 61%]), amoxicillin-clavulanate (27%[95% CI: 2, 27%]), ampicillin (64%[95% CI: 46, 80%]), tetracycline (60% [95% CI: 49, 70%]), doxycycline (36%[95% CI:19,55%]), Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (50%[95% CI: 36, 64%]), ceftriaxone (27% [95% CI: 18, 38%]), cephalothin (32% [95% CI: 7, 62%]), norfloxacin (39%[95% CI: 24, 56%]), chloramphenicol (40%[95% CI: 23, 58%]), clindamycin (11% [95% CI: 2, 27%]), ciprofloxacin (14%[95% CI: 6, 22%]), gentamicin (27%[95% CI:19,36%]) and erythromycin (30%[95% CI:20%,42%]). High heterogeneity, I2 ranging from 69.04 to 96.88%; p-values ≤0.01, was observed. Eggers’ test did not detect publication bias for the meta-analyses and low risk of bias was observed in included studies. Conclusions CoNS has gotten resistant to commonly used antimicrobials from Ethiopia. There is a need of launching national antimicrobial treatment, development and implementation of policy guidelines to contain the threat. Further research focusing on factors promoting resistance and the effect of resistance on treatment outcome studies are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1188-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serawit Deyno
- PHARMBIOTRAC, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P. O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sintayehu Fekadu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Sisay Seyfe
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Murugesan S, Mani S, Kuppusamy I, Krishnan P. Role of insertion sequence element is 256 as a virulence marker and its association with biofilm formation among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis from hospital and community settings in Chennai, South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:124-126. [PMID: 29735842 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect the association of biofilm formation with IS256 among clinical and carrier isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). A total of 71 MRSE isolates were included in this study. Phenotypic detection of biofilm formation was done by Congo red agar method. Detection of genes associated with biofilm formation (icaAD, aap and atlE) and insertion sequence IS256 was done by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 71 MRSE isolates,19/40 (47.5%) clinical isolates from hospital settings and 11/31 (35.5%) carrier isolates from community settings respectively were found to be positive for all the three genes tested, namely, icaAD+, aap+ and atlE+ genes. Nearly 80% of clinical isolates were found to harbour IS256, whereas only 13% of community isolates harboured IS256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Stalin Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhumathy Kuppusamy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padma Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Almeida PRLD, Leão GS, Gonçalves CDG, Picon RV, Tovo CV. IMPACT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES ON SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS IN THREE DIFFERENT PERIODS OVER 17 YEARS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2018; 55:23-27. [PMID: 29561972 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a serious complication in cirrhotic patients, and changes in the microbiological characteristics reported in the last years are impacting the choice of antibiotic used for treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to evaluate the changes in the epidemiology and bacterial resistance of the germs causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis over three different periods over 17 years. METHODS All cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and positive culture of ascites fluid were retrospectively studied in a reference Hospital in Southern Brazil. Three periods were ramdomly evaluated: 1997-1998, 2002-2003 and 2014-2015. The most frequent infecting organisms and the sensitivity in vitro to antibiotics were registered. RESULTS In the first period (1997-1998) there were 33 cases, the most common were: E. coli in 13 (36.11%), Staphylococcus coagulase-negative in 6 (16.66%), K. pneumoniae in 5 (13.88%), S. aureus in 4 (11.11%) and S. faecalis in 3 (8.33%). In the second period (2002-2003), there were 43 cases, the most frequent were: Staphylococus coagulase-negative in 16 (35.55%), S. aureus in 8 (17.77%), E. coli in 7 (15.55%) and K. pneumoniae in 3 (6.66%). In the third period (2014-2015) there were 58 cases (seven with two bacteria), the most frequent were: E. coli in 15 (23.1%), S. viridans in 12 (18.5%), K. pneumoniae in 10 (15.4%) and E. faecium 5 (7.7%). No one was using antibiotic prophylaxis. Considering all staphylococci, the prevalence increased to rates of the order of 50% in the second period, with a reduction in the third period evaluated. Likewise, the prevalence of resistant E. coli increased, reaching 14%. CONCLUSION There was a modification of the bacterial population causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, with high frequency of gram-positive organisms, as well as an increase in the resistance to the traditionally recommended antibiotics. This study suggests a probable imminent inclusion of a drug against gram-positive organisms in the empiric treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Lerias de Almeida
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rafael Veiga Picon
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES), Lajeado, RS, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Valle Tovo
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), RS, Brasil
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61
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Shrestha LB, Bhattarai NR, Khanal B. Comparative evaluation of methods for the detection of biofilm formation in coagulase-negative staphylococci and correlation with antibiogram. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:607-613. [PMID: 29731649 PMCID: PMC5926075 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s159764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are normal commensals of human skin and mucous membranes. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of CNS among clinical isolates, characterize them up to species level, compare the three conventional methods for detection of biofilm formation, and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and methods CNS were obtained from various clinical samples including blood, urine, central venous catheter tips, endotracheal tube aspirate, and pus during a 1-year period (July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2015). Characterization up to species level was done using biochemical tests, and biofilm formation was detected by tube adherence, Congo red agar, and tissue culture plate method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results A total of 71 CNS isolates, comprising of seven species were obtained. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species followed by S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus. We detected biofilm formation in 71.8% of isolates. Considering the fact that tissue culture plate method is the gold standard, sensitivity of tube adherence method and Congo red agar method was found as 82% and 78%, respectively. The isolates exhibited high resistance toward penicillin (90%), azithromycin (60%), co-trimoxazole (60%), and ceftriaxone (40%), while all were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Biofilm former isolates showed higher resistance than the non-formers. Conclusion Among 71 CNS isolated, S. epidermidis was the most common isolate followed by S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus. Biofilm formation was detected in 71.8% of the isolates. All of the methods were effective in detecting biofilm-producing CNS strains. The antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher in biofilm formers than non-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Narayan Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Basudha Khanal
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Gautam V, Sethuraman N, Kaur R, Sachdev S, Marwaha N, Ray P. Changing epidemiology of coagulase-negative staphylococci in normal flora of skin. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 35:277-278. [PMID: 28681820 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) have recently emerged as important pathogens causing nosocomial blood stream infections. To evaluate the prevalence of CoNS in cutaneous normal flora, skin swabs were collected from voluntary blood donors and processed for culture and identification using matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). CoNS were isolated from 96% of blood donors, most commonly Staphylococcus hominis (86%), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (22%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9%). There has been a shift in the prevalent species of CoNS in the community in India, from the earlier known S. epidermidis towards resistant species such as S. hominis and S. haemolyticus. Routine and rapid speciation of CoNS in clinical isolates with MALDI-TOF should be used effectively to manage these resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Gautam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nandini Sethuraman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh; Department of Microbiology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh; Department of Microbiology, Tagore Hospital and Heart Care Centre, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Suchet Sachdev
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Marwaha
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Arciola CR, Campoccia D, An YH, Baldassarri L, Pirini V, Donati ME, Pegreffi F, Montanaro L. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of 15 Minor Staphylococcal Species Colonizing Orthopedic Implants. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 29:395-401. [PMID: 16705608 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several species belonging to Staphylococcus genus (nonSau/nonSep species) exhibit increasing abilities as opportunistic pathogens in colonisation of periprosthesis tissues. Here we report on antibiotic resistance of 193 strains, belonging to nonSau/nonSep species, consecutively collected from orthopedic implant infections in a period of about 40 months. The 193 strains (representing 17% of all staphylococci isolated) were analysed for their antibiotic resistance to 16 different drugs. Five species turned out more prevalent, ranging from 1 to 5%: S. hominis (4.2%), S. haemolyticus (3.7%), S. capitis (2.7%), S. warneri (2.6%), and S. cohnii (1.6%). Among these, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to penicillins was similar, ranging from 51% to 66%. Conversely, significant differences were observed for all the remaining antibiotics. For S. haemolyticus the resistances to oxacillin and imipenem, the four aminoglycosides and erythromycin were at least twice that of the other three species which were compared. S. warneri was on the contrary the species with the lowest occurrence of resistant strains. Ten species appeared only rarely at the infection sites: S. lugdunensis, S. caprae, S. equorum, S. intermedius, S. xylosus, S. simulans, S. saprophyticus, S. pasteuri, S. sciuri, and S. schleiferi. The behaviours of these species, often resistant to penicillins, were individually analysed. Differences in both the frequencies and the panels of antibiotic resistances observed among the nonSau/nonSep species: i) suggest that horizontal spreading of resistance factors, if acting, was not sufficient per se to level their bio-diversities; ii) highlight and confirm the worrisome appearance within the Staphylococcus genus of emerging “new pathogens”, not homogeneous for their virulence and antibiotic resistance prevalence, which deserve to be recognised and treated individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
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64
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Campoccia D, Baldassarri L, An YH, Kang QK, Pirini V, Gamberini S, Pegreffi F, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. Automated Ribotyping to Distinguish the Different nonSau/ nonSep Staphylococcal Emerging Pathogens in Orthopedic Implant Infections. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 29:421-9. [PMID: 16705611 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several species belonging to Staphylococcus genus, other than Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (nonSau/ nonSep species), exhibit increasing abilities as opportunistic pathogens in the colonisation of periprosthetic tissues. Consequently, the availability of means for accurate identification is crucial to assess the pathogenic characteristics and to clarify clinical relevance of the individual species. Here, 146 clinical staphylococcal isolates belonging to nonSau/ nonSep species from prosthesis-associated orthopedic infections were analyzed by conventional enzymatic galleries and by automated ribotyping. Twelve different species were recognised: S. capitis, S. caprae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. pasteuri, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri, S. xylosus. Ribotype identifications were compared with the phenotypes obtained by the Api 20 Staph system and/or ID 32 Staph system. ID 32 Staph profiles were more consistent with ribotyping results than Api Staph profiles. Across the different staphylococcal species investigated, correct identifications with Api Staph were 45%, while with ID 32 Staph they were 59%. It has, however, to be mentioned that ID 32 Staph was mostly applied to discriminate unmatched ribotyping and Api Staph identifications, thus to a subpopulation of strains with “atypical” metabolic profile. Automated ribotyping provided a correct identification for 91% of the isolates. These results confirm automated ribotyping as a convenient rapid technique, still subject to improvements, which will accurately and rapidly recognise the newly emerging staphylococcal pathogens in implant-related orthopedic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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Study of Erythromycin Resistance Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Throat Swab Culture. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.4.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Osteomyelitis Risk in Patients With Transfemoral Amputations Treated With Osseointegration Prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:3100-3108. [PMID: 28940152 PMCID: PMC5670076 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous anchoring of femoral amputation prostheses using osseointegrating titanium implants has been in use for more than 25 years. The method offers considerable advantages in daily life compared with conventional socket prostheses, however long-term success might be jeopardized by implant-associated infection, especially osteomyelitis, but the long-term risk of this complication is unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) To quantify the risk of osteomyelitis, (2) to characterize the clinical effect of osteomyelitis (including risk of implant extraction and impairments to function), and (3) to determine whether common patient factors (age, sex, body weight, diabetes, and implant component replacements) are associated with osteomyelitis in patients with transfemoral amputations treated with osseointegrated titanium implants. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed our first 96 patients receiving femoral implants (102 implants; mean implant time, 95 months) treated at our center between 1990 and 2010 for osteomyelitis. Six patients were lost to followup. The reason for amputation was tumor, trauma, or ischemia in 97 limbs and infection in five. All patients were referred from other orthopaedic centers owing to difficulty with use or to be fitted with socket prostheses. If found ineligible for this implant procedure no other treatment was offered at our center. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed by medical chart review of clinical signs, tissue culture results, and plain radiographic findings. Proportion of daily prosthetic use when osteomyelitis was diagnosed was semiquantitatively graded as 1 to 3. Survivorship free from implant- associated osteomyelitis and extraction attributable to osteomyelitis respectively was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Indication for extraction was infection not responsive to conservative treatment with or without minor débridement or loosening of implant. RESULTS Implant-associated osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 16 patients corresponding to a 10-year cumulative risk of 20% (95% CI 0.12-0.33). Ten implants were extracted owing to osteomyelitis, with a 10-year cumulative risk of 9% (95% CI 0.04-0.20). Prosthetic use was temporarily impaired in four of the six patients with infection who did not undergo implant extraction. With the numbers available, we did not identify any association between age, BMI, or diabetes with osteomyelitis; however, this study was underpowered on this endpoint. CONCLUSION The increased risk of infection with time calls for numerous measures. First, patients should be made aware of the long-term risks, and the surgical team should have a heightened suspicion in patients with method-specific presentation of possible infection. Second, several research questions have been raised. Will the surgical procedure, rehabilitation, and general care standardization since the start of the program result in lower infection rates? Will improved diagnostics and early treatment resolve infection and prevent subsequent extraction? Although not supported in this study, it is important to know if most infections arise as continuous bacterial invasion from the skin and implant interface and if so, how this can be prevented? LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic study.
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Novel Bacteriophage pSco-10 Infecting Staphylococcus cohnii. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/47/e01032-17. [PMID: 29167239 PMCID: PMC5701464 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01032-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the complete genome sequence of the Staphylococcus Myoviridae phage pSco-10 infecting Staphylococcus cohnii. The phage pSco-10 was isolated from duck feces collected from four farms in South Korea. The current report provides valuable information for genomic study of phages.
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Wolny-Koładka KA, Malina DK. Silver nanoparticles toxicity against airborne strains of Staphylococcus spp. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:1247-1256. [PMID: 28910572 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1356186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by chemical reduction method assessment with regard to airborne strains of Staphylococcus spp. The first step of the experiment was the preparation of silver nanoparticle suspension. The suspension was obtained by a fast and simple chemical method involving the reduction of silver ions through a reducing factor in the presence of the suitable stabilizer required to prevent the aggregation. In the second stage, varied instrumental techniques were used for the analysis and characterization of the obtained nanostructures. Third, the bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus were isolated from the air under stable conditions with 47 sports and recreational horses, relatively. Next, isolated strains were identified using biochemical and spectrophotometric methods. The final step was the evaluation of the Staphylococcus genus sensitivity to nanosilver using the disk diffusion test. It has been proven that prepared silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration for tested isolates was 30 μg/mL. It has been found that the sensitivity of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from six identified species differs considerably. The size distribution of bacterial growth inhibition zones indicates that resistance to various nanosilver concentrations is an individual strain feature, and has no connection with belonging to a specific species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dagmara K Malina
- b Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , Cracow , Poland
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Águila-Arcos S, Álvarez-Rodríguez I, Garaiyurrebaso O, Garbisu C, Grohmann E, Alkorta I. Biofilm-Forming Clinical Staphylococcus Isolates Harbor Horizontal Transfer and Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2018. [PMID: 29085354 PMCID: PMC5650641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by staphylococci represent a medical concern, especially when related to biofilms located in implanted medical devices, such as prostheses and catheters. Unfortunately, their frequent resistance to high doses of antibiotics makes the treatment of these infections a difficult task. Moreover, biofilms represent a hot spot for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by bacterial conjugation. In this work, 25 biofilm-forming clinical staphylococcal isolates were studied. We found that Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates showed a higher biofilm-forming capacity than Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Additionally, horizontal transfer and relaxase genes of two common staphylococcal plasmids, pSK41 and pT181, were detected in all isolates. In terms of antibiotic resistance genes, aac6-aph2a, ermC, and tetK genes, which confer resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, respectively, were the most prevalent. The horizontal transfer and antibiotic resistance genes harbored on these staphylococcal clinical strains isolated from biofilms located in implanted medical devices points to the potential risk of the development and dissemination of multiresistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Águila-Arcos
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Itxaso Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Garaiyurrebaso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Garbisu
- Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Soil Microbial Ecology Group, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Itziar Alkorta
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Ehlersson G, Hellmark B, Svartström O, Stenmark B, Söderquist B. Phenotypic characterisation of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures in newborn infants, with a special focus on Staphylococcus capitis. Acta Paediatr 2017. [PMID: 28631328 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM This Swedish study determined which species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were found in neonatal blood cultures and whether they included Staphylococcus capitis clones with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. METHODS CoNS isolates (n = 332) from neonatal blood cultures collected at Örebro University Hospital during 1987-2014 were identified to species level with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of S. capitis isolates was determined by the disc diffusion test and Etest, and the presence of heterogeneous glycopeptide-intermediate S. capitis (hGISC) was evaluated. RESULTS Staphylococcus epidermidis (67.4%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (10.5%) and S. capitis (9.6%) were the most common CoNS species. Of the S. capitis isolates, 75% were methicillin-resistant and 44% were multidrug-resistant. No isolate showed decreased susceptibility to vancomycin, but at least 59% displayed the hGISC phenotype. Staphylococcus capitis isolates related to the strain CR01 displaying pulsotype NRCS-A were found. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and S. capitis were the predominant species detected in neonatal blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS. The number of episodes caused by S. capitis increased during the study period, but no isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin were identified. However, S. capitis isolates related to the strain CR01 displaying pulsotype NRCS-A were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Ehlersson
- School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Microbiology; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro Sweden
| | - Bengt Hellmark
- School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Microbiology; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro Sweden
| | - Olov Svartström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Linköping University Hospital; Linköping Sweden
| | - Bianca Stenmark
- School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Microbiology; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro Sweden
| | - Bo Söderquist
- School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Microbiology; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro Sweden
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Almasaudi SB, Al-Nahari AAM, Abd El-Ghany ESM, Barbour E, Al Muhayawi SM, Al-Jaouni S, Azhar E, Qari M, Qari YA, Harakeh S. Antimicrobial effect of different types of honey on Staphylococcus aureus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1255-1261. [PMID: 28855819 PMCID: PMC5562472 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey exhibits antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacteria in different milieu. This study aims to compare the effects of five types of honey (both imported and local Saudi honey) against Staphylococcus aureus. The five types of honey (Manuka Honey UMF +20, Manuka Honey UMF +16, Active +10 Manuka Honey, Sidr honey and Nigella sativa honey) were evaluated for their bactericidal/bacteriostatic activities against both methicillin resistant and sensitive S. aureus. The inhibitory effect of honey on bacterial growth was evident at concentrations of 20% and 10% (v/v). Manuka Honey showed the best results. Manuka Honey UMF +20 had a bactericidal effect on both methicillin resistant and sensitive S. aureus. However, Sidr and N. sativa honey exerted only a bacteriostatic effect. The efficacy of different types of honey against S. aureus was dependent on the type of honey and the concentration at which it was administered. Manuka Honey had the best bactericidal activity. Future experiments should be conducted to evaluate the effects of honey on bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad B Almasaudi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A M Al-Nahari
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Elie Barbour
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Adjunct to Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Soad Al-Jaouni
- Department of Hematology, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Qari
- Department of Hematology, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A Qari
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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Mendoza-Olazarán S, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Morfín-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Camacho-Ortiz A, Rodríguez-Noriega E, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Dowd SE, Garza-González E. Draft genome sequences of two opportunistic pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus cohnii isolated from human patients. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:49. [PMID: 28878860 PMCID: PMC5580220 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the draft-genome sequences and annotation of two opportunistic pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus cohnii isolated from humans. One strain (SC-57) was isolated from blood from a male patient in May 2006 and the other (SC-532) from a catheter from a male patient in June 2006. Similar to other genomes of Staphylococcus species, most genes (42%) of both strains are involved in metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and proteins. Eighty (4%) genes are involved in virulence, disease, and defense and both species show phenotypic low biofilm production and evidence of increased antibiotic resistance associated to biofilm production. From both isolates, a new Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec was detected: mec class A, ccr type 1. This is the first report of whole genome sequences of opportunistic S. cohnii isolated from human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mendoza-Olazarán
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - José F Garcia-Mazcorro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfín-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, and Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Noriega
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, and Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Héctor J Maldonado-Garza
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Scot E Dowd
- Molecular Research DNA Laboratory, Shallowater, TX USA
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
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Chang CH, Chen SY, Lu JJ, Chang CJ, Chang Y, Hsieh PH. Nasal colonization and bacterial contamination of mobile phones carried by medical staff in the operating room. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175811. [PMID: 28562676 PMCID: PMC5450997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile phones (MPs) have been an essential part of the lives of healthcare professionals and have improved communication, collaboration, and sharing of information. Nonetheless, the widespread use of MPs in hospitals has raised concerns of nosocomial infections, especially in areas requiring the highest hygienic standards such as operating rooms (ORs). This study evaluated the incidence of bacterial contamination of the MPs carried by medical staff working in the OR and determined its association with bacterial colonization of this personnel. Methods This is an observational cohort study. Medical staffs working in the OR were asked to take bacterial cultures from their MPs, anterior nares, and dominant hands. To identify the relation between MP contamination and bacterial colonization of the medical staff, genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was done via Staphylococcus protein A gene (spa) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results A total of 216 swab samples taken from 72 medical-staff members were analyzed. The culture-positive rate was 98.1% (212/216). In 59 (27.3%) samples, the bacteria were possible clinical pathogens. The anterior nares were the most common site of colonization by clinical pathogens (58.3%, 42/72), followed by MPs (13.9%, 10/72) and the dominant hand (9.7%, 7/72). SA was the most commonly isolated clinical pathogen and was found in 43 (19.9%) samples. In 66 (94.3%) of the 70 staff members for whom bacteria were detected on their MPs, the same bacteria were detected in nares or hand. Among 31 medical staff who were carriers of SA in the anterior nares or dominant hand, 8 (25.8%) were found to have SA on their MPs, and genotyping confirmed the same SA strain in 7 (87.5%) of them. Conclusion A high rate of bacterial nasal colonization and MPs contamination were found among the OR medical staff. An MP may be a reservoir for pathogen contamination in the OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Services Center for Health Information, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuhan Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ghosh A, Singh Y, Kapil A, Dhawan B. Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylocci (CoNS) from a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:365-70. [PMID: 27241652 PMCID: PMC4892085 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.182629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
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Beyene T, Hayishe H, Gizaw F, Beyi AF, Abunna F, Mammo B, Ayana D, Waktole H, Abdi RD. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus in dairy farms, abattoir and humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:171. [PMID: 28454589 PMCID: PMC5410091 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus species cause mastitis and wound infection in livestock and food poisoning in humans through ingestion of contaminated foods, including meat and dairy products. They are evolving pathogens in that they readily acquire drug resistance, and multiple drug-resistant (MDR) isolates are increasing in human and veterinary healthcare. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococci and their drug resistance in dairy farms and abattoir settings of Addis Ababa. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 193 samples of milk, meat, equipment and humans working in the dairy farms and abattoir were collected (dairy farms = 72 and abattoir sources = 121). Staphylococcus isolation and identification at the species level was done according to ISO-6888-3 using biochemical characteristics. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted for 43 of the isolates using 15 antimicrobial agents commonly used for humans and livestock by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Results Staphylococcus organism were isolated from 92 (47.7%) of the total 193 samples, 50% in the dairy farms and 46.3% in the abattoir. The isolated species were S. aureus (n = 31; 16.1%), S. intermedius (n = 21; 10.9%), S. hyicus (n = 16; 8.3%), and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (n = 24; 12.4%). Gentamycin was effective drug as all isolates (n = 43; 100%) were susceptible to it and followed by kanamycin (n = 39; 90.7%). However, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to penicillin-G (95.3%), nalidixic acid (88.4%), cloxacillin (79.1%), vancomycin (65.1%) and cefoxitin (55.8%). Of the 15 S. aureus tested for drug susceptibility, 73.3% of them were phenotypically resistant to vancomycin (VRSA) and all of the 15 isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) to >3 drugs. Also, all of the tested CNS (100%), S. hyicus (100%) and the majority of S. intermedius isolates (88.9%) developed MDR. Conclusion Alarmingly, the Staphylococcus isolates circulating in the dairy farms and abattoir in the study area harbor MDR. High level of Staphylococcus species isolation from personnel and equipment besides food (meat and milk) samples in dairy farms and abattoir settings reveals that the hygiene practice in the dairy farm and abattoir is substandard. Prudent drug use and improved hygienic practice is recommended in the dairy farms and abattoir to safeguard the public from the risk of acquiring infections and MDR pathogenic Staphylococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Beyene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Halefom Hayishe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fikru Gizaw
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fufa Abunna
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Dinka Ayana
- Department of Veterinary parasitology and pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Reta Duguma Abdi
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Samad T, Billings N, Birjiniuk A, Crouzier T, Doyle PS, Ribbeck K. Swimming bacteria promote dispersal of non-motile staphylococcal species. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1933-1937. [PMID: 28398350 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Swimming motility is considered a beneficial trait among bacterial species as it enables movement across fluid environments and augments invasion of tissues within the host. However, non-swimming bacteria also flourish in fluid habitats, but how they effectively spread and colonize distant ecological niches remains unclear. We show that non-motile staphylococci can gain motility by hitchhiking on swimming bacteria, leading to extended and directed motion with increased velocity. This phoretic interaction was observed between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, as well as S. aureus and Escherichia coli, suggesting hitchhiking as a general translocation mechanism for non-motile staphylococcal species. By leveraging the motility of swimming bacteria, it was observed that staphylococci can colonize new niches that are less available in the absence of swimming carriers. This work highlights the importance of considering interactions between species within polymicrobial communities, in which bacteria can utilize each other as resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahoura Samad
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Billings
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alona Birjiniuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Lenart-Boroń A, Wolny-Koładka K, Juraszek K, Kasprowicz A. Phenotypic and molecular assessment of antimicrobial resistance profile of airborne Staphylococcus spp. isolated from flats in Kraków. AEROBIOLOGIA 2017; 33:435-444. [PMID: 28955110 PMCID: PMC5591801 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-017-9481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were isolated from air sampled from living spaces in Kraków (Poland). In total, 55 strains belonging to the genus Staphylococcus were isolated from 45 sites, and 13 species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified. The species composition of studied airborne microbiota contains Staphylococcus species that are rarely infectious to humans. Most commonly isolated species comprised S. hominis and S. warneri. The disk-diffusion tests showed that the collected isolates were most frequently resistant to erythromycin. The PCR technique was employed to search for genes conferring the resistance in staphylococci to antibiotics from the group of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins. The analyzed Staphylococcus isolates possessed simultaneously 4 different resistance genes. The molecular analysis with the use of specific primers allowed to determine the most prevalent gene which is mphC, responsible for the resistance to macrolides and for the enzymatic inactivation of the drug by phosphotransferase. The second most often detected gene was msrA1, which confers the resistance of staphylococci to macrolides and is responsible for active pumping of antimicrobial particles out of bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lenart-Boroń
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Mickiewicza Ave. 24/28, 31-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Mickiewicza Ave. 24/28, 31-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Juraszek
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, 29 Listopada Ave 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kasprowicz
- Centre for Microbiological Research and Autovaccines, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
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78
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PREVALENCE, SPECIATION AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILES OF COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATES FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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79
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Staphylococcus enterotoxin profile of China isolates and the superantigenicity of some novel enterotoxins. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:723-736. [PMID: 28235987 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus of staphylococcus widely distributes in environments and contributes to a variety of animal and human diseases. The enterotoxins (SEs) secreted by this type of pathogen have been the leading cause of bacterial toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning, and thus present a substantial concern to public health. In this study, we analyzed the superantigen profile of 122 staphylococcus strains isolated from diverse sources. When screened for the presence and prevalence of 17 known se or se-like (sel) genes, except selj, all other genes were detected in these isolates. In particular, 95.9% of the isolates harbored at least one se/sel gene. Moreover, 47.5% of them bore at least 5. Remarkably, several non-pathogenic species of animal- and environment-origin were also found to carry multiple se/sels. The most frequent genes detected were tsst (62.3%), sei (54.1%), and seb (46.7%), followed by some sel genes (selo, selu, and selm), which also were present at relatively high frequency (20-30%). The generated data improved understanding of strain-specific differences in enterotoxin expression. The gene products of the latter (selo and selu) were subsequently analyzed for their antigenicity in a mouse model using purified E. coli-based recombinant proteins. The studies revealed a strong activity for SEO in induction of T-lymphocyte proliferation and production of various inflammatory cytokines either in vivo or in vitro. In contrast, SEU exhibited little superantigenic effects. The molecular basis for the difference in antigenicity was analyzed by 3D homology remodeling, which revealed a difference in binding and affinities for MHC-II molecules and TCR Vβ region.
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80
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Surase PV, Nataraj G, Pattamadai K, Mehta PR, Pazare AR, Agarwal MC, Nanavati RN. An appropriately performed conventional blood culture can facilitate choice of therapy in resource-constrained settings-comparison with BACTEC 9050. J Postgrad Med 2017; 62:228-234. [PMID: 27763479 PMCID: PMC5105207 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.184958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Comparison of conventional blood culture with BACTEC 9050 for rate and time to detection of microorganisms. Settings and Design: A prospective study was carried out in a multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital. Subjects and Methods: A total of 835 paired specimens (797 blood and 38 nonblood specimens) were collected and processed according to standard microbiological procedures by both conventional method as well as by BACTEC 9050 automated culture system. Clinical details of patients were recorded. Data were analyzed for time to detection and isolation rate by the two systems and compared. Results: Overall culture positivity for BACTEC 9050 and the conventional system was 32% and 19.88%, respectively. Eighty-five demonstrated concordant growth, 136 specimens were culture positive by BACTEC only, and 38 specimens were culture positive by conventional only. Twelve contaminants in BACTEC and nine contaminants in conventional system were detected. Using BACTEC 9050, higher isolation was observed for Acinetobacter spp., coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Candida spp. A total of 410 patients were on antimicrobial treatment and culture positivity was significantly higher with BACTEC 9050 (P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference in the mean time to detection with BACTEC 9050 recovering 86.8% of isolates within 48 h (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Although BACTEC 9050 demonstrated a significantly higher recovery of microorganisms from blood, an appropriately performed conventional blood culture can facilitate the choice of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Surase
- Department of Microbiology, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - G Nataraj
- Department of Microbiology, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Pattamadai
- Department of Microbiology, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - P R Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A R Pazare
- Department of Medicine, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - M C Agarwal
- Department of Paediatrics, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - R N Nanavati
- Department of Neonatology, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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81
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Yamada K, Namikawa H, Fujimoto H, Nakaie K, Takizawa E, Okada Y, Fujita A, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura Y, Abe J, Kaneko Y, Kakeya H. Clinical Characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal Bacteremia in a Tertiary Hospital. Intern Med 2017; 56:781-785. [PMID: 28381743 PMCID: PMC5457920 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Coagulase-negative staphylococci are among the most frequently isolated microorganisms in blood cultures. The aim of this study was to assess [1] the clinical characteristics of methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci bacteremia and [2] the susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to glycopeptides. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 70 patients from whom methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci had been isolated at Osaka City University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2013. We evaluated the patients' background, severity and prognosis of the disease, and the susceptibility of the isolated methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci to glycopeptides. Results Out of the 70 patients tested, 28 (40.0%) had leukemia, and 36 (51.4%) had been treated for febrile neutropenia. Infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 78.6% of patients. Thirty-nine cases (55.7%) were related to intravascular catheters, and 39 (55.7%) were treated using teicoplanin as a first-line therapy. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.3%. Regarding susceptibility, 20% of all isolates were non-susceptible to teicoplanin. According to multivariate analyses, it was observed that premedication using glycopeptides was independently associated with teicoplanin non-susceptibility (p=0.03; hazard ratio = 5.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-26.76). Conclusion Our results suggest that clinicians must use glycopeptides appropriately to prevent the development of further antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamada
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Japan
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82
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Mahmoudi H, Arabestani MR, Mousavi SF, Alikhani MY. Molecular analysis of the coagulase gene in clinical and nasal carrier isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 8:41-45. [PMID: 27987442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coagulase enzyme, encoded by the coa gene, is an important virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used for typing of S. aureus isolates. In this study, coa gene typing was used to study the epidemiology of S. aureus at a university hospital in Hamadān (Iran). METHODS A total of 200 S. aureus strains were analysed, among which 150 were isolated from clinical samples and 50 were from nasal swab specimens of carriers. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by presence of the mecA gene by PCR. For polymorphism analysis, the coa gene was amplified by PCR and the products were subjected to restriction digestion using the enzyme AluI. RESULTS Amplification of the coa gene produced five classes of bands based on size, ranging from 300bp to 800bp. The 600-bp amplicon included coa 3 genotype predominated in S. aureus isolated from clinical and carrier specimens (150/200; 75.0%). AluI digestion of the PCR products produced eight distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, designated coa 1-8. The results showed that the 700-bp and 800-bp amplicons formed two (coa 4a and 4b) and three (coa 5a, 5b and 5c) patterns following AluI digestion, respectively, whereas the 300-, 500- and 600-bp fragments generated unique patterns designated coa 1, coa 2 and coa 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study performed coagulase typing, a technique used to determine the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus clinical isolates. coa gene amplification has been considered a simple and accurate method for typing of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoudi
- Microbiology Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadān, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Microbiology Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadān, Iran; Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadān, Iran.
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83
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Soumya KR, Sugathan S, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan EK. Studies on coexistence of mec gene, IS256 and novel sasX gene among human clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:233. [PMID: 28330305 PMCID: PMC5088179 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) are major nosocomial pathogens which cause device-related infections. Presence of various virulence factors along with methicillin resistance favor improved CoNS pathogenicity and their dissemination among population. In the present study, mec gene prevalence was analyzed along with SCC mec diversity among 55 human clinical CoNS isolates. PCR screening of insertion sequence (IS256) was also conducted to elucidate their association with methicillin resistance among selected CoNS species. In addition to this, PCR screening and sequence analysis of novel colonization-associated gene sasX was also carried out. High incidences of mec gene, IS256 and their association have been noted among all of the CoNS species tested. Interestingly, eight CoNS isolates were found to harbor sasX gene including S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus and S. saprophtyicus species. Remarkably they were also found to have the coexistence of mec gene and IS256 in their genome. Increased SCC mec diversity with non-typeable elements was also observed among CoNS isolates. Presence of sasX gene in CoNS with mec gene and insertion sequence 256 and also the identification of non-typeable SCC mec element make the study novel and interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Soumya
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India
| | | | - Jyothis Mathew
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India
| | - E K Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
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84
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Kim H, Choo OS, Jang JH, Park HY, Choung YH. Chronological changes in microbial profiles in external and middle ear diseases: a 20-year study in Korea. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:1375-1381. [PMID: 27878589 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial infection is one of the most significant causes of ear diseases, but microbial profiles are very diverse according to the diseases and change over time. The purpose of the study was to clarify differences and chronological changes in causative pathogens among infectious ear diseases over the last 20 years, and to identify antibiotic resistance. In total, 1191 isolates were included from patients diagnosed with chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma (COM), cholesteatomatous otitis media (Chole), middle ear effusion (MEE), including acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion, and external otitis (EO). Data were collected periodically for the years 1995, 2000, 2004, 2009, and 2013. Culture results and antibiotic resistance were assessed. The most common microorganism identified was S. aureus. The microbial profiles differed significant among the COM, Chole, and MEE groups (p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no distinct difference between COM and EO (p = 0.332). COM, Chole, and MEE also showed significant chronological changes in microbial profiles over time. The frequency of CNS increased markedly in COM and Chole (p = 0.029 and 0.028, respectively); however, S. pneumoniae infection decreased significantly in MEE (p = 0.016). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) demonstrated a constant trend (p = 0.564), whereas ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa increased over time (p < 0.001). Microbial profiles have changed over a 20-year period. Increases in the frequency of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) and bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin, used widely in treating ear infections, are noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantai Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Oak-Sung Choo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Yi Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hoon Choung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. .,Bk21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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85
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Neas ED, Dunn JA, Silva ED, Chambers AM, Luckasen GJ, Jaskowiak A. Peroxy Pyruvic Acid-Containing Topical Anti-Infective: A Potential Candidate for a Wound Instillation Solution. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:432-443. [PMID: 27785377 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2015.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evaluate the therapeutic properties of a peroxy pyruvic acid (PPA)-containing topical anti-infective in a human ex-vivo model that replicates the natural conditions of a human chronic wound. Approach: Wound material was extracted from patients with nonhealing diabetic ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, and arterial wounds. Microbial species were identified, and wound colonization was quantified. Extracted samples were then exposed to a PPA-containing topical anti-infective as an instillation solution with negative pressure wound therapy NPWT at concentrations of 1,000, 1,500, or 2,500 ppm for a period of 1, 5, or 10 min to determine the effect of exposure on isolated pathogens, including effect on proteins. Results: A total of 32 samples were collected from patients. Samples presented with a range of bacteria and fungi representing 14 genera and 22 species, many of which are or are evolving to be resistant to many, if not most, current systemic antibiotics. Thirteen of twenty-three samples (57%) from chronic wounds had bacteria counts ≥105 and most were 6 logs or more. Seven of 10 samples (70%) from acute wounds had bacteria counts ≤105 and most were much lower. Exposure to PPA-containing topical anti-infective at 1,000 ppm killed all bacteria and fungi in all samples within 1 min of exposure. Innovation: PPA-containing topical anti-infective is a potentially valuable clinical option for NPWT. Conclusion: PPA-containing topical anti-infective is a potential candidate for use as an NPWT instillation solution for the treatment of wound infections caused by susceptible pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie A. Dunn
- UC Health: Medial Center of the Rockies, Loveland, Colorado
| | | | | | - Gary J. Luckasen
- UC Health Research: Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland, Colorado
| | - Adam Jaskowiak
- UC Health Research: Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland, Colorado
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86
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Lenart-Boroń A, Wolny-Koładka K, Stec J, Kasprowic A. Phenotypic and Molecular Antibiotic Resistance Determination of Airborne Coagulase NegativeStaphylococcusspp. Strains from Healthcare Facilities in Southern Poland. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 22:515-522. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lenart-Boroń
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Stec
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kasprowic
- Centre for Microbiological Research and Autovaccines, Kraków, Poland
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87
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Cavanagh JP, Wolden R, Heise P, Esaiassen E, Klingenberg C, Aarag Fredheim EG. Antimicrobial susceptibility and body site distribution of community isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. APMIS 2016; 124:973-978. [PMID: 27599662 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from healthy adults in the community. Healthy adults (n = 114) were swabbed on six body sites; both armpits, both knee pits and both sides of the groin. Species determination was performed using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) and susceptibility testing for 11 relevant antimicrobials was performed by the disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration gradient test. In total, 693 CoNS isolates were identified. Susceptibility testing was done on 386 isolates; one CoNS from each species found on each participant from the different body sites. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the CoNS isolates were; erythromycin (24.6%), fusidic acid (19.9%), tetracycline (11.4%), clindamycin (7.8%), gentamicin (6.2%) and cefoxitin (4.1%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 5.2% of the isolates. Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. hominis were the first and second most prevalent species on all three body sites. We conclude that CoNS isolates from healthy adults in the community have a much lower prevalence of antimicrobial resistance than reported in nosocomial CoNS isolates. Still, we believe that levels of resistance in community CoNS should be monitored as the consumption of antimicrobials in primary care in Norway is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Runa Wolden
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Philipp Heise
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eirin Esaiassen
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claus Klingenberg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Fijałkowski K, Peitler D, Karakulska J. Staphylococci isolated from ready-to-eat meat - Identification, antibiotic resistance and toxin gene profile. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:113-120. [PMID: 27614422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the staphylococci isolated from ready-to-eat meat products, including pork ham, chicken cold cuts, pork sausage, salami and pork luncheon meat, sliced in the store to the consumer's specifications, along with species identification and determination of antibiotic resistance. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin-like proteins, exfoliative toxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 were also investigated. From the 41 samples, 75 different staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the gap gene using AluI and HpyCH4V restriction enzymes, the isolates were identified as Staphylococcus equorum (28%), S. vitulinus (16%), S. carnosus (14%), S. succinus (11%), S. xylosus (11%), S. saprophyticus (9%), S. warneri (9%), S. haemolyticus (1%) and S. pasteuri (1%). The incidence and number of resistances to antimicrobials was found to be species but not source of isolation dependent. All S. xylosus, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus and S. pasteuri isolates showed antibiotic resistance. A lower percentage of resistance was recorded for S. warneri (71%) and S. vitulinus (58%), followed by S. equorum (57%), S. carnosus (50%) and S. succinus (50%). The most frequent resistance was observed to fusidic acid (43%). The mecA gene was amplified in 4% of the staphylococci. However, phenotypic resistance to methicillin was not confirmed in any of these isolates. On the other hand, the mecA gene was not detected in any of 9% of the isolates resistant to cefoxitin. It was also found that among 75 isolates, 60 (80%) harbored from 1 to 10 out of 21 analyzed superantigenic toxin genes. The most prevalent genes were: sei (36% isolates) among enterotoxins, seln (32% isolates) among enterotoxin-like proteins and eta encoding exfoliative toxin A (37% isolates). The findings of this study further extend previous observations that, when present in food, not only S. aureus but also other species of staphylococci could be of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Peitler
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Karakulska
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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89
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dos Santos BRM, Demeda CF, da Silva EENF, de Britto MHMF, Lima KC, de Melo MCN. Prevalence of subgingival Staphylococcus at periodontally healthy and diseased sites. Braz Dent J 2016; 25:271-6. [PMID: 25250488 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are considered members of the transient oral microbiota and are seldom isolated from the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of subgingival staphylococci in healthy and periodontal disease sites. Sterile endodontic paper points were used to isolate subgingival staphylococci in periodontally healthy and periodontally diseased sites in 30 adult subjects (n=540 sites). Staphylococcus spp were identified by an automated method and confirmed by conventional biochemical tests. All the samples were identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci. The results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, chi-square and Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level. A total of 86.7% of the subjects harbored these microorganisms in 11.7% of their periodontal sites. The most frequently isolated species was S. auricularis, which was isolated from 31.4% of the periodontal sites, followed by S. epidermidis, isolated from 21.4% of them. There was no statistically significant difference between the frequencies of these species isolated either from the healthy and the diseased sites (p>0.153). Although staphylococci are present in the subgingival environment and contribute to the pathogenic synergism involved in periodontal diseases, the results suggest that they do not participate directly in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa Favero Demeda
- Department of Dentistry, UFRN - Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kenio Costa Lima
- Department of Dentistry, UFRN - Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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90
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Imai K. Perioperative management for the prevention of bacterial infection in cardiac implantable electronic device placement. J Arrhythm 2016; 32:283-6. [PMID: 27588150 PMCID: PMC4996848 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have become important in the treatment of cardiac disease and placement rates increased significantly in the last decade. However, despite the use of appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis, CIED infection rates are increasing disproportionately to the implantation rate. CIED infection often requires explantation of all hardware, and at times results in death. Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common cause of CIED infection as a pocket infection. The best method of combating CIED infection is prevention. Prevention of CIED infections comprises three phases: before, during, and after device implantation. The most critical factors in the prevention of SSIs are detailed operative techniques including the practice of proper technique by the surgeon and surgical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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91
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Safdar N, Maki DG. Lost in Translation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:3-7. [PMID: 16418979 DOI: 10.1086/500282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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92
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Fux CA, Uehlinger D, Bodmer T, Droz S, Zellweger C, Mühlemann K. Dynamics of Hemodialysis Catheter Colonization by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 26:567-74. [PMID: 16018433 DOI: 10.1086/502586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectives:Catheter colonization is a necessary but poorly characterized step in the pathogenesis of catheter-related infections. Colonization dynamics of central venous hemodialysis catheters were studied with emphasis on coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and their population genetics, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. The homogeneity of CoNS colony morphotypes was evaluated.Design:Prospective, longitudinal study during 1,158 catheter-days with microbiological analysis of skin swabs, weekly catheter blood and brush samples, and catheter tips.Setting:Hemodialysis unit of a university hospital.Patients:Twenty-six patients with 24 non-tunneled and 5 tunneled catheters.Results:Nineteen (65.5%) of the catheters became colonized, 17 by CoNS. CoNS colonization of the inner lumen was observed in 17.2% of the catheters and was first detectable after 3 weeks. Colonization of the outer surface occurred in 44.8% of the catheters within a minimum of 2 weeks. PFGE of 53 CoNS revealed 10 clones and 20 unique isolates. Isolates from clones were more frequent in catheter blood and brush cultures than were unique isolates (41% vs 15%), were resistant to more antibiotics (median, 7 vs 2), and tended to more often carry theicaAgene (64.1% vs 40%). Four (23.5%) of the catheters showed colonization with a mixture of CoNS based on PFGE. The time from catheter insertion to such mixed CoNS colonization was longer than that for colonization with one CoNS PFGE pattern only (42 vs 25 days).Conclusions:Colonization of hemodialysis catheters is dominated by multidrug-resistant,icaA-positive CoNS clones. Mixed CoNS colonization occurs, but is delayed, suggesting a process of sequential superinfection (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2005;26:567-574).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bacteremia/etiology
- Biofilms/growth & development
- Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects
- Catheterization, Central Venous/instrumentation
- Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology
- Coagulase
- Cross Infection/etiology
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Equipment Contamination/statistics & numerical data
- Equipment Design
- Female
- Hospitals, University
- Humans
- Male
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Renal Dialysis/adverse effects
- Renal Dialysis/instrumentation
- Staphylococcal Infections/etiology
- Staphylococcus/genetics
- Staphylococcus/growth & development
- Superinfection/etiology
- Switzerland
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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93
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Clinical features, outcomes, and survival factor in patients with vertebral osteomyelitis infected by methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Orthop Sci 2016; 21:282-6. [PMID: 27021250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate clinico-radiological features, therapeutic outcomes, and survival factors of vertebral osteomyelitis patients infected by methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS). METHODS Vertebral osteomyelitis patients admitted to the orthopaedic department between 2007 and 2011 (n = 248) were selected for this multicenter study. We compared patients' backgrounds, therapeutic course, and in-hospital mortality between MRS and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (MSS). We also examined survival factors of vertebral osteomyelitis due to MRS. RESULTS Sixteen patients of MRS vertebral osteomyelitis and 55 patients of MSS were included in this study. In MRS vertebral osteomyelitis, the rates of comorbid diabetes mellitus, involvement of >2 vertebral bodies, in-hospital mortality, and operation of surgical debridement were higher compared to those in MSS vertebral osteomyelitis. Univariate analysis showed that operation of surgical debridement was a factor related to survival in MRS patients. CONCLUSIONS Higher rate of comorbid diabetes mellitus, involvement of >2 vertebral bodies, in-hospital mortality, and performing surgical debridement are peculiar features of MRS vertebral osteomyelitis compared to MSS vertebral osteomyelitis. If patients with MRS vertebral osteomyelitis respond poorly to antibiotic therapy, it might be better to consider surgical debridement not to lose an opportunity of operation due to exacerbation of systemic conditions.
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94
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Cuny C, Arnold P, Hermes J, Eckmanns T, Mehraj J, Schoenfelder S, Ziebuhr W, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Feßler AT, Krause G, Schwarz S, Witte W. Occurrence of cfr-mediated multiresistance in staphylococci from veal calves and pigs, from humans at the corresponding farms, and from veterinarians and their family members. Vet Microbiol 2016; 200:88-94. [PMID: 27102205 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the emergence of linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) containing the multiresistance gene cfr in veal calves and pigs, as well as in humans exposed to these animals. CoNS (Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus kloosii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus simulans), but not Staphylococcus aureus, carrying the gene cfr were detected in samples of 12 out of 52 calves at three farms which had a history of florfenicol use. Nasal swabs from 10 humans living on these farms were negative for cfr-carrying staphylococci. Nasal swabs taken from 142 calves at 16 farms in the same area that did not use florfenicol were also negative for cfr-carrying staphylococci. 14 cfr-carrying CoNS (S. kloosii, S. saprophyticus, S. simulans) were detected in three of eight conventional pig farms investigated. One of 12 humans living on these farms harboured a cfr-carrying S. cohnii. Among the nasal swabs taken from 169 veterinarians from all over Germany, four (2.3%) were positive for cfr-carrying CoNS (three S. epidermidis, one S. saprophyticus), and three (1.1%) of 263 contact persons of this group also harboured cfr-carrying CoNS (one S. epidermidis, two S. saprophyticus). In vitro conjugation of cfr by filter mating to S. aureus 8325-4 was possible for 10 of 34CoNS and the cfr gene was associated with plasmids of 38-40kb. Moreover, a total of 363 humans of a German municipal community were investigated for nasal carriage of cfr-carrying staphylococci to get an idea whether such isolates are disseminated as nasal colonizers in non-hospitalized humans in the community, were all negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Hermes
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Germany
| | - Tim Eckmanns
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Germany
| | - Jaishri Mehraj
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Epidemiology Department, Germany; PhD Program Epidemiology, Hannover Biomedical Research School and Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Sonja Schoenfelder
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Qin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Epidemiology Department, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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95
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Boo NY, Suhaida AR, Rohana J. Frequent nasopharyngeal suctioning as a risk factor associated with neonatal coagulase-negative staphylococcal colonisation and sepsis. Singapore Med J 2016; 56:164-8. [PMID: 25532513 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2014171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This case-control study aimed to determine whether catheter use was significantly associated with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) colonisation and/or sepsis in neonates. METHODS Weekly swabs of the nose, umbilicus, rectum, wounds, eye discharge and intravenous catheter tips (after removal) of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Malaysia, were cultured. CoNS sepsis was diagnosed if pure growth of CoNS was cultured from the peripheral blood specimen of symptomatic infants. For each infant with CoNS colonisation or sepsis, a control infant was retrospectively and randomly selected from unaffected infants in the ward. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether catheter use was a significant risk factor. RESULTS CoNS colonisation was detected in 113 (8.7%) infants. CoNS sepsis was found in 12 (10.6%) infants with CoNS colonisation and 7 (0.6%) infants without CoNS colonisation. Multivariate analysis showed that the following were significantly associated with CoNS colonisation: conjunctivitis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 8.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–34.8, p = 0.005); central venous catheters (adjusted OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.9–17.8, p = 0.002); and nasopharyngeal and/or oral suctioning more than twice in the 48 hours before positive culture (adjusted OR 7.3, 95% CI 3.3–16.2, p < 0.001). Exposure to frequent nasopharyngeal and/or oral suctioning (adjusted OR 20.8, 95% CI 3.5–125.3, p = 0.001) was the only significant factor associated with CoNS sepsis. CONCLUSION Infants requiring more than two nasopharyngeal and/or oral suctions in the previous 48 hours were found to have a higher risk of developing CoNS colonisation and sepsis.
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96
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Pieri FA, Vargas TF, Galvão NN, Nogueira PA, Orlandi PP. Phenotypic and Molecular Aspects of Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Hospitalized Patients and Beef in the Brazilian Amazon. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:128-34. [PMID: 26824600 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and compare Staphylococcus spp. isolated from hospitalized patients and beef marketed in the city of Porto Velho-RO, Brazil. The isolates were subjected to antibiogram tests, adherence capacity tests, detection of the mecA gene, and epidemiological investigation by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, using the primers M13 and H12. Among the 123 Staphylococcus spp. isolates, 50 were identified as S. aureus and 73 as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; among the latter, 7 species were identified. It was observed that the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates showed greater adhesion ability than S. aureus. The profile of antimicrobial susceptibility was different among isolates, all of which were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid, and had high penicillin resistance rates, varying according to the bacterial class and the source. In this study, all strains were negative for mecA gene detection; however, 36% of S. aureus and 17% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were resistant to oxacillin. The genetic relationship of these bacteria, analyzed by RAPD, was able to discriminate the species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains of S. aureus along its origin. It was concluded that the isolates of Staphylococcus spp. derived from beef and human infections differ genetically. Thus, it is suggested that isolates from beef, which were grouped within hospital isolates, were probably carried via contact with beef in hospital professionals or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Pieri
- 1 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Campus Avançado Governador Valadares, UFJF-GV, Governador Valadares-MG, Brasil
| | - Taise F Vargas
- 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia , UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brasil
| | - Newton N Galvão
- 3 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia , UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo A Nogueira
- 4 Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus-AM, Brasil
| | - Patrícia P Orlandi
- 4 Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus-AM, Brasil
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97
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Król J, Wanecka A, Twardoń J, Mrowiec J, Dropińska A, Bania J, Podkowik M, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Paściak M. Isolation of Staphylococcus microti from milk of dairy cows with mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:163-9. [PMID: 26711044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is a case-report of multiple udder infections in a dairy herd caused by Staphylococcus microti. Over a 22-month period, eleven S. microti isolates from milk samples from 9 cows were collected. The animals experienced subclinical (with one exception) intramammary infections with a high self-cure rate. The identification of the microorganism was carried out by means of two independent approaches: nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, as well as some housekeeping genes (sodA, rpoB, dnaJ), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. All S. microti isolates belonged to an apparently single clone (as detected by the RAPD analysis), indicating that the microorganism could adapt, to some degree, to the bovine mammary gland or even spread from cow to cow in a contagious manner. This report is, to our knowledge, the first ever case of bovine mastitis caused by S. microti and the first instance of isolation of this microorganism from domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Król
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Wanecka
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Twardoń
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Mrowiec
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Dropińska
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Paściak
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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99
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Palacio F, Reyes LF, Levine DJ, Sanchez JF, Angel LF, Fernandez JF, Levine SM, Rello J, Abedi A, Restrepo MI. Understanding the Concept of Health Care-Associated Pneumonia in Lung Transplant Recipients. Chest 2015; 148:516-522. [PMID: 25742187 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available regarding the etiologic impact of health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in lung transplant recipients. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the microbiologic differences between HCAP and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in lung transplant recipients with a radiographically confirmed diagnosis of pneumonia. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients with pneumonia at one transplant center over a 7-year period. Eligible patients included lung transplant recipients who developed a first episode of radiographically confirmed pneumonia ≥ 48 h following transplantation. HCAP, HAP, and VAP were classified according to the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America 2005 guidelines. χ² and Student t tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS Sixty-eight lung transplant recipients developed at least one episode of pneumonia. HCAP (n = 42; 62%) was most common, followed by HAP/VAP (n = 26; 38%) stratified in HAP (n = 20; 77%) and VAP (n = 6; 23%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominantly isolated organism (n = 22; 32%), whereas invasive aspergillosis was uncommon (< 10%). Multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens were less frequently isolated in patients with HCAP compared with HAP/VAP (5% vs 27%; P = .009). Opportunistic pathogens were less frequently identified in lung transplant recipients with HCAP than in those with HAP/VAP (7% vs 27%; P = .02). Lung transplant recipients with HCAP had a similar mortality at 90 days (n = 9 [21%] vs n = 4 [15%]; P = .3) compared with patients with HAP/VAP. CONCLUSIONS HCAP was the most frequent infection in lung transplant recipients. MDR pathogens and opportunistic pathogens were more frequently isolated in HAP/VAP. There were no differences in 30- and 90-day mortality between lung transplant recipients with HCAP and those with HAP/VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Palacio
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Luis F Reyes
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Universidad de La Sabana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Deborah J Levine
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Luis F Angel
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Juan F Fernandez
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Jordi Rello
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, CIBERES, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain)
| | - Ali Abedi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Marcos I Restrepo
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.
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100
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Kunder DA, Cain CL, O'Shea K, Cole SD, Rankin SC. Genotypic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus schleiferi in clinical samples from dogs in different geographic regions of the United States. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:406-10, e94. [PMID: 26369311 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus schleiferi is a known pathogen that can cause canine skin and ear infections. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical veterinary isolates from different geographic regions in the United States. HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesized that S. schleiferi would maintain genotypic homogeneity across the different geographic regions and that meticillin-resistant (MR) isolates of S. schleiferi would predominate. METHODS Isolates were identified as S. schleiferi by a commercial microbiology identification system and confirmed by nuc gene PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility data were collected and PBP2a latex agglutination testing was performed on MR isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed and clonal clusters were identified with a Dice coefficient similarity of >80%. RESULTS There were 116 isolates from the Mid-Atlantic region and 101 from across the United States. Of these 217 isolates, 209 (96%) were obtained from cutaneous sites. Of the Mid-Atlantic isolates, 62% (72 of 116) were MR and 16% (18 of 116) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Of the isolates from the other geographic regions, 73% (74 of 101) were MR and 24% (24 of 101) were MDR. All MR isolates were positive by PBP2a latex agglutination. PFGE identified 155 individual pulsed-field profiles and three major pulsed-field types (PFT) that contained 61% (133 of 217) of the isolates. These pulsed-field types were geographically heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the dissemination of successful MR pulsed-field types of S. schleiferi across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie A Kunder
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen O'Shea
- Department of Pathobiology - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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