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Artika IM, Ma'roef CN. Laboratory biosafety for handling emerging viruses. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7:483-491. [PMID: 32289025 PMCID: PMC7103938 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses are viruses whose occurrence has risen within the past twenty years, or whose presence is likely to increase in the near future. Diseases caused by emerging viruses are a major threat to global public health. In spite of greater awareness of safety and containment procedures, the handling of pathogenic viruses remains a likely source of infection, and mortality, among laboratory workers. There is a steady increase in both the number of laboratories and scientist handling emerging viruses for diagnostics and research. The potential for harm associated to work with these infectious agents can be minimized through the application of sound biosafety concepts and practices. The main factors to the prevention of laboratory-acquired infection are well-trained personnel who are knowledgable and biohazard aware, who are perceptive of the various ways of transmission, and who are professional in safe laboratory practice management. In addition, we should emphasize that appropriate facilities, practices and procedures are to be used by the laboratory workers for the handling of emerging viruses in a safe and secure manner. This review is aimed at providing researchers and laboratory personnel with basic biosafety principles to protect themselves from exposure to emerging viruses while working in the laboratory. This paper focuses on what emerging viruses are, why emerging viruses can cause laboratory-acquired infection, how to assess the risk of working with emerging viruses, and how laboratory-acquired infection can be prevented. Control measures used in the laboratory designed as such that they protect workers from emerging viruses and safeguard the public through the safe disposal of infectious wastes are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Made Artika
- Biosafety Level 3 Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Chairin Nisa Ma'roef
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Ngo KA, Jones SA, Church TM, Fuschino ME, George KS, Lamson DM, Maffei J, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Unreliable Inactivation of Viruses by Commonly Used Lysis Buffers. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1535676017703383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A. Ngo
- New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Susan A. Jones
- New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Maffei
- New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gillum
- Arizona State University, Environmental Health and Safety, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Karen Byers
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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54
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Waite AJ, Frankel NW, Dufour YS, Johnston JF, Long J, Emonet T. Non-genetic diversity modulates population performance. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:895. [PMID: 27994041 PMCID: PMC5199129 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological functions are typically performed by groups of cells that express predominantly the same genes, yet display a continuum of phenotypes. While it is known how one genotype can generate such non-genetic diversity, it remains unclear how different phenotypes contribute to the performance of biological function at the population level. We developed a microfluidic device to simultaneously measure the phenotype and chemotactic performance of tens of thousands of individual, freely swimming Escherichia coli as they climbed a gradient of attractant. We discovered that spatial structure spontaneously emerged from initially well-mixed wild-type populations due to non-genetic diversity. By manipulating the expression of key chemotaxis proteins, we established a causal relationship between protein expression, non-genetic diversity, and performance that was theoretically predicted. This approach generated a complete phenotype-to-performance map, in which we found a nonlinear regime. We used this map to demonstrate how changing the shape of a phenotypic distribution can have as large of an effect on collective performance as changing the mean phenotype, suggesting that selection could act on both during the process of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam James Waite
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas W Frankel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yann S Dufour
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica F Johnston
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Junjiajia Long
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thierry Emonet
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA .,Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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55
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Cell Therepy and Regenerative Medicine Glossary. Regen Med 2016; 11:1-142. [PMID: 27915589 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-1108s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Naroeni A, Bachtiar EW, Ibrahim F, Bela B, Kusminanti Y, Pujiriani I, Lestari F. Challenges in Implementing a Biorisk Management Program at Universitas Indonesia: A Checklist Tool for Biorisk Management. Health Secur 2016; 14:375-381. [PMID: 27830940 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development and advancement of bioresearch at a university's laboratories can have both positive and negative implications for public health and the environment. Many research activities in which biological materials have been created, modified, stored, and manipulated require safety procedures to keep the negative effects on humans and the environment as low as possible. The Occupational Health, Safety and Environmental (OHS&E) Department of the University of Indonesia (UI) is trying to increase the awareness and responsibility of its university members and laboratory staffs who work with biohazard materials by creating a biorisk checklist. The checklist was developed based on WHO guidelines and the National University of Singapore (NUS) Laboratory Manual, which contains 311 questions about the management, administration, and handling of various hazards, recombinant experiments, and animal and plant experiments. A gap analysis was run against the checklist in 14 laboratories at the University of Indonesia Salemba campus, which daily works with highly infectious pathogens and high-risk agents. Overall result showed that none of these laboratories had met all of the checklist items, and there were only 2 laboratories that had implemented more than half of the items. This checklist was proven to be a simple tool for assessing laboratories that handle and store biohazard materials, and it could be used as a monitoring tool for biorisk programs as well. It also could be further developed as a laboratory software application to increase its effectiveness and its accuracy.
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57
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Pyke AT, Warrilow D. Archival Collections are Important in the Study of the Biology, Diversity, and Evolution of Arboviruses. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12:27-30. [PMID: 27688704 PMCID: PMC5024791 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s40569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, classifications of arboviruses were based on serological techniques. Hence, collections of arbovirus isolates have been central to this process by providing the antigenic reagents for these methods. However, with increasing concern about biosafety and security, the introduction of molecular biology techniques has led to greater emphasis on the storage of nucleic acid sequence data over the maintenance of archival material. In this commentary, we provide examples of where archival collections provide an important source of genetic material to assist in confirming the authenticity of reference strains and vaccine stocks, to clarify taxonomic relationships particularly when isolates of the same virus species have been collected across a wide expanse of time and space, for future phenotypic analysis, to determine the historical diversity of strains, and to understand the mechanisms leading to changes in genome structure and virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa T Pyke
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Archerfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Archerfield, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Risk assessments for using biological agents in the laboratory are qualitative rather than quantitative. A number of risk factors for performing the assessment are identified and discussed in terms of information needed and assessment. A process for performing a qualitative risk assessment for biological agents in the laboratory is presented with an example. This article was presented at the 5th National Symposium on Biosafety held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 17–20, 1998. The Symposium was sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA). Reprinted from Rational Basis for Biocontainment Proceedings, ABSA, pp. 56–65.
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Intorasoot S, Tharinjaroen CS, Phunpae P, Butr-Indr B, Anukool U, Intachai K, Orrapin S, Apiratmateekul N, Arunothong S, Suthachai V, Saengsawang K, Khamnoi P, Pata S, Kasinrerk W, Tragoolpua K. Novel potential diagnostic test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using combined immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and PCR-CTPP. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:528-38. [PMID: 27111352 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To exploit immunomagnetic separation combined with PCR with confronting two-pair primers (IMS-PCR-CTPP) as a rapid method for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and identification of Mycobacterium bovis from sputum specimens. METHODS AND RESULTS Monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the mycobacterial antigen, 85B (Ag85B), was coupled with magnetic particles for specific immunomagnetic separation (IMS) of Mycobacterium spp. Immunofluorescence assay indicated the capability of mAb to bind to Ag85B in both the recombinant and the native form. The IMS combined with PCR-CTPP targeting the mycobacterial lep B gene was further implemented using 133 sputum samples with acid-fast bacilli grading from negative to 3+. The results showed the sensitivity and specificity of IMS-PCR-CTPP vs gold standard culture method were 89·9 and 88·6% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The IMS-PCR-CTPP method shortens the time for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis from months to a day. This method is also suitable for investigation of MTC and epidemiological study of Myco. bovis in sputum specimens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first report emphasizing the combination of IMS and PCR-CTPP for the detection of MTC and simultaneous identification of Myco. bovis from sputum. It could be used for TB diagnosis in resource-limited countries with high TB burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Intorasoot
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - C S Tharinjaroen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - P Phunpae
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - B Butr-Indr
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - U Anukool
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - K Intachai
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S Orrapin
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - N Apiratmateekul
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - S Arunothong
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 1, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - V Suthachai
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 1, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - K Saengsawang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lampang Hospital, Lampang, Thailand
| | - P Khamnoi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - W Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - K Tragoolpua
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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61
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Knudsen RC. Risk Assessment for Working with Infectious Agents in the Biological Laboratory. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600100600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Kupskay
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health (CSCHAH), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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63
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Zerwekh JT, Emery RJ, Waring SC, Lillibridge S. Using the Results of Routine Laboratory Workplace Surveillance Activities to Assess Compliance with Recommended Biosafety Guidelines. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600400900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Zerwekh
- Kauai District Health Office, Lihue, Hawaii and 2University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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64
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Alp E, Haverkate D, Voss A. Hand Hygiene Among Laboratory Workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:978-80. [PMID: 16941327 DOI: 10.1086/506404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We performed a study to measure the compliance of laboratory personnel with different components of hand hygiene. The level of compliance at the end of duty was 100%; however, 36.7% of subjects wore a ring, 46.9% wore a watch, and 6.1% wore a bracelet. Pathogenic microorganisms were exclusively found on hands of laboratory personnel who wore jewelry. After interventions, the level of compliance with the no-jewelry policy among laboratory personnel showed sustained improvement. Efforts to improve hand hygiene should be directed not only at healthcare workers but also at laboratory personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Alp
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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65
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Burkhalter KL, Biggerstaff BJ, Horiuchi K, Savage HM. A Simple Modification to the Mosquito Homogenization Protocol Safely Inactivates West Nile Virus and Allows Virus Detection by the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP®) ASSAY. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2016; 32:77-82. [PMID: 27280345 PMCID: PMC7111560 DOI: 10.2987/moco-32-02-77-82.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP(®)) mosquito-grinding buffer to inactivate West Nile virus (WNV) by subjecting WNV-positive samples ground in RAMP buffer to incubation intervals ranging from 5 min to 60 min. At each time point an aliquot was removed and serially diluted in bovine albumin (BA)-1 cell culture media to stop the inactivation process by RAMP buffer. Each BA-1 sample was tested for viable virus using Vero 6-well cell culture plaque assay and observed for plaques. We observed very limited inactivation of WNV (1-2 log10 plaque-forming units/ml) by RAMP buffer. Concerned for RAMP operators who may be using this assay in low-level biocontainment facilities, we developed an alternate sample homogenization protocol using Triton X-100 detergent that ensures complete WNV inactivation without compromising the performance of the RAMP assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Burkhalter
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Brad J Biggerstaff
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Kalanthe Horiuchi
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Harry M Savage
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
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66
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Gonzalez MD, Burnham CAD. Can't Touch This! Contamination of Laboratory Equipment with Bloodborne Pathogens. Clin Chem 2016; 62:910-2. [PMID: 27197678 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.258715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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67
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Makaen J, Maure T. Bleach processed smear for Acid fast bacilli staining in Papua New Guinea. Lab Med 2016; 45:e140-1. [PMID: 25378525 DOI: 10.1309/lmn45y0zmnpklrms] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional method of processing sputum for acid fast bacilli microscopy has been a primary tool for laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Papua New Guinea. In routine preparation, untreated sputum is directly smeared on a glass slide without undergoing any stage of processing. Mounting evidence suggests that direct smearing is less sensitive and, to a certain degree, compromises infection control. A few alternatives for processing sputum have been recommended in the literature; however, their consumables are not easily accessible and are expensive for wide use in rural laboratories. The bleach concentration and processing method appears to be the most preferable choice because bleach is inexpensive, readily available, and has bactericidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Makaen
- Zoonoses and Neglected Diseases, Environmental and Emerging Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Tobbias Maure
- Zoonoses and Neglected Diseases, Environmental and Emerging Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea
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Wölfel R, Stoecker K, Fleischmann E, Gramsamer B, Wagner M, Molkenthin P, Di Caro A, Günther S, Ibrahim S, Genzel GH, Ozin-Hofsäss AJ, Formenty P, Zöller L. Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30055. [PMID: 26559006 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.44.30055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We established a modular, rapidly deployable laboratory system that provides diagnostic support in resource-limited, remote areas. Developed as a quick response asset to unusual outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide, several of these laboratories have been used as part of the World Health Organization response to the Ebola virus outbreaks by teams of the 'European Mobile Lab' project in West Africa since March 2014. Within three days from deployment, the first European mobile laboratory became operational at the Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU) in Guéckédou, southern Guinea. Deployment in close proximity to the ETU decreased the turnaround time to an average of 4 h instead of several days in many cases. Between March 2014 and May 2015, more than 5,800 samples were tested in this field laboratory. Further EMLab units were deployed to Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone in the following months of the Ebola outbreak. The technical concept of the EMLab units served as a blueprint for other mobile Ebola laboratories which have been set up in Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone and other countries in West Africa. Here, we describe design, capabilities and utility of this deployable laboratory system for use in response to disease outbreaks, epidemiological surveillance and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
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69
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Daneau G, Nduwamahoro E, Fissette K, Rüdelsheim P, van Soolingen D, de Jong BC, Rigouts L. Use of RODAC plates to measure containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Class IIB biosafety cabinet during routine operations. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:148-54. [PMID: 27242225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Guidelines for the manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures require a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) infrastructure and accompanying code of conduct. In this study, we aimed to validate and apply detection methods for viable mycobacteria from surfaces in a BSL-3 MTB laboratory. METHODS We evaluated phenotypic (Replicate Organism Detection and Counting [RODAC] plates) and molecular (propidium monoazide [PMA]-based polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) approaches for the detection of viable mycobacteria, as well as the effect of 70% ethanol applied for 5min for disinfection against mycobacteria. For validation of the method, recovery of serial dilutions of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin from glass slides was measured. Subsequently, we stamped surfaces in and around the biosafety cabinet (BSC) after different technicians had manipulated high bacterial load suspensions for routine drug-susceptibility testing in a Class II BSC. RESULTS RODAC stamping could detect as few as three bacteria on slides stamped either 5min or 60min after inoculation. PMA-based PCR, tested in parallel, did not pass validation. Mycobacteria were still detected after 5-min disinfection with ethanol 70%. In the BSL-3, from 201 RODAC-stamped surfaces, MTB was detected in four: three inside a BSC-on a tube cap and on an operator's gloves-and one outside, on an operator's gown. CONCLUSION RODAC plates detect mycobacteria at low numbers of microorganisms. In addition, this method allowed us to show that 70% ethanol does not reliably kill mycobacteria when applied for 5min to a dried surface, and that MTB bacilli may arrive outside a Class II BSC during routine practice, although the route could not be documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Daneau
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Elie Nduwamahoro
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristina Fissette
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Dick van Soolingen
- Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke C de Jong
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Vaccination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Leong KN, Chow TS, Wong PS, Hamzah SH, Ahmad N, Ch'ng CC. Outbreak of Human Brucellosis from Consumption of Raw Goats' Milk in Penang, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:539-41. [PMID: 26055742 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the largest outbreak of brucellosis in Penang, Malaysia. Brucellosis is not endemic in this region. The index case was a 45-year-old goat farm owner presented with 3 weeks of fever, headache, severe lethargy, poor appetite, and excessive sweating. He claimed to have consumed unpasteurized goat's milk that he had also sold to the public. Tests were negative for tropical diseases (i.e., dengue fever, malaria, leptospirosis and scrub typhus) and blood culture showed no growth. Based on epidemiological clues, Brucella serology was ordered and returned positive. Over a period of 1 year, 79 patients who had consumed milk bought from the same farm were diagnosed with brucellosis. Two of these patients were workers on the farm. Four laboratory staff had also contracted the disease presumably through handling of the blood samples. The mean duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 53 days with a maximum duration of 210 days. A combination treatment of rifampin and doxycycline for 6 weeks was the first line of treatment in 90.5% of patients. One-third of the patients had sequelae after recovering and 21% had a relapse. We highlight the importance of Brucellosis as a differential diagnosis when a patient has unexplained chronic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Nim Leong
- Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ting Soo Chow
- Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Peng Shyan Wong
- Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hawa Hamzah
- Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norazah Ahmad
- Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chin Chin Ch'ng
- Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
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Coelho AC, García Díez J. Biological Risks and Laboratory-Acquired Infections: A Reality That Cannot be Ignored in Health Biotechnology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:56. [PMID: 25973418 PMCID: PMC4412124 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances and research in biotechnology have applications over a wide range of areas, such as microbiology, medicine, the food industry, agriculture, genetically modified organisms, and nanotechnology, among others. However, research with pathogenic agents, such as virus, parasites, fungi, rickettsia, bacterial microorganisms, or genetic modified organisms, has generated concern because of their potential biological risk - not only for people, but also for the environment due to their unpredictable behavior. In addition, concern for biosafety is associated with the emergence of new diseases or re-emergence of diseases that were already under control. Biotechnology laboratories require biosafety measures designed to protect their staff, the population, and the environment, which may be exposed to hazardous organisms and materials. Laboratory staff training and education is essential, not only to acquire a good understanding about the direct handling of hazardous biological agents but also knowledge of the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and human susceptibility to the biological materials used in research. Biological risk can be reduced and controlled by the correct application of internationally recognized procedures such as proper microbiological techniques, proper containment apparatus, adequate facilities, protective barriers, and special training and education of laboratory workers. To avoid occupational infections, knowledge about standardized microbiological procedures and techniques and the use of containment devices, facilities, and protective barriers is necessary. Training and education about the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and biohazards of the microorganisms involved may prevent or decrease the risk. In this way, the scientific community may benefit from the lessons learned in the past to anticipate future problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Science Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan García Díez
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Science Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Detection of tropical fungi in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue: still an indication for microscopy in times of sequence-based diagnosis? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:938721. [PMID: 25961048 PMCID: PMC4417575 DOI: 10.1155/2015/938721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was the evaluation of panfungal PCR protocols with subsequent sequence analysis for the diagnostic identification of invasive mycoses in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples with rare tropical mycoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five different previously described panfungal PCR/sequencing protocols targeting 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA gene fragments as well as internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 fragments were evaluated with a collection of 17 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of patients with rare and/or tropical invasive mycoses, comprising chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, mycetoma/maduromycosis, and rhinosporidiosis, in a proof-of-principle analysis. RESULTS The primers of the panfungal PCRs readily and predominantly reacted with contaminating environmental fungi that had deposited on the paraffin blocks. Altogether three sequence results of histoplasmosis and mycetoma samples that matched the histological assessment were associated with sample age <10 years and virtually without PCR inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The high risk of amplifying environmental contaminants severely reduces the usefulness of the assessed panfungal PCR/sequencing protocols for the identification of rare and/or tropical mycoses in stored formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Histological assessment remains valuable for such indications if cultural differentiation is impossible from inactivated sample material.
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Campbell MJ. Characterizing Accidents, Exposures, and Laboratory-Acquired Infections Reported to the National Institutes of Health's Office of Biotechnology Activities (NIH/OBA) Division under the NIH Guidelines for Work with Recombinant DNA Materials from 1976–2010. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601502000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Haiduven DJ, McGuire-Wolfe C, Applegarth SP. Contribution of a Winged Phlebotomy Device Design to Blood Splatter. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 33:1069-76. [DOI: 10.1086/668030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background.Despite a proliferation of phlebotomy devices with engineered sharps injury protection (ESIP), the impact of various winged device designs on blood splatter occurring during venipuncture procedures has not been explored.Objectives.To evaluate the potential for blood splatter of 6 designs of winged phlebotomy devices.Design.A laboratory-based device evaluation without human subjects, using a simulated patient venous system.Methods.We evaluated 18 winged phlebotomy devices of 6 device designs by Terumo, BD Vacutainer (2 designs), Greiner, Smith Medical, and Kendall (designated A-F, respectively). Scientific filters were positioned around the devices and weighed before and after venipuncture was performed. Visible blood on filters, exam gloves, and devices and measurable blood splatter were the primary units of analysis.Results.The percentages of devices and gloves with visible blood on them and filters with measurable blood splatter ranged from 0% to 20%. There was a statistically significant association between device design and visible blood on devices (P< .0001) and between device design and filters with measurable blood splatter (P< .0001), but not between device design and visible blood on gloves. A wide range of associations were demonstrated between device design and visible blood on gloves or devices and incidence of blood splatter.Conclusions.The results of this evaluation suggest that winged phlebotomy devices with ESIP may produce blood splatter during venipuncture. Reinforcing the importance of eye protection and developing a methodology to assess ocular exposure to blood splatter are major implications for healthcare personnel who use these devices. Future studies should focus on evaluating different designs of intravascular devices (intravenous catheters, other phlebotomy devices) for blood splatter.
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76
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Richards SL, Pompei VC, Anderson A. BSL-3 laboratory practices in the United States: comparison of select agent and non-select agent facilities. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 12:1-7. [PMID: 24552359 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
New construction of biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories in the United States has increased in the past decade to facilitate research on potential bioterrorism agents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inspect BSL-3 facilities and review commissioning documentation, but no single agency has oversight over all BSL-3 facilities. This article explores the extent to which standard operating procedures in US BSL-3 facilities vary between laboratories with select agent or non-select agent status. Comparisons are made for the following variables: personnel training, decontamination, personal protective equipment (PPE), medical surveillance, security access, laboratory structure and maintenance, funding, and pest management. Facilities working with select agents had more complex training programs and decontamination procedures than non-select agent facilities. Personnel working in select agent laboratories were likely to use powered air purifying respirators, while non-select agent laboratories primarily used N95 respirators. More rigorous medical surveillance was carried out in select agent workers (although not required by the select agent program) and a higher level of restrictive access to laboratories was found. Most select agent and non-select agent laboratories reported adequate structural integrity in facilities; however, differences were observed in personnel perception of funding for repairs. Pest management was carried out by select agent personnel more frequently than non-select agent personnel. Our findings support the need to promote high quality biosafety training and standard operating procedures in both select agent and non-select agent laboratories to improve occupational health and safety.
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Gamble RK, Emery RJ, Whitehead LW, Brown EL, Flores R. The Feasibility of Using a Rapid Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence Assay as an Objective Means of Assessing the Presence of Biological Contamination on Laboratory Surfaces. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601401900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Gamble
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J. Emery
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Eric L. Brown
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Rene Flores
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Wolfe DN, Heppner DG, Gardner SN, Jaing C, Dupuy LC, Schmaljohn CS, Carlton K. Current strategic thinking for the development of a trivalent alphavirus vaccine for human use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:442-50. [PMID: 24842880 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations against the encephalitic alphaviruses (western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) are of significant interest to biological defense, public health, and agricultural communities alike. Although vaccines licensed for veterinary applications are used in the Western Hemisphere and attenuated or inactivated viruses have been used under Investigational New Drug status to protect at-risk personnel, there are currently no licensed vaccines for use in humans. Here, we will discuss the need for a trivalent vaccine that can protect humans against all three viruses, recent progress to such a vaccine, and a strategy to continue development to Food and Drug Administration licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Wolfe
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - D Gray Heppner
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Shea N Gardner
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Lesley C Dupuy
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Kevin Carlton
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; TASC, Inc., Lorton, Virginia; Computations/Global Security, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland; Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, Joint Program Executive Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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Holmes KL, Fontes B, Hogarth P, Konz R, Monard S, Pletcher CH, Wadley RB, Schmid I, Perfetto SP. International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry cell sorter biosafety standards. Cytometry A 2014; 85:434-53. [PMID: 24634405 PMCID: PMC4117398 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric cell sorting of biological specimens has become prevalent in basic and clinical research laboratories. These specimens may contain known or unknown infectious agents, necessitating precautions to protect instrument operators and the environment from biohazards arising from the use of sorters. To this end the International Society of Analytical Cytology (ISAC) was proactive in establishing biosafety guidelines in 1997 (Schmid et al., Cytometry 1997;28:99-117) and subsequently published revised biosafety standards for cell sorting of unfixed samples in 2007 (Schmid et al., Cytometry Part A J Int Soc Anal Cytol 2007;71A:414-437). Since their publication, these documents have become recognized worldwide as the standard of practice and safety precautions for laboratories performing cell sorting experiments. However, the field of cytometry has progressed since 2007, and the document requires an update. The new Standards provides guidance: (1) for laboratory design for cell sorter laboratories; (2) for the creation of laboratory or instrument specific Standard Operating Procedures (SOP); and (3) on procedures for the safe operation of cell sorters, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and validation of aerosol containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Holmes
- Flow Cytometry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin Fontes
- Environmental Health and Safety, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Philip Hogarth
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Konz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Simon Monard
- The Cytometry Laboratory, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles H. Pletcher
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B. Wadley
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen P. Perfetto
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Wong WC, Bedner M, Satterfield MB. The Formalization of a Biological Safety Program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601301800405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing C. Wong
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Mary Bedner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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Majamanda J, Ndhlovu P, Shawa IT. Safety assessment in primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis smear microscopy centres in Blantyre Malawi: a facility based cross sectional survey. Malawi Med J 2013; 25:101-4. [PMID: 24926396 PMCID: PMC4052226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted mainly through aerosolization of infected sputum which puts laboratory workers at risk in spite of the laboratory workers' risk of infection being at 3 to 9 times higher than the general public. Laboratory safety should therefore be prioritized and optimized to provide sufficient safety to laboratory workers. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety for the laboratory workers in TB primary microscopy centres in Blantyre urban. METHODOLOGY TB primary microscopy centers in Blantyre urban were assessed in aspects of equipment availability, facility layout, and work practice, using a standardized WHO/AFRO ISO 15189 checklist for the developing countries which sets the minimum safety score at ≥80%. Each center was graded according to the score it earned upon assessment. RESULTS Only one (1) microscopy center out nine (9) reached the minimum safety requirement. Four (4) centers were awarded 1 star level, four (4) centers were awarded 2 star level and only one (1) center was awarded 3 star level. CONCLUSION In Blantyre urban, 89% of the Tuberculosis microscopy centers are failing to provide the minimum safety to the laboratory workers. Government and other stake holders should be committed in addressing the safety challenges of TB microscopy centres in the country to ensure safety for the laboratory workers. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that the study be conducted at the regional or national level for both public and private laboratories in order to have a general picture of safety in Tb microscopy centres possibly across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majamanda
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
| | - P Ndhlovu
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
| | - I T Shawa
- Pathology & Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
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Whitney EAS, Massung RF, Kersh GJ, Fitzpatrick KA, Mook DM, Taylor DK, Huerkamp MJ, Vakili JC, Sullivan PJ, Berkelman RL. Survey of laboratory animal technicians in the United States for Coxiella burnetii antibodies and exploration of risk factors for exposure. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2013; 52:725-731. [PMID: 24351760 PMCID: PMC3838606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the prevalence of zoonotic infections among laboratory animal care technicians (LAT). Q fever, a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a known occupational hazard for persons caring for livestock. We sought to determine the seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies among LAT and to identify risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. A survey was administered and serum samples collected from a convenience sample of 97 LAT. Samples were screened by using a Q fever IgG ELISA. Immunofluorescent antibody assays for phase I and phase II IgG were used to confirm the status of samples that were positive or equivocal by ELISA; positive samples were titered to endpoint. Antibodies against C. burnetii were detected in 6 (6%) of the 97 respondents. In our sample of LAT, seropositivity to C. burnetii was therefore twice as high in LAT as compared with the general population. Age, sex, and working with sheep regularly were not associated with seropositivity. Risk factors associated with seropositivity included breeding cattle within respondent's research facility, any current job contact with waste from beef cattle or goats, and exposure to animal waste during previous jobs or outside of current job duties. Only 15% of responding LAT reported being aware that sheep, goats, and cattle can transmit Q fever. Research facilities that use cattle or goats should evaluate their waste-management practices and educational programs in light of these findings. Additional efforts are needed to increase awareness among LAT regarding Q fever and heightened risk of exposure to infectious materials. Physicians should consider the risk of infection with C. burnetii when treating LAT with potential occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Spotts Whitney
- Center for Public Health Preparedness and Research and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Robert F Massung
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gilbert J Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly A Fitzpatrick
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deborah M Mook
- Division of Animal Resources, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas K Taylor
- Division of Animal Resources, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Huerkamp
- Division of Animal Resources, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica C Vakili
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patrick J Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth L Berkelman
- Center for Public Health Preparedness and Research and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Francisella is highly infectious via the respiratory route (~10 CFUs) and pulmonary infections due to type A strains of F. tularensis are highly lethal in untreated patients (>30%). In addition, no vaccines are licensed to prevent tularemia in humans. Due to the high infectivity and mortality of pulmonary tularemia, F. tularensis has been weaponized, including via the introduction of antibiotic resistance, by several countries. Because of the lack of efficacious vaccines, and concerns about F. tularensis acquiring resistance to antibiotics via natural or illicit means, augmentation of host immunity, and humoral immunotherapy have been investigated as countermeasures against tularemia. This manuscript will review advances made and challenges in the field of immunotherapy against tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
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84
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Magnetic bead protocol for culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1578-9. [PMID: 23426921 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03428-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A magnetic bead protocol and a standard centrifugation protocol yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 40/50 sputum specimens in 12 ± 1 days and 11 ± 2 days, respectively (P > 0.05 by Student's t test). Manipulation took 35 ± 5 min and 45 ± 10 min, respectively (P < 0.05). The magnetic bead protocol could advantageously replace centrifugation for culturing M. tuberculosis from sputum.
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85
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Ning P, Guo K, Xu L, Xu R, Zhang C, Cheng Y, Cui H, Liu W, Lv Q, Cao W, Zhang Y. Short communication: evaluation of Brucella infection of cows by PCR detection of Brucella DNA in raw milk. J Dairy Sci 2013; 95:4863-4867. [PMID: 22916890 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The collection of serum samples from cows is frequently difficult to implement in large-scale surveys, and may involve a high risk of occupational infection. This study assessed the potential of using raw milk sampling as a suitable method for use in a pilot survey of Brucella abortus infection status in cattle. Raw milk samples from 816 cows were examined. Polymerase chain reaction assays of raw milk, with primers derived from the IS711 element of the Brucella genome, were used. Of the cows, 55 were Brucella positive based on serum agglutination test (SAT) results. Polymerase chain reaction amplified Brucella DNA in 25 (45%) of the 55 SAT-positive cows. All of the 689 SAT-negative cows were found to be negative in PCR assays of their milk. Brucella infection status based on PCR results was then predicted for 72 cows from private h erds in which the brucellosis status was unknown. Subsequently, SAT verification of Brucella status was performed. There was no significant difference between predicted and actual SAT-positive rates in those 72 cows. This study indicates a relationship between Brucella detection levels obtained using milk-based PCR results and SAT results. The specific, rapid, and easy sampling procedure within milk-based PCR assaying for brucellosis detection makes the milk PCR method an attractive alternative for evaluation of B. abortus infection in cows, particularly if used as a routine screening and surveillance tool to reduce brucellosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - K Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - L Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - R Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - C Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Y Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - H Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - W Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Q Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - W Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Y Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Henkel RD, Miller T, Weyant RS. Monitoring Select Agent Theft, Loss and Release Reports in the United States—2004–2010. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601201700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgiao
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Capuano F, Mancusi A, Casalinuovo F, Perugini A, Proroga Y, Guarino A, Berri M. Real-time PCR-based detection of Coxiella burnetii in cheeses. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zimmer B, Summermatter K, Zimmer G. Stability and inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus, a prototype rhabdovirus. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:78-84. [PMID: 22995872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses may remain infectious outside the host cell for considerable time and represent a source of accidental infection if not properly inactivated. In this study, the survival of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in suspension and dried on surfaces was analyzed. In addition, the sensitivity of VSV to disinfectants and physicochemical changes was investigated. VSV showed a notable stability in suspension at 4°C with virus titers remaining high over several weeks. The presence of serum proteins had a stabilizing effect on virus infectivity, whereas elevated temperatures reduced survival times. VSV dried on polystyrene, glass or stainless steel surfaces remained infectious for at least 6 days at ambient temperature. VSV showed a remarkable resistance to extreme pH in particular in the alkaline range, but could be rapidly inactivated by heating at 55°C or higher. The virus was highly sensitive to inactivation by commonly used disinfectants such as aldehydes, alcohols, and detergents. The high stability of VSV on surfaces and in suspension may facilitate dissemination of the virus in livestock by contaminated feeding and water troughs, hands, and milking equipment. This knowledge on the sensitivity of VSV to disinfectants will help to set up appropriate hygiene measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zimmer
- Institut für Viruskrankheiten und Immunprophylaxe (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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90
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Evaluation of the operator protection factors offered by positive pressure air suits against airborne microbiological challenge. Viruses 2012; 4:1202-11. [PMID: 23012620 PMCID: PMC3446757 DOI: 10.3390/v4081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratories throughout the world that perform work with Risk Group 4 Pathogens generally adopt one of two approaches within BSL-4 environments: either the use of positive pressure air-fed suits or using Class III microbiological safety cabinets and isolators for animal work. Within the UK at present, all laboratories working with Risk Group 4 agents adopt the use of Class III microbiological safety cabinet lines and isolators. Operator protection factors for the use of microbiological safety cabinets and isolators are available however; there is limited published data on the operator protection factors afforded by the use of positive pressure suits. This study evaluated the operator protection factors provided by positive pressure air suits against a realistic airborne microbiological challenge. The suits were tested, both intact and with their integrity compromised, on an animated mannequin within a stainless steel exposure chamber. The suits gave operator protection in all tests with an intact suit and with a cut in the leg. When compromised by a cut in the glove, a very small ingress of the challenge was seen as far as the wrist. This is likely to be due to the low airflow in the gloves of the suit. In all cases no microbiological penetration of the respiratory tract was observed. These data provide evidence on which to base safety protocols for use of positive pressure suits within high containment laboratories.
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91
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Li Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Li L, Ma L, Li D, Gao F, Xia Z. Aerosolized avian influenza virus by laboratory manipulations. Virol J 2012; 9:146. [PMID: 22866888 PMCID: PMC3439333 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian H5N1 influenza viruses present a challenge in the laboratory environment, as they are difficult to collect from the air due to their small size and relatively low concentration. In an effort to generate effective methods of H5N1 air removal and ensure the safety of laboratory personnel, this study was designed to investigate the characteristics of aerosolized H5N1 produced by laboratory manipulations during research studies. RESULTS Normal laboratory procedures used to process the influenza virus were carried out independently and the amount of virus polluting the on-site atmosphere was measured. In particular, zootomy, grinding, centrifugation, pipetting, magnetic stirring, egg inoculation, and experimental zoogenetic infection were performed. In addition, common accidents associated with each process were simulated, including breaking glass containers, syringe injection of influenza virus solution, and rupturing of centrifuge tubes. A micro-cluster sampling ambient air pollution collection device was used to collect air samples. The collected viruses were tested for activity by measuring their ability to induce hemagglutination with chicken red blood cells and to propagate in chicken embryos after direct inoculation, the latter being detected by reverse-transcription PCR and HA test. The results showed that the air samples from the normal centrifugal group and the negative-control group were negative, while all other groups were positive for H5N1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that there are numerous sources of aerosols in laboratory operations involving H5N1. Thus, laboratory personnel should be aware of the exposure risk that accompanies routine procedures involved in H5N1 processing and take proactive measures to prevent accidental infection and decrease the risk of virus aerosol leakage beyond the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Insititute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Limin Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhiping Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
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92
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Hung CY, Wise HZ, Cole GT. Gene disruption in Coccidioides using hygromycin or phleomycin resistance markers. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 845:131-47. [PMID: 22328372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-539-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The following transformation protocol is based on homologous recombination that occurs between a gene disruption or gene replacement construct and a target gene of Coccidioides. The DNA constructs employed contain either the gene that encodes for hygromycin B or phleomycin resistance, which are present in the pAN7.1 or pAN8.1 plasmid vectors, respectively. Hygromycin B or phleomycin are used to select for transformants at concentrations that inhibit growth of the parental strain. Coccidioides protoplasts generated from germinated arthroconidia are used for the transformation experiments. The plasmid DNA constructs are taken up by the protoplasts in the presence of calcium and polyethylene glycol. Twenty to 100 transformants/μg DNA can be obtained in each transformation experiment. Approximately 5-10% of the transformation events are homologous recombinations. Coccidioides cells in all developmental stages, including arthroconidia, are multinucleate. Since all Coccidioides nuclei are haploid, only one run of transformation is sufficient to create a mutant strain. However, the transformed protoplasts develop into heterokaryotic cells that typically contain both the parental and mutated nuclei. To isolate a homokaryotic strain, we perform multiple subcultures of the single colonies which contain heterokaryotic cells on selection plates with hygromycin B or phleomycin to enrich for the mutated nuclei. Homokaryotic mutants can be obtained after three to four subcultures of isolated colonies. In this protocol, we describe the methodology for preparation of Coccidioides protoplasts, transformation and isolation of homokaryotic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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93
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Dickx V, Van Droogenbroeck C, Van Vaerenbergh B, Herman P, Braeckman L, Vanrompay D. Chlamydia Psittaci, Causative Agent of Avian Chlamydiosis and Human Psittacosis: Risk Assessment and Biosafety Recommendations for Laboratory use. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601201700206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Dickx
- Ghent University, Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
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94
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Kozlovac JP. The Need for Professional Society Advocacy for a Laboratory-acquired Illness/Incident Reporting and Analysis System. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601201700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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95
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The small membrane filter method of microscopy to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2096-9. [PMID: 22422854 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00572-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We modified microscopy for acid-fast bacilli to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) using small membrane filters (SMFs) after special processing and prefiltration. With the first specimen obtained from each of 335 persons suspected of having TB, the sensitivity of the new SMF method using fluorescence microscopy (FM) was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80%, 95%). This was significantly better (P = 0.0001) than the sensitivity of routine FM of centrifuged specimens of 60% (95% CI: 49%, 71%) or that of direct sputum smears of 56% (95% CI: 40%, 72%).
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96
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Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Dangerous for ferrets: lethal for humans? BMC Biol 2012; 10:10. [PMID: 22348706 PMCID: PMC3282654 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia.
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97
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Elduma AH. Assessment of biosafety precautions in Khartoum state diagnostic laboratories, Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2012; 11:19. [PMID: 22514753 PMCID: PMC3325057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to evaluate the biosafety precautions that applied by diagnostic laboratories in Khartoum state, 2009. METHODS A total number of 190 laboratories were surveyed about their compliance with standard biosafety precautions. These laboratories included 51 (27%) laboratories from government, 75 (39%) from private sectors and 64 (34%) laboratories belong to organization providing health care services. RESULTS The study found that 32 (16.8%) of laboratories appointed biosafety officers. Only, ten (5.2%) participated in training about response to fire emergency, and 28 (14.7%) reported the laboratory accident occurred during work. 45 (23.7%) laboratories had a written standard operation procedures (SOPs), and 35 (18.4%) had written procedures for the lean-up of spills. Moreover, biosafety cabinet was found in 11 (5.8%) laboratories, autoclave in 28 (14.7%) and incinerator in only two (1.1%) laboratories. Sharp disposable containers were found in 84 (44.2%). Fire alarm system was found in 2 (1.1%) laboratories, fire extinguisher in 39 (20.5%) laboratories, and fire emergency exit found in 14 (7.4%) laboratories. Furthermore, 19 (10%) laboratories had a hepatitis B virus vaccination programme, 5 (6.2%) applied BCG vaccine, and 2 (1.1%0) vaccinated the staff against influenza. CONCLUSION The study concluded that the standards biosafety precautions adopted by the diagnostic laboratories in Khartoum state was very low. Further, the laboratory personnel awareness towards biosafety principles implementation was very low too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hussein Elduma
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan,Corresponding author: Adel Hussein Elduma, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, P.O.BOX 287, Sudan
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98
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Gama JA, Abby SS, Vieira-Silva S, Dionisio F, Rocha EPC. Immune subversion and quorum-sensing shape the variation in infectious dose among bacterial pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002503. [PMID: 22319444 PMCID: PMC3271079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been devoted to understand the mechanisms used by pathogenic bacteria to exploit human hosts. These mechanisms are very diverse in the detail, but share commonalities whose quantification should enlighten the evolution of virulence from both a molecular and an ecological perspective. We mined the literature for experimental data on infectious dose of bacterial pathogens in humans (ID50) and also for traits with which ID50 might be associated. These compilations were checked and complemented with genome analyses. We observed that ID50 varies in a continuous way by over 10 orders of magnitude. Low ID50 values are very strongly associated with the capacity of the bacteria to kill professional phagocytes or to survive in the intracellular milieu of these cells. Inversely, high ID50 values are associated with motile and fast-growing bacteria that use quorum-sensing based regulation of virulence factors expression. Infectious dose is not associated with genome size and shows insignificant phylogenetic inertia, in line with frequent virulence shifts associated with the horizontal gene transfer of a small number of virulence factors. Contrary to previous proposals, infectious dose shows little dependence on contact-dependent secretion systems and on the natural route of exposure. When all variables are combined, immune subversion and quorum-sensing are sufficient to explain two thirds of the variance in infectious dose. Our results show the key role of immune subversion in effective human infection by small bacterial populations. They also suggest that cooperative processes might be important for successful infection by bacteria with high ID50. Our results suggest that trade-offs between selection for population growth-related traits and selection for the ability to subvert the immune system shape bacterial infectiousness. Understanding these trade-offs provides guidelines to study the evolution of virulence and in particular the micro-evolutionary paths of emerging pathogens. Every pathogen is unique and uses distinctive combinations of specific mechanisms to exploit the human host. Yet, several common themes in the ways pathogens use these mechanisms can be found among distantly related bacteria. The understanding of these common themes provides useful concepts and uncovers important principles in pathogenesis. Here, we have made a cross-species analysis of traits thought to be relevant for virulence of bacterial pathogens. We have found that the infectious dose of pathogens is much lower when they are able to kill professional phagocytes of the immune system or to survive in the intracellular milieu of these cells. On the other hand, bacteria requiring higher infectious dose are more likely to be motile, fast-growing and regulate the expression of virulence factors when the population quorum is high enough to be effective in starting an infection. This suggests that infectious dose results from a trade-off between selection for fast coordinated growth and the ability to subvert the immune system. This trade-off may underlie other traits such as the ability of a pathogen to live outside the association from a host. Understanding the patterns shaping infectious dose will facilitate the prediction of evolutionary paths of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Alves Gama
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental and Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sophie S. Abby
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2171, Paris, France
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2171, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Dionisio
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental and Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Eduardo P. C. Rocha
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2171, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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99
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Leggett HC, Cornwallis CK, West SA. Mechanisms of pathogenesis, infective dose and virulence in human parasites. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002512. [PMID: 22359500 PMCID: PMC3280976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of pathogens that are required to infect a host, termed infective dose, varies dramatically across pathogen species. It has recently been predicted that infective dose will depend upon the mode of action of the molecules that pathogens use to facilitate their infection. Specifically, pathogens which use locally acting molecules will require a lower infective dose than pathogens that use distantly acting molecules. Furthermore, it has also been predicted that pathogens with distantly acting immune modulators may be more virulent because they have a large number of cells in the inoculums, which will cause more harm to host cells. We formally test these predictions for the first time using data on 43 different human pathogens from a range of taxonomic groups with diverse life-histories. We found that pathogens using local action do have lower infective doses, but are not less virulent than those using distant action. Instead, we found that virulence was negatively correlated with infective dose, and higher in pathogens infecting wounded skin, compared with those ingested or inhaled. More generally, our results show that broad-scale comparative analyses can explain variation in parasite traits such as infective dose and virulence, whilst highlighting the importance of mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Leggett
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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100
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Weigler BJ, Cooper DR, Hankenson FC. Risk-based immunization policies and tuberculosis screening practices for animal care and research workers in the United States: survey results and recommendations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2012; 51:561-73. [PMID: 23312084 PMCID: PMC3447444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A national survey was conducted to assess immunization practices and tuberculosis screening methods for animal care and research workers in biomedical settings throughout the United States. Veterinarians (n = 953) were surveyed via a web-based mechanism; completed surveys (n = 308) were analyzed. Results showed that occupational health and safety programs were well-developed, enrolling veterinary, husbandry, and research staff at rates exceeding 90% and involving multiple modalities of health assessments and risk communication for vaccine-preventable diseases. Most (72.7%) institutions did not store serum samples from animal research personnel. More than half of the institutions housed nonhuman primates and maintained tuberculosis screening programs, although screening methods varied. Immunization protocols included various recommended or required vaccines that differed depending on job duties, type of institution, and nature of scientific programs. A single case of an identified vaccine-preventable illness in a laboratory worker was noted. Tetanus toxoid was the predominant vaccine administered (91.7%) to animal care and research workers, followed by hepatitis B (54.8%), influenza (39.9%), and rabies (38.3%). For some immunization protocols, an inconsistent rationale for administration was evident. Indications that animal care and research workers are unprotected from work-related etiologic agents did not emerge from this survey; rather, existing guidelines from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and available biologics seem sufficient to address most needs of the laboratory animal research community. Institutions should commit to performance-based standards in parallel with context-specific risk assessment methods to maintain occupational health and safety programs and practices appropriate to their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Weigler
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Department of Comparative Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Donna R Cooper
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (retired)
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources and Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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