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Ngo KA, Maffei JG, Koetzner CA, Zink SD, Payne AF, Backenson PB, White JL, Dupuis AP, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Surveillance and Genetic Analysis of Jamestown Canyon Virus in New York State: 2001-2022. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1329-1332. [PMID: 37972332 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) (Peribunyavirdae; Orthobunyavirus) is a mosquito-borne pathogen endemic to North America. The genome is composed of three segmented negative-sense RNA fragments designated as small, medium, and large. Jamestown Canyon virus is an emerging threat to public health, and infection in humans can cause severe neurological diseases, including encephalitis and meningitis. We report JCV mosquito surveillance data from 2001 to 2022 in New York state. Jamestown Canyon virus was detected in 12 mosquito species, with the greatest prevalence in Aedes canadensis and Anopheles punctipennis. Detection fluctuated annually, with the highest levels recorded in 2020. Overall, JCV infection rates were significantly greater from 2012 to 2022 compared with 2001 to 2011. Full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also performed with representative JCV isolates collected from 2003 to 2022. These data demonstrated the circulation of numerous genetic variants, broad geographic separation, and the first identification of lineage B JCV in New York state in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Ngo
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - Joseph G Maffei
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - Steven D Zink
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - Anne F Payne
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - P Bryon Backenson
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Jennifer L White
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Alan P Dupuis
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - Laura D Kramer
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
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2
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Dieme C, Maffei JG, Diarra M, Koetzner CA, Kuo L, Ngo KA, Dupuis AP, Zink SD, Bryon Backenson P, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Aedes albopictus and Cache Valley virus: a new threat for virus transmission in New York State. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:741-748. [PMID: 35179429 PMCID: PMC8903793 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2044733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report surveillance results of Cache Valley virus (CVV; Peribunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) from 2017 to 2020 in New York State (NYS). Infection rates were calculated using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method by year, region, and mosquito species. The highest infection rates were identified among Anopheles spp. mosquitoes and we detected the virus in Aedes albopictus for the first time in NYS. Based on our previous Anopheles quadrimaculatus vector competence results for nine CVV strains, we selected among them three stains for further characterization. These include two CVV reassortants (PA and 15041084) and one CVV lineage 2 strain (Hu-2011). We analyzed full genomes, compared in vitro growth kinetics and assessed vector competence of Aedes albopictus. Sequence analysis of the two reassortant strains (PA and 15041084) revealed 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.3% divergence; and 1, 10, and 6 amino acid differences for the S, M, and L segments, respectively. We additionally found that the PA strain was attenuated in vertebrate (Vero) and mosquito (C6/36) cell culture. Furthemore, Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are competent vectors for CVV Hu-2011 (16.7–62.1% transmission rates) and CVV 15041084 (27.3–48.0% transmission rates), but not for the human reassortant (PA) isolate, which did not disseminate from the mosquito midgut. Together, our results demonstrate significant phenotypic variability among strains and highlight the capacity for Ae. albopictus to act as a vector of CVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constentin Dieme
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Joseph G Maffei
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Maryam Diarra
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (M. Diarra)
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Lili Kuo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Kiet A Ngo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Alan P Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Steven D Zink
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - P Bryon Backenson
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York (P.B. Backenson)
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA (L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA (L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
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3
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Dieme C, Ngo KA, Tyler S, Maffei JG, Zink SD, Dupuis AP, Koetzner CA, Shultis C, Stout J, Payne AF, Backenson PB, Kuo L, Drebot MA, Ciota AT, Kramer LD. Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:303-313. [PMID: 35075998 PMCID: PMC8798675 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.203810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquitoborne virus that infects livestock and humans. We report results of surveillance for CVV in New York, USA, during 2000–2016; full-genome analysis of selected CVV isolates from sheep, horse, humans, and mosquitoes from New York and Canada; and phenotypic characterization of selected strains. We calculated infection rates by using the maximum-likelihood estimation method by year, region, month, and mosquito species. The highest maximum-likelihood estimations were for Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Our phylogenetic analysis identified 2 lineages and found evidence of segment reassortment. Furthermore, our data suggest displacement of CVV lineage 1 by lineage 2 in New York and Canada. Finally, we showed increased vector competence of An. quadrimaculatus mosquitoes for lineage 2 strains of CVV compared with lineage 1 strains.
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4
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Dupuis AP, Prusinski MA, O'Connor C, Maffei JG, Ngo KA, Koetzner CA, Santoriello MP, Romano CL, Xu G, Ribbe F, Campbell SR, Rich SM, Backenson PB, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Heartland Virus Transmission, Suffolk County, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3128-3132. [PMID: 34648421 PMCID: PMC8632170 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2018, Heartland virus RNA was detected in an Amblyomma americanum tick removed from a resident of Suffolk County, New York, USA. The person showed seroconversion. Tick surveillance and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serosurveys showed widespread distribution in Suffolk County, emphasizing a need for disease surveillance anywhere A. americanum ticks are established or emerging.
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5
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Passow KT, Caldwell HS, Ngo KA, Arnold JJ, Antczak NM, Narayanan A, Jose J, Sturla SJ, Cameron CE, Ciota AT, Harki DA. A Chemical Strategy for Intracellular Arming of an Endogenous Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Nucleotide. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15429-15439. [PMID: 34661397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring nucleotide 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine-5'-triphosphate (ddhCTP) was recently found to exert potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activity. However, nucleoside 5'-triphosphates in general are not cell-permeable, which precludes the direct use of ddhCTP as a therapeutic. To harness the therapeutic potential of this endogenous antiviral nucleotide, we synthesized phosphoramidate prodrug HLB-0532247 (1) and found it to result in dramatically elevated levels of ddhCTP in cells. We compared 1 and 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine (ddhC) and found that 1 more effectively reduces titers of Zika and West Nile viruses in cell culture with minimal nonspecific toxicity to host cells. We conclude that 1 is a promising antiviral agent based on a novel strategy of facilitating elevated levels of the endogenous ddhCTP antiviral nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellan T Passow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Haley S Caldwell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12144, United States.,The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Kiet A Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nicole M Antczak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Anoop Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12144, United States.,The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Daniel A Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Fay RL, Ngo KA, Kuo L, Willsey GG, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Experimental Evolution of West Nile Virus at Higher Temperatures Facilitates Broad Adaptation and Increased Genetic Diversity. Viruses 2021; 13:1889. [PMID: 34696323 PMCID: PMC8540194 DOI: 10.3390/v13101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus introduced to North America in 1999. Since 1999, the Earth's average temperature has increased by 0.6 °C. Mosquitoes are ectothermic organisms, reliant on environmental heat sources. Temperature impacts vector-virus interactions which directly influence arbovirus transmission. RNA viral replication is highly error-prone and increasing temperature could further increase replication rates, mutation frequencies, and evolutionary rates. The impact of temperature on arbovirus evolutionary trajectories and fitness landscapes has yet to be sufficiently studied. To investigate how temperature impacts the rate and extent of WNV evolution in mosquito cells, WNV was experimentally passaged 12 times in Culex tarsalis cells, at 25 °C and 30 °C. Full-genome deep sequencing was used to compare genetic signatures during passage, and replicative fitness was evaluated before and after passage at each temperature. Our results suggest adaptive potential at both temperatures, with unique temperature-dependent and lineage-specific genetic signatures. Further, higher temperature passage was associated with significantly increased replicative fitness at both temperatures and increases in nonsynonymous mutations. Together, these data indicate that if similar selective pressures exist in natural systems, increases in temperature could accelerate emergence of high-fitness strains with greater phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Fay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (R.L.F.); (L.D.K.)
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; (K.A.N.); (L.K.)
| | - Kiet A. Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; (K.A.N.); (L.K.)
| | - Lili Kuo
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; (K.A.N.); (L.K.)
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (R.L.F.); (L.D.K.)
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; (K.A.N.); (L.K.)
| | - Alexander T. Ciota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (R.L.F.); (L.D.K.)
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; (K.A.N.); (L.K.)
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7
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Ngo KA, Rose JT, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Adaptation of Rabensburg virus (RBGV) to vertebrate hosts by experimental evolution. Virology 2018; 528:30-36. [PMID: 30554071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabensburg virus (RBGV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) has been classified as both a novel flavivirus and a unique lineage of West Nile virus (WNV). RBGV and WNV share approximately 76% sequence homology, yet RBGV does not replicate to high viral titers within vertebrate cell lines at physiological temperatures and has not been naturally isolated from a vertebrate host. These unique genetic and biological characteristics make RBGV a viable tool to identify the genetic determinants of flavivirus infectivity and fitness in vertebrate hosts. Using experimental evolution, we characterized mutated variants of RBGV that have altered capacity for infection and replication in various cell lines. Shared genetic differences within these variants were identified throughout the genome, with a large majority found in the NS3 and NS5 genes. Our results support a role for the replication complex in host utilization and suggest that epistatic interactions likely contribute to host-specific fitness and emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua T Rose
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Ngo KA, Jones SA, Church TM, Fuschino ME, George KS, Lamson DM, Maffei J, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Unreliable Inactivation of Viruses by Commonly Used Lysis Buffers. Appl Biosaf 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1535676017703383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A. Ngo
- New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Susan A. Jones
- New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Maffei
- New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
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9
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Abstract
Understanding the potential for host range shifts and expansions of RNA viruses is critical to predicting the evolutionary and epidemiological paths of these pathogens. As arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) experience frequent spillover from their amplification cycles and are generalists by nature, they are likely to experience a relatively high frequency of success in a range of host environments. Despite this, the potential for host expansion, the genetic correlates of adaptation to novel environments and the costs of such adaptations in originally competent hosts are still not characterized fully for arboviruses. In the studies presented here, we utilized experimental evolution of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) in vitro in the Dermacentor andersoni line of tick cells to model adaptation to a novel invertebrate host. Our results demonstrated that levels of adaptation and costs in alternate hosts are highly variable among lineages, but also that significant fitness increases in tick cells are achievable with only modest change in consensus genetic sequence. In addition, although accumulation of diversity may at times buffer against phenotypic costs within the SLEV swarm, an increased proportion of variants with an impaired capacity to infect and spread on vertebrate cell culture accumulated with tick cell passage. Isolation and characterization of a subset of these variants implicates the NS3 gene as an important host range determinant for SLEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Anne F Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Kiet A Ngo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
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10
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Jia Y, Moudy RM, Dupuis AP, Ngo KA, Maffei JG, Jerzak GVS, Franke MA, Kauffman EB, Kramer LD. Characterization of a small plaque variant of West Nile virus isolated in New York in 2000. Virology 2007; 367:339-47. [PMID: 17617432 PMCID: PMC2190729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A small-plaque variant (SP) of West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated in Vero cell culture from kidney tissue of an American crow collected in New York in 2000. The in vitro growth of the SP and parental (WT) strains was characterized in mammalian (Vero), avian (DF-1 and PDE), and mosquito (C6/36) cells. The SP variant replicated less efficiently than did the WT in Vero cells. In avian cells, SP growth was severely restricted at high temperatures, suggesting that the variant is temperature sensitive. In mosquito cells, growth of SP and WT was similar, but in vivo in Culex pipiens (L.) there were substantial differences. Relative to WT, SP exhibited reduced replication following intrathoracic inoculation and lower infection, dissemination, and transmission rates following oral infection. Analysis of the full length sequence of the SP variant identified sequence differences which led to only two amino acid substitutions relative to WT, prM P54S and NS2A V61A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Jia
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Robin M. Moudy
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Alan P. Dupuis
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Kiet A. Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Joseph G. Maffei
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Greta V. S. Jerzak
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Mary A. Franke
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Elizabeth B. Kauffman
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201
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11
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Ciota AT, Ngo KA, Lovelace AO, Payne AF, Zhou Y, Shi PY, Kramer LD. Role of the mutant spectrum in adaptation and replication of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:865-874. [PMID: 17325359 PMCID: PMC3249657 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has successfully spread throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and parts of Central and South America since its 1999 introduction into North America. Despite infecting a broad range of both mosquito and avian species, the virus remains highly genetically conserved. This lack of evolutionary change over space and time is common with many arboviruses and is frequently attributed to the adaptive constraints resulting from the virus cycling between vertebrate hosts and invertebrate vectors. WNV, like most RNA viruses studied thus far, has been shown in nature to exist as a highly genetically diverse population of genotypes. Few studies have directly evaluated the role of these mutant spectra in viral fitness and adaptation. Using clonal analysis and reverse genetics experiments, this study evaluated genotype diversity and the importance of consensus change in producing the adaptive phenotype of WNV following sequential mosquito cell passage. The results indicated that increases in the replicative ability of WNV in mosquito cells correlate with increases in the size of the mutant spectrum, and that consensus change is not solely responsible for alterations in viral fitness and adaptation of WNV. These data provide evidence of the importance of quasispecies dynamics in the adaptation of a flavivirus to new and changing environments and hosts, with little evidence of significant genetic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Kiet A. Ngo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Amy O. Lovelace
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Yangsheng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Ciota AT, Lovelace AO, Ngo KA, Le AN, Maffei JG, Franke MA, Payne AF, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Kramer LD. Cell-specific adaptation of two flaviviruses following serial passage in mosquito cell culture. Virology 2006; 357:165-74. [PMID: 16963095 PMCID: PMC3249649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was introduced into the U.S. in the New York City area in 1999. Despite its successful establishment and rapid spread in a naive environment, WNV has undergone limited evolution since its introduction. This evolutionary stability has been attributed to compromises made to permit alternating cycles of viral replication in vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Outbreaks of a close relative of WNV, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), occur in the U.S. periodically and are also characterized by limited genetic change overtime. We measured both phenotypic and genotypic changes in WNV and SLEV serially passaged in mosquito cell culture in order to clarify the role of an individual host cell type in flavivirus adaptation and evolution. Genetic changes in passaged WNV and SLEV were minimal but led to increased relative fitness and replicative ability of the virus in the homologous cell line C6/36 mosquito cells. Similar increases were not measured in the heterologous cell line DF-1 avian cells. These phenotypic changes are consistent with the concept of cell-specific adaptation in flaviviruses.
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Ngo KA, Maffei JG, Dupuis AP, Kauffman EB, Backenson PB, Kramer LD. Isolation of Bunyamwera serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) in New York state. J Med Entomol 2006; 43:1004-9. [PMID: 17017240 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1004:iobsvb]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During routine arbovirus surveillance from 2000 to 2004 in New York state (NYS), 14,788 mosquito pools making up 36 species and nine genera were inoculated onto Vero cell cultures to test for abroad spectrum of viruses. Forty-six percent of viruses isolated in cell culture from species, excluding Culex pipiens L. and Culex restuans Theobald, were identified as Bunyamwera serogroup viruses. Here, we report the distribution and level of Bunyamwera activity in NYS detected during this period. We developed specific primers for Cache Valley virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, CVV) and Potosi virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, POTV), to facilitate rapid molecular identification of these viruses. Viral RNA was detected in 12 mosquito species by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, with the majority isolated from Aedes trivittatus (Coquillet). We report the first POTV isolation in NYS and describe the development of specific primers to identify both POTV and CVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Rd. Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
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Kauffman EB, Jones SA, Dupuis AP, Ngo KA, Bernard KA, Kramer LD. Virus detection protocols for west nile virus in vertebrate and mosquito specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3661-7. [PMID: 12904372 PMCID: PMC179779 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3661-3667.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the northeastern United States and other regions of the world have made it essential to develop efficient, sensitive, and rapid protocols for virus surveillance. Laboratory testing is the backbone of any surveillance program. Protocols to detect the presence of WNV have been refined since 1999 for sensitivity, speed, efficiency, and specificity. This paper presents the protocols currently used by the New York State Department of Health to handle vertebrate and mosquito specimens that have been submitted for WNV testing to the Arbovirus Laboratories of the Wadsworth Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kauffman
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159, USA.
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Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed to identify host bloodmeals from mosquitoes. Primers for the cytochrome b gene were designed to distinguish between mammalian and avian bloodmeals and further differentiate among four avian orders: passeriformes, falconiformes, columbiformes, and galliformes. The assay was validated by testing tissues from 18 species of passeriformes, three species of falconiformes, three species of columbiformes, and two species of galliformes. American crows were distinguished from other passeriformes by restriction enzyme digestion. Host bloodmeals from engorged mosquitoes collected in New York State were identified to avian order level. PCR was able to detect the mosquito bloodmeal for up to 3 d after feeding on a quail. Significantly, these studies use order-specific primers in a single PCR test to identify mosquito bloodmeals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12139, USA
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Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Ebel GD, Dupuis AP, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi PY, Kulasekera VL, Eidson M, White DJ, Stone WB, Kramer LD. West Nile Virus Infection in Birds and Mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001. [DOI: 10.3201/eid0704.017415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan A. Jones
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Alan P. Dupuis
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kiet A. Ngo
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Donna M. Young
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ward B. Stone
- Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, USA
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Shi PY, Kauffman EB, Ren P, Felton A, Tai JH, Dupuis AP, Jones SA, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Maffei J, Ebel GD, Bernard KA, Kramer LD. High-throughput detection of West Nile virus RNA. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1264-71. [PMID: 11283039 PMCID: PMC87922 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1264-1271.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) in the northeastern United States and other regions of the world have made it essential to develop an efficient protocol for surveillance of WNV. In the present report, we describe a high-throughput procedure that combines automated RNA extraction, amplification, and detection of WNV RNA. The procedure analyzed 96 samples in approximately 4.5 h. A robotic system, the ABI Prism 6700 Automated Nucleic Acid workstation, extracted RNA and set up reactions for real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR in a 96-well format. The robot extracted RNA with a recovery as efficient as that of a commercial RNA extraction kit. A real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect and quantitate WNV RNA. Using in vitro transcribed RNA, we estimated the detection limit of the real-time RT-PCR to be approximately 40 copies of RNA. A standard RT-PCR assay was optimized to a sensitivity similar to that of the real-time RT-PCR. The standard assay can be reliably used to test a small number of samples or to confirm previous test results. Using internal primers in a nested RT-PCR, we increased the sensitivity by approximately 10-fold compared to that of the standard RT-PCR. The results of the study demonstrated for the first time that the use of an automated system for the purpose of large-scale viral RNA surveillance dramatically increased the speed and efficiency of sample throughput for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Shi
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA.
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Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Ebel G, Dupuis AP, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi PY, Kulasekera VL, Eidson M, White DJ, Stone WB, Kramer LD. West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:679-85. [PMID: 11585532 PMCID: PMC2631772 DOI: 10.3201/eid0704.010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WN) virus was found throughout New York State in 2000, with the epicenter in New York City and surrounding counties. We tested 3,403 dead birds and 9,954 mosquito pools for WN virus during the transmission season. Sixty-three avian species, representing 30 families and 14 orders, tested positive for WN virus. The highest proportion of dead birds that tested positive for WN virus was in American Crows in the epicenter (67% positive, n=907). Eight mosquito species, representing four genera, were positive for WN virus. The minimum infection rate per 1,000 mosquitoes (MIR) was highest for Culex pipiens in the epicenter: 3.53 for the entire season and 7.49 for the peak week of August 13. Staten Island had the highest MIR (11.42 for Cx. pipiens), which was associated with the highest proportion of dead American Crows that tested positive for WN virus (92%, n=48) and the highest number of human cases (n=10).
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bernard
- Arbovirus Laboratories, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
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